“Strengthening Ha’apai”
An Architectural research project exploring the history of Pangai’s fish market and port, proposing a working outcome to strengthening the Ha’apai island group.
Master Explanatory Document
With supervision from: Jeanette Budgett Michael Austin
A Research Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture.
Unitec Institute of Technology
2018 Juan Blas Pedreira 1353012 A concern for the rural islands of Ha’apai and its community was my motivation for this explanatory document. My childhood was largely spent around the ocean. My family and I would spend our summers sailing the coast of New Zealand. Soon a lifelong dream to sail the world became a reality and for the last 10 years I have voyaged on numerous trips to the islands in the Pacific.
PREFACE Having travelled around Tongan islands I became attached to the people, and the copious, untouched, captivating islets that make up the landscape of Ha’apai. When deciding on the topic for my research document it became apparent to me that I could deliver an architectural project to help the current situation in the Ha’apai Islands, in an attempt to create something meaningful for the community.
The production of this document has broadened my knowledge of Tonga’s history, and the influence anga fakapalangi has had on their architecture and daily way of living.
3 Many people are to thank for assisting This research project focuses on the Having traveled there, there is an evident me in the development of this research marketplace and the existing port opportunity for architecture to achieve project. Firstly, thank you to my structure in Pangai. Once the primary a unity through building, while also supervisor Jeanette Budgett for your market place in the whole of Ha’apai benefiting from the influence of climatically guidance and support. This document island group, it’s destruction, caused from responsive Pacific architecture, as a would have been very different if it the cyclone has had a serious impact on solution to connecting its rich heritage. weren’t for your invaluable opinions. the community and their economy. With
EXAMPLE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS EXAMPLE ABSTRACT no place for trade, the community’s future With vast ocean coasts, there is an To my family, mum and dad, who on the Ha’apai islands looks bleak. opportunity for Pangai and the Ha’apai supported me from day one. Thank islands to become the primary source you for always been there, your caring With natural disasters increasing in of the eco-tourism and fishing industries thoughts helped fuel my determination. frequency, every day, more and more in Tonga. En-richening the people to a people leave the islands, diminishing the healthier and prosperous future. Thank you to my fellow Unitec students, this possibility for a brighter future. journey has bound beautiful friendships.
Lastly to Hannah, for keeping me sane when I couldn’t see the light. For being in my corner all these years.
4 5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7. 0 8.0 Introduction pg.9 State of Knowledge pg.15 Site + Context pg.62 Design Process pg.79 Design Outcome pg.113 Conclusion pg.119 Bibliography pg.120 Appendix pg.130
1.1 Research Question 2.1 Geography 3.1 Site Location 4.1 Design Brief 6.1 Reflections 7.1 References Tonga Design Influence 1.2 Project Outline Ha’apai Islands 3.2 Social Context 7.2 List of Figures Districts in Ha’apai 4.2 Building Resilience 1.3 Aims and Objectives 3.3 Physical Context 2.2 History and Culture Port in Pangai 4.3 Master Plan TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE 1.4 Methodology Anga Fakatonga Fish Market in Pangai Walkway People of Tonga Site Visits Auckland Waterfront Walkway Cultural Context Marina Market, Restaurant & Weaving 2.3 Pacific Architecture House Features in Typologies of the Pacific Boat Shed/Workshop Tongan Architecture Tongan Fale Architectural Approach Western Influence
2.4 Natural Disasters/Threats Tropical Cyclones Aftermath
2.5 Industries of Tonga Ha’apai Industries Re-Establishing Ha’apai Ha’apai Development Master Plan
2.6 Precedents Nest We Grow Besiktas Fish Market Nev House 6 7 1.0 INTRODUCTION
8 Figure1 Tongan Man in Ha’apai 9 1.1 RESEARCH QUESTION
Falehanga - Weaving house.
Falesiu - Meeting house for fisherman, How can a waterfront architectural proposition uplift the current socio-economic problems in Ha’apai, while providing a cyclone Fale Alea - Meeting house. resilient solution?
Alafolau - Boathouse, storage place for fisherman.
Feleoko - Food storage house.
GLOSSARY 1.2 PROJECT OUTLINE Fale Va’inga - Game House Nature has the capacity to produce an uncertainty for the future. Explicitly, this research project will focus ‘Inasi - Inasi as a practice literally and metaphorically giving one’s “best” to honour or advance Tonga, overwhelming feeling of joy. We take In order to ensure a positive future for the around revitalising the existing wharf and nationally and locally, in return, elevating one’s status in society. nature for granted; but what if nature Ha’apai Group locals must understand waterfront, in an attempt to strengthen fought back? What if the welcoming gentle how to build to withstand the harsh Ha’apai’s main income sources - tourism Natural Disaster - Natural event such as a flood, earthquake, or cyclone that causes great damage or loss of life. The breeze on a hot day turned into a storm? tropical conditions. Western influenced and fisheries - analysing mechanisms to risk of a natural event turning into a disaster always depends the force of the natural event itself and the Would you be prepared? For life in the architecture is not the solution. integrate an interactive public precinct living conditions of the regions affected. Pacific Islands, nature isn’t always kind. into Pangai’s waterfront. In the past 10 years Tonga has fronted 7 As the world becomes more accessible Va - Samoan origin. A space between. Denotes the relationships between people, places and social high category tropical cyclones.1 the core values and traditions of countries The new waterfront will play an active environments. like Tonga are becoming vulnerable. An role in providing the people a place to This project addresses the effects that essential intent for the architecture and sell their produce that they gather from the Anga fakatonga- The Tongan way various tropical cyclones have had on it programme is to create a hub where land and sea. It will also become a new Tonga, Ha’apai. Each cyclone adding anga fakatonga (‘the Tongan Way’) is place where tourists and local inhabitants Anga fakapalangi- The Western way damage to an already bruised economy expressed and celebrated. Additionally, can interact. Making the Ha’apai islands and its infrastructure in Ha’apai. It has this project will explore how an more appealing to the tourists, while Moana - A body of open water, in particular the sea affected financial security and brought assimilation between traditional Tongan also giving locals the opportunity for a 1 “List of Tropical Cyclones that have architecture and modern technologies financial gain. Fahu - Father’s oldest sister accorded the highest levels of respect within her kin group. Acts as the family matriarch. affected at least a part of Tonga from 1960 - Pres- can produce resilience against the harsh ent,” accessed April 2, 2018, http://www.met. tropical climate. gov.to/index_files/TC_list_update.pdf Diaspora - The migration, dispersion, or spread of people from their original homeland
10 11 1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.4 METHODOLOGY
The focus of this project is to produce a maximize the financial value that This research project incorporated the This led to research ‘by design’. The realistic, responsive design solution that tourism brings to the islands. following two frameworks; research ‘for approach was to design with the literature will create opportunities for the community • Integrate cyclone resilience into the design’, and research ‘by design’. at hand, whilst drawing upon immediate in Ha’apai. The proposal will enhance built form as a precedent to educate contextual feedback, such as location, Pangai’s waterfront. This can be achieved locals. Research ‘for design’ is explored through surrounding communities, infrastructure by engaging the locals and tourists in a People of extensive precedent and literature - based pre-cyclone, and future proposals and marketplace where locals can trade their Preserving Tongan architecture is a key on the history of Tonga, climate, natural industries, which will amalgamate with Ha’apai INFLUENCED WITH PACIFIC goods resulting in a financial benefit to driver. The intention is not to criticize DESIGN APPROACH disasters, Tongan architecture, Western the design intent. A seesaw process the community. As well as a space where the Western culture, but to propose influence overall and in architecture, of research and design was constant Tongan ceremonies can be celebrated a solution that can benefit from the and exploring further into the reasons in the project until the design intention and shared. attributes that each culture has to offer. why outer islands like Ha’apai group are was achieved. The questions raised Currently in touristic destinations such struggling for survival. There is limited through initial research were resolved The following goals are to be achieved: as Ha’apai, Pacific architecture is the published literature on traditional Tongan using various methods, such as 3D and common typology in holiday resorts, architecture, however information from 2D diagramming, sketching, massing • Celebrate Tongan culture, informed exhibited as a form of grandeur. Yet, this Port Waterfront other South Pacific Island, such as Samoa, in context, and modeling. 3D physical in the design desirable structure is rarely seen in local will aid where lacking. The majority of modeling was the most effective method • Combine modern and traditional communities, instead adopting foreign this material was sourced from academic to explore design ideas and further building techniques to showcase how techniques. This project will present an papers, corresponding published studies, understand the cultural significance. The they can work well together. opportunity to discover an acceptable including local and international websites, project was critiqued by supervisors, as • Incorporate locally sourced architectural method in the Pacific. as well as information obtained from the well as students, often leading to further materials, so the building can be site visit. exploration, or evaluation of different independently built and maintained Tourists alternatives. by the community Three precedents were analysed in terms • Understand why Ha’apai has a of their relationship to the documents Ultimately, this lead to a responsive declining population and create an intent, whether it be materiality, cultural architectural design that contributes to architectural project that urge people values, sustainability, spatial organisation, enhancement of the Ha’apai community to stay. or other related content to the project. and an increased understanding of • Investigate an approach that can Figure2 Objectives Diagram cyclone resilient buildings.
