“Strengthening Ha’apai”

An Architectural research project exploring the history of Pangai’s market and port, proposing a working outcome to strengthening the Ha’apai island group.

Master Explanatory Document

With supervision from: Jeanette Budgett Michael Austin

A Research Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture.

Unitec Institute of Technology

2018 Juan Blas Pedreira 1353012 A concern for the rural islands of Ha’apai and its community was my motivation for this explanatory document. My childhood was largely spent around the ocean. My family and I would spend our summers sailing the coast of . Soon a lifelong dream to sail the world became a reality and for the last 10 years I have voyaged on numerous trips to the islands in the Pacific.

PREFACE Having travelled around Tongan islands I became attached to the people, and the copious, untouched, captivating islets that make up the landscape of Ha’apai. When deciding on the topic for my research document it became apparent to me that I could deliver an architectural project to help the current situation in the Ha’apai Islands, in an attempt to create something meaningful for the community.

The production of this document has broadened my knowledge of ’s history, and the influence anga fakapalangi has had on their architecture and daily way of living.

3 Many people are to thank for assisting This research project focuses on the Having traveled there, there is an evident me in the development of this research marketplace and the existing port opportunity for architecture to achieve project. Firstly, thank you to my structure in Pangai. Once the primary a unity through building, while also supervisor Jeanette Budgett for your market place in the whole of Ha’apai benefiting from the influence of climatically guidance and support. This document island group, it’s destruction, caused from responsive Pacific architecture, as a would have been very different if it the cyclone has had a serious impact on solution to connecting its rich heritage. weren’t for your invaluable opinions. the community and their economy. With

EXAMPLE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS EXAMPLE ABSTRACT no place for trade, the community’s future With vast ocean coasts, there is an To my family, mum and dad, who on the Ha’apai islands looks bleak. opportunity for Pangai and the Ha’apai supported me from day one. Thank islands to become the primary source you for always been there, your caring With natural disasters increasing in of the eco-tourism and industries thoughts helped fuel my determination. frequency, every day, more and more in Tonga. En-richening the people to a people leave the islands, diminishing the healthier and prosperous future. Thank you to my fellow Unitec students, this possibility for a brighter future. journey has bound beautiful friendships.

Lastly to Hannah, for keeping me sane when I couldn’t see the light. For being in my corner all these years.

4 5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7. 0 8.0 Introduction pg.9 State of Knowledge pg.15 Site + Context pg.62 Design Process pg.79 Design Outcome pg.113 Conclusion pg.119 Bibliography pg.120 Appendix pg.130

1.1 Research Question 2.1 Geography 3.1 Site Location 4.1 Design Brief 6.1 Reflections 7.1 References Tonga Design Influence 1.2 Project Outline Ha’apai Islands 3.2 Social Context 7.2 List of Figures Districts in Ha’apai 4.2 Building Resilience 1.3 Aims and Objectives 3.3 Physical Context 2.2 History and Culture Port in Pangai 4.3 Master Plan TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE 1.4 Methodology Anga Fakatonga Fish Market in Pangai Walkway People of Tonga Site Visits Auckland Waterfront Walkway Cultural Context Marina Market, Restaurant & Weaving 2.3 Pacific Architecture House Features in Typologies of the Pacific Boat Shed/Workshop Tongan Architecture Tongan Fale Architectural Approach Western Influence

2.4 Natural Disasters/Threats Tropical Cyclones Aftermath

2.5 Industries of Tonga Ha’apai Industries Re-Establishing Ha’apai Ha’apai Development Master Plan

2.6 Precedents Nest We Grow Besiktas Fish Market Nev House 6 7 1.0 INTRODUCTION

8 Figure1 Tongan Man in Ha’apai 9 1.1 RESEARCH QUESTION

Falehanga - Weaving house.

Falesiu - Meeting house for fisherman, How can a waterfront architectural proposition uplift the current socio-economic problems in Ha’apai, while providing a cyclone Fale Alea - Meeting house. resilient solution?

Alafolau - Boathouse, storage place for fisherman.

Feleoko - storage house.

GLOSSARY 1.2 PROJECT OUTLINE Fale Va’inga - Game House Nature has the capacity to produce an uncertainty for the future. Explicitly, this research project will focus ‘Inasi - Inasi as a practice literally and metaphorically giving one’s “best” to honour or advance Tonga, overwhelming feeling of joy. We take In order to ensure a positive future for the around revitalising the existing wharf and nationally and locally, in return, elevating one’s status in society. nature for granted; but what if nature Ha’apai Group locals must understand waterfront, in an attempt to strengthen fought back? What if the welcoming gentle how to build to withstand the harsh Ha’apai’s main income sources - tourism Natural Disaster - Natural event such as a flood, earthquake, or cyclone that causes great damage or loss of life. The breeze on a hot day turned into a storm? tropical conditions. Western influenced and fisheries - analysing mechanisms to risk of a natural event turning into a disaster always depends the force of the natural event itself and the Would you be prepared? For life in the architecture is not the solution. integrate an interactive public precinct living conditions of the regions affected. Pacific Islands, nature isn’t always kind. into Pangai’s waterfront. In the past 10 years Tonga has fronted 7 As the world becomes more accessible Va - Samoan origin. A space between. Denotes the relationships between people, places and social high category tropical cyclones.1 the core values and traditions of countries The new waterfront will play an active environments. like Tonga are becoming vulnerable. An role in providing the people a place to This project addresses the effects that essential intent for the architecture and sell their produce that they gather from the Anga fakatonga- The Tongan way various tropical cyclones have had on it programme is to create a hub where land and sea. It will also become a new Tonga, Ha’apai. Each cyclone adding anga fakatonga (‘the Tongan Way’) is place where tourists and local inhabitants Anga fakapalangi- The Western way damage to an already bruised economy expressed and celebrated. Additionally, can interact. Making the Ha’apai islands and its infrastructure in Ha’apai. It has this project will explore how an more appealing to the tourists, while Moana - A body of open , in particular the sea affected financial security and brought assimilation between traditional Tongan also giving locals the opportunity for a 1 “List of Tropical Cyclones that have architecture and modern technologies financial gain. Fahu - Father’s oldest sister accorded the highest levels of respect within her kin group. Acts as the family matriarch. affected at least a part of Tonga from 1960 - Pres- can produce resilience against the harsh ent,” accessed April 2, 2018, http://www.met. tropical climate. gov.to/index_files/TC_list_update.pdf - The migration, dispersion, or spread of people from their original homeland

10 11 1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.4 METHODOLOGY

The focus of this project is to produce a maximize the financial value that This research project incorporated the This led to research ‘by design’. The realistic, responsive design solution that tourism brings to the islands. following two frameworks; research ‘for approach was to design with the literature will create opportunities for the community • Integrate cyclone resilience into the design’, and research ‘by design’. at hand, whilst drawing upon immediate in Ha’apai. The proposal will enhance built form as a precedent to educate contextual feedback, such as location, Pangai’s waterfront. This can be achieved locals. Research ‘for design’ is explored through surrounding communities, infrastructure by engaging the locals and tourists in a People of extensive precedent and literature - based pre-cyclone, and future proposals and marketplace where locals can trade their Preserving Tongan architecture is a key on the , climate, natural industries, which will amalgamate with Ha’apai INFLUENCED WITH PACIFIC goods resulting in a financial benefit to driver. The intention is not to criticize DESIGN APPROACH disasters, Tongan architecture, Western the design intent. A seesaw process the community. As well as a space where the Western culture, but to propose influence overall and in architecture, of research and design was constant Tongan ceremonies can be celebrated a solution that can benefit from the and exploring further into the reasons in the project until the design intention and shared. attributes that each culture has to offer. why outer islands like Ha’apai group are was achieved. The questions raised Currently in touristic destinations such struggling for survival. There is limited through initial research were resolved The following goals are to be achieved: as Ha’apai, Pacific architecture is the published literature on traditional Tongan using various methods, such as 3D and common typology in resorts, architecture, however information from 2D diagramming, sketching, massing • Celebrate Tongan culture, informed exhibited as a form of grandeur. Yet, this Port Waterfront other South Pacific Island, such as , in context, and modeling. 3D physical in the design desirable structure is rarely seen in local will aid where lacking. The majority of modeling was the most effective method • Combine modern and traditional communities, instead adopting foreign this material was sourced from academic to explore design ideas and further building techniques to showcase how techniques. This project will present an papers, corresponding published studies, understand the cultural significance. The they can work well together. opportunity to discover an acceptable including local and international websites, project was critiqued by supervisors, as • Incorporate locally sourced architectural method in the Pacific. as well as information obtained from the well as students, often leading to further materials, so the building can be site visit. exploration, or evaluation of different independently built and maintained Tourists alternatives. by the community Three precedents were analysed in terms • Understand why Ha’apai has a of their relationship to the documents Ultimately, this lead to a responsive declining population and create an intent, whether it be materiality, cultural architectural design that contributes to architectural project that urge people values, sustainability, spatial organisation, enhancement of the Ha’apai community to stay. or other related content to the project. and an increased understanding of • Investigate an approach that can Figure2 Objectives Diagram cyclone resilient buildings.

12 13 2.0 STATE OF KNOWLEDGE “We should not be defined by the smallness of our islands, but by the greatness of our oceans.”2 - Epeli Hau’ofa

Figure3 Weavers in

2 “Statemet at UNGA,”Ministry of Information & Communications, accessed May 23, 2018, http://www. 14 mic.gov.to/speeches/statement-prime-minister/4093-prime-minister-tuivakano-statement-at-unga-67th-session 15 PA E

2.1 GEOGRAPHY MAAA AA MEA The Pacific Ocean covers one third of the geologically different parallel chains of point, called the Horizon Deep, plunges earth’s surface. The vast and seemingly islands that make up 176 limestone and 10,882m below the surface of the water.6 MAALL empty expanse of ocean harbours volcanic islands.4 Due to its location ALE thousands of islands, in which many within the Pacific Ring of Fire, Tonga Climate in a tropical country like Tonga PALA inhabitants view the Pacific as ‘a sea of can experience volcanic activity, the experiences two distinct seasons: a ‘dry’ PLEA islands’’.3 most frequent eruption was in 2009, on season and a ‘wet’ season. The hot, rainy Hunga Tonga - situated 11km away from season falls in -April, with A PAPA E EA Situated in the heart of the South Pacific Tongatapu.5 Tonga’s western islands temperatures rising up to 33 degrees Ocean, the ancient Polynesian Kingdom make up the Volcanic Arch and are all Celsius.7 The six months between May AL LM of Tonga is one of the most scenic and volcanic in origin. and are considered the cool

unspoiled of the Pacific island nations. dry season, with temperatures ranging MAEA AA The eastern islands are non-volcanic between 17°C-22°C. It is during the rainy AMA Tonga is part of the Pacific Island Countries limestone, or coral formations, and sit season that Tonga experiences tropical MELAEA AA (PICs). The Pacific Island Countries are above the Tonga ridge that runs parallel cyclones; an average of two annually.

categorized into three island districts: to the Volcanic Arch and Tongan Trench. Big cyclones, however only occur every E 10-15 years. A MAAEA - (Black Islands) Located east of Tonga, in the depths of the E ALEA - (Many Islands) ocean, is the Tonga Trench - the deepest A E AAL - (Small Islands) trench in the Southern Hemisphere, EAE LA succeeded only by the Challenger Deep EMAE Polynesia, in which Tonga lies, is shared site in the Mariana Trench. Its deepest with countries, such as Samoa, The Cook 4 “General Information About Tonga,” EMAE E Islands, Nuie, and New Zealand; as Pacific Islands Tourism Guide, accessed on June illustrated in Figure 4. 22, 2017, http://www.pacifictourism.travel/pa- Tonga archipelago comprises of two cific-islands/about/tonga. 5 “Tonga Volcanic Eruption,” Nation- 6 “Tonga Geography,” World Atlas, 3 “Oceanic Architecture,” New Zealand al Geographic, accessed on May 5, 2018, accessed on September 4, 2017, http://www. E EALA Institute of Architects Incorporated, accessed May http://news.nationalgeographic.com/ worldatlas.com/geography/tongageography. 5, 2017, http://www.nzia.co.nz/explore/com- news/2009/03/090319-tonga-volcanic-erup- htm. ment/oceanic-architecture. tion-ap-video.html. 7 Ibid

16 17

Figure4 Districts in PICsTongan Island in Ha’apai 1976 POP. 1986 POP. 1996 POP. 2006 POP. 2016 POP. ISLAND GROUP CENSUS CENSUS CENSUS CENSUS CENSUS

TONGATAPU 5 7, 411 63,794 66,979 72,045 75,416 VAVA’U TONGA’S ISLAND GROUPS / POPULATION CENSUS VAVA’U 15,068 15,175 15,715 15,505 14,922 1976 POP. 1986 POP. 1996 POP. 2006 POP. 2016 POP. Tonga, ‘to’ (to plant) and ‘nga’ (a place), Poor connection between the three ISLAND GROUP HA’APAI 10,792 8,919 8,138 7, 570 6,616 also means ‘south’. main groups has meant they ultimately CENSUS CENSUS CENSUS CENSUS CENSUS TOTAL LANDMASS OF TONGA function independently. Tonga, like many Tonga; one of the most beautiful, but other Pacific nations, rely heavily on the TONGATAPU 5 7, 411 63,794 66,979 72,045 75,416 volatile environments on Earth. Tonga ocean; for food, transport and economic 156+ km is an archipelagic nation of some 176 development. The expansive space VAVA’U 15,068 15,175 15,715 15,505 14,922 islands (36 of which are inhabited), between islets provides large areas HA’APAI 10,792 8,919 8,138 7, 570 6,616 representing a collective area of about for their fisheries industry to develop, 750km2, distributed over 700,000 sq however the water also acts as a km.8 Such dispersion means water is hindrance. Excessive traveling distances TONGA a principal component in the Tongans discourages distribution and allocation of HA’APAI ISLAND VILLAGES / POPULATION CENSUS lifestyle, be it culturally, or economically. produce. The core islands are divided into three main groups; outlined in figure 5.9 The smaller islands struggle with the HA’APAI DIVISION/VILLAGE 2006 POP. CENSUS 1996 POP. CENSUS DIFFERENCE involuntary autonomy, as they do not 1. Tongatapu - The main island of the have sufficient skilled workers to sustain HA’APAI ISLANDS PANGAI 2967 2966 -0.03% Kingdom of Tonga, and the location of its their population, nor jobs to keep people POPULATION DISTRIBUTION OF TONGA capital, Nuku ‘alofa. Almost two-thirds of on the island. The impending lack of 150+ km FOA 1479 1434 -3.3% Tonga’s population live on the main island prospects is increasing the likelihood Tongatapu. of poverty to occur and consequently HA’APAI DIVISION/VILLAGELULUNGA 2006 POP. CENSUS1075 1996 POP. CENSUS1282 DIFFERENCE-17.6% abandonment. This pattern can be seen in 2. Ha’apai Islands - A combination of figure 6 showing a depleting population MU’OMU’APANGAI 2967630 2966735 -0.03%-15.3% small islands in between Tongatapu and in the Ha’apai islands, with the number of Vava’u. residents moving to Tongatapu increasing HA’ANOFOA 1479619 1434773 -3.3%-20% every year. 3. Vava’u - Located farthest north, Vava’u LULUNGA‘UIHA 1075800 1282948 -17.6%-15.6 group contains 55 islands, including the Ha’apai islands suffer the most. Small, second biggest island of Tonga. narrow landmasses restrict the towns MU’OMU’AHA’APAI 7570630 8183735 -15.3%-7.5% potential size, consequently limiting TONGATAPU 8 “General Information About Tonga,” economic and educational opportunity HA’ANO 619 773 -20% Pacific Islands Tourism Guide, accessed on June for most Tongans living in the outer islands. 16, 2017, http://www.pacifictourism.travel/pa- ‘UIHA 800 948 -15.6 cific-islands/about/tonga. 9 “Tonga Geography,” World Atlas, accessed on September 4, 2017, http://www. Figure6 Tonga’sHA’APAI Island Groups / Population Census 7570 8183 -7.5% 18 worldatlas.com/geography/tongageography. Figure5 Islands of The Kingdom Of Tonga Figure7 Ha’apai Island Group / Population Census 19 PERCENTAGE OF DISTRICTS VILLAGES HABITANTS OF HA’APAI

