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Use of Theses THESES SIS/LIBRARY TELEPHONE: +61 2 6125 4631 R.G. MENZIES LIBRARY BUILDING NO:2 FACSIMILE: +61 2 6125 4063 THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY EMAIL: [email protected] CANBERRA ACT 0200 AUSTRALIA USE OF THESES This copy is supplied for purposes of private study and research only. Passages from the thesis may not be copied or closely paraphrased without the written consent of the author. Topics in the Phonology and Morphosyntax of Balinese based on the dialect of Singaraja, North Bali Adrian Clynes A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Australian National University December 1995 Except where otherwise indicated, this thesis is my own work In memory of my parents, Jean and Peter Clynes ' ' Acknowledgements This thesis has been a long time in the making, and owes much to many people. I therefore approach the writing of acknowledgements both with a feeling of pleasure, and one of concern, knowing that there will be names I should remember to thank and will forget. I thank first, and most of all, my wife, Ketut Maseni Widiastuti Clynes, of Banjar Peguyangan, Singaraja, Buleleng, Bali, and, latterly, also of Australia and Brunei. Without your support and faith in me Tut, I could never have started this, let alone brought it to a close. You supported me not only in my studies towards this PhD, but also (I blush to say) the MA which I had to get before I could go on to this. When times were hard, in a new, strange country, you went out and got jobs, to help us through. And you had, and have, the energy to mother three beautiful children along the way. You have made a crucially important contribution to the content of this thesis, through your countless hours teaching me about your language. Your presence is felt on every page. Very truly, this thesis would not be here without you. Matur suksma pisan, Tut. I owe a debt of gratitude to 'Beli' Ketut Mandi Pinatih, of Banjar Peguyangan. Beli Mandi is a retired army officer, and former leading administrator in the local government (DPR). When he learnt why I had come back to Peguyangan with my family, Beli Mandi quietly volunteered his services. For nearly eleven months, almost every day, I met with Beli Mandi, for at least an hour, usually two or more. He taught me his language patiently, and with humour and insight, for no other reason than a love of learning, and a desire to help me. His teaching informs every page of this work. Another who generously gave me his time was Jero Dalang Paneca, shadow puppet master, of Penarukan village, 3 km to the east of Peguyangan. Jero Dalang Penarukan permitted me to record several of his performances, and spent several sessions answering questions I put to him about the texts, and about Balinese in general. My mother-in-law, Ibu Nyoman Resi, and my father-in-law, the late Bapak Ketut Mantra, gave constant moral and linguistic support, as did many members of the extended family, and the wider Arya Wang Bang Pinatih clan. Sadly, Bapak is not here today to see this work finally produced. It is a true pleasure also to thank Tut's brothers and sisters and their spouses: Gde Dermawan (Beli Awan) & Mbok Komang, Mbok Koming & Ida Bagus Putra; Ketut Sulendra (Robet) & Kadek; Dr Luh Putu Supadmi (Mbok Mamik) & Dr Made Siria, Made Widiartini (Dek Nik) & Ketut Budiada, Nyoman Suciartini/Jero Puspa (Ucik) & Gusti Made Darwin. In many different ways you all made life happier and easier for us in Bali, often putting us up, transporting us: Mamik & Siria, who were serving as government doctors in Irian, lent us their car for the duration of our stay in Bali. For many kindnesses and good times spent with you all, thank you. Other patient teachers included the late Guru Natih, and the late Guru Ketut Geledag, both also now sadly deceased. Ibu ('Mbok') Ketut Supani spent several hours recording v folk tales for me, and sent me further written tales when I was back in Australia. Maman Made Bija, Beli Putu Legawa and Mbok Luh Semita have always given generous help, in many ways, as have Mbok Putu Sukmayani and Putu Wijaya. Bapak Gde Dharna, playwrite, cultural animator, of Sukasada (5 km to the north of Peguyangan), managed to fit me into a busy schedule, to answer questions about his work. Many other people helped me to learn about Bali, in the years before I began this study. I will mention only those with whom I was privileged to live for long periods: Dr Ida Bagus Oka & family, of Banjars Bindu & Ceramcam, Kesiman, Bapak Ketut Ebuh, of Banjar Abian Kapas Tengah, and Bapak Nyoman Puma & Ibu Culik of Banjar Abian Kapas Tengah. I am indebted for my linguistic training first and foremost to the staff of the Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, Australian National University. I was fortunate to study for my MA in that