DOCSLIB.ORG

Mathematical Study on the Mystery of Circadian Rhythms Temperature Effect on Clock in Cultured Cells

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mathematical Study on the Mystery of Circadian Rhythms Temperature Effect on Clock in Cultured Cells iTHEMS-iCeMS joint workshop 2018.7.4 (Wednesday) 1600-1620@201 Maskawa Buil, Kyoto-U Mathematical study on the mystery of circadian rhythms Temperature effect on clock in cultured cells 37 °C was 3.3 (Fig. 2). Comparing the Q10 values over the temperature range of 33–37 °C, in which reliable data were available for both circadian rhythms and the cell cycle, the Q10 values were 0.88 for circadian rhythms Gen Kurosawa and 2.7 for the cell cycle. These results indicate that cir- cadian rhythms are strongly temperature-compensated in cultured fibroblasts and that temperature compensa- Theoretical Biology Lab, RIKEN tion is among inherent properties of the interlocked iTHEMS, RIKEN feedback loop of the core clock system. Accumulation speed of mPER proteins in vitro is dependent on ambient temperature It is assumed that the period length of the core feedback loop is regulated by various processes such as accumula- tions, phosphorylations, and the timing of nuclear trans- Figure 2 Period Tsuchiya,..Nishidaand frequency estimates of circadian(2003) rhythm and locations of core clock proteins including mPERs. To cell cycle of NIH3T3 fibroblasts. The mean period and frequency examine the temperature effect on the accumulation of circadian rhythm (᭹) and cell cycle (᭡) were calculated for each speed of mPER proteins, Myc-tagged mPer1, mPer2, and treatment group. The value of each gene in the treatment group mPer3 were expressed with hCKIε in COS7 cells, and is plotted as an open circle. cells were transferred to different temperature conditions as 33 °C, 37 °C or 42 °C. CKIε is thought to be an essential component of circadian rhythms (Lowrey et al. circadian gene expressions are able to oscillate in cultured 2000) and play a role in changing the subcellular locali- cells even when the cell cycle is arrested (Balsalobre zation and stability of mPER proteins by phosphorylat- et al. 1998). We made a graph showing the relationship ing them (Vielhaber et al. 2000; Keesler et al. 2000; between ambient temperature and the period lengths of Takano et al. 2000; Akashi et al. 2002). Whole-cell lysate oscillations of gene expressions shown in Fig. 1 (Fig. 2). was extracted at each time point and immunoblotted The temperature coefficient, Q10, over the temperature with anti-Myc antibody (Fig. 3). Compared with 37 °C range of 33–42 °C was 0.88. In contrast, the period control state, the accumulation speed of mPER proteins length of the cell cycle was dependent on ambient was slower at 33 °C and rather faster at 42 °C. Although temperature; the Q10 over the temperature range of 30− the degradation speed of mPER proteins also increased Figure 3 The effect of temperature on the accumulation speed of mPER proteins. COS7 cells were transfected with 0.7 mg of Myc-tagged mPer and 0.3 mg of CKIε per 35 mm dish (t = 0). 3 h after trans- fection, the medium was exchanged for DMEM supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum and the cells were exposed to 33 °C, 37 °C or 42 °C. Protein extracts prepared at indicated time points were subjected to immunoblotting with anti- Myc antibody (A-14). Shifted bands are phosphorylated form of mPER proteins. © Blackwell Publishing Limited Genes to Cells (2003) 8, 713–720 715 Human (~24.5h period) Sleep>wake*cycle awake asleep Consecu(ve*days*in*cave Time*of*day*(h) Palmer*(2002) -- (A movie of synchronized gene expression rhythms in brain) Yamaguchi,.., Okamura (2003) Science 302, 1408-12 sponding stochastic version (28). All of these models produce PER CRY sustained rhythms with 24-hour periodicity but are deficient in A several important respects. First, it is now known that circadian phenotypes in the SCN and CLK BMAL1 at the behavioral levels are not always cell-autonomous. The SCN E-BOX Per1, Per2, Rev-erbα in vivo is a network of neurons that are synchronized through cell–cell communication mediating intercellular coupling, and con- sequently, the SCN ensemble is robustly rhythmic (13, 14). How- REV-ERBα ever, dispersed SCN neurons or peripheral tissues/cells lack func- RORc tional intercellular coupling and thus display independently phased, RORE Clk, Bmal1 cell-autonomous rhythms (14, 29, 30). Compared with coupled oscillators in the SCN, there is considerably more dispersion in the PER CRY period lengths of cell-autonomous oscillators and an increase in REV-ERBα cycle-to-cycle variability. Even more significantly, in mutants, os- cillations