Los Carnavales En México. Teatralidades De La Fiesta Popular Conditions, and Circumstances Concerning Community Involvement in the Celebration

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Los Carnavales En México. Teatralidades De La Fiesta Popular Conditions, and Circumstances Concerning Community Involvement in the Celebration I lea na Azor Investigadora Titular por la Acade­ mia de Ciencias de Cuba y Doctora en Ciencias sobre Arte. Ha sido profesora en el Instituto Superior de Arte de la Habana y ha dictado conferencias en universidades e instituciones culturales de Estados Unidos, España, Rusia, Argentina, Alemania, Venezuela, Puerto Rico y México. Pertenece al Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de México. Ha publicado tres libros de ensayos (entre los que se en­ LOS CARNAVALES EN MÉXICO. cuentra Teatralidades y carnaval. Danzantes y color en Puebla de los Angeles, Gestos, 2004) y seis TEATRALIDADES DE LA FIESTA POPULAR antologías críticas y de obras tea­ trales relacionadas con el teatro ILEANA AZOR latinoamericano. Numerosos ensa­ yos suyos han aparecido en revistas especializadas de Europa, Estados Unidos y América Latina. Actual­ mente es profesora de Tiempo Completo y dirige la Licenciatura en Teatro de la Universidad de las RESUMEN Américas-Puebla (México). Desde mucho antes de la «era posmoderna», los que nos autodenominamos o dejamos que nos ubiquen como occidentales arribamos a la convicción de que las verdades absolutas y las respuestas totalizadoras no existen. Las manifestaciones artísticas, por su parte, han sido siempre un buen antídoto para la mirada única y definitiva. Por lo tanto, fiel a esta historia, propongo un acercamiento metodológico a las fiestas populares mexicanas y específicamente a los carnavales desde perspectivas provenientes de la antropología, la etnoesecenología y la teatralidad. Partiremos de un vasto y rico corpus que se estimaba hace cerca de 10 años en más de 5000 fiestas. Por ello haré una caracterización central del problema teórico-metodológico y esto me permitirá aplicarlo a algunos carnavales de varios estados de la república, entre los que se encuentran los rurales y urbanos de Puebla de los Angeles. Santiago Xalitzintla, Huejotzingo y San Nicolás de los Ranchos son las comunidades rurales en las que se centrará el análisis y los barrios antiguos de la ciudad de Puebla serán las otras fuentes. En ellos veremos los rasgos generales, así como las similitudes y las divergencias en la concepción misma de una teatralidad que se define desde su origen histórico y se ha ido modificando a partir de su función social y religiosa, las condiciones topográficas y las de incorporación comunitaria a la festividad. CARNIVALS IN MÉXICO: POPULAR CELEBRATION DRAMA ABSTRACT Much before the 'postmodern era', tbose of us who cali ourselves or let ourselves be callea western carne to the conclusión that absolute truths and totalising responses do not exist. For tbeir part, artistic performances have always been a good antidote to the unique and defining gaze. Thus, so as to be truthful to this history a methodological approach to popular Mexican celebrations isproposed with specific emphasis on carnivals via anthropological, ethnoscenological and dramatic perspectives. The vast and rich corpus estimated at over 5,000 celebrations some 10 years ago shall be used as a basis. A central characterisation of the theoretical-methodological problem will be carried out so as to be applied to carnivals from various states around the country including both rural and urban ones in Puebla de los Angeles. Santiago Xalitzintla, Huejotzingo and San Nicolás de los Ranchos are the rural communities upon which the analysis isfocused, with the oíd quarters ofthe city of Puebla also serving as source material. The general features will be observed as well as the similarities and differenees in the very conception of drama, as considered from its histo- rical origins and having undergone changes based on social and religious function, topographic Los carnavales en México. Teatralidades de la fiesta popular conditions, and circumstances concerning community involvement in the celebration. ILEANA AZOR La comunicación ritual es la que tienen los partici­ ciones, que involucran pantes con ellos mismos a través de un texto que da factores religiosos, po­ forma y fijeza, sí, a las acciones rituales, pero que es líticos, sociales, étnicos, plural y ambiguo, situacional y abierto al cambio, económicos, espectacu­ a diversas interpretaciones en competencia y a la lares y antropológicos. crítica1. Verificamos que para Por lo menos en México, las danzas religiosas siguen todos ellos lo festivo vivas porque persisten las condiciones que justifican formaba parte de la ri­ su existencia, esto es, la función de significar y expli­ queza cultural de la co­ car por medio de los códigos que le son propios la munidad, evidenciando relación entre el hombre y la realidad que necesita su capacidad para pro­ ser comprendida2. piciar espacios de comu­ nicación, consumo no La «ambigüedad fronteriza»3 que subyace productivo y de ruptura Danzantes del Carnaval en la región de Puebla. en la esencia de muchas de las celebraciones con la obligación, don­ populares mexicanas es un