12 13 2.0 STATE OF KNOWLEDGE “We should not be defined by the smallness of our islands, but by the greatness of our oceans.”2 - Epeli Hau’ofa
Figure3 Weavers in Tongatapu
2 “Statemet at UNGA,”Ministry of Information & Communications, accessed May 23, 2018, http://www. 14 mic.gov.to/speeches/statement-prime-minister/4093-prime-minister-tuivakano-statement-at-unga-67th-session 15 PA E
2.1 GEOGRAPHY MA A A A A M E A The Pacific Ocean covers one third of the geologically different parallel chains of point, called the Horizon Deep, plunges earth’s surface. The vast and seemingly islands that make up 176 limestone and 10,882m below the surface of the water.6 MA ALL empty expanse of ocean harbours volcanic islands.4 Due to its location A L E thousands of islands, in which many within the Pacific Ring of Fire, Tonga Climate in a tropical country like Tonga PALA inhabitants view the Pacific as ‘a sea of can experience volcanic activity, the experiences two distinct seasons: a ‘dry’ P L E A islands’’.3 most frequent eruption was in 2009, on season and a ‘wet’ season. The hot, rainy Hunga Tonga - situated 11km away from season falls in December-April, with A PAP A E EA Situated in the heart of the South Pacific Tongatapu.5 Tonga’s western islands temperatures rising up to 33 degrees Ocean, the ancient Polynesian Kingdom make up the Volcanic Arch and are all Celsius.7 The six months between May AL L M of Tonga is one of the most scenic and volcanic in origin. and November are considered the cool
unspoiled of the Pacific island nations. dry season, with temperatures ranging MA E A A A The eastern islands are non-volcanic between 17°C-22°C. It is during the rainy AM A Tonga is part of the Pacific Island Countries limestone, or coral formations, and sit season that Tonga experiences tropical MELA E A A A (PICs). The Pacific Island Countries are above the Tonga ridge that runs parallel cyclones; an average of two annually.
categorized into three island districts: to the Volcanic Arch and Tongan Trench. Big cyclones, however only occur every E 10-15 years. A MA A E A - Melanesia (Black Islands) Located east of Tonga, in the depths of the E ALE A - Polynesia (Many Islands) ocean, is the Tonga Trench - the deepest A E A AL - Micronesia (Small Islands) trench in the Southern Hemisphere, EA E LA succeeded only by the Challenger Deep E MA E Polynesia, in which Tonga lies, is shared site in the Mariana Trench. Its deepest with countries, such as Samoa, The Cook 4 “General Information About Tonga,” E MA E E Islands, Nuie, and New Zealand; as Pacific Islands Tourism Guide, accessed on June illustrated in Figure 4. 22, 2017, http://www.pacifictourism.travel/pa- Tonga archipelago comprises of two cific-islands/about/tonga. 5 “Tonga Volcanic Eruption,” Nation- 6 “Tonga Geography,” World Atlas, 3 “Oceanic Architecture,” New Zealand al Geographic, accessed on May 5, 2018, accessed on September 4, 2017, http://www. E EALA Institute of Architects Incorporated, accessed May http://news.nationalgeographic.com/ worldatlas.com/geography/tongageography. 5, 2017, http://www.nzia.co.nz/explore/com- news/2009/03/090319-tonga-volcanic-erup- htm. ment/oceanic-architecture. tion-ap-video.html. 7 Ibid
16 17
Figure4 Districts in PICsTongan Island in Ha’apai 1976 POP. 1986 POP. 1996 POP. 2006 POP. 2016 POP. ISLAND GROUP CENSUS CENSUS CENSUS CENSUS CENSUS
TONGATAPU 5 7, 411 63,794 66,979 72,045 75,416 VAVA’U TONGA’S ISLAND GROUPS / POPULATION CENSUS VAVA’U 15,068 15,175 15,715 15,505 14,922 1976 POP. 1986 POP. 1996 POP. 2006 POP. 2016 POP. Tonga, ‘to’ (to plant) and ‘nga’ (a place), Poor connection between the three ISLAND GROUP HA’APAI 10,792 8,919 8,138 7, 570 6,616 also means ‘south’. main groups has meant they ultimately CENSUS CENSUS CENSUS CENSUS CENSUS TOTAL LANDMASS OF TONGA function independently. Tonga, like many Tonga; one of the most beautiful, but other Pacific nations, rely heavily on the TONGATAPU 5 7, 411 63,794 66,979 72,045 75,416 volatile environments on Earth. Tonga ocean; for food, transport and economic 156+ km is an archipelagic nation of some 176 development. The expansive space VAVA’U 15,068 15,175 15,715 15,505 14,922 islands (36 of which are inhabited), between islets provides large areas HA’APAI 10,792 8,919 8,138 7, 570 6,616 representing a collective area of about for their fisheries industry to develop, 750km2, distributed over 700,000 sq however the water also acts as a km.8 Such dispersion means water is hindrance. Excessive traveling distances TONGA a principal component in the Tongans discourages distribution and allocation of HA’APAI ISLAND VILLAGES / POPULATION CENSUS lifestyle, be it culturally, or economically. produce. The core islands are divided into three main groups; outlined in figure 5.9 The smaller islands struggle with the HA’APAI DIVISION/VILLAGE 2006 POP. CENSUS 1996 POP. CENSUS DIFFERENCE involuntary autonomy, as they do not 1. Tongatapu - The main island of the have sufficient skilled workers to sustain HA’APAI ISLANDS PANGAI 2967 2966 -0.03% Kingdom of Tonga, and the location of its their population, nor jobs to keep people POPULATION DISTRIBUTION OF TONGA capital, Nuku ‘alofa. Almost two-thirds of on the island. The impending lack of 150+ km FOA 1479 1434 -3.3% Tonga’s population live on the main island prospects is increasing the likelihood Tongatapu. of poverty to occur and consequently HA’APAI DIVISION/VILLAGELULUNGA 2006 POP. CENSUS1075 1996 POP. CENSUS1282 DIFFERENCE-17.6% abandonment. This pattern can be seen in 2. Ha’apai Islands - A combination of figure 6 showing a depleting population MU’OMU’APANGAI 2967630 2966735 -0.03%-15.3% small islands in between Tongatapu and in the Ha’apai islands, with the number of Vava’u. residents moving to Tongatapu increasing HA’ANOFOA 1479619 1434773 -3.3%-20% every year. 3. Vava’u - Located farthest north, Vava’u LULUNGA‘UIHA 1075800 1282948 -17.6%-15.6 group contains 55 islands, including the Ha’apai islands suffer the most. Small, second biggest island of Tonga. narrow landmasses restrict the towns MU’OMU’AHA’APAI 7570630 8183735 -15.3%-7.5% potential size, consequently limiting TONGATAPU 8 “General Information About Tonga,” economic and educational opportunity HA’ANO 619 773 -20% Pacific Islands Tourism Guide, accessed on June for most Tongans living in the outer islands. 16, 2017, http://www.pacifictourism.travel/pa- ‘UIHA 800 948 -15.6 cific-islands/about/tonga. 9 “Tonga Geography,” World Atlas, accessed on September 4, 2017, http://www. Figure6 Tonga’sHA’APAI Island Groups / Population Census 7570 8183 -7.5% 18 worldatlas.com/geography/tongageography. Figure5 Islands of The Kingdom Of Tonga Figure7 Ha’apai Island Group / Population Census 19 PERCENTAGE OF DISTRICTS VILLAGES HABITANTS OF HA’APAI
PANGAI LIFUKA HIHIFO HOLOPEKA KOULO 37%
