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English Turf Labyrinths Jeff Saward
English Turf Labyrinths Jeff Saward Turf labyrinths, or ‘turf mazes’ as they are popularly known in Britain, were once found throughout the British Isles (including a few examples in Wales, Scotland and Ireland), the old Germanic Empire (including modern Poland and the Czech Republic), Denmark (if the frequently encountered Trojaborg place-names are a reliable indicator) and southern Sweden. They are formed by cutting away the ground surface to leave turf ridges and shallow trenches, the convoluted pattern of which produces a single pathway, which leads to the centre of the design. Most were between 30 and 60 feet (9-18 metres) in diameter and usually circular, although square and other polygonal examples are known. The designs employed are a curious mixture of ancient classical types, found throughout the region, and the medieval types, found principally in England. Folklore and the scant contemporary records that survive suggest that they were once a popular feature of village fairs and other festivities. Many are found on village greens or commons, often near churches, but sometimes they are sited on hilltops and at other remote locations. By nature of their living medium, they soon become overgrown and lost if regular repair and re-cutting is not carried out, and in many towns and villages this was performed at regular intervals, often in connection with fairs or religious festivals. 50 or so examples are documented, and several hundred sites have been postulated from place-name evidence, but only eleven historic examples survive – eight in England and three in Germany – although recent replicas of former examples, at nearby locations, have been created at Kaufbeuren in Germany (2002) and Comberton in England (2007) for example. -
IN PORTUGAL Br the SAME AUTHOR
II! KiiHI I iiiii liililt'jliiiilr IN PORTUGAL Br THE SAME AUTHOR THE MAGIC OF SPAIN Crown 8vo. 5j. net IN PORTUGAL BY AUBREY F. G. BELL Oh quern fora a Portugal, Terra que Deus bemdizia ! Romance (0 to go to Portugal, land heaven-blest) THE BODLEY HEAD, LONDON : JOHN LANE, COMPANY. MCMXIL NEW YORK : JOHN LANE WILUAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LOKDON AND BECCLES —; PREFACE guide-books give full details of THEthe marvellous convents, gorgeous palaces and solemn temples of Portugal, and no attempt is here made to write complete descriptions of them, the very names of some of them being omitted. But the guide-books too often treat Portugal as a continuation, almost as a province of Spain. It is hoped that this little book may give some idea of the individual character of the countiy, of the quaintnesses of its cities, and of peasant life in its remoter districts. While the utterly opposed characters of the two peoples must probably render the divorce between Spain and Portugal eternal and reduce hopes of union to the idle dreams of politicians, Portugal in itself contains an infinite variety the charjiecas and cornlands of Alemtejo ; the hills and moors, pinewoods, corkwoods and olives of Extremadura; the red soil and faint blue mountains of Algarve, with its figs and carobs and palms, and little sandy fishing-bays 414:810 ; vi PREFACE the clear streams and high massive ranges and chimneyless granite villages of Beira Baixa and Beira Alta ; the vines and sand-dunes and rice- growing alagadicos of Douro ; the wooded hills, mountain valleys, flowery meadows and trans- parent streams and rivers of rainy Minho, with its white and grey scattered houses, its crosses and shrines and chapels, its maize-fields and orchards and tree- or granite-propped vines and, finally, remote inaccessible Traz-os-IMontes, bounded on two sides by Spain, on the South by the Douro, to which its rivers of Spanish origin, Tamega, Tua, Sabor, flow through its range on range of bare mountains, with pre- cipitous ravines and yellow-brown clustered villages among olives, chestnuts and rye. -
Grow a Fence: Plant a Hedge
GARDEN NOTES GROW A FENCE: PLANT A HEDGE By Dennis Hinkamp August 2002 Fall - 45 A hedge is defined as a “fence of bushes.” However, we use them for a variety of purposes, most commonly for privacy. Tall hedges range in height from five to ten feet tall, and can be informal or formal, which does not refer to their command of etiquette, quips Jerry Goodspeed, Utah State University Extension horticulturist. Informal hedges are easier to maintain, and are the softest, least rigid in appearance. Most only require annual pruning to remove the older canes. “A few of my favorite shrubs for informal hedges include red and gold twig dogwoods, lilacs, privets and honeysuckle,” he says. “These deciduous plants make a great screen for most of the year. They are also attractive and relatively quick-growing.” For those looking for an evergreen hedge, yews, arborvitae, mugo pines or even upright junipers provide year-round cover, but also come with some inherent problems, Goodspeed says. They are more difficult to prune and maintain and do not easily relinquish stray balls and Frisbees that enter their grasp. “Formal hedges require regular haircuts to keep them looking good, and they grab anything that meanders too close,” he explains. “The most important thing to remember when pruning or shearing a formal hedge is the shape. Keep the top surface smaller than the bottom so it almost resembles a flat-topped pyramid. Cutting the sides straight or forming the top wider than the bottom provides too much shade for the lower part of the plant. -