reto epistemoló­ de el despliegue de la energía grupal estaba gico para cualquier investigador interesado encaminado a buscar un tiempo de libertad, Rodrigo Díaz Cruz, Archipiélago de rituales. Teorías antropológi• en lograr un acercamiento no ortodoxo al celebración y autorreconocimiento. cas del ritual, Barcelona, Anthro- tema. Objeto casi siempre de estudios antro­ Las posturas más extendidas han sido pos, 1998, págs. 293-294. pológicos, la presencia representacional y sus las que relacionaban las fiestas con actos de nexos con la vida cotidiana, que involucran un transgresión (Freud, Bajtin, Girard, Bataille, Cario Bonfiglioli, Fariseos y ma­ tachines en la Sierra Tarahuma- sinnúmero de fenómenos -rituales, lúdicos, Paz), ruptura de la vida común, trastorno y ra: entre la Pasión de Cristo, la teatrales-, se han convertido, al menos en los desborde de la cotidianeidad (Bajtin, Duvig- transgresión cómico-sexual y las últimos veinte años, en el centro de atención naud, Callois, Durkheim), exceso y derroche danzas de Conquista, México, INI, 1995, pág. 31. de especialistas de diversos campos de la teo­ (Bajtin, Mauss) o indiferenciación e indeter­ ría o de la ensayística artística y teatral4. minación (Duvignaud, Michelet, Durkheim, Ileana Azor, Teatralidades y car­ Desde fines de los noventa, comenzamos Callois). Mijail Bajtin, por ejemplo, afirma en naval. Danzantes y color en Pue­ a explorar algunas manifestaciones de la fiesta su estudio sobre la cultura en la Edad Media: bla de los Ángeles, California, popular mexicana -la Semana Santa en San Mi­ «...las fiestas, en todas sus fases históricas, han Gestos, 2004, pág. 19. guel de Allende y San Pedro Cholula, el Día estado ligadas a periodos de crisis, de trastor­ de Muertos en Huaquechula-, como continui­ no, en la vida de la naturaleza, la sociedad y Algunos son representantes del 8 posestructuralismo como Jacques dad de una inquietud anterior por estudiar la del hombre» ; y de esta forma confluye en Derridá, del poscolonialismo co­ vinculación entre rito y teatro en expresiones una gran línea de estudios que tienden a ver mo Homi Bhabha, de la estética como Nicolás Bourriaud o más de la escena cubana contemporánea. en la fiesta una ruptura total con el mundo cercanos al teatro como Patrice El recorrido nos llevó a visitar distintas cotidiano. La inversión sígnica es fuente de Pavis, Josette Feral, Juan Villegas, liberación de las fuerzas reprimidas, las reglas, Erika Fischer-Lichte, Helga Finter comunidades del estado de Puebla, donde la y Jorge Dubatti, entre otros. realización de unos asombrosos carnavales los estatutos y las normas. Así, observamos tenían lugar cada año entre los meses de fe­ la fiesta como una suerte de mareaje que El Dr. Timothy Knab. brero y abril. Observar una y otra vez estos nos permite sentir que se concluye algo, y se fascinantes fenómenos, buscar información comienza de nuevo; porque de igual manera La Dra. Alma Yolanda Castillo y sobre componentes, formas organizativas y ésta es una cadena que volverá a repetirse una el Dr. Joel Dávila. maneras de participación en conversaciones y otra vez. con sus protagonistras e intercamnbiar con En este sentido, coincidimos con Veláz- El Maestro Rolf Seúl. colegas de otras especialidades como un an­ quez Mejía cuando nos presenta la fiesta tropólogo5, dos investigadores6 y un fotógra­ como una forma metafórica de vivir la coti­ 7 Mijail Bajtin, La cultura popular fo especializado en expresiones de la cultura dianeidad, la cual ve tensionados y dirigidos en la Edad Media y el Renaci­ popular mexicana, fue parte de un intenso hacia un nuevo sentido sus mismos elemen­ miento, Madrid, Alianza Edito­ rial, 2003, pág. 14. proceso de búsqueda que conllevó, al mismo tos. Por eso, es congruente cuando plantea tiempo, la exploración teórico-metodológica que la fiesta es una celebración que nos habla Arturo Velázquez Mejía, La más apropiada para tal corpus. de una historia con una fuerte división socio- fiesta: espacio, manifestación y En este camino, dos definiciones se nos cultural, lo cual se observa en la morfología de comunicación de cotidianeidad los distintos momentos festivos, que muchas histórica, Estado de México, hicieron imprescindibles: los conceptos fiesta UAEM, 1984. y teatralidad. veces muestran la diferenciación de oficios y Más allá de las interferencias con otros co­ labores dentro de una zona9. mo juego y rito, la fiesta, presente sobre todo Nacida con el siglo XX, la teatralidad, Los carnavales en México. en la bilbiografía antropológica, nos resultaba como concepto, para varios teóricos resume Teatralidades de la fiesta popular más cercana a la naturaleza de estas celebra- una relación específica con la realidad: a la vez ILEANA AZOR diferente y similar. «Thus, for theatricality to La propuesta del concepto teatralidad, o exist, the world cannot become mere theater, quizás el de teatralidades, consigna una vo­ just as the theater can never become mere luntad teórica abierta frente a las numerosas reality But as long as we have both spaces circunstancias a las cuales debe responder, y -the 'real' space and the fictional space- thea­ pretende lograr una interpretación que, sin tricality may occur»10.
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