PANGAI LIFUKA HIHIFO HOLOPEKA KOULO 37%

Ha’apai is comprised of 62 islets. The Although Ha’apai is the smallest Island HA’ANO islands include barrier reefs, coral shoals, group of Tonga, the deep blue water and FANGALE FOTUA shallow lagoons, and active volcanoes, reefs make it the ideal location for fisheries FOA LOTOFOA 18% but most are small low-lying coral atolls. and eco-tourism. The close proximity to the FALELOA

Only 17 are inhabited, with approximately Tongan trench has developed strong reef FOA 8,000 people settled in 30 villages.10 The environments and marine life. As a result, main group consists of 5 islands running fisheries have developed to become one HA’AFEVA

HA’APAI ISLANDS EXAMPLE HA’APAI along a strip on the eastern side, which of the biggest industries in Ha’apai. IN HA’APAI DISTRICTS TUNGUA LULUNGA FOTUHA’A act as the prime settlements in Ha’apai, ‘O’UA 16% MATUKU LIFUKA and the only islands with electricity. The Access to Ha’apai group is by either a KOTU sketch adjacent shows this main group. 12-hour boat ride from Tongatapu, or LULUNGA Vava’u, or a short plane flight, where an The Ha’apai island group is divided into 6 airstrip was created to increase tourism. ‘UIHA main districts (figure 9 + 10): NOMUKA MU’OMU’A MANGO FONOIFUA 8% -Lifuka -Mu’omu’a Once a strong settlement, Ha’apai has NOMUKEIKI -Foa -Ha’ano deteriorated over the years, due to -Lulunga -Ha’ano reoccurring cyclones and the population migrating to larger cities. Subsistence income is primarily from REEF LINE FAKAKAI agriculture, fishing and tourism, however, Most of the remaining inhabitants are in PUKOTALA HA’ANO MO’UNGA’ONE 9% like much of Tonga, a large source of the Pangai and Foa districts where a new HA’ANO income is remittance from family members road has been developed to link the two MUITOA livng abroad. Pangai is the main village main islands together. and administrative centre in Ha’apai, MU’OMU’A located in the island of Lifuka. ‘UIHA FELEMEA ‘UIHA LOFANGA 12 % 10 “Welcome to Ha’apai,” Ha’apai Island TOFUA Group, accessed on September 02, 2017, http:// www.haapai.to/.

Figure9 Ha’apai Island Group Towns 20 Figure8 Ha’apai Islands Figure10 Ha’apai Islands Districts 21 2.2 HISTORY + CULTURE

Like all their Polynesian relatives, prompted the European influence that is country in the world. A fact most Tongans the Tongans did not have a written apparent today. are proud of. language to record their early history; but anthropologists estimate that it was By 1845 a crucial action to identify Tonga Current King George Tupou V, has first inhabited around 1500-1000BC, took place. Taufa’ahau Tupou united all of introduced concessions to accommodate about 3,000 years ago, by Lapita the Tongan islands under his leadership, a more democratic state, however people from Southeast Asia.11 Facing the as the first undisputed Tu’i Tonga (“king of withholds the undemocratic ability to elect natural hazards of the region, including Tonga”), who took the name King George the Prime Minister. Evident corruption, devastating storms and heaving ocean Tupou I. In 1901, the kingdom became a shaped to benefit the select instead of floor with its volcanoes and earthquakes, British protectorate, under the ‘Treaty of the many, has often lead to short term they persevered to achieve new Friendship’, allowing the Europeans to outcomes rather than long term factors. communities in the idyllic tropical setting. settle and trade. Tonga remained part The consequence for this immediate of the British Empire until 1970, when the appetite will be explained later in the Tonga was not immune to the overtures nation declared independence, however document. of the European powers that interfered Tonga remains a member of the British in other Pacific Island groups. Tonga’s Commonwealth. first contact with the Western world began when early European explorers Although Tonga was part of the British set off to discover new land. Initially Empire, it never lost its indigenous Dutch navigators Jakob Le Maire and governance. To this day the patrilineal Abel Tasman arrived at Tonga, in 1616 mode of succession continues; remaining and 1643, however effective European an influential and powerful entity in the contact dated from Captain James modern Kingdom. Tongan monarchy Cook’s visits between 1773 and 177712 , is the longest, uninterrupted hereditary 11 “Polynesian Beginnings,” Kingdom of monarchies from one family of any Tonga, accessed on September 2, 2017, http:// of the Tonga Islands,” Terrae Incognitae, no. 36 www.thekingdomoftonga.com/three-millen- (2004): 20-27, accessed May 21, 2018, https:// nia-of-history/. www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/ Figure12 Endeavour 12 Brian Hooker, “The European Discovery tin.2004.36.1.20

Figure11 Self-proclaimed King George Tupou I 22 23 Anga fakatonga (‘the Tongan way’) is are referred to as Pālangi. American that they cannot be disentangled. Of all ‘Famili (family) is the central unit of Tongan who is outranked by both his sisters. The The population consists of a large exhibited every day. It is Tongan identity anthropologist, George Marcus suggests the factors contributing to the historical life. Elders are the most respected, with fahu family structure is illustrated in figure majority of youth. More than 60% are and as the values and behaviours that in his book, “The Nobility and the Chiefly transformation of anga fakatonga, the each family member knowing their role 13. under 29 years old, as specified in Figure comprises to be a Tongan.13 The core Tradition in the Modern Kingdom of adaptation of has wrought according to ‘Anga fakatonga’. A Tongan 14. A large influx of youth puts pressure values in anga fakatonga include:14 Tonga” that during the period of the first the deepest and most pervasive changes, household often consists of adopted Even with the influences of foreign political on an already struggling economy. Many three Tupou monarchs Tonga developed so much so that the categories of tradition children, cousins, grandparents alongside systems and Western Christianity, foreign forced to find work elsewhere; often - faka‘apa‘apa (respect) a “compromised culture.”15 An “early, and Christianity are now inseparable in a standard family unit of children and concepts have never replaced the kin- resulting in moving overseas in search for 18 ANGA FAKATONGA ANGA FAKATONGA “THE WAY” TONGAN - ‘ofa (love) stable complex of institutions, ideas, the minds of many Tongans.” PEOPLE OF TONGA parents. Everything is communal, from based systems. better prospects, so they can financially - fakato ki lalo (humility) and practises, which integrated Tongan food to sleeping arrangements, with the support their family back home. - ‘tauhi va (gratitude) cultures with a version of European From the time of Western settlement, the exception that brothers and sisters must The two biggest events in Tongan society culture”.16 As elsewhere in Polynesia in Tongan way, has become a composition sleep under separate roofs, in accordance are weddings and , where These values that Tongan culture is built this period, “older institutions and customs of traditional culture and Christian with the key value- faka‘apa‘apa traditionally tapa cloths and woven mats on are expected to be upheld in society. were censored, reorganised, and re- values.19 (respect).20 are given as gifts.21 For centuries, Anga fakatonga has traditionalised”.17 It was also during this respectfully been passed on to succeeding period that the designation of what was In recent years Tongans have become Tonga is an intrinsically hierarchical Considered a Christian Kingdom, Tonga’s generations. However, sustained contact ‘true Tongan custom’ was established. increasingly self-conscious about their society. Rank and status are integral religious practices is an influential aspect with other cultures has meant there are cultural identity. The Tongan diaspora aspects of everyday life; crucial in the of Tongan society, second only to respect multiple interpretations and historical Today, anga fakatonga is often contrasted has spurred a renewed concern with make up of society and of oneself. for family. Approximately 98% of Tonga’s transformations. to anga fakapālangi, the Western way, in asserting the strength and importance of Although Tonga is a patriarchal society, population is Christian.22 Sundays are terms of the indigenous and the foreign. Tongan culture. These growing fears of a special status is accorded to sisters, devoted to church family and rest, with all European missionaries had a powerful Yet, as anthropologist Helen Morton a weakening culture must be addressed against what otherwise is a male dominant businesses closed by law.23 influence on the social and political states when designing public facilities for the social order. Sister uphold a higher rank 21 “The South Pacific’s Only Monarchy,” transformations in the latter half of Ha‘apai community. over their brothers. The fahu, or the eldest Kingdom of Tonga, accessed May 15, 2018, the nineteenth century. Europeans “The strands of Tongan and European sister, is the family matriarch, and is given http://www.thekingdomoftonga.com/the-king- dom-today/ 13 Helen Lee Mortor, Becoming Tongan, have been interwoven to such an extent the highest levels of respect within her kin 22 “Tonga Nuku’Alofa Mission,” Mission an ethnography of childhood ( : University 15 George Marcus, The nobility and the 18 Morton, Helen, Creating Their Own group. For example, Tu’i Tonga himself Home, accessed on May 15, 2018, http://mis- of Hawaii Press, 1996), 20. chiefly tradition in the modern kingdom of Tonga Culture: Diasporic Tongans, 22. (Tongan Empire), a man who represents sionhome.com/?missions=tonga-nukualofa-mis- Figure13 Fahu Family Structure 14 “Culture,” Real Tonga, accessed May (Tonga: Polynesian Society, 1978), 15. 19 “Who are the Tongans”, Te Ara, ac- supreme political authority in Tonga, but sion 13, 2018, https://realtonga.to/things-to-do/ 16 Ibid cessed May 21, 2018, https://teara.govt.nz/en/ 23 Kingdom of Tonga. “The South Pacific’s culture/ 17 Ibid tongans/page-1 20 “The Importance of Family,” Kingdom Only Monarchy.” Accessed May 15, 2018. of Tonga, accessed September 2, 2017, http:// http://www.thekingdomoftonga.com/the-king- http://www.thekingdomoftonga.com/the-king- dom-today/ 24 dom-today/. 25 TONGAN DANC- ING CULTURAL CONTEXT CULTURAL Figure14 Tongan Dancing Celebration Figure15 Making Figure16 Mats Weaving Figure17 Ritual Tonga is a dispersed community, and TONGAN DANCING TAPA CLOTH MATS KAVA double sense it was integral to the social Tongan identities are evolving in response Traditional dancing is an important part Tapa cloth, or Ngatu, is a barkcloth, Like tapa making, mat weaving is an The elaborate ritual of drinking kava life, admittedly not of the population as to exposure to new environments. of national ceremonies and local village made from the bark of the mulberry tree, everyday part of Tongan life. Women is associated with both social and a whole, but that of high-ranking men. However, the underlying ancient rituals festivities. Traditional dances include, known locally as hiapo. Ngatu is of great weave the mats from several varieties ceremonial function, also common in It was never simply prepared and drunk and art forms outlined are still critical me’etu’upaki, the paddle dance, soke, cultural significance in the Kingdom of of pandanus leaves. Mats are the and Samoa. The widely consumed drink, unceremoniously. It was ritually offered to Tongans identity. The project must a stick dance, , a war dance; Tonga. Only men can tend hiapo, but most treasured possessions in Tongan prepared from the root of a piper plant, to the person of highest rank present, then instill anga fakatonga into the design. ‘otuhaka, and the ma’ulu’ulu, once harvested, only women may create households, and are traditionally has the properties of a mild narcotic.26 The it was received, blessed and shared.”27 Incorporating Tongan values in the dances performed by standing and a tapa cloth. The social function of Ngatu presented at births, weddings, funerals ceremonial drinking of kava is an ancient Even with Western influence, kava has design, will aid in the overall success of seated groups, respectively, and is a gift, given at special occasions like, and other special occasions. Tongans custom, during which commensality is remained an important tradition in Tongan and integration into the local community. accompanied by densely polyphonic births, weddings and funerals. Women also wear mats known as ta’ovala around important, and is still an integral part of culture. Kava is embedded in tourism, with singing; and the tau’olunga, an individual gather in their homes or at the fale kautaha the waist, the most respectful form of dress Tongan life. Kava represents the virtues of tourists offered kava ceremonies upon dance accompanied by singing. Lakalaka (the village’s communal tapa house) to in the Kingdom. anga fakatonga and plays a vital role in arrival as a sign of respect (faka‘apa‘apa) practised nationwide.24 assist each other in tapa making.25 maintaining “the Tongan way”. Nicholas to both parties. The anga fakatonga Thomas writes in his book ‘Islanders’ kava represents presents an opportunity “kava was more than a refreshment and to include the tradition into the design, 24 “Tonga,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 25 “Tapa making and Painting,” Kingdom mild narcotic for these Islanders. In a as a way of giving a greater sense of ownership to the people of Ha‘apai. accessed September 10, 2017, https://www. of Tonga, accessed September 2, 2017, http:// 26 “Tonga,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, britannica.com/place/Tonga http://www.thekingdomoftonga.com/the-king- accessed September 10, 2017, https://www. 27 Thomas Nicholas, Islanders (London: dom-today/. britannica.com/place/Tonga Yale University press, 2010), 36.