Perhaps the Most Famous Maze in the World, the Hampton Court
• Perhaps the most famous maze in the world, the Hampton Court Palace Maze was planted in hornbeam as part of the gardens of William III and Mary II in the late 17th century. The maze was most likely planted by royal gardeners George London and Henry Wise. • The maze was planted as part of a formal garden layout known as the ‘Wilderness’ (see below). There were at least two mazes originally planted in the Wilderness garden of which the current maze is the only survivor. It is the first hedge planted maze in Great Britain and now the only part remaining of the original ‘Wilderness’ area. • Hedge mazes flourished in Britain up to the eighteenth century, until Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown introduced natural landscaping and, in order to achieve his sweeping views, destroyed many formal garden features. Ironically, as Royal Gardener for twenty years, he lived next door to the Maze at Hampton Court, but was expressly ordered not to interfere with it! • The current maze hedge was established in the 1960s when the existing hedges (a mix of hornbeam, yew, holly and privet) were replanted with fast growing yew. In 2005 hornbeam was reintroduced to the centre of the maze for the first time in 40 years. The Gardens and Estate team will regularly assess how well the hornbeam stands up to modern day wear and tear by visitors giving us the opportunity to consider reintroducing hornbeam on a wider basis to the maze in the future. • The yew hedges are approximately 7' high and 3' wide. • It is the most visited attraction in the gardens with around 350,000 people going in and out of the maze every year. -
Inspired by Arne Maynard
Inspired by Arne Maynard N ENGLISHMAN’S HOME IS HIS CASTLE, AND any manor house calls for well maintained gardens designed in harmony with the architectural style. A Arne Maynard is the landscape architect who is commissioned to uphold the heritage. He was a garden designer for the landscaped park at Cottisbrooke Hall, a grand Queen Anne mansion in Northamptonshire. He was commissioned to design the grounds at Dyrham Park for the National Trust, and gardens at the medieval manor house, Haddon Hall in Derbyshire. Arne has an unmistakable design signature, creating a quintessentially English country house garden. His sense of capturing the history of a place sets his gardens apart, so that one steps into its timelessness. Almost, but not quite effortless. The tall herbaceous borders of wildflowers are breezy but never overgrown, held in check by the trimmed box shaping the flowerbeds. It’s a finely tuned instinct to get the balance right between evoking a timeless meadow of wildflowers or a wilderness of overgrown flowers. Rambling roses trail purposefully around doorways and window frames. Arne brings a sense of order, with parterre topiary box hedging shaping the expanse, while pollarded trees stand like sentinels. Photos Britt Willoughby Dyer 65 INSPIRED BY His sense of structure is honed by a background in architecture. “I chose to study architecture, probably because I didn’t think I could make much of a career out of gardens, but I didn’t ever settle into my course,” he admits. His first and foremost love was gardening. “I love buildings, but it is their relationship with the landscape around them that excites me. -
The History and Development of Groves in English Formal Gardens
This is a repository copy of The history and development of groves in English formal gardens. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/120902/ Version: Accepted Version Book Section: Woudstra, J. orcid.org/0000-0001-9625-2998 (2017) The history and development of groves in English formal gardens. In: Woudstra, J. and Roth, C., (eds.) A History of Groves. Routledge , Abingdon, Oxon , pp. 67-85. ISBN 978-1-138-67480-6 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ The history and development of groves in English formal gardens (1600- 1750) Jan Woudstra It is possible to identify national trends in the development of groves in gardens in England from their inception in the sixteenth century as so-called wildernesses. By looking through the lens of an early eighteenth century French garden design treatise, we can trace their rise to popularity during the second half of the seventeenth and early eighteenth century to their gradual decline as a garden feature during the second half of the eighteenth century. -
Hedgerows and Hedgerow Trees