Ha’apai is comprised of 62 islets. The Although Ha’apai is the smallest Island HA’ANO islands include barrier reefs, coral shoals, group of Tonga, the deep blue water and FANGALE FOTUA shallow lagoons, and active volcanoes, reefs make it the ideal location for fisheries FOA LOTOFOA 18% but most are small low-lying coral atolls. and eco-tourism. The close proximity to the FALELOA
Only 17 are inhabited, with approximately Tongan trench has developed strong reef FOA 8,000 people settled in 30 villages.10 The environments and marine life. As a result, main group consists of 5 islands running fisheries have developed to become one HA’AFEVA
HA’APAI ISLANDS EXAMPLE HA’APAI along a strip on the eastern side, which of the biggest industries in Ha’apai. IN HA’APAI DISTRICTS TUNGUA LULUNGA FOTUHA’A act as the prime settlements in Ha’apai, ‘O’UA 16% MATUKU LIFUKA and the only islands with electricity. The Access to Ha’apai group is by either a KOTU sketch adjacent shows this main group. 12-hour boat ride from Tongatapu, or LULUNGA Vava’u, or a short plane flight, where an The Ha’apai island group is divided into 6 airstrip was created to increase tourism. ‘UIHA main districts (figure 9 + 10): NOMUKA MU’OMU’A MANGO FONOIFUA 8% -Lifuka -Mu’omu’a Once a strong settlement, Ha’apai has NOMUKEIKI -Foa -Ha’ano deteriorated over the years, due to -Lulunga -Ha’ano reoccurring cyclones and the population migrating to larger cities. Subsistence income is primarily from REEF LINE FAKAKAI agriculture, fishing and tourism, however, Most of the remaining inhabitants are in PUKOTALA HA’ANO MO’UNGA’ONE 9% like much of Tonga, a large source of the Pangai and Foa districts where a new HA’ANO income is remittance from family members road has been developed to link the two MUITOA livng abroad. Pangai is the main village main islands together. and administrative centre in Ha’apai, MU’OMU’A located in the island of Lifuka. ‘UIHA FELEMEA ‘UIHA LOFANGA 12 % 10 “Welcome to Ha’apai,” Ha’apai Island TOFUA Group, accessed on September 02, 2017, http:// www.haapai.to/.
Figure9 Ha’apai Island Group Towns 20 Figure8 Ha’apai Islands Figure10 Ha’apai Islands Districts 21 2.2 HISTORY + CULTURE
Like all their Polynesian relatives, prompted the European influence that is country in the world. A fact most Tongans the Tongans did not have a written apparent today. are proud of. language to record their early history; but anthropologists estimate that it was By 1845 a crucial action to identify Tonga Current King George Tupou V, has first inhabited around 1500-1000BC, took place. Taufa’ahau Tupou united all of introduced concessions to accommodate about 3,000 years ago, by Lapita the Tongan islands under his leadership, a more democratic state, however people from Southeast Asia.11 Facing the as the first undisputed Tu’i Tonga (“king of withholds the undemocratic ability to elect natural hazards of the region, including Tonga”), who took the name King George the Prime Minister. Evident corruption, devastating storms and heaving ocean Tupou I. In 1901, the kingdom became a shaped to benefit the select instead of floor with its volcanoes and earthquakes, British protectorate, under the ‘Treaty of the many, has often lead to short term they persevered to achieve new Friendship’, allowing the Europeans to outcomes rather than long term factors. communities in the idyllic tropical setting. settle and trade. Tonga remained part The consequence for this immediate of the British Empire until 1970, when the appetite will be explained later in the Tonga was not immune to the overtures nation declared independence, however document. of the European powers that interfered Tonga remains a member of the British in other Pacific Island groups. Tonga’s Commonwealth. first contact with the Western world began when early European explorers Although Tonga was part of the British set off to discover new land. Initially Empire, it never lost its indigenous Dutch navigators Jakob Le Maire and governance. To this day the patrilineal Abel Tasman arrived at Tonga, in 1616 mode of succession continues; remaining and 1643, however effective European an influential and powerful entity in the contact dated from Captain James modern Kingdom. Tongan monarchy Cook’s visits between 1773 and 177712 , is the longest, uninterrupted hereditary 11 “Polynesian Beginnings,” Kingdom of monarchies from one family of any Tonga, accessed on September 2, 2017, http:// of the Tonga Islands,” Terrae Incognitae, no. 36 www.thekingdomoftonga.com/three-millen- (2004): 20-27, accessed May 21, 2018, https:// nia-of-history/. www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/ Figure12 Endeavour 12 Brian Hooker, “The European Discovery tin.2004.36.1.20
Figure11 Self-proclaimed King George Tupou I 22 23 Anga fakatonga (‘the Tongan way’) is are referred to as Pālangi. American that they cannot be disentangled. Of all ‘Famili (family) is the central unit of Tongan who is outranked by both his sisters. The The population consists of a large exhibited every day. It is Tongan identity anthropologist, George Marcus suggests the factors contributing to the historical life. Elders are the most respected, with fahu family structure is illustrated in figure majority of youth. More than 60% are and as the values and behaviours that in his book, “The Nobility and the Chiefly transformation of anga fakatonga, the each family member knowing their role 13. under 29 years old, as specified in Figure comprises to be a Tongan.13 The core Tradition in the Modern Kingdom of adaptation of Christianity has wrought according to ‘Anga fakatonga’. A Tongan 14. A large influx of youth puts pressure values in anga fakatonga include:14 Tonga” that during the period of the first the deepest and most pervasive changes, household often consists of adopted Even with the influences of foreign political on an already struggling economy. Many three Tupou monarchs Tonga developed so much so that the categories of tradition children, cousins, grandparents alongside systems and Western Christianity, foreign forced to find work elsewhere; often - faka‘apa‘apa (respect) a “compromised culture.”15 An “early, and Christianity are now inseparable in a standard family unit of children and concepts have never replaced the kin- resulting in moving overseas in search for 18 ANGA FAKATONGA ANGA FAKATONGA “THE WAY” TONGAN - ‘ofa (love) stable complex of institutions, ideas, the minds of many Tongans.” PEOPLE OF TONGA parents. Everything is communal, from based systems. better prospects, so they can financially - fakato ki lalo (humility) and practises, which integrated Tongan food to sleeping arrangements, with the support their family back home. - ‘tauhi va (gratitude) cultures with a version of European From the time of Western settlement, the exception that brothers and sisters must The two biggest events in Tongan society culture”.16 As elsewhere in Polynesia in Tongan way, has become a composition sleep under separate roofs, in accordance are weddings and funerals, where These values that Tongan