26 27 2.3 PACIFIC ARCHITECTURE

Traditional, or indigenous architecture, same influence occurs. There is a close could be defined as an architectural style connection between boat construction based on specific localities, devoid of and buildings. Particularly, Polynesian authors. Traditional architectural is strongly architecture, as they are the major pacific influenced by climate, local materials, island group that migrated vast distances cultural factors and typically built from through island hopping. manual processes without industrial Figure18 Polynesian Approach Figure19 Melanesian Approach

components. Every culture expresses a Architect Dr Mike Austin describes the OF IN TYPOLOGIES FEATURES THE PACIFIC unique knowledge of construction and correlation between Pacific to Majority of villages are located by the seashore, with each Oldest group in the Pacific. Archaeological studies show that 29 design techniques, evolved from 100’s or architecture: family occupying their own house or fale. are they can date back to 800 B.C. The long history and isolation 1000’s of years. known to have a close connection to the sea. Hence why their between islands in Melanesia means the architectural expression “As with the , the Pacific building typology resembles an inverted canoe. is varied. Traditional Pacific architecture varies strives to achieve stability through between the three Pacific groups; lightness and tension”.28 The fale is typically round or oval shaped, where the roof is the Typical typologies have walls to create privacy, however, the Micronesia, Polynesia, Melanesia. dominant feature. Walls are porous or nonexistent. If used, they front is always open, facing towards the prevailing winds or sea. Many micro-societies have their own This contrasts to the Western approach, are suspended from the roof to provide shading.The unicellular Walls are made of thatched patterns with loads being carried traditions and rituals, therefore it is difficult which generally adds weight, even pavilions are free standingwhere differentiation of spaces is not by columns. Heavily thatched roofs (pandanus, or palm leaf) to generalize about architecture in the nautically, were mass is applied to keels achieved by walls but by space, or va, much like how the islands to protect from the humid wet environment. The structure is Pacific, except in the similarities with with lead to keep the boat balanced, in the Pacific are separated by sea. The floor is typically a raised simple and unadorned, lashed together with . The climate, which dictates the materials while in the Pacific two hulls would be platform to allow ventilation, however can also be dug into the structures sit on a bed of leveled rocks with mats in inside to available and building techniques that used to achieve balance. In general, ground for insulation (like Maori did in New Zealand). provide a cool temperature. have been developed over time. Pacific method is lighter, faster and more stable. All th estructural loads are transmited through posts and materials Unlike the Polynesian and Micronesian, the Melanesian reside The close connection with water has had are locally resource and easy to repair in event of cyclones. inland (central highlands of the islands) instead of close to the a major influence on the islands culture coast. Only fisherman and sailors settle by the coast. and design. We see this in their arts and 28 “Oceanic Architecture,” New Zealand Traditionally the toilet and the kitchen were in separate shelters. crafts with smooth carvings co-relating Institute of Architects Incorporated, accessed on This housing structure was useful in keeping the vermin out of the May 5, 2017, http://www.nzia.co.nz/explore/ sleeping house. to nature and water. In architecture the comment/oceanic-architecture. 29 “Melanesian Culture,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, accessed Sep- tember 10, 2017, https://www.britannica.com/place/Melanesia

28 29 Over the islands long settlement history thatch roofs and mats. The sustainable strong cyclone resilient solutions. In the architecture in Tonga has gone through buildings are built from local materials, event of a natural disaster, if the winds a process of evolving, using different such as pandanus or coconut leaves for threatened to shred the walls and overturn construction methods, materials, outside the characteristic rounded thatched roof, the roof, the inhabitants could remove the influence, and spatial organisations. resting on the supportive pillars, called screens and disconnect the roof from the From the monumental langi structures and pou, made of vesi trunks. The structural main structure. The roof and its structural Figure20 Micronesian Approach royal pyramidal tombs built from massive use of the pou eliminates the need for load components that help define its shape

TONGAN ARCHITECTURE EXAMPLE TONGAN stone slabs, to the Western style that has bearing walls. The possibility to detach would be disconnected and lowered to Lightweight structure creating minimal distribution towards strong influenced the ubiquitous Tonganfale walls maximises natural ventilation, while the ground, while the main structure would winds. They have beautifully patterned wall and floor coverings today. reducing the wind forces acting on the remain intact.32 Roofs create immense displaying the artistic handcraft developed from weaving and building. Locally sourced materials are uplifting forces, therefore detaching the lashing techniques. Traditional Tongan architecture is in the within economic reach of most of the roof minimises strain on the fale’s structure form of a fale, consisting of the main population who obtain apprehensible and reduces the damage and rebuild post The roofs are designed to be easily lifted off the posts to prevent architectural component, a curved roof, building knowledge. Using these disaster. The curved roof form responds damage from cyclones or ease of repairs where the structure is which governs the aesthetic. The house materials does have its weaknesses. well in cyclones as the wind blows over, commonly elevated from the ground on raised platforms due to stands on a raised platform of stones They decay rapidly, due to the weather reducing the uplifting forces generated. raising water level. Some are elevated above the sea. and sand, oval in shape, with walls as and insects, giving the architecture woven palm tree screens.30 A contrast to temporary quality.31 The temporary nature The response and relationship the fale Western architecture, where walls take an of the materials used bodes well with the form has with its surroundings, in terms The Maneaba (meeting house) is the center of village life; a important role in the structure and visual unknown climatic nature of Tonga. of resilience, will be considered in the sacred shrine for the community. An imposing structure with coral aspect. The fale is ever-present throughout design process. bedrock supporting a large thatch roof formed from coconut Tonga in the form of homes, churches, and Extreme tropical weather inflicted on . Its importance is evident in the detailed craftsmanship, other public buildings. Tonga enforced unique architectural with the whole community involved in construction. techniques to help inhabit their natural The warm wet climate generates lush surroundings. The traditional fale had vegetation, used for the framework, 31 “Oceanic Architecture,” New Zealand 30 “Tonga,” Countries and their Cultures, Institute of Architects Incorporated, accessed on 32 “,” Absolute Astron- accessed September 14, 2017, http://www. May 5, 2017, http://www.nzia.co.nz/explore/ omy, accessed May 5, 2017, https://espace. everyculture.com/To-Z/Tonga.html comment/oceanic-architecture library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ_13635

30 31 Beyond environmental advantages, the Lalango, the supporting beam of the The roof shape was determined by the traditional Tongan fale also incorporated fale ran from pou to pou. Lango means feleano, kauta and ta’opatu. All made strong cultural identity and social values. ‘uphold or elevate’ and would be made from coconut trees or whatever tree that Owner’s took pride in their fale, as they of coconut trees due to its strength and was available in the area. The kauta would defined the family’s status amongst the long spanning capabilities. determine the bottom of the roof while the community. feleano would contour the roof shape The Toka was then placed above and connect to the supporting structure.

TONGAN FALE FALE TONGAN EXAMPLE ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH The structural components that make up the Lalango, like rafters, running Lastly the ta’opatu would run long ways the fale are named according to their perpendicular to the Lalango. connecting the feleano together. function, as well as having a culturally significant meaning. Tongan sculptor The to’ofufuloto, is defined as fufu meaning After the roof structure was created the Viliami Toluta’u mentioned, “The impact of ‘hidden’ and loto meaning ‘center or ‘Apai would be placed on top acting the word is the backbone and foundation inside’. It rested on the center of the tokas similarly to purlins in a Western house. of Tongan Tradition”33. These words and became the central beam connecting The ‘apai was where the thatching was help us understand Tongan architecture, the Teke to help support the roof. then lashed. together with its culture. Teke means ‘to push or support’, the The most widely recognised structural longer the teke, the higher the roof component is the pou, or post, which would become. The teke supported the acts as the main structure to the fale. tau’olunga and the tu’ungahoka. Pou, meaning ‘to support and hold’ was typically made of local trees, such as The tau’olunga means ‘to touch the top’ Koka, Toi and Toa. Coconut trees were and therefore respresented the apex not used, as they rot if connected with of the structure. While the tu’ungahoka the ground. Independent from the wall would define the roof shape and add 34 Figure21 Structure of the Fale systems, the fale typically had a series of structural support. Figure22 Elements of the Fale 4 pou. 33 Paula Folau Nonu, “ Reconnecting with Figure23 Model of the fale’s detachable roof the Past.” (PhD diss., Hawaii University, 2016), 26-27. 34 Ibid.

32 33 When analysing the volume of building home, needing to go through layers to Fale’s were traditionally located by the a sectional drawing aids in highlighting slowly transition from the outside world coastline, above the beaches. They different aspects. In the fale it is evident into the secluded world. This takes effect would be placed in no particular order or how different the building is divided. in all directions of the building. Unlike orientation, however where small villages There is a clear difference between the Western architecture, which usually were created, the chief, or highest rank roof space and the ground floor. The achieves division of spaces with walls, fale,would be positioned in the middle, roof, cluttered with various structural the Tongan approach is much simpler, with relatives fale’s around him. components, allows the ground floor to while still achieving a division and a be unobstructed and maximise the floor connection to the outside world. Also, in The cluster of fale’s around the chief, or usage area. The volume of the roof space Western architecture not necessarily is heart of the village, is similar to the effect almost matches what would be the floor the center of the home the most private Figure24 Cross Section of Tongan Fale of how the center of the fale is the most to ceiling height. Opposite to Western area. Often bedrooms and living areas secure part of the structure. Figure 26 architecture where low pitch roofs are are at the corners to maximise the views illustrates the small urban planning. This used, and the visual dominance is mainly and openings. The Tongan fale has a method links all the fales together and directed to the walls. heart right at the center similarly to how therefore makes the village work together Frank Lloyd Wright’s typically positioned as a whole instead of each individual The roof’s large size isn’t just for aesthetic, the heart at the center of the house, often family. It is quite common for Tongan’s to but also for function. The large volume represented as a fireplace. share with their own. Even today many allows hot air to rise, ultimately keeping families join together on a Sunday and the ground level cooler. indulge in a Tongan feast, catered by everyone for everyone. Figure26 Fale’s Distribution In plan view there is a division of spaces, outlined by the 4 main pous that support the roof. These pous define the central space of the fale. It would be the centre of the home where a greater sense of Figure25 Plan View of Tongan Fale privacy and security would be achieved. In a sense, the fale is a home within a

34 35 When one envisages a Pacific Island Later, international typologies were in some instances, were insensitive to despite the natural ventilation advantages for ease of distribution, and economic like Tonga, one imagines idyllic weather, introduced. King Topou I instituted western Tongan culture. Lack of consideration to that the latter can provide.37 advantages. Post cyclone, a simple picturesque isles, white beaches with models as Nuku ‘alofas waterfront the specific environmental conditions and affordable rebuild. palm trees dotted along the coast and civic architecture to support his political anga fakatonga, lead to a drastic change In a short time-frame, Western All these values are not seen in Western over the water fale accommodation. But agenda of ‘inasi. Inasi in essence, is the in lifestyle, and rejection to the climate architecture has become prominent in architecture in the Pacific. the seemingly perfect islands are more practice of giving ones best, in regard to that its architecture once responded to. Tonga, however it is not well suited to the than just a holiday destination, they have gifts of produce, craft, or animals. This is to harsh and unsympathetic environment. WAY FORWARD: WESTERN INFLUENCE WESTERN EXAMPLE had their fair share of conquest and maintain the status and pride of the family In the 1900s through to today an Incorporation of Western technology, Technology has and is advancing at such colonisation over the past few centuries or village. Such examples can be found increasing amount of buildings in heavy material, and structures used to a rate that it is expected of buildings. The that has shaped the architecture we see in Nuku’alofa (figure 25), including the international styles are being built in resist the wind conditions often fails. harsh climate is not sympathetic to the today Royal Palace, erected in 1867, a Victorian Tonga. Great pride is associated with The debris left from uplifting roofs and island dwellers, nor their buildings. It is style two storied timber building, as the people who produce a fale Tufitufi, as structural walls creates more rebuild than not about designing a building that can The arrival of the Europeans substantially official residence of the King of Tonga. the owners are considered to have the necessary. Because the materials used are withstand the climatic events but designing changed Tongan architecture. The economic capacity to obtain imported not locally sourced the common solution so it can be easily reconstructed in a way standardisation widespread of Western King George’s taste for western Western materials.36 Fale Tufitufi emerged is to reuse the inefficient material that public can rebuild, using resources from dwellings began when the first wave of architecture led a movement of houses in the mid 1990’s as an affordable model just failed. The openness and interaction the land. missionaries arrived in 1797, made up being built in the Victorian style. built from an assortment of discarded with surroundings that Tongan’s lifestyle is of tradesmen eager to teach the Tongans Affluent individuals built or imported materials and incorporated into the fale built around does not suit the oppressive, Advancements in technology has construction skills in an attempt to gain prefabricated kit-sets from New form. rejecting, colonial form, designed for the led to new materials and methods their trust before pursuing conversion.35 Zealand and assembled them as private cold British weather. that, with careful consideration and Impressed with the capabilities to produce residences. The built landscape beginning In modern practice of ‘inasi, Western cohesion between Tongan and Western longer lasting homes; stronger, tougher to emulate the British. With the adoption building materials are seen as modern, The traditional approach is to provide architecture, can be developed to find a materials replaced the natural materials of foreign design, comes a change in durable and affluence. In cases more a light structure that would not obstruct resilient solution for Tongan society. of their fale, which required ongoing living arrangement. Kitchens and toilets importance is given to items that appear the forces of the winds. Joinery lashed repair. that were traditionally in separate huts modern than on the function that they together, instead of fixed with nails, The aim in this research project is to find 35 “Building Tonga’s Western Fale,” Archi- for hygienic reasons were now under one serve. For example, many Tongans prefer to allow movement and flexibility in the balance between the two types of tecture Now, accessed January 15, 2018, http:// roof with the sleeping house. Adoption of sealed windows instead of louvers, the building. Locally sourced materials architecture. it presents an opportunity to architecturenow.co.nz/articles/building-ton- western customs, though more practical strengthen the culture, improve lifestyle gas-western-fale/ 36 Ibid 37 “Building Tonga’s Western Fale,” Archi- and wellbeing, and act as an educational tecture Now, accessed January 15, 2018, http:// Figure27 Royal Palace, Nuku’alofa architecturenow.co.nz/articles/building-ton- tool for current and future generations. Figure28 Fale Tufitufi 36 gas-western-fale/ 37 2.4 NATURAL DISASTERS/THREATS

Natural disasters are becoming an ever- by the community’s lack of resilience. locals are not so heavily reliant on outside pressing global issue, and according Undeveloped countries, like Tonga, help. to recent studies the number of natural have a higher fatality rate in natural disasters is only going to increase.38 This disasters than developed countries, since Unfortunately for the people of Tonga presents a challenge to produce and developed countries are more prepared nature cannot be controlled. Whether the establish resilience in small communities with resources and can recover faster. cause of an influx in natural disasters is like Ha’apai, before they are damaged Developing countries however, do not due to the increasing global population beyond repair. The increasing occurrence have such a strong economy, which and the pressure people are putting on of extreme weather events: cyclones, hail impacts their preparation and slows down the earth’s resources, does not help the storms, flooding, are considered to be a the recovery process. Tongan population. However, there are result of El Niño. This is caused by global ways to prevent a natural event from warming and the effects of warming the The 2016 World Disaster Report becoming a disaster, starting with the built ocean and surrounding areas.39 Such concluded that Tonga is the second most environment. extreme events are expected to become disaster prone country in the world, behind cyclical in frequency. Consequently, Vanuatu, revealing a strong exposure to The current western influence on the built increased pressure on already strained natural hazards and owing to their poor landscape has no design consideration communities will cause farming and economic and social situations. 40 to the climatic conditions and is therefore Figure29 Road Damage after Earthquake in Nuku;alofa Figure30 Hurricane Distraction in Ha’apai agricultural businesses to become ill fit to withstand cyclone disasters. This Figure31 Ibid economically unviable. Even though emergency relief response project will focus on using design methods Tonga is highly exposed to natural has increased over the years, it is the that reflect the environmental conditions. hazards. This vulnerability is heightened permanent damage which requires more Looking at the long term solution, rather attention. Emergency relief organisations than the immediate effect. 38 “Are Natural Disasters Increasing?,” The Borgen Project, accessed on September 20, 2017, focus on the temporary shelters; the https://borgenproject.org/natural-disasters-in- immediate effect, however it is the re- creasing/ building process after the support has 39 “El Niño and La Niña,” Niwa, last gone that is lacking. Education on building modified March 2013, accessed September resilient architecture must be provided, so 20, 2017, https://www.niwa.co.nz/educa- tion-and-train-ing/schools/students/enln. 40 Ibid