of the SCN clock and its regulated behavior are not RORc CLK BMAL1 necessarily cell-autonomous. The effect of knockout mutations on RORE E-BOX Cry1, Cry2, Rorc A mechanism for robust circadian timekeeping phenotype can be radically different depending on whether one 21 variable-model JK Kim and DB Forger assesses at the cellular level or at the SCN tissue or organismal 180 variable model levels. For example, SCN explants of both Per1 and Cry1 knockouts B A retain rhythmicity, whereas dispersed SCN neurons of both knock- out types (cell-autonomous) are largely arrhythmic (29). Thus, Per1 Per2 Cry1 Cry2 intercellular coupling confers robustness to the SCN clock network 2 2 Per1 Per2 Cry1 Cry2 2 2 2 2 but can mask cell-autonomous circadian phenotypes. In this con- CLK/BMAL1 mRNA mRNA mRNA mRNA 2 2 text, previous models were developed in part by fitting to the SCN 2 tissue-level and/or behavioral knockout phenotypes and do a good 2 2 CLK BMAL1 PER1 PER2 CRY1 CRY2 REV-ERB 1 2 2 job at matching these phenotypes. However, because cell- α PER2/CRY1 autonomous and behavioral phenotypes may differ, previous mod- PER2/CRY2 PER1/CRY1 els are sometimes inaccurate as cell-level models. Equally impor- PER1/CRY2 tant, while intercellular coupling comprises a special attribute of the 2 2 2 2 Bmal1 Bmal1 Rorc Rev-erbα Rev-erbα 2 2 2 SCN, the SCN clockwork is similar to oscillators in peripheral mRNA mRNA CLOCK/ Clk Transcription inhibition PER GSK3! tissues at the molecular level. The model developed here makes Clk Rorc NPAS2 mRNA Transcription promotion CRY REV-ERBs exclusive use of cell-level data for both parametric fitting and mRNA Translation Phosphorylation BMAL CKI validation. RORc Second, previous models do not include all essential mo- Simplification lecular components, whereas we developed our model with 8 Fig. 1. Model structure. (A) Gene regulation scheme for the mouse circadian 2012 Kim and Forger genes (Per1, Per2, Cry1, Cry2, Clk, Bmal1, Rev-erb␣,andRorc) clock. Per1, Per2Mirsky,..Kay, and Rev-erb␣ are, Doyle activated at(2009) E-Boxes byPNAS CLK/BMAL1 and and thereby provide a more complete network and offer deactivated when PER/CRY also binds. Clk and Bmal1 are activated by RORc B Molecular Systems Biology greater opportunities for validation. The 73-state model (27) and deactivated by REV-ERB␣ at RORE. Cry1, Cry2, and Rorc have both an E-Box Bmal1/Npas2 and a RORE and are regulated accordingly. (B) Schematic of the mouse Per1 Per2 Cry1 Cry2 Rev erb␣ REV"/! includes , , , ,and - ,butwithCLK circadian clock model incorporating genetic regulation at Per1, Per2, Cry1, BMAL CRY and BMAL1 present only implicitly at constitutively high levels BMAL PERCRY Cry2, Rev-erb␣, Clk, Bmal1, and Rorc, the degradation of mRNAs, the trans- BMAL + BMAL BMAL BMAL CRY CLK CLK and REV-ERB␣ present only at extremely low levels. The lation of mRNAs to protein, the formationNegative and dissociation offeedback PER/CRY and of gene expression CLK CLKPER PER 16-state model (26) contains only Bmal1, Per,andCry (plus CLK/BMAL1, and the degradation of PER1, PER2, CRY1, CRY2, REV-ERB␣, CLK, 2nd NF Core NF (Inactive) Rev-erb␣ in its 19-state form). This model incorporates Rev- BMAL1, and RORc. The loops involving Rev-erb␣ and Rorc are shown in red. is necessary for circadian rhythmsBMAL erb␣ Rorc Clk BMAL but includes neither nor , and it does not Rev-Erb"/! CCLKLK Per1/2, Cry1/2 distinguish between the several types of Per and Cry.Most Figure 1 Schematic of the detailed mammalian circadian clock model. (A) Only some of the relevant species are shown. Circles refer to transcripts and squares are importantly, our model addresses the overlapping but differ- define gene function. The new model must match phase subtletiesproteins, possibly in complex. Small circles refer to phosphorylation states that are color coded by the kinases that perform the phosphorylation. See section ‘Description of the detailed model’ in Supplementary information for details. (B) The detailed model consists of a core negative feedback loop and an additional negative feedback ential functions of CRY1 and CRY2 in the clock mechanism: and predict cell-autonomous knockout phenotypes at the cellularloop (the NNF structure). The repressors (PER1–2 and CRY1–2) inactivate the activators (BMALs and CLOCK/NPAS2) of their own transcription expression through the They antagonistically regulate period length and differentially level. Although a network diagram can be constructed fromcore negative feedback loop. The activators inactivate their own transcription expression by inducing the Rev-erbs through the secondary negative feedback loop. biological data, the kinetics of the individual reactions is insuffi- control rhythm persistence and amplitude (29, 31, 32). of activators (all forms of BMAL–CLOCK/NPAS2 in the a 1–1 stoichiometry, the model shows sustained oscillations Third, previous models have not captured the precise phase ciently characterized to parameterize a model. However, given thenucleus) over a period. Moreover, we specifically refer to with high amplitude (Figure 3B). However, if the stoichiometry phase relationships in the system and an awareness of their funda-repressors and activators of E/E’-boxes when discussing was too high or too low, rhythms are dampened or completely relationships among molecular components of the circadian clock- stoichiometry.