culture is built this period, “older institutions and customs of traditional culture and Christian with the key value- faka‘apa‘apa traditionally tapa cloths and woven mats on are expected to be upheld in society. were censored, reorganised, and re- values.19 (respect).20 are given as gifts.21 For centuries, Anga fakatonga has traditionalised”.17 It was also during this respectfully been passed on to succeeding period that the designation of what was In recent years Tongans have become Tonga is an intrinsically hierarchical Considered a Christian Kingdom, Tonga’s generations. However, sustained contact ‘true Tongan custom’ was established. increasingly self-conscious about their society. Rank and status are integral religious practices is an influential aspect with other cultures has meant there are cultural identity. The Tongan diaspora aspects of everyday life; crucial in the of Tongan society, second only to respect multiple interpretations and historical Today, anga fakatonga is often contrasted has spurred a renewed concern with make up of society and of oneself. for family. Approximately 98% of Tonga’s transformations. to anga fakapālangi, the Western way, in asserting the strength and importance of Although Tonga is a patriarchal society, population is Christian.22 Sundays are terms of the indigenous and the foreign. Tongan culture. These growing fears of a special status is accorded to sisters, devoted to church family and rest, with all European missionaries had a powerful Yet, as anthropologist Helen Morton a weakening culture must be addressed against what otherwise is a male dominant businesses closed by law.23 influence on the social and political states when designing public facilities for the social order. Sister uphold a higher rank 21 “The South Pacific’s Only Monarchy,” transformations in the latter half of Ha‘apai community. over their brothers. The fahu, or the eldest Kingdom of Tonga, accessed May 15, 2018, the nineteenth century. Europeans “The strands of Tongan and European sister, is the family matriarch, and is given http://www.thekingdomoftonga.com/the-king- dom-today/ 13 Helen Lee Mortor, Becoming Tongan, have been interwoven to such an extent the highest levels of respect within her kin 22 “Tonga Nuku’Alofa Mission,” Mission an ethnography of childhood ( Hawaii: University 15 George Marcus, The nobility and the 18 Morton, Helen, Creating Their Own group. For example, Tu’i Tonga himself Home, accessed on May 15, 2018, http://mis- of Hawaii Press, 1996), 20. chiefly tradition in the modern kingdom of Tonga Culture: Diasporic Tongans, 22. (Tongan Empire), a man who represents sionhome.com/?missions=tonga-nukualofa-mis- Figure13 Fahu Family Structure 14 “Culture,” Real Tonga, accessed May (Tonga: Polynesian Society, 1978), 15. 19 “Who are the Tongans”, Te Ara, ac- supreme political authority in Tonga, but sion 13, 2018, https://realtonga.to/things-to-do/ 16 Ibid cessed May 21, 2018, https://teara.govt.nz/en/ 23 Kingdom of Tonga. “The South Pacific’s culture/ 17 Ibid tongans/page-1 20 “The Importance of Family,” Kingdom Only Monarchy.” Accessed May 15, 2018. of Tonga, accessed September 2, 2017, http:// http://www.thekingdomoftonga.com/the-king- http://www.thekingdomoftonga.com/the-king- dom-today/ 24 dom-today/. 25 TONGAN DANC- ING CULTURAL CONTEXT CULTURAL Figure14 Tongan Dancing Celebration Figure15 Tapa Cloth Making Figure16 Mats Weaving Figure17 Kava Ritual Tonga is a dispersed community, and TONGAN DANCING TAPA CLOTH MATS KAVA double sense it was integral to the social Tongan identities are evolving in response Traditional dancing is an important part Tapa cloth, or Ngatu, is a barkcloth, Like tapa making, mat weaving is an The elaborate ritual of drinking kava life, admittedly not of the population as to exposure to new environments. of national ceremonies and local village made from the bark of the mulberry tree, everyday part of Tongan life. Women is associated with both social and a whole, but that of high-ranking men. However, the underlying ancient rituals festivities. Traditional dances include, known locally as hiapo. Ngatu is of great weave the mats from several varieties ceremonial function, also common in Fiji It was never simply prepared and drunk and art forms outlined are still critical me’etu’upaki, the paddle dance, soke, cultural significance in the Kingdom of of pandanus leaves. Mats are the and Samoa. The widely consumed drink, unceremoniously. It was ritually offered to Tongans identity. The project must a stick dance, kailao, a war dance; Tonga. Only men can tend hiapo, but most treasured possessions in Tongan prepared from the root of a piper plant, to the person of highest rank present, then instill anga fakatonga into the design. ‘otuhaka, lakalaka and the ma’ulu’ulu, once harvested, only women may create households, and are traditionally has the properties of a mild narcotic.26 The it was received, blessed and shared.”27 Incorporating Tongan values in the dances performed by standing and a tapa cloth. The social function of Ngatu presented at births, weddings, funerals ceremonial drinking of kava is an ancient Even with Western influence, kava has design, will aid in the overall success of seated groups, respectively, and is a gift, given at special occasions like, and other special occasions. Tongans custom, during which commensality is remained an important tradition in Tongan and integration into the local community. accompanied by densely polyphonic births, weddings and funerals. Women also wear mats known as ta’ovala around important, and is still an integral part of culture. Kava is embedded in tourism, with singing; and the tau’olunga, an individual gather in their homes or at the fale kautaha the waist, the most respectful form of dress Tongan life. Kava represents the virtues of tourists offered kava ceremonies upon dance accompanied by singing. Lakalaka (the village’s communal tapa house) to in the Kingdom. anga fakatonga and plays a vital role in arrival as a sign of respect (faka‘apa‘apa) practised nationwide.24 assist each other in tapa making.25 maintaining “the Tongan way”. Nicholas to both parties. The anga fakatonga Thomas writes in his book ‘Islanders’ kava represents presents an opportunity “kava was more than a refreshment and to include the tradition into the design, 24 “Tonga,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 25 “Tapa making and Painting,” Kingdom mild narcotic for these Islanders. In a as a way of giving a greater sense of ownership to the people of Ha‘apai. accessed September 10, 2017, https://www. of Tonga, accessed September 2, 2017, http:// 26 “Tonga,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, britannica.com/place/Tonga http://www.thekingdomoftonga.com/the-king- accessed September 10, 2017, https://www. 27 Thomas Nicholas, Islanders (London: dom-today/. britannica.com/place/Tonga Yale University press, 2010), 36.