38 39 Tropical cyclones are a common The damage that the cyclone did to occurrence for most countries in the Ha’apai was substantial and described Pacific Islands, usually occurring during as the worst to hit Tonga in decades; that the summer season. In the last 10 years was until Cyclone Gita hit just 4 years Tonga has had over half a dozen later. cyclones. Both cyclones; Ian and Gita, were

TROPICAL CYCLONES The most recent cyclones were Cyclone declared a State of Emergency. The Red Ian in January 2014, Cyclone Winston Cross and Oxfam teams were deployed in February 2016 and Cyclone Gita to aid the islands. Countries such as in February 2018. Cyclone Ian was New Zealand and provided particularly destructive for Ha’apai emergency resources and services while island. The category-five storm destroyed also supporting financially for Tonga to more than 70% of residential homes and recover. rendered half of the commercial buildings inhabitable. Additionally, 13 out of 17 Of the 4,000 people in Ha’apai who Figure32 Gita Hurricane Figure33 Tropical Storm in Tonga Figure34 Damage to Fish Market Building in Pangai, 2014 schools were ruined and most of their were displaced by the 2014 storm, just 50 in tents, years after their homes being 41 43 Figure35 Damage to Church in Pangai, 2014 agricultural produce was left tarnished. new houses were built one year on. The destroyed. The failure to rebuild, not just In Ha’apai alone, it is estimated that apparent poor recovery effort, left mass residential, but commercial buildings left “No matter what and no matter how dire people’s resilience still apparent in the Tongan people will the cyclone caused a physical loss of amounts of people homeless and living those able no other option, but to leave. US$49.5 million (or about 11% of the situation seemed, they still laughed and smiled. soon dwindle. 42 5, 2018, https://pafpnet.spc.int/attachments/ I think that shows the resilience of the Tongan country’s GDP). 4 years on and the destruction wrought article/628/Tonga%20Fisheries%20Sector%20 people.”44 41 “ Cyclone Ian,” ABC News, last Plan%202016-2024.pdf by cyclone Gita has been labeled as If more effective post disaster solutions are not modified January, 2014, accessed December 43 “Tonga’s ha’apai a year on from the worst to hit Tonga in 60 years. This presented to Tongan communities, the mental 10, 2017. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014- Cyclone Ian,” Radio New Zealand, last modi- time causing choas on the main island of 01-12/cyclone-ian-moves-away-from-ton- fied January, 2015, accessed February 2, 2017, 44 Vaimoana Tapaleao, “Life after Cyclone Gita,” ga/5195954?pfmredir=sm https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pro- Tongatapu. New Zealand Herald, March 8, 2018, accessed February 42 “Tonga Fisheries Sector Plan, 2016- grammes/datelinepacific/audio/20163990/ 5, 2018, https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article. 2024,” Government of Tonga, accessed February tonga’s-ha’apai-a-year-on-from-cyclone-ian cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12007993

40 41 The decreasing population in Ha’apai and says is significantly higher.46 Vava’u, due to migration to Tongatapu over the recent years has become a The key cause for the growing rate developing problem in Tonga. of suicide lies with the high rate of unemployment. It is estimated that for With lack of planning, Tongatapu is every 8 school leavers, only 1 formal having to erect a large number of housing job is available. To make things worse

AFTERMATH to accommodate the migrating people the Pacific Islands are increasing in youth from outer islands. To cater for the influx population, with currently 54 percent of of people large forestry areas are being people under 24 years of age.47 cut down to make room, meanwhile the city’s infrastructure is failing. The challenge facing the Pacific youth is poor prospects of employment combined The lack of jobs in Tongatapu is resulting with aspirations generated by Western in increasing , riots, rubbish and lifestyles exposed through mass media. Figure36 Rubbish on Side of Street, Nuku’alofa suicide deaths (particularly the youth). Greater access to education should An extreme example of the frustration felt by the Suicide is a familiar situation shared by be translating into better opportunities community is the 2006 Nuku’Alofa riots. Just two most Pacific island countries. “A decade of gaining paid employment, to a months after the death of King Tupou IV, citizens ago there were an estimated 331,000 prosperous future. If not, Tongans will of Nuku’alofa engaged in frenzied riots, looting annual suicides in the region, accounting continue to leave the country in search and arson. Figure 36 showcases the aftermath for 38 percent of the world total.”45 for a better life; the others without that which left 60 percent of the central business district A number Anne Rauch, development option; crime and suicide will seem their destroyed, with an estimated $123 million in 48 advisor of Fiji Aliance for Mental Health, only choice. damages. 8 bodies were found in the charred ruins. 45 “Suicide Rate in Pacific Islands Amongt Highest in The World,” Pacific Island Report, last 46 Ibid 48 “CEDAW in Tonga: The Necessity of Makin modified 15, 2014, accessed Decem- 47 “Polynesian Beginnings,” Kingdom CEDAW Anga Fakatonga,” Gonzaga, last modified June bet 5, 2017, http://www.pireport.org/arti- of Tonga, accessed September 2, 2017, http:// 23, 2011, accessed September 2, 2017. http://blogs. cles/2014/08/15/suicide-rate-pacific-islands- www.thekingdomoftonga.com/three-millen- law.gonzaga.edu/gjil/2011/06/cedaw-in-tonga-the- among-highest-world nia-of-history/. necessity-of-making-cedaw-anga-fakatonga/

Figure37 Aftermath of Riot 42 Figure38 Riot in Nuku’alofa 43 2.5 INDUSTRIES OF TONGA

Tonga’s economy is reliant on tourism, fisheries it is not an ideal solution. The With no fishing rights reserved to local fisheries and agriculture. short term effect might appear positive, fishing companies, the locals are ill- but the long term will be a decrease to equipped to contend with such fierce Uninhabited islands, world class an estimated 70 percent of fish in Tonga competition. The loss of jobs continues to snorkeling, whale encounters, caves, in only 5 years.50 This will not only affect increase, with little hope for redemption and diving, it becomes obvious why the fisheries industry, but also have a big when The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry tourism is the strongest industry in Tonga, impact on their strongest industry, tourism. and Fisheries consider the industry dead. achieving greater than 50% of the GDP Most of tourism come for the marine life A decision that has greatly impacted the of the workforce. Secondary industries, that Tonga has to offer. Such a cut in the Ha ‘apai islands. agriculture and fisheries, contribute to a population will drastically unbalance combine total of 37%; all crucial for the the marine ecosystems, hindering the very Short term gain, long term downfall. country’s wealth. tourism that people travel the world to The government has not considered the see. impact such a decision would have on As a solution to the shortfall of revenue the nation. The population graph, shown due to cyclone’s damage. Fishing licenses Additionally, the sale of rights to fish to previously in figure 6, perfectly outlines were sold to overseas vessels for the right overseas has unmotivated local fisherman the direct relation a declining fisheries to tuna fish in their . Licensing has to fish, as their competition can fish far industry is having on Ha’apai islands. The been justified by fisheries officialsas “ greater quantities than a local fisherman only group of islands with a decreasing better to get something out of fisheries, with a small craft. For example, in 2013 a population. than nothing at all.”49 total of 24 tuna fishing boats were fishing in Tonga’s 660,305 square kilometers. Although this may seem an easy Twenty two of these boats were foreign alternative to get money fast for their fishing boats.51 49 “Tonga Foreign Fishing License Fees 50 Ibid ‘A Teardrop in The Ocean’,” Pacific Island 51 “Tonga’s Tuna Fishing License Fees,” Report, last modified , 2013, accessed Viet Seafood, last modified January 8, 2013, June 5, 2017, http://www.pireport.org/arti- accessed June 5, 2017, http://www.vietseafood. cles/2013/01/08/tonga-foreign-fishing-license- vn/2013/01/-tuna-fishing-license-fees- fees-%E2%80%98-teardrop-ocean%E2%80%99 tear.html

Figure39 Tuna Fishing Boats in Suva Figure40 Tuna Fishing Boats in Nuku’Alofa 44 Figure41 Traditional Tongan Fisherman in Ha’apai 45 WEAVING CRAFTS AGRICULTURE FISHERIES TOURISM

Ha’apai’s economy is a small THJhhsh=sjskjksjk consumption economy, largely relying on remittances given from overseas family, or foreign aid.52 Due to Ha’apai’s fragile and exposed environment it is hard for industries to be able to support themselves, as cyclones damage investments in

HA’APAI INDUSTRIES HA’APAI agriculture, tourism and fishing. Figure42 Weaving Crafts Figure43 Harvesting Figure44 Commercial Fishing Vessel, Ha’apai Figure45 Humpback Whale in Ha’apai Although Ha’apai’s small scale has made The people of Ha’apai rely heavily on Agriculture in Ha’apai is done mainly at a It is around the Ha’apai islands that Eco-tourism, more specifically, Humpback it hard for a strong economy to develop, weaving of traditional Tongan handcrafts, subsistence level. Most of the produce that Tonga’s fisheries are the richest. As a whales, is one of the most popular and a prosperous economy is possible. Their as a source of income. These are often is harvested is Taro which is commonly result of their vastly spread tropical islands vital attractions that enriches tourism resources are some of the richest in Tonga. crafted by women in large open buildings used in all island countries of the Pacific. being near the Tongan Trench, large reef throughout Tonga, offering, with only a where hours are spent into various crafts. Tongan’s use their leaves as well as using barriers were formed surrounding great handful of other countries, the opportunity The 4 main industries in Tongan are the it to wrap their when cooking their ocean depths. It is there, at the drop off swim with the whales. following: Most weaving crafts are sent to Tongatapu, traditional Tongan feast, ‘Umu. that rich marine life is born with large where they are sold in markets to tourists. schools of high grade tuna and snapper The whales are largely found in the There is the possibility of widening the Ha’apai has rich soil and possible areas to feast upon. islands of Vava’u or Ha’apai, arriving market, by providing a place to sell goods for larger farmlands to develop. Tonga’s every winter in their hundreds. Travelling to the tourists directly in Ha’apai. main agricultural exports are Often commercial fishing vessels make the long journey from Antarctica to give (dried coconut meat yielding coconut oil), weekly voyages to the Ha’apai group birth there. They are often encountered , squash and beans.53 and return to Tongatapu to unload their close to the islands within the reef barriers catch and return. playing with their young. If houses were to incorporate natural 52 Tu’itahi S.T Fotu, “Ha’apai Development materials (emulated in traditional Small fishing vessels leave from Ha’apai Due to their arrival, commercial whale Master Plan,” (August 2010): 42, accessed June buildings) in replacement of western and use it for themselves or sell to the encounter tours are located in the islands 15, 2017, http://www.finance.gov.to/sites/de- materials an avenue of agriculture for local resorts on the island. running many trips daily due to their fault/files/Hp_Dev_Master_Plan_2.pdf new homes could be explored. proximity to the shore line. The struggles 53 “Tonga-Agriculture,” Nations Encyclo- that Ha’apai is having has intensified pedia., accessed April 10, 2018, http://www. since the tropical cyclone that hit in early 46 nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and- 47 the-Pacific/Tonga-AGRICULTURE.html The struggles that Ha’apai is experiencing the ability for people to stay. Additionally, The developing problems inflictedgrowth of the Kingdom”.54 8 years on since the release of the has intensified since the tropical cyclone the design will be in response to traditional throughout Tonga, mentioned previously master plan and the idea of building that hit in early 2014. Tongan values and act as a precedent for in ‘aftermath’, forced the Government to The aim of the master plan is to focus on infrastructure has begun, but has fallen cyclone resilient architecture, in the hopes react. The Ha’apai Development Master developing the infrastructure of Ha’apai taken a hit, due to additional destruction Even though years have passed there are to educate locals on the topic. Plan was issued in 2010, proposing in the period of 10 years. To do so the caused by Cyclone Ian. For example, the remains of the ruins that cyclone Ian left. a plan for the next 10 years. Its main infrastructure can be defined as two Fish Market building which was opened As a result, the island has not been able to The ‘Hap’apai Development Master plan’, purpose was to investigate the social types; hard and soft. Hard being the 2014 and subsequently closed in 2016 HA’APAI DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT HA’APAI PLAN MASTER RE ESTABLISHING HA’APAI RE ESTABLISHING recover, as it cannot function without most outlines steps towards re-establishing and economic problems experienced infrastructure needed to operate, for due to severe damage. of its infrastructure. Ha’apai. and address the needs of the people of example electricity and water. Soft being Ha’apai. the infrastructure needed to benefit the There are number of overarching ideas The priority is to re-establish a future for economy, welfare and education. outlined in Ha’apai’s master plan which Ha’apai by re-developing their main The master plan was funded by AusAID, will be useful for developing the brief. industries - tourism and fisheries, consisting along with similar proposals issued for Due to many areas of the infrastructure Key points taken from the master plan’s of a marketplace and port in Pangai, Vava’u and ‘Eua. requiring rebuild the master plan serves vision to an establish brief are: allowing citizens to establish themselves to prioritize what would be done by its in Ha’apai rather than migrating. CHALLENGE Two consultants, Sione Tu‘itupou Fotu & importance and financial requirement. Firstly, to strengthen Pangai as the stable Sinaitakala Tu‘itahi, traveled and met The following diagram (Figure 45) capital city of Ha’apai. To establish Pangai The objective is to set Pangai as the with the communities from the 6 main summarizes the infrastructure to be as the centre piece by developing an inter precedent for all the islands in Ha’apai districts of Ha’apai. A total of 187 people developed in ranking of importance. transit ferry system that accommodates Group. With the ultimate goal for Ha‘apai participated in the consultation process and branches out to other districts. to increase in population. and from there the needs of each island The first improvements were the Ha’apai community were able to be recorded and fish market building being constructed, Secondly, to promote sustainable How can architecture solve these prioritized. new electrification project and the management of resources. problems? Ha’ano jetty. Funding from AusAID, New The master plans main objective is: Zealand, Japan and Germany aided in Lastly, the power of collective individual By providing necessary infrastructure that “To provide a Master Development Plan the construction of 15 lighthouses around action. The cumulative effect of individuals is currently lacking. Said infrastructure will to prioritize projects that can further Lifuka island. contributions makes a difference. provide incomes, which in turn will give enhance the development of the Ha’apai Individually and collectively all are Group to improve the living standard of its 54 Tu’itahi S.T Fotu, “Ha’apai Development responsible for determining the future Master Plan,” (August 2010): 42, accessed June Figure46 Challenge in Ha’apai Islands people and contributes to the economic 15, 2017, http://www.finance.gov.to/sites/de- their surroundings and community. 48 fault/files/Hp_Dev_Master_Plan_2.pdf 49 2.6 PRECEDENTS HARD INFRASTRUCTURE SOFT INFRASTRUCTURE

T In order to present a clear understanding T T H within which this research project is TT T T T positioned, three precedents have been T selected, each one demonstrating a different aspect of architectural design relevant to this project. Whether they are an architectural ideology, or the functioning purpose of the building, it H T H T HTH is beneficial to research negative and T T T T positive outcomes from similar projects. T T These precedents are all community T driven, with a purpose to serve their Figure48 Nest We Grow community. Differing locations means Figure49 Marketplace in Besiktas they all function according to their climatic Figure50 Nev House conditions, culture and materials. T H TT The analysis will consist of their functioning TH H H aspect, integration of their culture, and how they become an architectural representation of the communities they serve.