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chronic Hyperaldosteronism in Cryptochrome-Null Mice Induces High-Salt- and Blood Pressure- Independent Kidney Damage in Mice
    Hypertension Research (2014) 37, 202–209 & 2014 The Japanese Society of Hypertension All rights reserved 0916-9636/14 www.nature.com/hr ORIGINAL ARTICLE Chronic hyperaldosteronism in Cryptochrome-null mice induces high-salt- and blood pressure- independent kidney damage in mice Dwi Aris Agung Nugrahaningsih1, Noriaki Emoto1,2, Nicolas Vignon-Zellweger2, Eko Purnomo1, Keiko Yagi2, Kazuhiko Nakayama1,2, Masao Doi3, Hitoshi Okamura3 and Ken-ichi Hirata1 Although aldosterone has an essential role in controlling electrolyte and body fluid homeostasis, aldosterone also exerts certain pathological effects on the kidney. Several previous studies have attempted to examine these deleterious effects. However, the majority of these studies were performed using various injury models, including high-salt treatment and/or mineralocorticoid administration, by which the kidney changes observed were not only due to aldosterone but also due to prior injury caused by salt and hypertension. In the present study, we investigated aldosterone’s pathological effect on the kidney using a mouse model with a high level of endogenous aldosterone. We used cryptochrome-null (Cry 1, 2 DKO) mice characterized by high aldosterone levels and low plasma renin activity and observed that even under normal salt exposure conditions, these mice showed increased albumin excretion and kidney tubular injury, decreased nephrin expression and increased reactive oxygen species production in the absence of hypertension. Exposure to high salt levels exacerbated the kidney damage observed in these mice. Moreover, we noted that decreasing blood pressure without blocking aldosterone action did not provide beneficial effects to the kidney in high-salt-treated Cry 1, 2 DKO mice. Thus, our findings support the hypothesis that aldosterone has deleterious effects on the kidney independent of high-salt exposure and high blood pressure.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of Systems Biology
    DIVISION OF BIOINFORMATICS AND CHEMICAL GENOMICS Research Profile Department of Systems Biology Professor: Hitoshi Okamura, Associate Professor: Masao Doi, Assistant Professor: Yoshiaki Yamaguchi, Senior Lecturer: Jean-Michel Fustin Research Projects: How TIME is generated and tuned? We will clarify feedback loop of clock genes. the secret of generation and tuning of TIME in 1.3 Clock genes and cell metabolism, birth, and mammalian circadian system by multi-layered view death at intracellular, intercellular and individual levels. Why virtually all cells in the body have the clock Through clarifying the integration network mecha- inside the cell? We will identify how clock genes nism of TIME, we will develop new drugs for tuning work on the energy metabolism, cell cycles, and TIME. cell death. The subject of our study is circadian timing system 2. Intercellular system for synchronizing TIME in mammals. In this system, the circadian TIME gen- 2.1 Region-specific knockdown of SCN erated at molecular clock in the suprachiasmatic SCN biological clock is composed of thousands nucleus (SCN) evokes the synchronized oscillation of clock cells which are subdivided into several of molecular clocks in the whole body. Between groups. We will perform region-specific knockdown them, TIME is transmitted in multilayer systems: 1) of these subdivisions to address the functional sub- intracellular system of generation of cyclic TIME, 2) division of SCN. Intercellular system for synchronizing TIME, and 3) 2.3 Geography of SCN Symphony of TIME in individuals. SCN clock cells are highly organized in time and 1. Clarification of clock machinery to generate space. For example, in our real-time luciferase- TIME imaging system at cell level, time is generated and 1.1 Identification of all components of CLOCK synchronized in a very highly organized system.