WoodWoodland Wise Conservation News • Summer 2014 R ke C d Be R ha C WTPL, Ri Dawn hedge Dawn HEDGEROWS AND HEDGEROW TREES BENEFITS OF HEDGEROW THE LONG TREES IN HEDGES MANAGEMENT foRest PROJECT HEDGEROWS The services they offer FOR WILDLIFE Community More trees Best times to cut supporting hedges outside woods Wood Wise • Woodland Conservation News • Summer 2014 1 W o the majority due to agricultural intensification L Bag between the 1940s and 1970s. The 2007 Benefits of hedges N i L Hedgerows are important for humans and Co Countryside Survey of Great Britain found the length of ‘managed’ hedgerows declined by 6.2 wildlife; they provide a wide range of services per cent between 1998 and 2007, and only 48 that help support the healthy functioning of per cent that remained was in good structural ecosystems. condition. Wildlife services As a threatened habitat, there is a dedicated As the most widespread semi-natural habitat Hedgerow Biodiversity Action Plan. The in the UK, hedgerows support a large diversity original Habitat Action Plan (HAP) only covered of flora and fauna. There are 130 Biodiversity ancient and/or species rich hedges, but this Action Plan species closely associated with was increased to include all hedgerows where hedges and many more that use them for food at least one native woody tree or shrub was and/or shelter during some of their lifecycle. dominant (at least 80 per cent of the hedge). They are a good source of food (flowers, berries and nuts) for invertebrates, birds and mammals. In intensively farmed areas they Hedgerow trees offer a refuge for wild plants and animals. -
Trellis & Fountain
rellis and Fountain T Ah, the sound of water on a summer’s day seems to cool everything down while also soothing the soul. The combination of trellis and fountain is an easy way to add a water feature to your outdoor living area without huge expense. Choose a statuary that fits in your garden and build the trellis yourself. 1 Materials § 26 linear feet of 4 x 4 pine § 17 linear feet of 2 x 2 pine § 18 linear feet of 1 x 4 pine § 4’ x 8’ sheet of privacy lattice § 6 linear feet of 2 x 4 pine Hardware § 50, 2-1/2” wood screws § 20, 1-5/8” wood screws § 30, 1” wire brads § 2, 5” lag screws § Fountain statuary piece* § Fountain pump § Plastic hose (sized to connect the statuary piece to the pump) § Galvanized bucket, approximately 3’ x 4’ x 2’ Special Tools and Techniques § Miter *Notes on Materials This trellis will work with any statuary fountain piece. Most lawn and garden stores sell a variety of designs. Or you can convert a wall plaque into a fountain piece by drilling a hold through the plaque to accommodate the plastic pump hose. Be sure to purchase a pump large enough to pump the water from the tank up the height of your fountain piece. Check the pump manufacturer’s specifications to be sure. Cutting List Code Description Qty. Materials Dimensions A Side 2 4 x 4 pine 120” long B Side Supports 2 2 x 2 pine 96” long C Connectors 4 1 x 4 pine 48” line D Trellis 1 Lattice 4’ x 8’ sheet E Top 2 2 x 4 pine 26” long 2 F Ledge 1 4 x 4 pine 55” long Building the Frame 1. -
Landscape Vines for Southern Arizona Peter L
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND LIFE SCIENCES COOPERATIVE EXTENSION AZ1606 October 2013 LANDSCAPE VINES FOR SOUTHERN ARIZONA Peter L. Warren The reasons for using vines in the landscape are many and be tied with plastic tape or plastic covered wire. For heavy vines, varied. First of all, southern Arizona’s bright sunshine and use galvanized wire run through a short section of garden hose warm temperatures make them a practical means of climate to protect the stem. control. Climbing over an arbor, vines give quick shade for If a vine is to be grown against a wall that may someday need patios and other outdoor living spaces. Planted beside a house painting or repairs, the vine should be trained on a hinged trellis. wall or window, vines offer a curtain of greenery, keeping Secure the trellis at the top so that it can be detached and laid temperatures cooler inside. In exposed situations vines provide down and then tilted back into place after the work is completed. wind protection and reduce dust, sun glare, and reflected heat. Leave a space of several inches between the trellis and the wall. Vines add a vertical dimension to the desert landscape that is difficult to achieve with any other kind of plant. Vines can Self-climbing Vines – Masonry serve as a narrow space divider, a barrier, or a privacy screen. Some vines attach themselves to rough surfaces such as brick, Some vines also make good ground covers for steep banks, concrete, and stone by means of aerial rootlets or tendrils tipped driveway cuts, and planting beds too narrow for shrubs. -
Education Ireland." for Volume See .D 235 105