TH H T

Figure47 Master Plan Infrastructure Improvement 50 51 NEST WE GROW methods in such a communal building involvement with the community. It isn’t a Kengo Kuma & Associates was to express how these solutions could marketplace or a farm, but becomes the work in Japanese buildings. It was to whole process, from start to finish. This Hokkaido, Japan become a building that “would introduce makes it an integral learning experience 2014 renewable building techniques to an area to the people on how to produce and of Japan that could take advantage of live off their own produce. It is a never Nest we grow is the result of an these concepts”.55 ending process and passes on to the new

PRECEDENT 1 WE GROW NEST international design competition focusing generations. on new California driven architecture The program of the building acts as new to Asia. a life cycle of their food. Growing, One negative would be the long term harvesting, storing, cooking/dining, outcome. Being a community building It is an open public structure where its and compositing which then restarts the with open access, one could see problems intent is to bring people together with the cycle. All the members of the community with ownership of their produce. It would involvement of storing, preparing and help to complete the stages. The building be easy to see select people doing most enjoying food in Hokkaido. becomes a platform for community of the work, while others benefit from Although on the outside we corrugated plastic cladding and learning from the experience, while also the outcome. In a Utopian world it might find near to no architectural rammed-earth walls brought a Architecturally, there is a beautiful benefiting from gathering and cultivating work, but in reality it could have a chance connection to Japanese Design spark of new to the community. balance between the new technological resources through the whole year. of failing in the long run without strict in the interior is the opposite. Acting as an example or advancements in material selection and regulations. precedent to the community of the more traditional Japanese crafts. This What works well is not only the Dominated by the wooden new building techniques and is evident in the usage of rammed-earth architectural aspects of the building, column grid structure and how they can be incorporated walls and straw bale construction, foreign but fundamentally its connection to the the use of precise Japanese to their buildings. to Japan, however when inside the grid 55 “Nest We Grow/College of Envi- carpentry joinery techniques. A like structure of composite columns ronmental Design UC Berkeley+Kengo Kuma & nice balance between new and reminds us of the beauty in Japanese Associates,” Ach Daily, last modified January traditional methods for Asia. timber construction. 29, 2015, accessed June 10, 2017, http://www. archdaily.com/592660/nest-we-grow-col- lege-of-environmental-design-uc-berkeley-ken- New materials such as the clear The purpose of having these foreign go-kuma-and-associates

Figure51 Internal View Figure52 Access way to Nest We Grow 52 Figure53 Hanging Fish In Structure 53 ROOF OPENS TO ALLOW WATER CAUGHT BY ROOF TO FLOW INTO TANK

CORRUGATED PLASTIC CLADDING

WATER CATCHMENT TANK

GRID COLUMN STRUCTURE ALLOWING CLADDING TO BE NON LOAD BARRING AND SUSPENDING FOR BETTER CIRCULATION OF AIR

COOL AIR FROM ALL DIRECTIONS TRAVELS FROM THE UNDERSIDE OF THE CLADDING TO THE ROOF OPENING

RAMMED EARTH WALLS

Figure55 Cross Section Nest We Grow

54 Figure54 Cycle of Nest We Grow 55 56

PRECEDENT 2 BESIKTAS FISH MARKET com/en/besiktas-fishmarket 10, 2017, https://www.gadarchitecture. 56 public. as possiblefrom alldirections tothe intent ofmakingthe market aswelcoming exposure as much as possible, with the district, GADwanted to benefit from its the locationbeinginabusycommercial by the triangular site thatitsitson.Dueto The design direction isheavily influenced renewal andpreservation. atmosphere, currently inprocess of and old village with arichhistory populated and diverse neighborhoods Besiktas isoneofIstanbul’s most neighborhood. architecture withthe aimofrevitalizing the to GAD commissioned bythe community The Besiktasfishmarket project was 2009 Istanbul, Turkey GAD BESIKTAS FISHMARKET “Besiktas Fishmarket,” GAD,accessed 56 57 and circulation toeasilymixandflow” a hollow, porous formallowingprogram along itsperiphery. This techniquecreated As aresult, waspierced “...the surface with itssurrounding building fabric.The techniques issomethingthat contrasts The useofmaterialsand building marketplace. to the larger urbanfabricoutside the them together while also extending them withpathways thatlinks all intertwined steel cabinetstands.These sectionsare 6 sectionsusinglocallymadestainless The interior volumeisthe divided into place. programmatic needs,adramatic market interior space.This optimizes the project’s shaped roofs, thusallowingacolumnfree on three pointsatthe endofthe triangular at ground level. The sturdy structure rests seashell like coveringwithlarge openings The structure isasimpleyetuniquesteel Gozde NurDemir. Ibid 57 - Istanbul bazar type marketplaces.Istanbul bazar type light bulbswhichare commonlyfoundin markets inIstanbuliswiththe hangingbulb only connectiontothe pastortraditional

EXAMPLE THJhhsh=sjskjksjk Figure56 Views ofMarketplace 57 LARGE OPENING SIDES WITH NO EXTERNAL WALLS PROVIDING MAXIMUM ACCESS AND FOOD TRAFFIC

NEV HOUSE people and design a house they’ll want Hassell Architects to live in.

Vanuatu Low level louvres help control privacy 6 SECTIONS INSIDE MARKET PLACE WITH 2016 while also allowing ventilation to occur VARIATION OF SIZES as needed. The project, led by Architect Ken McBryde

PRECEDENT 3 NEV HOUSE and Nev Hyman, was an experiment in The materials consist of wooden columns using recycled plastic waste and wood that help support the wooden rafters composite to make affordable housing that hold the corrugated roof. The large for Pacific nations that could be erected overhangs provide good shade while quickly with ease. also a shaded entrance porch is created. The walls are made of the recyclable LARGE OPENING SIDES WITH NO Initially it was aimed to be for Papua New plastic waste with specially manufactured EXTERNAL WALLS PROVIDING MAXIMUM Guinea but following the Cyclone Pam in wall cladding sheets. ACCESS AND FOOD TRAFFIC March 2015 they redesigned the Nev House to withstand tropical winds and The idea of being flatpack was so that shifted their attention to Vanuatu. the houses could be manufactured in advance in Australia and then be shipped The house was designed to be culturally to Pacific nations and erected where appropriate as well as strong and needed. This allows for a quick solution, affordable.58 Their aim was to listen to the if the initial manufacturing the structures 58 “Nev Houses: Designer Nev Hyman was done before the natural disaster hits. PATHWAYS THOROUGH THE 6 INTERNAL creating flat-pack, cyclone-proof housing for vulnerable Pacific nations,” ABC, last modified SECTIONS IN MARKET April 25, 2016, accessed April 10, 2018, http:// www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-19/nev-hous- ACCESS WAYS THROUGH ALL STREETS es-surfboard-designer-flat-pack-cyclone-proof- housing/7335324

58 Figure57 Nev House Entryway 59 Figure 59 shows how the house is Two different wall coverings are used divided. An open living/sleeping area at over the structure. Both are built using the front of the house shown in Green. This the same recyclable plastic material but is a more typical pacific traditional way of contain different design features. sleeping where the young men or female would sleep, traditionally there would be One is a fixed grooved sheet creating Though a well considered design, there a house for the sons and another for the a simple wall covering, while the other Figure58 Details of Nev’s House are concerns worth noting. Producing in daughters. is a fixed opened louvre that is used to another country may be an advantage for circulate air through the house. efficiency, but adversely this means locals Blue would become the facilities, where are relying on other people for help. a walkway, kitchenette and bathroom Also, the very specific material narrows would be located. its scope. The specialised material means locals would not be able to maintain the Lastly the Red area, an enclosed room, building, should a disaster occur again. would commonly be used by the parents For example, if a portion of the external or elderly being the most private area of walls are damaged Vanuatu would not the house. have the necessary materials to repair the structure. A new sheet would need to be shipped from Australia taking more time and resources than it would have taken if locally produced materials were used.

If the buildings intent is in fact temporary solution for a disaster stricken country, the act of shipping and re shipping to different countries is not very sustainable.

CROSS SECTION Figure59 Areas of Nev’s House Figure60 Wall Coverings 60 Elevated due to floodwater and rising sea levels during 61 tropical storms. 3.0 SITE + CONTEXT

Potential sites were filtered by considering sites only on the main island of Litifua, relative to the water. Analysis of the environmental, physical, and social context was completed for further understanding. Their suitability was judged by a table of criteria, namely, existing public and commercial infrastructure, accessibility to outer islands, current community engagement, and potential to achieve the key proposals mentioned in the Ha’apai master plan. A site located in Pangai was ultimately chosen. The reasoning for this site selection will be explained in the following pages.

62 Figure61 Farm in Ha’apai. Lifuka 63 3.1 SITE LOCATION

Pangai presents the best opportunity to make the most impact, as it is the center point of all Ha’apai. The site fits well with the vision that was created in the Ha’apai FOA master plan, 2010, to establish Pangai as the center point of Ha’apai.

Key attributes of the site: • Proximity to main road (allows easy connection from airport, port, all Litufa’s settlements & Foa island). • Located near farmlands for easy access for local farmers to bring their goods. • Easy proximity to Port, vehicles are a luxury item and some fisherman may not have access to one. • Within the town center to achieve maximum exposure. PAA • Existing infrastructure destroyed in EATEL PEAL Cyclone Ian, and in need. ET

LITUFA AMLA T ETE

MA A

UOLEA 64 Figure62 Site Analysis Figure63 Site Selection 65 MUITOA 3.2 SOCIAL CONTEXT EXISTING FERRY PUKOTALA TERMINAL FAKAKAKAI HA’ANO FERRY DOCK AND THJhhsh=sjskjksjk PORT DOCK The adjoining image highlights the towns in the Ha’apai islands shown shaded in LOTOFOA red. It is immediately clear that the more FOTUA populated areas are in the Islands of FANGALE’OUNGA MAIN COMMERCIAL Litufa and Foa, which are connected by FOA LINES DISPLAYING WATER ZONE IN PANGAI KOULO an elevated bridge. COMMERCIAL FERRY BRIDGE CONNECTING CONNECTIONS TO ISLANDS HOLOPEKA FOA AND LITUFA

EXAMPLE Pangai is considerably the largest. The PANGAI main ferry terminal is in Pangai, that PUBLIC TOILETS connects to all the secondary islands. In social context, this location has the LITUFA potential to benefit the majority of towns in the Ha’apai islands, as there are direct UOLEVA infrastructure connections to where the LULUNGA potential project is to be located in. The EXISTING BANK ability to cater for a wider audience, rather than restricting to one local UIHA community, strengthens the reasoning for choosing this site.

PROPOSED SITE

REEF LINE

EXISTING FISH MARKET BUILDING POSSIBLE AREA FOR MARINA EXPANSION

66 Figure64 Site Context Figure65 Towns of Ha’apai Islands 67 NOMUKA 3.3 PHYSICAL CONTEXT

The port facility in Pangai serves as the was not substantial, as the hard concrete main port for the Islands of Lifuka and and low profile port was able to withstand Foa. It is the largest in the whole Ha’apai the strong winds and therefore the core group and serves the ferry arrival from structure remains functional until today. Tongatapu and Vava’u. The majority of the damaged impacting the buildings located at the port. Having the largest port has given Pangai

PORT IN PANGAI an importance in Ha’apai and now acts The port is still being used as the main port as the capital city of the islands. for Ha’apai in its wounded state. With careful planning and thinking there would After the master plan was issued in be opportune outcomes to come from it 2010 the port became more usable, as the structure remains with the possibility the natural channel and lagoon were for a waterfront to develop on the existing dredged to facilitate larger vessels to foundation. dock.

It’s protective natural reef barrier acts as a natural entry channel and makes the water very calm, even in windy weather. This enables larger boats to maneuverer with ease. Various light beacons were added to mark the path for the inter transit ferry to arrive at night from the other main islands in Tonga.

The 2014 Cyclone ‘Ian’ cause chaos to the Ha’apai Islands including devastation to Pangai. The damage to the port itself

Figure67 Post in Pangai after Cyclone Ian, 2013 68 Figure66 Port Entry, Pangai Figure68 ibid 69 FERRY TERMINAL BUILDING

MAIN COMMERCIAL DISTRICT

PORT JETTY

FISH MARKET BUILDING

MAIN ROAD CONNECTING

Figure70 Large Commercial Building Figure71 Small Dock in Port Figure69 Context around Port in Pangai Figure72 Existing Fish Market Building 70 Figure73 Main Road, Pangai 71 The fish market building in Pangai was new building soon after the 4 years constructed in conjunction with the of construction. The cyclone caused development of Ha’apai Master plan. substantial damage to the roof, pulling It was one of the donations provided most of the corrugated steel structure by King George Tupou V to aid in the apart. The front facade of the building is possibility of a renewable income to still mostly intact however the rear wall develop in the distant islands. collapsed on itself and is being held by

FISH MARKET IN PANGAI temporary timber framing. Although there were markets before which often took place in schools, or any large The market remains in the same condition community halls, this was to be the first as it did in 2014. Figure 66, taken in 2016 large scale building to be built to serve shows the building in its current state, that purpose. which looks like the cyclone hit recently.

Initially the market was built solely as a With no other place to relocate, every fish market, however increasing demand Saturday the unfit, dangerous building for a variety of produce from the locals hosts a fresh produce market for the Figure74 Market Building Diagram After Cyclone Ian, 2013 Figure75 Market Building, 2016 altered the buildings intent. The communal community. Mainly filled with locals to Figure76 Ibid building served all fisherman of Ha’apai, sell their produce to tourist and locals. Figure77 Ibid as opposed to a private business.

Its close location to the port and docks made it easy to transport their catch without the use of any vehicle as it is a commodity that not everyone can afford in the Ha’apai islands.

Cyclone Ian damaged the relatively

72 73 A limitation to the project is accessibility to the site. However, a site visit before this project commenced was achieved. A selection of photographs that were taken at the port in Pangai are shown. Figure79 Coils in Port, Pangai Figure80 Street View South Ideally it would be beneficial to inspect the Figure81 Road to Port Figure82 Street View North, Fish Market at Background SITE VISITS site numerous times, to develop a stronger understanding of the site’s physical and social context.

74 Figure78 Figure Marking Site Visit Images 75 It is a common site seeing Marketplaces are often these types of small docks erected by the street fronts of for local fisherman around villages, although sometimes Tonga. They are often there are allocated erected with wooden deck marketplaces, like in the structures with floating adjacent figure. It is common devices to support them that insufficient room is underneath. allocated, making the sellers push their produce to the The low cost solution has sidewalk to remain by the expanded over the years, street frontage. and it fulfills the purpose for what they are used for. Sellers return every weekend to the market developing a friendly relationship with the locals and tourists of the area.

76 Figure83 Sketch of Small Dock, Vava’u Figure84 Sketch of Market Place, Vava’u 77 4.0 DESIGN PROCESS

78 Figure85 Design Methods 79 4.1 DESIGN BRIEF The design is intended to provide facilities to advance Ha’apai’s industries, while portraying a cyclone resilient model that brings the locals and tourists together through various forms of interaction.