    [Show full text]
  • Single-Cell Analysis on the Biological Clock Using Microfluidic
    SINGLE-CELL ANALYSIS ON THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK USING MICROFLUIDIC DROPLETS by ZHAOJIE DENG (Under the Direction of Leidong Mao and Jonathan Arnold) ABSTRACT Single-cell analysis has become crucial for uncovering the underlying mechanism for cell heterogeneity. Different biological questions pose different challenges for single-cell analysis. In order to answer questions like, whether a single-cell has a biological clock and how the clocks synchronize among cells to overcome the heterogeneity, continuous long-term measurement on large numbers of single-cells is required. However traditional measurement techniques usually involve measurement on millions of cells. My dissertation addresses these challenges by developing a microfluidic droplet platform capable of measuring the biological clock on >1000 Neurospora crassa single-cells for up to 10 days. The results show that in Neurospora crassa a single cell has the three major properties of a biological clock: a circadian oscillator, light entertainment, and temperature compensation and that single-cells synchronize their biological clock with each other possibly through quorum sensing. INDEX WORDS: Single-cell analysis, Microfluidic droplets, Neurospora crassa, Circadian rhythm, Biological clock, Stochastic noise, Synchronization SINGLE-CELL ANALYSIS ON THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK USING MICROFLUIDIC DROPLETS by ZHAOJIE DENG B.A., Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China, 2008 M.S., Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China, 2011 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of the Circadian Clock in Hooded Seals (Cystophora Cristata) and Its Interaction with Mitochondrial Metabolism
    Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics Department of Arctic & Marine Biology Characterization of the circadian clock in Hooded Seals (Cystophora Cristata) and its interaction with mitochondrial metabolism A multi-tissue comparison and cell culture approach Fayiri Kante BIO-3950 Master’s Thesis in Biology, June 2021 Acknowledgment I sincerely thank my supervisors Shona Wood and Alexander Christopher West for giving me the opportunity to explore the subject of this master thesis. It has been a pleasure to learn various laboratory techniques and progress in my scientific abilities this year under your supervision. I am grateful for your patience and kindness; it has been very exciting to obtain new results and satisfaction to put them in perspective and reflect on their meaning. Thank you, Alex, for your time in the Lab and your explanations of the protocols. Thank you, Shona, for your precious feedbacks on my writing and my results. I would like to thank Professor Arnoldus Schytte Blix, Professor Lars Folkow, the technical personnel Renate Thorvaldsen, Hans Arne Solvang, and Hans Lian for their help and demonstration during the tissue sampling, and Chandra Sekhar Ravuri for the help in cloning and sequencing the genes. Thank you, Chiara Ciccone, for introducing me to the oroboros, for the good times in the lab, and for your enthusiasm about seal research and your encouragements. To my master student companion Anna and Linn, thank you for the laughs in the lab and at the office. Mom, Dad, Inari, thank you for your lessons and your support over the year. Abstract Circadian rhythms regulate the behavior, physiology, and metabolism of living organisms over a 24h period.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Oscillation of Per1 and Per2 Genes in the Rodent Brain: an in Situ Hybridization and Molecular Biological Study
    Kobe J. Med. Sci., Vol. 51, No. 6, pp. 85-93, 2005 Molecular Oscillation of Per1 and Per2 Genes in the Rodent Brain: An In Situ Hybridization and Molecular Biological Study DAISUKE MATSUI, SEIICHI TAKEKIDA, and HITOSHI OKAMURA Division of Molecular Brain Science, Department of Brain Science/Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Received 20 December 2005 /Accepted 26 December 2005 Key Words: in situ hybridization, cerebral cortex, clock genes, circadian rhythms, E-box, rat The circadian rhythm is originally generated by a transcription-translation based oscillatory loop where Per1 and Per2 genes locate in its central. In the rat brain, rhythmic expressions of Per1 and Per2 were observed not only in neurons