department, and to be taught by several demanding, inspiring teachers. My thanks to A very Andrews, Bob Dixon, Bill Foley, Harold Koch, Karl Rensch, Phil Rose, Tim Shopen, and Anna Wierzbicka. It was a special privilege to have studied with you all. The influence of your teaching will be apparent, I hope, throughout this thesis. The Department of Linguistics, RSPAS, gave me shelter and support for the writing of this thesis. Thanks especially to my fellow students, Chuck Grimes, Rob Early Bob Bugenhagen, and Jeff Marek for moral and intellectual support. Chuck and Robert helped 1000 times with the computer and, with their families, shared good times. Helpful comments on various chapters in Part I were given by Sander Adelaar, Avery Andrews (of the Faculties' department), and Andy Pawley. I thank Avery especially, for help beyond the call, and for encouragement. Sander's input greatly improved the presentation and content of several chapters. Andy's comments were always valuable. Valuable comments, which improved the content of chapter 3, were given by Carl James at Universiti Brunei Darussalam, and by Juliette Blevins and other participants at a seminar given at UWA. Yvonne Pittelkow, of the Computer Centre, RSPAS, gave important help with the statistical procedures. Macolm Ross read a late draft of the whole thesis; his important suggestions have led to many improvements in both form and content. The fieldwork on which this thesis is based was carried out under permission of the Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (Surat Izin Penelitian 2795/sk/1990). I am grateful to staff at the Pusat Penelitian of Udayana University, especially Drs Ida Wayan Oka Granoka, who helped me in my initial attempts to find a fieldword site in Karangasem. I benefitted from an Australian Government Postgraduate Research Award during the time I was studying full time at the ANU. Lastly, thanks to all the members of my family who, together with Tut, lived with this thesis for so long. My ever-patient father Peter Clynes gave both moral and financial support along the way, but sadly did not live to see the finished work. Special thanks to Rob and Kate, for all your help to us as a family, equally to Rosie and Bill, and to Anna and Don. Finally, thank you to Putu Jeannie Arimbi and to Made James Arya, for reminding me to go and finish my work, and to Komang Rosie Amalina, for keeping me from doing too much of it. vi Abstract This study describes features of the phonology, verbal morphology, and morphosyntax of the Balinese of Singaraja, in Buleleng district, north Bali. In chapter two I describe the phoneme repertoire, and their realisations. I give evidence for meaningful postlexical rules, of the kind described by Woodbury (1987). In chapter 3 I show that there is a regular interaction between semantics and phonology at a pre­ lexical level, contra the double articulation hypothesis, and in support of the findings of Fudge (1970). I propose an (ultimately pre-linguistic) explanation for this interaction. The findings support and enrich optimality theory, which seeks to formalise the gradient nature of wellformedness (Prince & Smolensky 1993). The semantic evidence helps explain why non-optimality is tolerated in the phonology. While the phoneme is an important unit of organisation at an intermediate level, it is neither a phonological primitive, nor the largest recurrent phonological unit. I give evidence in chapter 4, and in chapter 7, for complex phonological formants more complex than the phoneme. These can be 'segmental', or involve processes such as reduplication (pace the treatment of reduplication in Prince 1987). In chapter 5 various levels of prosodic organisation are described. The syllable, the foot and the phonological word are each relevant to word-formation processes (though no evidence was found for the mora). I give evidence in this chapter, and in chapters 6 and 8, that all morphemes must be well-formed at foot level during the lexical phonology. These data support, and can be accounted for in terms of, the Prosodic Morphology theories developed by McCarthy and Prince (eg 1990). In chapter 6 constraints on the structure of morphs and morphemes are described. Balinese shows similar cooccurrence restrictions to Arabic (Greenberg 1960, McCarthy 1986) and Javanese (Uhlenbeck 1949, Yip 1989), dispreferring the occurrence of more than one consonant of a given place of articulation, underlyingly. Morphemes showing exceptions to this 'preferred rule' predictably belong to the expressive semantic classes defined in chapter 3. Non-prosodic phonological processes involved in morpheme- and word-formation (including concatenation and morphophonemic alternations) are described in chapter 7. Chapter 8 catalogues the various formal types of reduplication.
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