Initial thoughts on the design scope was to focus on creating a market 1. Experience 2. Aesthetic place. However, upon further understanding of the situation and needs in Ha’apai, the development of this project increased in scale. The The primary aim is to create a path that The aesthetic and building elements project is the establishment of the Pangai waterfront in Ha’apai using connects the tourists to the locals, thereby shall respond to traditional Tongan a fusion of traditional and modern techniques. The project consists of creating potential economic growth. The architecture, with the appropriate an amalgamation of four interrelated programmes; a market place, a path will be formed as an interactive incorporation of modern techniques. marina, a weaving and restaurant building, and a boat shed. These walkway, starting at the Ferry terminal Emulating a celebration of Tongan culture. facilities will be developed around a walkway. The walkway will and wrapping around the waterfront, Form, and relation to surrounding the become the connection from the existing ferry terminal towards Pangai with local businesses coiled off it. environment will be heavily considered township; a connection that is currently non-existent. The overall Additionally, the intention is to strengthen when designing for resilience, as well as proposal will enhance the Tongan culture by providing a place to ‘anga fakatonga’ by providing spaces to the composition. It is critical to achieve a work, while also allowing tourists to observe and learn their methods. educate locals and tourists on traditional sensitive relationship between built form crafts, whether it would be in boat and nature. In 2010 the Ha’apai Development Master Plan was released outlining building, or weaving, to avoid ancient a 10-year strategy. The overarching key message; “developing the art forms from fading away to Western tourism sector is the best way forward for Ha’apai’s development”59 solutions. This project will strive to establish mentioned in the strategy is useful for developing the brief. an understanding of Ha’apai land and resources by enabling an experience that The success of the waterfront revitilisation is reliant on engagement with encompasses the following values: the local community. In a pragmatic sense, success will be achieved by providing facilities evidently lacking in Ha’apai, with the intent • Relation to the environment to develop industries towards tourism. Idealistically, an emotional • Connection to Tongan culture connection with the newfound community precinct will be based on • Interaction (Tourist vs Locals) the inclusion of anga fakatonga (the Tongan way). Figure86 Bubble Diagram

A brief is provided to ensure all components of each of the above elements are considered from the beginning of the design process. 59 Ha’apai development Master plan, pg 49.

80 81 Ferry Market Terminal Building 3. Function/Programme

The project will include areas and facilities Restaurant as a variable space for special events. Weaving which cater for: • Kitchen + dining For example, Tapa cloth workshops and Existing terminal will be used Restaurant as it is currently in service. Transport House • Indoor and outdoor sitting dancing events. Development of connection Stop Market • Washrooms facilities to pruposed waterfront. • Open space • View Area allocated to facilitate • Access to road for deliveries a means of transport. For • Allocated delivery space The restaurant should accommodate for locals and tourist. • Openings from multiple directions at least 30 guests. This is taken from an • Fixed display areas average in tourists numbers in the Ha’apai WALKWAY • Area for additional removable stands islands and locals. to cater for future influx Platforms around Existing small dock to be The marina will be used to Local fisherman will get to • Area separation between fish and Boat shed walkway to observe used for fisherman to unload accomodate private yacths construct or maintain their fresh produce market • Proximity to sea for easy launching landscape. and head to marketplace. while allowing easy access boats in order to maintain • Large open space to accommodate Also can be used for to the marketplace, and the demand of the dinghies or small crafts to be restaurant facilities. marketplace. Would be The Market building should have a different boat sizes Viewing tied in. placed by the natural capacity for 80 people to account for • Indoor area to work in a shaded Decks lagoon to launch boats with local sellers and tourists. A generous environment while allocating outdoor ease. outdoor area must be provided for public areas due to height restrictions to encroach onto in case of an increase in numbers. Weaving House • Open area for tourist to observe how Small Boat Marina Marina the Tongan women create their crafts Dock Shed • Multiple marinas to cater various size • Medium size open space boats • Accessibility to Waterfront project Although the weaving house will only be • Secured used by Tongan woman it could serve

82 Figure87 Building Programme Figure88 Diagram Showing Distribution of Programme 83 Previous research showed that traditional Polynesian architecture was derived from their methods of boat construction. It is often described that the fale is an inverted canoe, were the hull becomes the roof. Building form isn’t the only similar attribute, but also structural methods and

DESIGN INFLUENCE choice of material.

Polynesian boats are very light and so are Figure93 Sailing Canoe Model, Auckland Museum their buildings. Their design isn’t to fight Figure90 Detail of Canoe Figure91 Detail of Lashing Tecnique Figure92 Canoe Model, Auckland Figure94 Sketch Outlining Canoe Approach the tropical conditions, but rather they become flexible, not obstructing the wind. Like a thin palm tree is able to withstand the winds, Tongan architecture and boat building follow similar attributes.

The approach is then to take influence from their boat manufacturing methods and incorporate them in the design proposal, with a combination of tension, lashings and weaving. The positioning of the project in close proximity to the water, which naturally influences the buildings design, a suitable location to incorporate the traditional aspects.

Figure89 Polynesian Fishing Canoe, Auckland Museum

84 85 WIND WIND

ROW PLANNING ZIG-ZAG PLANNING ROW PLANNING ZIG-ZAG PLANNING

SQUARE RECTANGLE LONG RECTANGLE L-SHAPE SQUARE RECTANGLE LONG RECTANGLE L-SHAPE WIND WIND

4.2 BUILDING RESILIENCE

WIND Before site and programme specific designWIND Site Location: necessarily predict what would be the Building Form + Planning: can begin, a concise understanding of most advantageous orientation of the basic design principles when building Building position is important, however buildings to combat wind direction during The physical geometry of a building Figure93 shows in cyclone prone areas needs to be there is often little choice on site location, a cyclone. is an important factor in determining the effect of wind achieved. perhaps because of financial constraints. a building’s performance in cyclones. circulation through It is essential, therefore, to recognise when Simple, compact, symmetrical shapes are the building form The following are selected principles a building is in a more vulnerable area best. The best shape to resist high winds with black and red arrows that display for safe construction methods against andWIND to build accordingly. Do not build at is square. If other shapes are desired, cyclones: WIND the head of a valley, or on the top of a hill recognition of the implications of design different wind due to the wind speeds being much higher. decisions must be considered to counter directions. One can take advantage of naturally EXPOSED any negative features. For example; protected areas due to rocks, banks, strengthening the corners. Figure96 Building Form Effects on Wind and strong shrubbery. A tree can shield 8-10 times the height of itself, however 1.5x Tree Height Rectangular configuration is a strong it is important to keep a distance of 1.5 1.5x Tree Height resilient shape provided that the length to times the height of the tree away from the width ratio does not exceed 3:1.61 WIND WINDhouse, to avoid any damage to the house should the tree fall in a disaster.60 When considering a group of buildings, SHIELDED FROM HIGH WINDS a random clustered arrangement is Cyclonic storms always approach from preferable instead of a grid layout; the sea towards the coastline, however explained in figure93. This avoids a MAX 600 MAX 400 Figure95 Site Positioning MAX 600 during the cycloneMAX 400 the wind direction, wind tunnel effect to be produced when relative to a building, remains random, buildings are arranged in a row format. due to the rotating motion of the high GRID LAYOUT RANDOM LAYOUT Wind tunnels forming through gaps between No concentrated wind tunnels can be velocity winds. Therefore, we can’t DOME DOME HIP GABLE MONOPITCH 61 FLAT “Resistant Housing”, Pacific Disas- buildings. formed as buildings break up the wind HIP MONOPITCH FLAT 60 Ankush Agarwal, “Cyclone Resistan GABLE ter, accessed April 10, 2018, http://www. flow. building Architecture”, (March, 2007): 8, ac- pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/ Figure97 Planning Figure cessed April 10, 2018, http://nidm.gov.in/PDF/ SPDRP_1998_resistant_housing.pdf safety/flood/link2.pdf

86 87 WIND Roofs: passed from local materials. Large overhangs should not be used, Walls: pasting thin film to help hold the debris Construction Quality:

ROW PLANNINGideally they shouldZIG-ZAG bePLANNING kept at less than of glass panes from flying. Glazing isn’t WIND A common way for buildings to beSQUARE The RECTANGLEideal roofLONG shape RECTANGLE is categorisedL-SHAPE in the half a meter long. If a sheltered outdoor Walls must be strong enough to prevent a requirement; timber louvres, or sliding Poor construction and workmanship are destroyed in a storm is wind acting on the figure below, in order from best to worst. area is desired, it is better to make an openings blowing walls inwards, and shutters could replace glazing, while also a major cause of damage. Educating WIND ROW PLANNING ZIG-ZAG PLANNING WIND roof surfaces of a building that creating The ideal shape for a roof is a dome individual veranda construction, this is the joints must be strong enough to resist providing effective protection. the local workers is essential in creating SQUARE RECTANGLE LONG RECTANGLE L-SHAPE lifting forces due to negative pressure. structure. Traditional building structures doneWIND so that if any wind is trapped under uplift on the roof. Interior walls can be better built structures in the future. Less WIND Lightweight roofs are easily blown off in ROWin PLANNINGTonga use this form.ZIG-ZAG PLANNING If a pitched roof the veranda then the individual veranda used to help external walls resist the direct Material: reliance on outside help.

SQUAREhigh winds.RECTANGLE ToLONG minimise RECTANGLE upliftL-SHAPE the upper is to be constructed then the hipped structure will break keeping the roof ROW PLANNING ZIG-ZAG PLANNING horizontal pressure of the wind, they help

WIND structure should be securely anchored to roof provides the strongest form due to intact, shown SQUAREin FigureRECTANGLE 99. LONG RECTANGLE L-SHAPE brace external walls and are necessary The greatest danger to people in a storm SUMMARY: 65 the foundationWIND with the use of columns or its similarity to a dome, as there is less WIND every 6 meters. is flying debris. Flying timber, corrugate walls.62 area facing the wind, therefore reducing sheets, or shards of glass, are dangerous. With appropriate design and construction

the negative suction pressure created. WIND Openings: The pride locals associate with owning a techniques the damage to buildings by Solid roof sheeting materials, like Gable roofs can alsoWIND be used, but need fale Tufitfi, or home with western materials, these forces can be greatly reduced. corrugate, can provide fast roof covering good diagonal bracing and should be Openings weaken the building; is detrimental to creating a resilient home. Initial exploration of site, building form, ROW PLANNING ZIG-ZAG PLANNING WIND solutions,WIND but often become hazardous a minimum pitch of 22°, ideally 30°, to susceptible to collapse by high wind Although Tongans may consider western and selected materials will be considered during tropical storms. They are the mitigate the effect of theWIND upliftingSQUARE forcesRECTANGLE LONG RECTANGLE L-SHAPE pressure and gusting debris. Conflictingly materials modern, not all are suitable throughout the design process. most common area of failure during on the roof.64 WIND WIND they are essential for light and ventilation. in their environment. Locally sourced cyclones.63 Other roof coverings, such Openings must be securely closed materials are safer in storms, and are The objective is not to design a high 1.5x Tree Height as the traditional thatched roofs are safer 64 “Resistant Housing”, Pacific Disas- during a cyclone, i.e. with shutters. In a readily available, making the rebuild engineered building that may be highly WIND options duringWIND a storm, as they create ter, accessed April 10, 2018, http://www. Westernised era, today glazing is an faster. The challenge is to find the balance resilient but will need specialists flown WIND minimal risk of damage in comparison to pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/ 1.5x Tree Height obvious inclusion in a home. Yet, glass between modern and traditional. over to do repair any work. The aim is SPDRP_1998_resistant_housing.pdf WIND a corrugated metal sheet. Used from localWIND is precarious in the event of a disaster. to design in a way that in the event of a materials, the thatched roofs would then Smaller openings and thicker glass could Connections: natural disaster the main structure will stay MAX 600 MAX 1.5x400 Tree Height be easily repaired after the cyclone has 1.5x Tree Height be incorporated, as well as adding intact, and locals, with their newfound WIND MAX 600 MAX 400 All structural members should be securely knowledge, can repair post disaster with 62 “Built to Withstand Hurricanes”, build- WIND 65 Luc Vrolijks, “Disaster Resistant DOME er’s Guide, accessed April 11, 2018, http://www. HIP GABLE MONOPITCH FLAT Housingin Pacific Island Countires,” (1998), 3, 34, connected, to ensure the rigidity of the locally sourced materials. buildgrenada.com/built-to-withstand-hurricanes.WIND accessed April 12, 2018, https://www.shelterclu- building is evenly distributed. DOME HIP MAX 600 MAX 400 html GABLE MONOPITCH ster.org/sites/default/files/docs/disaster_resisFLAT - 63 Ankush Agarwal, “Cyclone Resistan MAX 600 MAX 400 tant_housing_in_the_pacific.pdf building Architecture,” (March, 2007): 8-10, ac- Figure99 Verandas and Overhangs cessed April 10, 2018, http://nidm.gov.in/PDF/ DOME HIP 1.5x Tree Height safety/flood/link2.pdf GABLE MONOPITCH FLAT DOME HIP GABLE MONOPITCH FLAT 88 Figure98 Roof Shapes 89 WIND

MAX 600 MAX 400

DOME HIP GABLE MONOPITCH FLAT 4.3 MASTER PLAN

The proposal comprises of a walkway, marina, boat shed, restaurant and weaving building, and a marketplace. These entities have their own prerequisites, in accordance with the overall brief.

As displayed in the adjoining master plan, the project is categorised into 5 sections. 1. walkway, 2. marina, 3. boatshed/ workshop, 4. restaurant and weaving building and 5. market.

Each section will be explored as an entity. 5 All sections will be looking at cyclone 3 resilient architecture, and incorporating 1 traditional techniques, before a master 2 plan will be outlined at the end of the 4 design process.

1. WALKWAY

2. MARINA

3. BOAT SHED/WORKSHOP

4. RESTAURANT & WEAVING BUILDING

5. MARKET

91

90 Figure100 Master Plan of Ha’apai Waterfront 91 The first component of the master plan The collection of concept sketches to is the walkway. The walkway will act as the right is an initial analysis of various the spine of the project, linking all the shelters. Exploring their use, whether it be programmes together. Consideration for people waiting for a ferry, a landmark of the natural surroundings will be in for pop up shops - such as bike rentals, place to ensure the walkway doesn’t just or simply a resting spot for users of the connect the user to abutting facilities, but walkway. WALKWAY also experiences to the land and sea.

Similar waterfront examples were researched in order to achieve a deeper understanding. The following boardwalk in Auckland City and its connection between Westhaven to the City Centre was analysed.

92 Figure101 Collection of walkway shelter concepts 93 AUCKLAND WATEFRONT WALKWAY

Wynyard quarter, highlighted in figure 103, is a transition area in the Auckland city boardwalk. It offers a pedestrian walkway along the docks with many restaurants fronting the public space, allowing immediate connection with outdoor seating, providing a place to sit down and enjoy the atmosphere.

The width of the walkway allows for different points of engagement, whether it be passing through, various forms of seats to take in the surroundings, or playful sculptures for a more tangible interaction.

WESTHAVEN PROMENADE WYNYARD QUARTER Figure102 Sculptural Interactions Wynyard Quarter 94 Figure103 Walkway at Wynyard Quarter Figure104 Auckand Waterfron 95 In the middle of the walkway above the bay is a view point platform that comes off adjacent to the walkway. This creates a defined resting area while enjoying the 1. view.