of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) but also in those of non-SCN regions including the cerebral cortex. The E-box enhancer elements possible to regulate transcription of Per1 and Per2 genes were highly conserved in rats and mice. When E-box-activating transcription factors, CLOCK and BMAL1, were coexpressed, each of both proteins showed two molecular forms. The presence of these higher molecular weight forms seems to be correlated with the E-box mediated transcription activation. This mechanism might not be involved in the PER2 mediated suppression of E-box, since adding PER2 did not change the content of the higher molecular forms of CLOCK and BMAL1. Circadian core oscillator is thought to be composed of an autoregulatory transcription- (post) translation-based feedback loop involving a set of clock genes (3, 4, 10, 16). In this loop, Per1 and Per2 genes are located in the center of this loop, and the transcriptional oscillation of these genes reflects rhythms at cells, tissues, and system levels (10, 16).
    [Show full text]
  • SRBR 2004 Program Book
    Ninth Meeting Society for Research on Biological Rhythms Program and Abstracts SRS/SRBR June 23, 2004 SRBR June 24–26, 2004 Whistler Resort • Whistler, British Columbia SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS i Executive Committee Editorial Board Ralph E. Mistleberger Simon Fraser University Steven Reppert, President Serge Daan University of Massachusetts Medical University of Groningen School Larry Morin SUNY, Stony Brook Bruce Goldman William Schwartz, President-Elect University of Connecticut University of Massachusetts Medical Hitoshi Okamura Kobe University School of Medicine School Terry Page Vanderbilt University Carla Green, Secretary Steven Reppert University of Massachusetts Medical University of Virginia Ueli Schibler School University of Geneva Fred Davis, Treasurer Mark Rollag Northeastern University Michael Terman Uniformed Services University Columbia University Helena Illnerova, Member-at-Large Benjamin Rusak Czech. Academy of Sciences Advisory Board Dalhousie University Takao Kondo, Member-at-Large Timothy J. Bartness Nagoya University Georgia State University Laura Smale Michigan State University Anna Wirz-Justice, Member-at-Large Vincent M. Cassone Centre for Chronobiology Texas A & M University Rae Silver Columbia University Journal of Biological Russell Foster Rhythms Imperial College of Science Martin Straume University of Virginia Jadwiga M. Giebultowicz Editor-in-Chief Oregon State University Elaine Tobin Martin Zatz University of California, Los Angeles National Institute of Mental Health Carla Green University of Virginia Fred Turek Associate Editors Northwestern University Eberhard Gwinner Josephine Arendt Max Planck Institute G.T.J. van der Horst University of Surrey Erasmus University Paul Hardin Michael Hastings University of Houston David R. Weaver MRC, Cambridge University of Massachusetts Medical Helena Illerova Center Ken-Ichi Honma Czech.
    [Show full text]
  • General Information
    General Information Headquarters is at the Baytowne Conference Center, which is conveniently located within walking distance of all hotel rooms. SRBR Information Desk and Message Center is in the Foyer of the Baytowne Conference Center main level. The desk hours are as follows: Friday 5/21 2:00–6:00 PM Saturday 5/22 7:30 –11:00 AM 2:00–8:00 PM Sunday 5/23 7:00–11:00 AM 4:00–7:00 PM Monday 5/24 7:30–11:00 AM 4:00–6:00 PM Tuesday 5/25 8:00–11:00 AM 4:00–6:00 PM Wednesday 5/26 8:00–10:00 AM Messages can be left on the SRBR message board next to the registration desk. Meeting participants are asked to check the message board routinely for mail, notes, and telephone messages. Hotel check-in will be at the individual properties. Posters will be available for viewing in the Magnolia B/C/D/E rooms. Poster numbers 1–93 Sunday, May 23, 10:00 AM–10:30 PM Poster numbers 94–183 Monday, May 24, 10:00 AM–10:30 PM Poster number 184–275 Tuesday, May 25, 10:00 AM–10:30 PM All posters must be removed by 10:00 am on Wednesday, May 26. The Village of Baytowne Wharf—Indulge your senses at Sandestin’s charming Village of Baytowne Wharf, a picturesque pedestrian village overlooking the Choctawatchee Bay. Discover a unique collection of more than 40 specialty merchants ranging from quaint boutiques and intimate eateries to lively nightclubs, all set up against a backdrop of vibrant special events.