26 27 2.3 PACIFIC ARCHITECTURE
Traditional, or indigenous architecture, same influence occurs. There is a close could be defined as an architectural style connection between boat construction based on specific localities, devoid of and buildings. Particularly, Polynesian authors. Traditional architectural is strongly architecture, as they are the major pacific influenced by climate, local materials, island group that migrated vast distances cultural factors and typically built from through island hopping. manual processes without industrial Figure18 Polynesian Approach Figure19 Melanesian Approach
components. Every culture expresses a Architect Dr Mike Austin describes the OF IN TYPOLOGIES FEATURES THE PACIFIC unique knowledge of construction and correlation between Pacific canoes to Majority of villages are located by the seashore, with each Oldest group in the Pacific. Archaeological studies show that 29 design techniques, evolved from 100’s or architecture: family occupying their own house or fale. Polynesians are they can date back to 800 B.C. The long history and isolation 1000’s of years. known to have a close connection to the sea. Hence why their between islands in Melanesia means the architectural expression “As with the canoe, the Pacific building typology resembles an inverted canoe. is varied. Traditional Pacific architecture varies strives to achieve stability through between the three Pacific groups; lightness and tension”.28 The fale is typically round or oval shaped, where the roof is the Typical typologies have walls to create privacy, however, the Micronesia, Polynesia, Melanesia. dominant feature. Walls are porous or nonexistent. If used, they front is always open, facing towards the prevailing winds or sea. Many micro-societies have their own This contrasts to the Western approach, are suspended from the roof to provide shading.The unicellular Walls are made of thatched patterns with loads being carried traditions and rituals, therefore it is difficult which generally adds weight, even pavilions are free standingwhere differentiation of spaces is not by columns. Heavily thatched roofs (pandanus, or palm leaf) to generalize about architecture in the nautically, were mass is applied to keels achieved by walls but by space, or va, much like how the islands to protect from the humid wet environment. The structure is Pacific, except in the similarities with with lead to keep the boat balanced, in the Pacific are separated by sea. The floor is typically a raised simple and unadorned, lashed together with coconut sennit. The climate, which dictates the materials while in the Pacific two hulls would be platform to allow ventilation, however can also be dug into the structures sit on a bed of leveled rocks with mats in inside to available and building techniques that used to achieve balance. In general, ground for insulation (like Maori did in New Zealand). provide a cool temperature. have been developed over time. Pacific method is lighter, faster and more stable. All th estructural loads are transmited through posts and materials Unlike the Polynesian and Micronesian, the Melanesian reside The close connection with water has had are locally resource and easy to repair in event of cyclones. inland (central highlands of the islands) instead of close to the a major influence on the islands culture coast. Only fisherman and sailors settle by the coast. and design. We see this in their arts and 28 “Oceanic Architecture,” New Zealand Traditionally the toilet and the kitchen were in separate shelters. crafts with smooth carvings co-relating Institute of Architects Incorporated, accessed on This housing structure was useful in keeping the vermin out of the May 5, 2017, http://www.nzia.co.nz/explore/ sleeping house. to nature and water. In architecture the comment/oceanic-architecture. 29 “Melanesian Culture,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, accessed Sep- tember 10, 2017, https://www.britannica.com/place/Melanesia
28 29 Over the islands long settlement history thatch roofs and mats. The sustainable strong cyclone resilient solutions. In the architecture in Tonga has gone through buildings are built from local materials, event of a natural disaster, if the winds a process of evolving, using different such as pandanus or coconut leaves for threatened to shred the walls and overturn construction methods, materials, outside the characteristic rounded thatched roof, the roof, the inhabitants could remove the influence, and spatial organisations. resting on the supportive pillars, called screens and disconnect the roof from the From the monumental langi structures and pou, made of vesi trunks. The structural main structure. The roof and its structural Figure20 Micronesian Approach royal pyramidal tombs built from massive use of the pou eliminates the need for load components that help define its shape
TONGAN ARCHITECTURE EXAMPLE TONGAN stone slabs, to the Western style that has bearing walls. The possibility to detach would be disconnected and lowered to Lightweight structure creating minimal distribution towards strong influenced the ubiquitous Tonganfale walls maximises natural ventilation, while the ground, while the main structure would winds. They have beautifully patterned wall and floor coverings today. reducing the wind forces acting on the remain intact.32 Roofs create immense displaying the artistic handcraft developed from weaving and building. Locally sourced materials are uplifting forces, therefore detaching the lashing techniques. Traditional Tongan architecture is in the within economic reach of most of the roof minimises strain on the fale’s structure form of a fale, consisting of the main population who obtain apprehensible and reduces the damage and rebuild post The roofs are designed to be easily lifted off the posts to prevent architectural component, a curved roof, building knowledge. Using these disaster. The curved roof form responds damage from cyclones or ease of repairs where the structure is which governs the aesthetic. The house materials does have its weaknesses. well in cyclones as the wind blows over, commonly elevated from the ground on raised platforms due to stands on a raised platform of stones They decay rapidly, due to the weather reducing the uplifting forces generated. raising water level. Some are elevated above the sea. and sand, oval in shape, with walls as and insects, giving the architecture woven palm tree screens.30 A contrast to temporary quality.31 The temporary nature The response and relationship the fale Western architecture, where walls take an of the materials used bodes well with the form has with its surroundings, in terms The Maneaba (meeting house) is the center of village life; a important role in the structure and visual unknown climatic nature of Tonga. of resilience, will be considered in the sacred shrine for the community. An imposing structure with coral aspect. The fale is ever-present throughout design process. bedrock supporting a large thatch roof formed from coconut Tonga in the form of homes, churches, and Extreme tropical weather inflicted on wood. Its importance is evident in the detailed craftsmanship, other public buildings. Tonga enforced unique architectural with the whole community involved in construction. techniques to help inhabit their natural The warm wet climate generates lush surroundings. The traditional fale had vegetation, used for the framework, 31 “Oceanic Architecture,” New Zealand 30 “Tonga,” Countries and their Cultures, Institute of Architects Incorporated, accessed on 32 “Culture of Tonga,” Absolute Astron- accessed September 14, 2017, http://www. May 5, 2017, http://www.nzia.co.nz/explore/ omy, accessed May 5, 2017, https://espace. everyculture.com/To-Z/Tonga.html comment/oceanic-architecture library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ_13635
30 31 Beyond environmental advantages, the Lalango, the supporting beam of the The roof shape was determined by the traditional Tongan fale also incorporated fale ran from pou to pou. Lango means feleano, kauta and ta’opatu. All made strong cultural identity and social values. ‘uphold or elevate’ and would be made from coconut trees or whatever tree that Owner’s took pride in their fale, as they of coconut trees due to its strength and was available in the area. The kauta would defined the family’s status amongst the long spanning capabilities. determine the bottom of the roof while the community. feleano would contour the roof shape The Toka was then placed above and connect to the supporting structure.
TONGAN FALE FALE TONGAN EXAMPLE ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH The structural components that make up the Lalango, like rafters, running Lastly the ta’opatu would run long ways the fale are named according to their perpendicular to the Lalango. connecting the feleano together. function, as well as having a culturally significant meaning. Tongan sculptor The to’ofufuloto, is defined as fufu meaning After the roof structure was created the Viliami Toluta’u mentioned, “The impact of ‘hidden’ and loto meaning ‘center or ‘Apai would be placed on top acting the word is the backbone and foundation inside’. It rested on the center of the tokas similarly to purlins in a Western house. of Tongan Tradition”33. These words and became the central beam connecting The ‘apai was where the thatching was help us understand Tongan architecture, the Teke to help support the roof. then lashed. together with its culture. Teke means ‘to push or support’, the The most widely recognised structural longer the teke, the higher the roof component is the pou, or post, which would become. The teke supported the acts as the main structure to the fale. tau’olunga and the tu’ungahoka. Pou, meaning ‘to support and hold’ was typically made of local trees, such as The tau’olunga means ‘to touch the top’ Koka, Toi and Toa. Coconut trees were and therefore respresented the apex not used, as they rot if connected with of the structure. While the tu’ungahoka the ground. Independent from the wall would define the roof shape and add 34 Figure21 Structure of the Fale systems, the fale typically had a series of structural support. Figure22 Elements of the Fale 4 pou. 33 Paula Folau Nonu, “ Reconnecting with Figure23 Model of the fale’s detachable roof the Past.” (PhD diss., Hawaii University, 2016), 26-27. 34 Ibid.