As the path transitions briefly from the The Westhaven Promenade, highlighted 1 water to land there is a more secluded in figure 102, is a 2 km walkway + area where lounges are placed. Note cycleway that connects the Westhaven change in surface material from wood, to Marina with Wynyard Quarter. 2. more permeable stones. The 5m wide path along the water’s edge is a shared space for both pedestrians and cyclists to enjoy. The Promenade is a step supporting the vision of Auckland having a 10km public waterfront walkway and 2 At the end of the bay there is a sculpture cycleway connecting the Harbour Bridge Figure107 Vision of The Promenade that represents the Wakas that beached Park in the west to Teal Park in the East, in that bay. A gesture to the history of the where it then continuous to the walkway 3 area. and cycleway towards Tamaki Drive. Certain sustainable design principles 4 3. have been adopted: 5 The Promenade directs and engages people to an area that was previously • Constructed of sustainability designated as unwelcoming. The surge hardwood timber of interaction in Westhaven can only be • Recycled Westhaven pontoons In transitioning back from land to water, a positive in spurring interest to existing • Provides native planting along the stainless steel shells in the concrete create activities like the water sports clubs. route a point of difference. Creating a relation • Been designed to withstand sea-level between land and sea in a man made The design consists of simple neutral rise and flooding from storms. manner. 4. materials; timber, steel and concrete. This provides a cohesive aspect and becomes consistent with materials used in Wynyard The walkway varies in material; wood Quarter. 66 above the sea transits and concrete on land. 66 “Westhaven Plan,” Westhaven, last modified June, 2015, accessed May 1, 2018, http://www.westhaven.co.nz/westhaven/the-fo- rum/the-westhaven-plan/the-westhaven-prome- 96 Figure105 Waterfront Walkway Figure106 Site Visit Photos nade/ 97 5. 1. FERRY TERMINAL

2. VIEW POINT

3. BOAT SHED/WORKSHOP 1 4. VIEW POINT

5. MARKET Figure109 Walkway concept THJhhsh=sjskjksjk Figure110 Walkway developments FERRY DOCK 6. RESTAURANT & WEAVING BUILDING The walkway will commence at the ferry to draw people from every direction and 7. MARINA 2 terminal building and end at Fanga lead them to the newly built facilities. 8. CONNECTION TO ROAD Road. As tourists, and locals, depart the EXISTING DOCK TOWARDS NEW MARINA ferry they can meander along the path, Like in Maori culture, where the Karanga encountering allocated spaces for cultural takes place when visiting a new Marae

EXAMPLE 3 activities, such as Kava ceremonies. The and songs are sang to call the spirits highlighted area in green (Figure 110) to the new arrivals, Tongans too have designates where such ceremonies can their rituals. The walkway could act as take place. This courtyard could be used response to the welcoming ceremony for other activities, like dancing. Central that Tongan’s have. in its location, the proposed facilities are close in proximity, and has direct visual Also, the walkway could be used to connection to the water. Traditionally display artwork/sculptures of Tongan

FAU RD Kava ceremonies would be held on the designs. Semisi Fetokai Potauaine is a beach as it acts as the threshold from Tongan architect and artist whom has 3 water to land. featured in Headland Scultpure on the 67 4 FANGA RD Gulf. His pieces represent Polynesia The walkway will act as a playful Moana which would suit well due to the 5

HALA HOLOPEKA RD connection to the water’s edge, with a proximity to water. Pieces such as this change in transitions in between spaces. one would also act as a beacon and It will highlight specific ocean views, clearly display the start of the walkway. while also dedicating areas for small 6 temporary stalls to be allocating along the walkway. Shading structures will be 67 “Manuesina,” Sculpture on the Gulf, included to provide shelter for anyone to accessed May 20, 2018, https://sotg.nz/ 7 N rest along the walkway. The objective is gallery/artists-2017/semisi-fetokai-potauaine/ 8 Figure111 Manuesina, Semisi Fetokai Potauaine

98 Figure108 Walkway Design Drawing 99 FAU RD

FANGA RD

The marina is to be a Mediterranean style The design approach for the new structures

berthing. Mediterranean style berthing is will derived from the fale technique that HALA HOLOPEKA RD the most space efficient method of berthing. was looked at in the literature review. A It requires a single pier on the stern of the series of central pou columns will support boat allowing boats to be much closer the roof structure, while additional non- together. his method means only one pier loading columns around the roof edge is needed making it significantly cheaper, will be used to create walls by wrapping MARINA & WEAVING RESTAURANT MARKET, HOUSE due to less structure being needed. Boats thatching sheets. are secured on the stern by two points while the bow is simply using the boat’s anchor to The center of the structure is the private prevent any swinging. Another advantage more intimate area, while the outer edges of this style of berthing is that it can cater act as the semi-private entry points and a variety of boat sizes due to no specific transition areas from the outside to the marina size being created. inside.

Negatives are that it does not provide as Every proposed structure will consist of many anchoring points for the boats and this structural approach but will vary require a well protected area to maneuverer, in size to accommodate the functional as there is more room for human error. requirements of the building type. Due to the site location and the proposed building shielding the marina from the prevailing winds this method of birthing could be of benefit to the town of Pangai.

The marina would then be accessed by close proximity to the restaurant and the marketplace allowing the tourists a better chance to use them. Figure112 Sketch of Marina Concept Figure113 Structure of Marketplace Building

100 101 102 Figure114 Concept Sketch of Marketplace Figure115 Concept Sketches Restaurant 103 Due to the differing function of each screens thatch together. No glass will be programme, the corresponding building used to eliminate potential danger in the form will need to respond accordingly. event of high winds. For example, the weaving house needs to be more private than the marketplace The following pages outline the 4 panel building. Standardising all the structures modules in further detail. to have outer columns allows the possibility for modular panel type walls to be placed. These panels can vary. Some that are louvers, swinging doors, etc, to adapt best to the purpose of the building.

Modularity also allows for easy manufacturing and replacement. These panels will be simple to remove from the Initial concepts where derived from boat designs, Figure116 Concept Exploration building and be replaced if damaged; where tension through ropes and mast type a nod to the traditional fale approach. structures are used. These masts could then support An example of the indication towards movable walls that could be held opened and resilience is if a storm arrives these panels 4 close as needed. can be removed and stored underneath the floor before the cyclone hits. This The masts would fit well on the site, due to the would eliminate the lateral forces that proximity to the sea, but could be too radical to the cyclones cause on buildings, as no walls 3 locals, as it may differ too much from Polynesian will obstruct the wind forces. typology. Additionally, the masts resilience is a concern. 4 different modular panels have been 2 explored. Materials will be locally sourced timber and woven palm tree 1 Figure117 Wall Panelling Types

104 105 1. 2.

1. 2.

3.

3. 4. 4.

106 Figure119 Pictures of Panel Models 107 Figure118 Wall Panelling Type Concept Area for parking and deliveries

The restaurant and weaving will be close together, separated by an outdoor deck. MARKET The deck also acts as a thoroughfare to the marketplace, increasing exposure to foot traffic, in the hopes that tourist get tempted to go to the restaurant afterwards.

RESTAURANT Locating the weaving house close to the restaurant instigates a curiosity in customers whom are dining opposite, creating deliberate observation of the crafts by Tongan woman, with the intent to increase a purchasing opportunity.

The marketplace will be adjacent to the road to allow deliveries to occur without impeding the new waterfront. The model above demonstrates how the panels can be removed and stored flat underneath the floor boards. These can then be strapped WEAVING BUILDING down to the ground. In the event of a cyclone minimal to no damage would be done to the walls.

Figure120 Panelling Storage

108 Figure121 Access way and Location of Marketplace + Restaurant 109 The boat shed will be located close to the existing boat ramp. This boat ramp is not used as much now due to the construction of the newer and bigger ramp that was made during the Ha’apai master plan in 2010. BOAT SHED/WORKSHOP BOAT The boat shed and workshop will be used for locals to repair and construct small vessels in order for larger amounts of locals to fish in order to consume or sell FAU RD FAU RD FAU RD their catch.

Different boat sizes will be able to be fitted due to the grid structure chosen, the following figure explains how it can be used to accommodate different working areas. The design of movable walls means the locals can easily use any panel as a door to easily move boats in

and out as needed. FANGA RD FANGA RD FANGA RD

Figure122 Boat shed Separation Figure123 View of Boat shed from Ramp

HALA HOLOPEKA RD HALA HOLOPEKA RD HALA HOLOPEKA RD

11 0 111 5.0 DESIGN OUTCOME

112 113 114 Figure124 Overview of Waterfront Figure125 Marketplace Building 115 116 Figure126 Weaving House + Restaurant Figure127 Marina Pier 117 6.0 CONCLUSION

This research project presents one and economic problem, largely due to in today’s Western age. Upon reflection, undertaking a broad example of how architecture can be used the buildings lack of cyclone resilience. w design scope directed a large amount of as a mechanism to enhance vital industries Exploring necessary methods to achieve In order for the locals to feel associated time on the master plan, and therefore in Ha’apai, through the revitalisation increased resilience helped inform with the new waterfront, cultural limited the amount of detail attainable. of the Pangai waterfront, and therefore the modular typology of the design. traditions from the literature review were strengthening the economy in Ha’apai. Amalgamating, Western and Tongan incorporated in the design. The walkway If the process were to continue, regular traditional knowledge to address the represents this idea best through the kava site visits would be arranged, to delve The literary content provided a historical realities of climate change, informed ceremony, it guides new tourists arrivals further into the micro environment, these understanding of traditional Polynesian a stronger, responsive solution. Taking into a story telling pathway where they discussions could include; a typical architecture, and Tonga’s cultural practices note of traditional techniques in the fale, are greeted by the ceremonial traditions day of a Tongan, talking to the locals, before Western arrival. Analysing the like removable walls, and utilising locally that Tongans are so proud of. recognising where infrastructure is effects Western influence had on Tonga sourced materials, while positioning and lacking, analysing the current mixture and considering the underlying beliefs forming in such a way that influences from The relevance of this project has hopefully of typologies and culture, being amidst and traditions still prevalent in Tongan Western styles. indicated a new direction of hope to the environment and the lifestyle -anaga society, led to an understanding of the Ha’apai. At minimum this research fakatonga. Such observations would key values to incorporate in the design. The aim was to re-establish Ha’apai, to has outlined the importance that re- provide sound understanding of what

provide a solution to the social-economic establishing and embracing traditional REFLECTION is needed and allow the design to not Once an understanding of the present problems that are currently taking place. values can have on a small entity, like be solely based on what records show, architecture, and traditional fale typology To provide a social hub to display and Ha’apai, both in terms of livelihood but from sympathetic encounters and was achieved the next step was to look at celebrate Tongan culture, to locals and (architectural resilience), and survival of considerations. resilience in tropical climatic conditions. tourists. The design was not just for financial a culture. The destruction caused by the frequent opportunity, but also the potential to hold cyclones developed into a mass social, ancestral celebrations that are vulnerable

118 119 7.1 REFERENCES

Books:

Bott, Elizabeth. Tongan Society at the time of Captain Cook’s Visits: Discussions with Her Majesty Queen Salote Tupou. Wellington: Polynesian Society, 1982 7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY Marcus, George. The nobility and the chiefly tradition in the modern kingdom of Tonga. Tonga: Polynesian Society, 1978. Morton, Helen Lee. Becoming Tongan, an ethnography of childhood. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, 1996.

Nicholas, Thomas. Islanders. London: Yale University press, 2010.

Journal Articles:

Agarwal, Ankush. “Cyclone Resistan building Architecture.” (March, 2007): 8-10. Accessed April 10, 2018. http://nidm.gov.in/PDF/safety/flood/link2.pdf

Fotu S.T, Tu’itahi S. “Ha’apai Development Master Plan.” (August 2010): 15, 42. Accessed June 15, 2017, http://www.finance.gov.to/sites/default/files/ Hp_Dev_Master_Plan_2.pdf

Hooker, Brian. “The European Discovery of the Tonga Islands.” Terrae Incognitae. no. 36 (2004): 20-27. Accessed May 21, 2018. https://www.tandfonline. com/doi/abs/10.1179/tin.2004.36.1.20

Vrolijks, Luc. “Disaster Resistant Housing in Pacific Island Countires.” (1998): 3, 36. Accessed April 12, 2018. https://www.sheltercluster.org/sites/default/ files/docs/disaster_resistant_housing_in_the_pacific.pdf

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Nonu, P.F. “ Reconnecting with the Past.” PhD diss., Hawaii University, 2016.

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ABC. “Nev Houses: Designer Nev Hyman creating flat-pack, cyclone-proof housing for vulnerable Pacific nations.” Last modified April 25, 2016. Accessed April 10, 2018. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-19/nev-houses-surfboard-designer-flat-pack-cyclone-proof-housing/7335324

120 121 Absolute Astronomy. “Culture of Tonga” Accessed May 5, 2017. https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ_13635 Ministry of Information & Communications. “Statemet at UNGA.” Accessed May 23, 2018. http://www.mic.gov.to/speeches/statement-prime-minis- ter/4093-prime-minister-tuivakano-statement-at-unga-67th-session Arch Daily. “Nest We Grow/College of Environmental Design UC Berkeley+Kengo Kuma & Associates.” Last modified January 29, 2015. Accessed June 10, 2017. http://www.archdaily.com/592660/nest-we-grow-college-of-environmental-design-uc-berkeley-kengo-kuma-and-associates Mission Home. “Tonga Nuku’Alofa Missio.” Accessed on May 15, 2018. http://missionhome.com/?missions=tonga-nukualofa-mission National Geographic. “Tonga Volcanic Eruption.” Accessed on May 5, 2018. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/03/090319-tonga-vol- Architecture Now. “Building Tonga’s Western Fale.” Accessed January 15, 2018. http://architecturenow.co.nz/articles/building-tongas-western-fale/ canic-eruption-ap-video.html.

Builder’s Guide. “Built to Withstand Hurricanes.” Accessed April 11, 2018. http://www.buildgrenada.com/built-to-withstand-hurricanes.html Nations Encyclopedia. “Tonga-Agriculture.” Accessed April 10, 2018. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Tonga-AG- RICULTURE.html Countries and their Cultures. “Tonga.” Accessed September 14, 2017. http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/Tonga.html New Zealand Institute of Architects Incorporated. “Oceanic Architecture.” Accessed on May 5, 2017. http://www.nzia.co.nz/explore/comment/ocean- Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Melanesian Culture.” Accessed September 10, 2017. https://www.britannica.com/place/Melanesia ic-architecture.

Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Tonga.” Accessed September 10, 2017. https://www.britannica.com/place/Tonga Niwa. “El Niño and La Niña”. Last modified March 2013. Accessed Septemer 20, 2017. https://www.niwa.co.nz/education-and-train-ing/schools/stu- dents/enln. GAD. “Besiktas Fishmarket.” Accessed July 10, 2017. https://www.gadarchitecture.com/en/besiktas-fishmarket Pacific Disaster. “Resistant Housing.” Accessed April 10, 2018. http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/SPDRP_1998_resistant_housing. Gonzaga. “CEDAW in Tonga: The Necessity of Makin CEDAW Anga Fakatonga.” Last modified June 23, 2011. Accessed September 2, 2017. http://blogs. pdf law.gonzaga.edu/gjil/2011/06/cedaw-in-tonga-the-necessity-of-making-cedaw-anga-fakatonga/ Pacific Island Report. “Suicide Rate in Pacific Islands Amongt Highest in The World.” last modified August 15, 2014. Accessed Decembet 5, 2017. http:// Government of Tonga. “Tonga Fisheries Sector Plan, 2016-2024.” Accessed February 5, 2018. https://pafpnet.spc.int/attachments/article/628/Tonga%20 www.pireport.org/articles/2014/08/15/suicide-rate-pacific-islands-among-highest-world. Fisheries%20Sector%20Plan%202016-2024.pd Pacific Island Report. “Tonga Foreign Fishing License Fees ‘A Teardrop in The Ocean’.” Last modified August 1, 2013. Accessed June 5, 2017. http://www. Ha’apai Island Group. “Welcome to Ha’apai.” Accessed on Seotember 02, 2017. http://www.haapai.to/. pireport.org/articles/2013/01/08/tonga-foreign-fishing-license-fees-%E2%80%98-teardrop-ocean%E2%80%99

Kingdom of Tonga. “Polynesian Beginnings.” Accessed September 2, 2017. http://www.thekingdomoftonga.com/three-millennia-of-history/ Pacific Islands Tourism Guide. “General Information About Tonga.” Accessed on June 22, 2017. http://www.pacifictourism.travel/pacific-islands/about/ tonga. Kingdom of Tonga. “Tapa making and Painting.” Accessed September 2, 2017. http://http://www.thekingdomoftonga.com/the-kingdom-today/. Radio New Zealand. “Tonga’s ha’apai a year on from Cyclone Ian.” Last modified January, 2015. Accessed February 2, 2017. https://www.radionz.co.nz/ Kingdom of Tonga. “The Importance of Family.” Accessed September 2, 2017. http://http://www.thekingdomoftonga.com/the-kingdom-today/. international/programmes/datelinepacific/audio/20163990/tonga’s-ha’apai-a-year-on-from-cyclone-ian

Kingdom of Tonga. “The South Pacific’s Only Monarchy.” Accessed May 15, 2018. http://www.thekingdomoftonga.com/the-kingdom-today/ Real Tonga. “Culture.” Accessed May 13, 2018. https://realtonga.to/things-to-do/culture/

Sculpture on the Gulf . “Manuesina.” Accessed May 20, 2018. https://sotg.nz/gallery/artists-2017/semisi-fetokai-potauaine/

122 123 7.2 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure1 Tongan Man in Ha’apai Figure13 Fahu Family Structure Tapaleao, Vaimoana. “Life after Cyclone Gita” New Zealand Herald, March 8, 2018. Accessed February 5, 2018. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/ reproduced from: http://wallyandteri.blogspot.co.nz/ 9 produced by author 25 article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12007993 Figure2 Objectives Diagram Figure14 Tongan Dancing Celebration Viet Seafood. “Tonga’s Tuna Fishing License Fees.” Last modified January 8, 2013. Accessed June 5, 2017. http://www.vietseafood.vn/2013/01/tongas-tu- produced by author 12 reproduced from: http://seafoodnet.info/?k=WET++Culture+and+traditions 26 na-fishing-license-fees-tear.html Figure3 Weavers in Tongatapu Figure15 Tapa Cloth Making Westhaven. “Westhaven Plan.” Last modified June, 2015. Accessed May 1, 2018. http://www.westhaven.co.nz/westhaven/the-forum/the-westhaven- reproduced from: http://svsoggypaws.blogspot.co.nz/2012/03/ 15 reproduced from: https://goodreturn.org.au/about/tonga8/ 27 plan/the-westhaven-promenade/ Figure4 Districts in PICsTongan Island in Ha’apai Figure16 Mats Weaving World Atlas. “Tonga Geography.” Accessed on August 4, 2017. http://www.worldatlas.com/geography/tongageography.htm. produced by author 17 reproduced from: http://bigblue1840-1940.blogspot.co.nz/2016/06/ 27

Figure5 Islands of The Kingdom Of Tonga Figure17 Kava Ritual produced by author 18 reproduced from: https://www.emaze.com/@ATTRWFC 27

Figure6 Tonga’s Island Groups / Population Census Figure18 Polynesian Approach produced by author, information obtained from Tongan Population Census 19 produced by author 29

Figure7 Ha’apai Island Group / Population Census Figure19 Melanesian Approach produced by author, information obtained from Tongan Population Census 19 produced by author 29

Figure8 Ha’apai Islands Figure20 Micronesian Approach produced by author 20 produced by author 30

Figure9 Ha’apai Island Group Towns Figure21 Structure of the Fale produced by author 21 reproduced from: Reconnecting with the Past, by Paula Folau Nonu 32

Figure10 Ha’apai Islands Districts Figure22 Elements of the Fale produced by author 21 reproduced from: Reconnecting with the Past, by Paula Folau Nonu 32

Figure11 Self-proclaimed King George Tupou I Figure23 Model of the fale’s detachable roof reproduced from: http://bigblue1840-1940.blogspot.co.nz/2016/06/ 22 produced by author 33

Figure12 Endeavour Figure24 Cross Section of Tongan Fale reproduced from: https://modelblogal.wordpress.com/category/modelismo/page/2/ 23 produced by author 34

124 125 Figure25 Plan View of Tongan Fale Figure38 Riot in Nuku’alofa Figure51 Internal View Figure64 Site Context produced by author 34 reproduced from: http://www.jocuri-fotbal.info/main/tonga-newspaper-online.acw 43 reproduced from: http://www.archdaily.com/592660/nest-we-grow-college-of-environmental- produced by author 66 design-uc-berkeley-kengo-kuma-and-associates 53 Figure26 Fale’s Distribution Figure39 Tuna Fishing Boats in Suva Figure65 Towns of Ha’apai Islands produced by author 35 reproduced from: http://www.fijileaks.com/home/archives/01-2014/2 45 Figure52 Access way to Nest We Grow produced by author 67 reproduced from: http://www.archdaily.com/592660/nest-we-grow-college-of-environmental- Figure27 Royal Palace, Nuku’alofa Figure40 Tuna Fishing Boats in Nuku’Alofa design-uc-berkeley-kengo-kuma-and-associates 53 Figure66 Port Entry, Pangai reproduced from: https://www.princess.com/cruise-tips-vacation-ideas/cruise-destinations/ reproduced from: http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/insight/audio/20149269/ produced by author from Google Earth 68 australia-and-new-zealand-vacations/learn-all-about-the-tongan-people-in-nukualofa.html 37 insight-for-14-september-2014-chasing-the-tuna-dollar 45 Figure53 Hanging Fish In Structure reproduced from: http://www.archdaily.com/592660/nest-we-grow-college-of-environmental- Figure67 Post in Pangai after Cyclone Ian, 2013 design-uc-berkeley-kengo-kuma-and-associates 53 Figure28 Fale Tufitufi Figure41 Traditional Tongan Fisherman in Ha’apai reproduced from: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-13/an-damage-to-taufa27ahau- reproduced from: http://architecturenow.co.nz/articles/a-guide-to-the-architecture-of-the- reproduced from: https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-2545994-stock-footage-vavau- wharf2c-pangai-ha27apai2c-tonga-fr/5196468 69 pacific-kingdom-of-tonga/ 37 tonga-circa-an-unidentified-fisherman-in-a-traditional-canoe-near-vavau-tonga.html 45 Figure54 Cycle of Nest We Grow reproduced from: http://www.archdaily.com/592660/nest-we-grow-college-of-environmental- Figure68 Post in Pangai after Cyclone Ian, 2013 design-uc-berkeley-kengo-kuma-and-associates 54 Figure29 Road Damage after Earthquake in Nuku’alofa Figure42 Weaving Crafts reproduced from: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-13/an-damage-to-taufa27ahau- reproduced from: http://www.tonganz.net/home/nz-council-sets-tonga-fund/ 39 reproduced from: https://lilbookbinder.wordpress.com/page/3/ 46 wharf2c-pangai-ha27apai2c-tonga-fr/5196468 69 Figure55 Cross Section Nest We Grow Figure30 Hurricane Distraction in Ha’apai Figure43 Taro Harvesting produced by author 55 Figure69 Context around Port in Pangai reproduced from: http://www.nzkanivapacific.co.nz/author/nzkanivap/ 39 reproduced from: https://gezi.com/blog/sebzeler-ve-ulkeleri-833/ 47 reproduced from: Google Earth 70 Figure56 Views of Marketplace Figure31 Hurricane Distraction in Ha’apai Figure44 Commercial Fishing Vessel, Ha’apai reproduced from: https://www.gadarchitecture.com/en/besiktas-fishmarket 57 Figure70 Large Commercial Building reproduced from: http://www.nzkanivapacific.co.nz/author/nzkanivap/ 39 reproduced from: https://assets.stuff.co.nz/interactives/2017/where-boats-go-to-die/ 47 photographed by author 71 Figure57 Nev House Entryway Figure32 Gita Hurricane Figure45 Humpback Whale in Ha’apai reproduced from: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-19/nev-houses-surfboard-designer- Figure71 Small Dock in Port reproduced from: https://www.mormonnewsroom.org.nz/article/students-and-misssionaries- reproduced from: http://pynto.co.uk/onebreath/presspack.html 47 flat-pack-cyclone-proof-housing/7335324 59 photographed by author 71 continue-tonga-clean-up-after-cyclone-gita?imageView=17[1].jpg 40 Figure46 Challenge in Ha’apai Islands Figure58 Details of Nev’s House Figure72 Existing Fish Market Building Figure33 Tropical Storm in Tonga produced by author 48 reproduced from: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-19/nev-houses-surfboard-designer- photographed by author 71 reproduced from: http://www.palpalindia.com/2013/09/26/ 41 flat-pack-cyclone-proof-housing/7335324 60 Figure47 Master Plan Infrastructure Improvement Figure73 Main Road, Pangai Figure34 Damage to Fish Market Building in Pangai, 2014 produced by author 50 Figure59 Areas of Nev’s House photographed by author 71 reproduced from: https://matangitonga.to/2014/01/14/lifuka-cyclone-damage-photos 41 produced by author 61 Figure48 Nest We Grow Figure74 Market Building Diagram After Cyclone Ian, 2013 Figure35 Damage to Church in Pangai, 2014 reproduced from: http://www.archdaily.com/592660/nest-we-grow-college-of-environmental- Figure60 Wall Coverings produced by author 72 reproduced from: https://2f.ru/2014/03/30/tonga-vavau/ 41 design-uc-berkeley-kengo-kuma-and-associates 51 produced by author 61 Figure75 Market Building, 2016 Figure36 Rubbish on Side of Street, Nuku’alofa Figure49 Marketplace in Besiktas Figure61 Farm in Ha’apai. Lifuka photographed by author 73 reproduced from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Mangroves-holding-rubbish-in-place- reproduced from: https://www.gadarchitecture.com/en/besiktas-fishmarket 51 reproduced from: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/222294931579471493/ 63 just-outside-Tongas-capital-Nukualofa-SPREP-2006_fig2_301539454 42 Figure76 Market Building, 2016 Figure50 Nev’s House Figure62 Site Analysis photographed by author 73 Figure37 Aftermath of Riot reproduced from: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-19/nev-houses-surfboard-designer- produced by author 64 reproduced from: http://www.jocuri-fotbal.info/main/tonga-newspaper-online.acw 43 flat-pack-cyclone-proof-housing/7335324 51 Figure77 Market Building, 2016 Figure63 Site Selection photographed by author 73 reproduced from: Google Earth 65 126 127 Figure78 Figure Marking Site Visit Images Figure92 Canoe Model, Auckland produced by author 74 photographed by author, Auckland Museum, New Zealand 85

Figure79 Coils in Port, Pangai Figure93 Sailing Canoe Model, Auckland Museum photographed by author 75 photographed by author, Auckland Museum, New Zealand 85

Figure80 Street View South Figure94 Sketch Outlining Canoe Approach photographed by author 75 produced by author 85 Figure106 Site Visit Photos Figure117 Wall Panelling Types photographed by author 97 produced by author 105 Figure81 Road to Port Figure95 Site Positioning

photographed by author 75 produced by author 86 Figure107 Vision of The Promenade Figure118 Wall Panelling Type Concept reproduced from: https://www.yachtingnz.org.nz/news/201312/westhaven-promenade- produced by author 106 Figure82 Street View North, Fish Market at Background Figure96 Building Form Effects on Wind construction-starts-information-for-westhaven-marina-users 97 photographed by author 75 produced by author 87 Figure119 Pictures of Panel Models Figure108 Walkway Design Drawing produced by author 107 Figure83 Sketch of Small Dock, Vava’u Figure97 Planning Figure produced by author 98 produced by author 76 produced by author 87 Figure120 Panelling Storage Figure109 Walkway concept produced by author 108 Figure84 Sketch of Market Place, Vava’u Figure98 Roof Shapes produced by author 99 produced by author 77 produced by author 88 Figure121 Access way and Location of Marketplace + Restaurant Figure110 Walkway developments produced by author 109 Figure85 Design Methods Figure99 Verandas and Overhangs produced by author 99 photographed by author 79 produced by author 88 Figure122 Boat shed Separation Figure111 Manuesina, Semisi Fetokai Potauaine produced by author 110 Figure86 Bubble Diagram Figure100 Master Plan of Ha’apai Waterfront reproduced from:https://sotg.nz/gallery/artists-2017/semisi-fetokai-potauaine/ 99 produced by author 81 produced by author 91 Figure123 View of Boat shed from Ramp Figure112 Sketch of Marina Concept produced by author 111 Figure87 Building Programme Figure101 Collection of walkway shelter concepts produced by author 100 produced by author 82 produced by author 93 Figure124 Overview of Waterfront Figure113 Structure of Marketplace Building produced by author 114 Figure88 Diagram Showing Distribution of Programme Figure102 Sculptural Interactions Wynrard Quarter produced by author 101 produced by author 83 produced by author 94 Figure125 Marketplace Building Figure114 Concept Sketch of Marketplace produced by author 115 Figure89 Polynesian Fishing Canoe, Auckland Museum Figure103 Walkway at Wynyard Quarter produced by author 102 photographed by author, Auckland Museum, New Zealand 84 produced by author 94 Figure126 Weaving House + Restaurant Figure115 Concept Sketches Restaurant produced by author 116 Figure90 Detail of Canoe Figure104 Auckland Waterfront produced by author 103 photographed by author, Auckland Museum, New Zealand 85 produced by author from Google Earth 95 Figure127 Marina Pier Figure116 Concept Exploration produced by author 117 Figure91 Detail of Lashing Technique Figure105 Waterfront Walkway produced by author 104 photographed by author, Auckland Museum, New Zealand 85 produced by author 96

128 129 8.0 APPENDIX Final Presentation Drawings

ROOF THATCHING

‘APAI

TU’UNGAHOKA

TEKE

POU

LALANGO

TOKA

TOKOTO

13 0 131 132 133 134 135 13 6 137 13 8 139 ROOF THATCHING

‘APAI

TU’UNGAHOKA

TEKE

POU

LALANGO

TOKA

TOKOTO

140 141 142 143 144