    [Show full text]
  • G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling Through Gpr176, Gz, and RGS16 Tunes Time in the Center of the Circadian Clock
    2017, 64 (1), 1-10 Advance Publication doi: 10.1507/endocrj.EJ17-0130 REVIEW G-protein-coupled receptor signaling through Gpr176, Gz, and RGS16 tunes time in the center of the circadian clock Kaoru Goto*, Masao Doi*, Tianyu Wang, Sumihiro Kunisue, Iori Murai and Hitoshi Okamura Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Abstract. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute an immensely important class of drug targets with diverse clinical applications. There are still more than 120 orphan GPCRs whose cognate ligands and physiological functions are not known. A set of circadian pacemaker neurons that governs daily rhythms in behavior and physiology resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain. Malfunction of the circadian clock has been linked to a multitude of diseases, such as sleeping disorders, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, which makes the clock an attractive target for drug development. Here, we review a recently identified role of Gpr176 in the SCN. Gpr176 is an SCN-enriched orphan GPCR that sets the pace of the circadian clock in the SCN. Even without known ligand, this orphan receptor has an agonist-independent basal activity to reduce cAMP signaling. A unique cAMP-repressing G-protein subclass Gz is required for the activity of Gpr176. We also provide an overview on the circadian regulation of G-protein signaling, with an emphasis on a role for the regulator of G-protein signaling 16 (RGS16). RGS16 is indispensable for the circadian regulation of cAMP in the SCN. Developing drugs that target the SCN remains an unfulfilled opportunity for the circadian pharmacology.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of Molecular Brain Science
    DEPARTMENT OF MOLECULAR BRAIN SCIENCE Research Profile Research Department of Molecular Brain Science Specially Appointed Professor: Hitoshi Okamura Research Projects: Organisms live in a spatiotemporal world. Even for 2013; iScience 2018), and on the timing control of humans, regular diet and sleep are the basis of a cell division, especially during the development healthy life. Epidemiological studies have demon- and regeneration of hepatocytes (Science 2003b; strated that the incidence of life-style related disor- Nature Com 2017). ders such as diabetes, hypertension and obesity The disruption of circadian rhythms cannot be has increased in parallel with the development of explained simply based on the transcription-transla- our 24-hours society. tion feedback loop (TTFL), since metabolism also We are researchers of the suprachiasmatic nucle- greatly influences the formation and adjustment of us (SCN) where the master clock of the mammalian rhythms, and so is the ability of cells to synchronize circadian rhythms localizes. In the past decades, their intracellular rhythms. In nocturnal animals, syn- we have been pioneers in the exploration of chronization to the environmental cycles mostly molecular mechanism underlying the biological occurs via light exposure, while non-photic informa- clock since the isolation of the mammalian Period tion (darkness, melatonin, etc.) is critical in diurnal genes (Nature 1997; Cell 1997; Science 1999; animals such as humans. Therefore, to understand Science 2001, Science 2003a). In recent years, we sleep rhythm disorders in humans, it is important to have shown that the methylation of mRNA deter- develop experimental paradigms in non-human mines the period length of the clock (Cell 2013; primates.