32 33 When analysing the volume of building home, needing to go through layers to Fale’s were traditionally located by the a sectional drawing aids in highlighting slowly transition from the outside world coastline, above the beaches. They different aspects. In the fale it is evident into the secluded world. This takes effect would be placed in no particular order or how different the building is divided. in all directions of the building. Unlike orientation, however where small villages There is a clear difference between the Western architecture, which usually were created, the chief, or highest rank roof space and the ground floor. The achieves division of spaces with walls, fale,would be positioned in the middle, roof, cluttered with various structural the Tongan approach is much simpler, with relatives fale’s around him. components, allows the ground floor to while still achieving a division and a be unobstructed and maximise the floor connection to the outside world. Also, in The cluster of fale’s around the chief, or usage area. The volume of the roof space Western architecture not necessarily is heart of the village, is similar to the effect almost matches what would be the floor the center of the home the most private Figure24 Cross Section of Tongan Fale of how the center of the fale is the most to ceiling height. Opposite to Western area. Often bedrooms and living areas secure part of the structure. Figure 26 architecture where low pitch roofs are are at the corners to maximise the views illustrates the small urban planning. This used, and the visual dominance is mainly and openings. The Tongan fale has a method links all the fales together and directed to the walls. heart right at the center similarly to how therefore makes the village work together Frank Lloyd Wright’s typically positioned as a whole instead of each individual The roof’s large size isn’t just for aesthetic, the heart at the center of the house, often family. It is quite common for Tongan’s to but also for function. The large volume represented as a fireplace. share with their own. Even today many allows hot air to rise, ultimately keeping families join together on a Sunday and the ground level cooler. indulge in a Tongan feast, catered by everyone for everyone. Figure26 Fale’s Distribution In plan view there is a division of spaces, outlined by the 4 main pous that support the roof. These pous define the central space of the fale. It would be the centre of the home where a greater sense of Figure25 Plan View of Tongan Fale privacy and security would be achieved. In a sense, the fale is a home within a
34 35 When one envisages a Pacific Island Later, international typologies were in some instances, were insensitive to despite the natural ventilation advantages for ease of distribution, and economic like Tonga, one imagines idyllic weather, introduced. King Topou I instituted western Tongan culture. Lack of consideration to that the latter can provide.37 advantages. Post cyclone, a simple picturesque isles, white beaches with models as Nuku ‘alofas waterfront the specific environmental conditions and affordable rebuild. palm trees dotted along the coast and civic architecture to support his political anga fakatonga, lead to a drastic change In a short time-frame, Western All these values are not seen in Western over the water fale accommodation. But agenda of ‘inasi. Inasi in essence, is the in lifestyle, and rejection to the climate architecture has become prominent in architecture in the Pacific. the seemingly perfect islands are more practice of giving ones best, in regard to that its architecture once responded to. Tonga, however it is not well suited to the than just a holiday destination, they have gifts of produce, craft, or animals. This is to harsh and unsympathetic environment. WAY FORWARD: WESTERN INFLUENCE WESTERN EXAMPLE had their fair share of conquest and maintain the status and pride of the family In the 1900s through to today an Incorporation of Western technology, Technology has and is advancing at such colonisation over the past few centuries or village. Such examples can be found increasing amount of buildings in heavy material, and structures used to a rate that it is expected of buildings. The that has shaped the architecture we see in Nuku’alofa (figure 25), including the international styles are being built in resist the wind conditions often fails. harsh climate is not sympathetic to the today Royal Palace, erected in 1867, a Victorian Tonga. Great pride is associated with The debris left from uplifting roofs and island dwellers, nor their buildings. It is style two storied timber building, as the people who produce a fale Tufitufi, as structural walls creates more rebuild than not about designing a building that can The arrival of the Europeans substantially official residence of the King of Tonga. the owners are considered to have the necessary. Because the materials used are withstand the climatic events but designing changed Tongan architecture. The economic capacity to obtain imported not locally sourced the common solution so it can be easily reconstructed in a way standardisation widespread of Western King George’s taste for western Western materials.36 Fale Tufitufi emerged is to reuse the inefficient material that public can rebuild, using resources from dwellings began when the first wave of architecture led a movement of houses in the mid 1990’s as an affordable model just failed. The openness and interaction the land. missionaries arrived in 1797, made up being built in the Victorian style. built from an assortment of discarded with surroundings that Tongan’s lifestyle is of tradesmen eager to teach the Tongans Affluent individuals built or imported materials and incorporated into the fale built around does not suit the oppressive, Advancements in technology has construction skills in an attempt to gain prefabricated kit-sets from New form. rejecting, colonial form, designed for the led to new materials and methods their trust before pursuing conversion.35 Zealand and assembled them as private cold British weather. that, with careful consideration and Impressed with the capabilities to produce residences. The built landscape beginning In modern practice of ‘inasi, Western cohesion between Tongan and Western longer lasting homes; stronger, tougher to emulate the British. With the adoption building materials are seen as modern, The traditional approach is to provide architecture, can be developed to find a materials replaced the natural materials of foreign design, comes a change in durable and affluence. In cases more a light structure that would not obstruct resilient solution for Tongan society. of their fale, which required ongoing living arrangement. Kitchens and toilets importance is given to items that appear the forces of the winds. Joinery lashed repair. that were traditionally in separate huts modern than on the function that they together, instead of fixed with nails, The aim in this research project is to find 35 “Building Tonga’s Western Fale,” Archi- for hygienic reasons were now under one serve. For example, many Tongans prefer to allow movement and flexibility in the balance between the two types of tecture Now, accessed January 15, 2018, http:// roof with the sleeping house. Adoption of sealed windows instead of louvers, the building. Locally sourced materials architecture. it presents an opportunity to architecturenow.co.nz/articles/building-ton- western customs, though more practical strengthen the culture, improve lifestyle gas-western-fale/ 36 Ibid 37 “Building Tonga’s Western Fale,” Archi- and wellbeing, and act as an educational tecture Now, accessed January 15, 2018, http:// Figure27 Royal Palace, Nuku’alofa architecturenow.co.nz/articles/building-ton- tool for current and future generations. Figure28 Fale Tufitufi 36 gas-western-fale/ 37 2.4 NATURAL DISASTERS/THREATS
