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Violence, Belonging, and Potentiality in Transgender Latina Sexual Economies Andrea Bolivar Washington University in St

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Violence, Belonging, and Potentiality in Transgender Latina Sexual Economies Andrea Bolivar Washington University in St View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Washington University St. Louis: Open Scholarship Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Spring 5-15-2018 We are a Fantasia: Violence, Belonging, and Potentiality in Transgender Latina Sexual Economies Andrea Bolivar Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the American Studies Commons, Ethnic Studies Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, and the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Studies Commons Recommended Citation Bolivar, Andrea, "We are a Fantasia: Violence, Belonging, and Potentiality in Transgender Latina Sexual Economies" (2018). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1512. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/1512 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of Anthropology Dissertation Examination Committee: Shanti Parikh, Chair Bret Gustafson, Co-Chair Rebecca Lester Jeffrey McCune Gina Pérez “We Are a Fantasía: Violence, Belonging, and Potentiality in Transgender Latina Sexual Economies by Andrea Bolivar A dissertation presented to The Graduate School of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2018 St. Louis, Missouri © 2018, Andrea Bolivar Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... vi Introduction: Fantasia, Race, Potentiality & Ambivalence .......................................................................... 1 “Somos una Fantasía”: Race, Potentiality and Ambivalence ................................................................... 3 Literature Review ...................................................................................................................................... 9 The Anthropology of Latinxs and Racialization in the US ................................................................... 9 Feminist Anthropology and the Study of Sex Work ........................................................................... 10 Transgender Studies ............................................................................................................................ 13 Methodology and Methods ..................................................................................................................... 14 Access and Key Interlocutors ............................................................................................................. 19 Feminist/Queer/Trans/Latinx Ethnographic Approaches.................................................................... 22 Confidentiality and Anonymity .......................................................................................................... 23 A Note on Ethical Dilemmas .............................................................................................................. 24 My Positionality .................................................................................................................................. 24 Overview of Chapters ............................................................................................................................. 27 Chapter 1: History of Latinx Chicago: Migrating, Working, and Exploiting Brown Bodies ..................... 30 Colonialist Roots of Latinx America ...................................................................................................... 31 1920s-1940s: State-Sponsored Mass Labor Importation ........................................................................ 32 1950s: Urban Renewal ............................................................................................................................ 35 1960s-70s: Breaking Point ...................................................................................................................... 37 1980s: The War on Drugs and the AIDS Epidemic ................................................................................ 40 1990s & 2000s: Increased Gentrification, Criminalization & Deportation ............................................ 42 Historical Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 46 Chapter 2: Violences: Mutually Reinforcing & Multiplying ...................................................................... 48 Part 1: Interpersonal Violences ............................................................................................................... 49 Violence in Countries of Origin and Reasons for Immigrating .............................................................. 50 Violences Related to Sexual Labor ......................................................................................................... 53 Dora..................................................................................................................................................... 53 Intimate Partner Violence ....................................................................................................................... 56 Police Brutality ....................................................................................................................................... 61 Part 2: Bureaucratic Violences: Deportation and Identification ............................................................. 64 Encountering the Deportation Machine .................................................................................................. 65 Bureaucratic Violence through State Documentation ............................................................................. 68 ii “The Law Doesn’t Reflect my Experience:” The Double Power of Legal Documents for Undocumented Trans Women ................................................................................................................ 73 “Okay, This is My Story”: Facing and Overcoming Bureaucratic Violences ........................................ 75 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 78 Chapter 3: “Somos Una Fantasia”: The Racialized-Sexualization of Trans Latina Women ..................... 80 Transgender Deviance: Histories of Policing and Regulation ................................................................ 81 The Hypersexual Latina .......................................................................................................................... 88 Fantasy on Both Sides: The Hypersexual Transgender Latina & The Hypermasculine White Male ..... 92 Cartographies of Racial Fetishization: Sex Workers’ Understandings & Uses of Race ......................... 96 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 100 Chapter 4: “Blackness is Often Tied to Masculinity”: Blackness in Trans Latina Sexual Economies & the Racialization of Gender ............................................................................................................................ 102 Mercury: Trans, Latina & Black ........................................................................................................... 105 The Effects of Racial Passing on Gender Passing and Vice Versa ....................................................... 109 Trans, Latina, Black, and Disabled ................................................................................................... 114 The Violent Black Male Client ............................................................................................................. 118 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 125 Chapter 5: Money, Kin & Ambivalence ................................................................................................... 127 Financing Gender and Producing the Self ............................................................................................ 130 Confidence-Boosting Capabilities of Money and Ambivalent Attitudes towards Sex Work ............... 132 Money and Trans Kinship ..................................................................................................................... 137 Ambivalent Relations with Biological Kin ........................................................................................... 143 Manipulating Transnational Space to Maintain Kin Relations ............................................................. 147 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 149 Chapter 6: Working
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