    [Show full text]
  • Circadian Characteristics of Mice Depleted with GPR7
    Biomedical Research 30 (6) 357-364, 2009 Circadian characteristics of mice depleted with GPR7 1, 2 1 1 1 1 3 Naohiro UCHIO , Masao DOI , Masahiro MATSUO , Fumiyoshi YAMAZAKI , Yasutaka MIZORO , Mari HONDO , 3 1, 2 Takeshi SAKURAI and Hitoshi OKAMURA 1 Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmacological Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; 2 Division of Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; 3 Department of Molecular Neurosci- ence and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan (Received 9 October 2009; and accepted 11 November 2009) ABSTRACT GPR7, now known as a receptor of neuropeptide B and neuropeptide W, is expressed in neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the mammalian circadian center. By the quantitative in situ hybridization, we demonstrated that GPR7 mRNA showed a significant circadian rhythm in the SCN showing a peak at early subjective night in both light-dark and constant dark. We character- ized the circadian feature of GPR7-knockout mice, but the period length and the phase-dependent phase shift to light exposure were not disordered in GPR7-knockout mice. Moreover, the food-an- ticipatory behavior in restricted feeding schedule was observed in this gene-deleted mouse similar to wild-type. These results indicate that the role of GPR7 may be subtle or limited in relation to the circadian clock despite its robust expression in the SCN. Most organisms display a physiological and behav- receptor having close structural resemblance to both ioral rhythm with periods of nearly 24 hours. In the somatostatin-3 (SST3) receptor, and the μ-, δ-, mammals, the central circadian oscillator is located and κ-opioid receptors.
    [Show full text]
  • A Putative Transcription Factor with Seven Zinc-Finger Motifs Identified in the Developing Suprachiasmatic Nucleus by the Differ
    The Journal of Neuroscience, November 15, 1999, 19(22):10176–10183 A Putative Transcription Factor with Seven Zinc-Finger Motifs Identified in the Developing Suprachiasmatic Nucleus by the Differential Display PCR Method Yoshiro Maebayashi,1,2 Yasufumi Shigeyoshi,1 Toru Takumi,1 and Hitoshi Okamura1 1Department of Anatomy and Brain Science, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe 650–0017, Japan, and 2Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602–8566, Japan The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a mammalian central at a very faint level during adulthood. Lot1 mRNA expression circadian pacemaker. This nucleus develops in the last stage of was observed only in neurons of the dorsomedial SCN through- fetal life and matures to make strong synaptic connections out the course of development. During the developmental within 2 weeks of postnatal life to establish strong oscillation stage, Lot1 mRNA expression shows a circadian rhythm with a characteristics. To identify factors that initiate the circadian peak in the day time and a trough at night time in both light– oscillation, we applied a differential display PCR method to dark and constant dark conditions. These observations imply developing SCN, and isolated a gene with seven zinc-finger that Lot1 is the first identified putative transcription factor motifs, Lot1, which encodes a gene that appeared at a very expressed only in the period of active synaptogenesis in the high level in the SCN during the early postnatal days. Lot1 SCN, where Lot1 might play a role in establishing autonomous mRNA first appeared at postnatal day 1 (P1) at a very high level, oscillation.
    [Show full text]
  • Stochastic Modeling of System Function in a Network of Biological Oscillators
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Stochastic Modeling of System Function in a Network of Biological Oscillators A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science by Kirsten R. Meeker Committee in Charge: Linda R. Petzold, Chair Francis J. Doyle III John R. Gilbert December 2014 The Dissertation of Kirsten R. Meeker is approved: Francis J. Doyle III John R. Gilbert Linda R. Petzold, Committee Chairperson December 2014 Stochastic Modeling of System Function in a Network of Biological Oscillators Copyright © 2014 by Kirsten R. Meeker iii To my parents, for passing on their sense of wonder and curiosity that enticed me to follow their path in science, and a sense of humor that kept me on it. \A computer lets you make more mistakes faster than any invention in human history{with the possible exceptions of handguns and tequila." {Mitch Ratcliffe iv Acknowledgements I thank my committee for their time and dedication to educating students, and my advisor, Linda Petzold, for her sage advice and thorough reviews. v Curriculum Vitæ Kirsten R. Meeker Education 2014 Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science, University of Cali- fornia, Santa Barbara (Expected). 2004 Master of Science in Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara 1995 Master of Science in Physics, California State University, Northridge 1988 Bachelor of Science in Physics, California State University, Northridge Professional Experience 1989 { 2014 Naval Air Warfare Center, Point Mugu, California 1986 { 1988 Research Assistant, California State University, Northridge. Awards 2003-2004 Naval Air Warfare Center Fellowship 1996 Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties Engineer of the Year Selected Publications • Andrew C.
    [Show full text]