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 248 188 SO 015 902 AUTHOR McKirnan, Jim, Ed. TITLE Irish Educational Studies, Vol. 3 No. 2. INSTITUTION Educational Studies Association of Ireland, Ddblin. PUB DATE 83 NOTE 3t3k Financial assistance provided by Industrial Credit. Corporation (Ireland), Allied Irish Banks, Bank ot Ireland, and "Education Ireland." For Volume see .D 235 105. For Volume 3 no. 1, see SO 015 901. PUB TYPE Collected Works - General (020) Viewpoints (120) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC15 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Bt3iness Education; Case Studies; Comparative Education; Computer Assisted Instructkon; Educational Finance; *Educational History; *Educational Practices; Educational Theories; Elementary Secondaiy Education; Foreign Countries; High School Graduate0; National Programs; Open Education; ParochialSchools; Peace; Private Schools; Reading Instruction; Science Education IDENTIFIERS *Ireland; *Northern Ireland ABSTRACT Research problems and issues of concern to educators in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland are discussed in 21 papers. Papers fall into the general categorie3 of educational history and current practices. Papers in the first category cover the following topics: a history'oflthe Education Inquiry of 1824-1826, the "hedge" or private primary schools which existed in Ireland prior to institution of the national school system in 1831, the relationship between the Chriptian Brothers schools and the national school system, the relationship between the Irish treasury and the national school system, a history of the Royal.Commission -
With Sketches of Spain and Portugal
iiiiUiLuiiiiiiuiHuiiiiiniiiffniiniriiiifiminiiii! ITALY; WITH SKETCHES OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. VOL. II. : LONDON PRINTED BY SAMUEL BENTLEY, Dorset Street, Fleet Street. ITALY; WITH SKETCHES OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. BY THE AUTHOR OF "VATHEK." SECOND EDITION, REVISED. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. n. LONDON; RICHARD BENTLEY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET, 3Piiblt)Si)fr in (©rtimary to W^ iMajetitg. 1834. — CONTENTS THE SECOND VOLUME. PORTUGAL. LETTER I. Detained at Falmouth.—Navigation at a stop.—An even- ing ramble. ..... Page 5 LETTER IL Mines in the parish of Gwynnap.—Piety and gin.—Rapid progress of Methodism.—Freaks of fortune. —Pernicious extravagance. — Minerals. — Mr. Beauchamp's mansion. — still Beautiful lake.—The wind contrary. 8 LETTER IIL A lovely morning. — Antiquated mansion,—Its lady.—An- cestral effigies.—Collection of animals.—Serene evening. Owls.—Expected dreams. .12 LETTER IV. A blustering night. —Tedium of the language of the compass.—Another excursion to Trefusis. 16 VOL. II. b VI CONTENTS. LETTER V. Regrets produced by contrasts. .19 LETTER VL Still no prospect of embarkation.—Pen-dennis Castle. —Luxuriant vegetation—A serene day. —Anticipations of the voyage. 21 LETTER VIL Portugal. —Excursion to Pagliavam.—The villa. —Dismal labyrinths in the Dutch style. — Roses.—Anglo-Portuguese Master of the Horse— Interior of the Palace. — Furniture in petticoats. —Force of education.—Royalty without power. —Return from the Palace. .23 LETTER VIIL Glare of the climate in Portugal.—Apish luxury. —Bo- tanic Gardens.— A9afatas. —Description of the Gardens and Terraces. .... 29 LETTER IX. Consecration of the Bishop of Algarve.—Pathetic Music. —Valley of Alcantara. — Enormous Aqueduct.—Visit to the Marialva Palace.—Its much revered Masters. -
E PARK of RUNDĀLE PALACE the Grounds of Rundāle Palace Ensemble Amount to Shuvalov Ordered Chestnut Tree Alleys to Be Planted the Eighteenth Century
LAYOUT OF THE RUNDĀLE PALACE BAROQUE GARDEN 20 20 !e Park 14 14 of Rundāle Palace 15 16 19 11 12 18 13 17 5 6 9 8 8 7 10 4 3 2 2 1 Entrance 1 Ornamental parterre 2 Rose garden Ticket o"ce 3 Collection of peonies 4 Blue Rose Garden Information 5 Picnic Area 6 Bosquet of Decorative Souvenirs Fruit Trees Exhibition 7 Blue Bosquet 8 Bosquets of Lilacs Study room 9 Dutch Bosquet 10 Green Theatre Indoor plants 11 Bosquet of Lilies 12 Memorial Bosquet Café 13 Oriental Bosquet Drinking water 14 Bosquets of Blooming Trees and Shrubs Toilets 15 Golden Vase Bosquet 16 Bosquet of Hydrangeas 17 Water Fountain Bosquet 18 Playground Bosquet 19 Labyrinth Bosquet 20 Promenade Bosquets in a formative stage RUNDĀLES PILS MUZEJS Pilsrundāle, Rundāles novads, LV-3921, Latvija T. +371 63962274, +371 63962197, +371 26499151, [email protected], www.rundale.net © Rundāles pils muzejs, 2018 The location map of Rundāle Palace The baroque garden of Rundāle Palace Climbing-rose arcade Pavilion in the Picnic Area Pavilion in the Oriental Bosquet Memorial Bosquet by Rastrelli, 1735/1736 THE PARK OF RUNDĀLE PALACE The grounds of Rundāle Palace ensemble amount to Shuvalov ordered chestnut tree alleys to be planted the eighteenth century. Donations made by visitors have to reconstruct it in order to nurture plants required for 85 hectares including the French baroque garden which beside the palace, yet the last remnants of theses alleys made it possible to build both a historical seesaw and the garden as well as to provide winter storage for covers 10 hectares and fully retains its original layout were removed in 1975.