Natural disasters are becoming an ever- by the community’s lack of resilience. locals are not so heavily reliant on outside pressing global issue, and according Undeveloped countries, like Tonga, help. to recent studies the number of natural have a higher fatality rate in natural disasters is only going to increase.38 This disasters than developed countries, since Unfortunately for the people of Tonga presents a challenge to produce and developed countries are more prepared nature cannot be controlled. Whether the establish resilience in small communities with resources and can recover faster. cause of an influx in natural disasters is like Ha’apai, before they are damaged Developing countries however, do not due to the increasing global population beyond repair. The increasing occurrence have such a strong economy, which and the pressure people are putting on of extreme weather events: cyclones, hail impacts their preparation and slows down the earth’s resources, does not help the storms, flooding, are considered to be a the recovery process. Tongan population. However, there are result of El Niño. This is caused by global ways to prevent a natural event from warming and the effects of warming the The 2016 World Disaster Report becoming a disaster, starting with the built ocean and surrounding areas.39 Such concluded that Tonga is the second most environment. extreme events are expected to become disaster prone country in the world, behind cyclical in frequency. Consequently, Vanuatu, revealing a strong exposure to The current western influence on the built increased pressure on already strained natural hazards and owing to their poor landscape has no design consideration communities will cause farming and economic and social situations. 40 to the climatic conditions and is therefore Figure29 Road Damage after Earthquake in Nuku;alofa Figure30 Hurricane Distraction in Ha’apai agricultural businesses to become ill fit to withstand cyclone disasters. This Figure31 Ibid economically unviable. Even though emergency relief response project will focus on using design methods Tonga is highly exposed to natural has increased over the years, it is the that reflect the environmental conditions. hazards. This vulnerability is heightened permanent damage which requires more Looking at the long term solution, rather attention. Emergency relief organisations than the immediate effect. 38 “Are Natural Disasters Increasing?,” The Borgen Project, accessed on September 20, 2017, focus on the temporary shelters; the https://borgenproject.org/natural-disasters-in- immediate effect, however it is the re- creasing/ building process after the support has 39 “El Niño and La Niña,” Niwa, last gone that is lacking. Education on building modified March 2013, accessed September resilient architecture must be provided, so 20, 2017, https://www.niwa.co.nz/educa- tion-and-train-ing/schools/students/enln. 40 Ibid
38 39 Tropical cyclones are a common The damage that the cyclone did to occurrence for most countries in the Ha’apai was substantial and described Pacific Islands, usually occurring during as the worst to hit Tonga in decades; that the summer season. In the last 10 years was until Cyclone Gita hit just 4 years Tonga has had over half a dozen later. cyclones. Both cyclones; Ian and Gita, were
TROPICAL CYCLONES The most recent cyclones were Cyclone declared a State of Emergency. The Red Ian in January 2014, Cyclone Winston Cross and Oxfam teams were deployed in February 2016 and Cyclone Gita to aid the islands. Countries such as in February 2018. Cyclone Ian was New Zealand and Australia provided particularly destructive for Ha’apai emergency resources and services while island. The category-five storm destroyed also supporting financially for Tonga to more than 70% of residential homes and recover. rendered half of the commercial buildings inhabitable. Additionally, 13 out of 17 Of the 4,000 people in Ha’apai who Figure32 Gita Hurricane Figure33 Tropical Storm in Tonga Figure34 Damage to Fish Market Building in Pangai, 2014 schools were ruined and most of their were displaced by the 2014 storm, just 50 in tents, years after their homes being 41 43 Figure35 Damage to Church in Pangai, 2014 agricultural produce was left tarnished. new houses were built one year on. The destroyed. The failure to rebuild, not just In Ha’apai alone, it is estimated that apparent poor recovery effort, left mass residential, but commercial buildings left “No matter what and no matter how dire people’s resilience still apparent in the Tongan people will the cyclone caused a physical loss of amounts of people homeless and living those able no other option, but to leave. US$49.5 million (or about 11% of the situation seemed, they still laughed and smiled. soon dwindle. 42 5, 2018, https://pafpnet.spc.int/attachments/ I think that shows the resilience of the Tongan country’s GDP). 4 years on and the destruction wrought article/628/Tonga%20Fisheries%20Sector%20 people.”44 41 “ Cyclone Ian,” ABC News, last Plan%202016-2024.pdf by cyclone Gita has been labeled as If more effective post disaster solutions are not modified January, 2014, accessed December 43 “Tonga’s ha’apai a year on from the worst to hit Tonga in 60 years. This presented to Tongan communities, the mental 10, 2017. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014- Cyclone Ian,” Radio New Zealand, last modi- time causing choas on the main island of 01-12/cyclone-ian-moves-away-from-ton- fied January, 2015, accessed February 2, 2017, 44 Vaimoana Tapaleao, “Life after Cyclone Gita,” ga/5195954?pfmredir=sm https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pro- Tongatapu. New Zealand Herald, March 8, 2018, accessed February 42 “Tonga Fisheries Sector Plan, 2016- grammes/datelinepacific/audio/20163990/ 5, 2018, https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article. 2024,” Government of Tonga, accessed February tonga’s-ha’apai-a-year-on-from-cyclone-ian cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12007993
40 41 The decreasing population in Ha’apai and says is significantly higher.46 Vava’u, due to migration to Tongatapu over the recent years has become a The key cause for the growing rate developing problem in Tonga. of suicide lies with the high rate of unemployment. It is estimated that for With lack of planning, Tongatapu is every 8 school leavers, only 1 formal having to erect a large number of housing job is available. To make things worse
AFTERMATH to accommodate the migrating people the Pacific Islands are increasing in youth from outer islands. To cater for the influx population, with currently 54 percent of of people large forestry areas are being people under 24 years of age.47 cut down to make room, meanwhile the city’s infrastructure is failing. The challenge facing the Pacific youth is poor prospects of employment combined The lack of jobs in Tongatapu is resulting with aspirations generated by Western in increasing crime, riots, rubbish and lifestyles exposed through mass media. Figure36 Rubbish on Side of Street, Nuku’alofa suicide deaths (particularly the youth). Greater access to education should An extreme example of the frustration felt by the Suicide is a familiar situation shared by be translating into better opportunities community is the 2006 Nuku’Alofa riots. Just two most Pacific island countries. “A decade of gaining paid employment, to a months after the death of King Tupou IV, citizens ago there were an estimated 331,000 prosperous future. If not, Tongans will of Nuku’alofa engaged in frenzied riots, looting annual suicides in the region, accounting continue to leave the country in search and arson. Figure 36 showcases the aftermath for 38 percent of the world total.”45 for a better life; the others without that which left 60 percent of the central business district A number Anne Rauch, development option; crime and suicide will seem their destroyed, with an estimated $123 million in 48 advisor of Fiji Aliance for Mental Health, only choice. damages. 8 bodies were found in the charred ruins. 45 “Suicide Rate in Pacific Islands Amongt Highest in The World,” Pacific Island Report, last 46 Ibid 48 “CEDAW in Tonga: The Necessity of Makin modified August 15, 2014, accessed Decem- 47 “Polynesian Beginnings,” Kingdom CEDAW Anga Fakatonga,” Gonzaga, last modified June bet 5, 2017, http://www.pireport.org/arti- of Tonga, accessed September 2, 2017, http:// 23, 2011, accessed September 2, 2017. http://blogs. cles/2014/08/15/suicide-rate-pacific-islands- www.thekingdomoftonga.com/three-millen- law.gonzaga.edu/gjil/2011/06/cedaw-in-tonga-the- among-highest-world nia-of-history/. necessity-of-making-cedaw-anga-fakatonga/
Figure37 Aftermath of Riot 42 Figure38 Riot in Nuku’alofa 43 2.5 INDUSTRIES OF TONGA
Tonga’s economy is reliant on tourism, fisheries it is not an ideal solution. The With no fishing rights reserved to local fisheries and agriculture. short term effect might appear positive, fishing companies, the locals are ill- but the long term will be a decrease to equipped to contend with such fierce Uninhabited islands, world class an estimated 70 percent of fish in Tonga competition. The loss of jobs continues to snorkeling, whale encounters, caves, in only 5 years.50 This will not only affect increase, with little hope for redemption and diving, it becomes obvious why the fisheries industry, but also have a big when The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry tourism is the strongest industry in Tonga, impact on their strongest industry, tourism. and Fisheries consider the industry dead. achieving greater than 50% of the GDP Most of tourism come for the marine life A decision that has greatly impacted the of the workforce. Secondary industries, that Tonga has to offer. Such a cut in the Ha ‘apai islands. agriculture and fisheries, contribute to a Tuna population will drastically unbalance combine total of 37%; all crucial for the the marine ecosystems, hindering the very Short term gain, long term downfall. country’s wealth. tourism that people travel the world to The government has not considered the see. impact such a decision would have on As a solution to the shortfall of revenue the nation. The population graph, shown due to cyclone’s damage. Fishing licenses Additionally, the sale of rights to fish to previously in figure 6, perfectly outlines were sold to overseas vessels for the right overseas has unmotivated local fisherman the direct relation a declining fisheries to tuna fish in their waters. Licensing has to fish, as their competition can fish far industry is having on Ha’apai islands. The been justified by fisheries officialsas “ greater quantities than a local fisherman only group of islands with a decreasing better to get something out of fisheries, with a small craft. For example, in 2013 a population. than nothing at all.”49 total of 24 tuna fishing boats were fishing in Tonga’s 660,305 square kilometers. Although this may seem an easy Twenty two of these boats were foreign alternative to get money fast for their fishing boats.51 49 “Tonga Foreign Fishing License Fees 50 Ibid ‘A Teardrop in The Ocean’,” Pacific Island 51 “Tonga’s Tuna Fishing License Fees,” Report, last modified August 1, 2013, accessed Viet Seafood, last modified January 8, 2013, June 5, 2017, http://www.pireport.org/arti- accessed June 5, 2017, http://www.vietseafood. cles/2013/01/08/tonga-foreign-fishing-license- vn/2013/01/tongas-tuna-fishing-license-fees- fees-%E2%80%98-teardrop-ocean%E2%80%99 tear.html
Figure39 Tuna Fishing Boats in Suva Figure40 Tuna Fishing Boats in Nuku’Alofa 44 Figure41 Traditional Tongan Fisherman in Ha’apai 45 WEAVING CRAFTS AGRICULTURE FISHERIES TOURISM
Ha’apai’s economy is a small THJhhsh=sjskjksjk consumption economy, largely relying on remittances given from overseas family, or foreign aid.52 Due to Ha’apai’s fragile and exposed environment it is hard for industries to be able to support themselves, as cyclones damage investments in
HA’APAI INDUSTRIES HA’APAI agriculture, tourism and fishing. Figure42 Weaving Crafts Figure43 Taro Harvesting Figure44 Commercial Fishing Vessel, Ha’apai Figure45 Humpback Whale in Ha’apai Although Ha’apai’s small scale has made The people of Ha’apai rely heavily on Agriculture in Ha’apai is done mainly at a It is around the Ha’apai islands that Eco-tourism, more specifically, Humpback it hard for a strong economy to develop, weaving of traditional Tongan handcrafts, subsistence level. Most of the produce that Tonga’s fisheries are the richest. As a whales, is one of the most popular and a prosperous economy is possible. Their as a source of income. These are often is harvested is Taro which is commonly result of their vastly spread tropical islands vital attractions that enriches tourism resources are some of the richest in Tonga. crafted by women in large open buildings used in all island countries of the Pacific. being near the Tongan Trench, large reef throughout Tonga, offering, with only a where hours are spent into various crafts. Tongan’s use their leaves as well as using barriers were formed surrounding great handful of other countries, the opportunity The 4 main industries in Tongan are the it to wrap their meat when cooking their ocean depths. It is there, at the drop off swim with the whales. following: Most weaving crafts are sent to Tongatapu, traditional Tongan feast, ‘Umu. that rich marine life is born with large where they are sold in markets to tourists. schools of high grade tuna and snapper The whales are largely found in the There is the possibility of widening the Ha’apai has rich soil and possible areas to feast upon. islands of Vava’u or Ha’apai, arriving market, by providing a place to sell goods for larger farmlands to develop. Tonga’s every winter in their hundreds. Travelling to the tourists directly in Ha’apai. main agricultural exports are copra Often commercial fishing vessels make the long journey from Antarctica to give (dried coconut meat yielding coconut oil), weekly voyages to the Ha’apai group birth there. They are often encountered bananas, squash and vanilla beans.53 and return to Tongatapu to unload their close to the islands within the reef barriers catch and return. playing with their young. If houses were to incorporate natural 52 Tu’itahi S.T Fotu, “Ha’apai Development materials (emulated in traditional Small fishing vessels leave from Ha’apai Due to their arrival, commercial whale Master Plan,” (August 2010): 42, accessed June buildings) in replacement of western and use it for themselves or sell to the encounter tours are located in the islands 15, 2017, http://www.finance.gov.to/sites/de- materials an avenue of agriculture for local resorts on the island. running many trips daily due to their fault/files/Hp_Dev_Master_Plan_2.pdf new homes could be explored. proximity to the shore line. The struggles 53 “Tonga-Agriculture,” Nations Encyclo- that Ha’apai is having has intensified pedia., accessed April 10, 2018, http://www. since the tropical cyclone that hit in early 46 nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and- 47 the-Pacific/Tonga-AGRICULTURE.html The struggles that Ha’apai is experiencing the ability for people to stay. Additionally, The developing problems inflictedgrowth of the Kingdom”.54 8 years on since the release of the has intensified since the tropical cyclone the design will be in response to traditional throughout Tonga, mentioned previously master plan and the idea of building that hit in early 2014. Tongan values and act as a precedent for in ‘aftermath’, forced the Government to The aim of the master plan is to focus on infrastructure has begun, but has fallen cyclone resilient architecture, in the hopes react. The Ha’apai Development Master developing the infrastructure of Ha’apai taken a hit, due to additional destruction Even though years have passed there are to educate locals on the topic. Plan was issued in 2010, proposing in the period of 10 years. To do so the caused by Cyclone Ian. For example, the remains of the ruins that cyclone Ian left. a plan for the next 10 years. Its main infrastructure can be defined as two Fish Market building which was opened As a result, the island has not been able to The ‘Hap’apai Development Master plan’, purpose was to investigate the social types; hard and soft. Hard being the 2014 and subsequently closed in 2016 HA’APAI DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT HA’APAI PLAN MASTER RE ESTABLISHING HA’APAI RE ESTABLISHING recover, as it cannot function without most outlines steps towards re-establishing and economic problems experienced infrastructure needed to operate, for due to severe damage. of its infrastructure. Ha’apai. and address the needs of the people of example electricity and water. Soft being Ha’apai. the infrastructure needed to benefit the There are number of overarching ideas The priority is to re-establish a future for economy, welfare and education. outlined in Ha’apai’s master plan which Ha’apai by re-developing their main The master plan was funded by AusAID, will be useful for developing the brief. industries - tourism and fisheries, consisting along with similar proposals issued for Due to many areas of the infrastructure Key points taken from the master plan’s of a marketplace and port in Pangai, Vava’u and ‘Eua. requiring rebuild the master plan serves vision to an establish brief are: allowing citizens to establish themselves to prioritize what would be done by its in Ha’apai rather than migrating. CHALLENGE Two consultants, Sione Tu‘itupou Fotu & importance and financial requirement. Firstly, to strengthen Pangai as the stable Sinaitakala Tu‘itahi, traveled and met The following diagram (Figure 45) capital city of Ha’apai. To establish Pangai The objective is to set Pangai as the with the communities from the 6 main summarizes the infrastructure to be as the centre piece by developing an inter precedent for all the islands in Ha’apai districts of Ha’apai. A total of 187 people developed in ranking of importance. transit ferry system that accommodates Group. With the ultimate goal for Ha‘apai participated in the consultation process and branches out to other districts. to increase in population. and from there the needs of each island The first improvements were the Ha’apai community were able to be recorded and fish market building being constructed, Secondly, to promote sustainable How can architecture solve these prioritized. new electrification project and the management of resources. problems? Ha’ano jetty. Funding from AusAID, New The master plans main objective is: Zealand, Japan and Germany aided in Lastly, the power of collective individual By providing necessary infrastructure that “To provide a Master Development Plan the construction of 15 lighthouses around action. The cumulative effect of individuals is currently lacking. Said infrastructure will to prioritize projects that can further Lifuka island. contributions makes a difference. provide incomes, which in turn will give enhance the development of the Ha’apai Individually and collectively all are Group to improve the living standard of its 54 Tu’itahi S.T Fotu, “Ha’apai Development responsible for determining the future Master Plan,” (August 2010): 42, accessed June Figure46 Challenge in Ha’apai Islands people and contributes to the economic 15, 2017, http://www.finance.gov.to/sites/de- their surroundings and community. 48 fault/files/Hp_Dev_Master_Plan_2.pdf 49 2.6 PRECEDENTS HARD INFRASTRUCTURE SOFT INFRASTRUCTURE