Majid Majidi Filmlerinde Çocuk Algisi Ve Sunumunun Sosyo-Kültürel Bağlamda Incelenmesi

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Majid Majidi Filmlerinde Çocuk Algisi Ve Sunumunun Sosyo-Kültürel Bağlamda Incelenmesi T.C. ORDU ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SİNEMA VE TELEVİZYON ANABİLİM DALI MAJID MAJIDI FİLMLERİNDE ÇOCUK ALGISI VE SUNUMUNUN SOSYO-KÜLTÜREL BAĞLAMDA İNCELENMESİ HAZIRLAYAN ABİDİN BOZDAĞ DANIŞMAN PROF. DR. CAVİT YAVUZ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ ORDU-2019 ÖNSÖZ Dünya üzerinde ortaya koyulan her bilimsel çalışma, muhakkak suretle bir amacı taşımaktadır. Ancak kimi çalışmalar bu amacın yanında bir içtenselliği de beraberinde barındırır. Gerçekleştirmiş olduğum bu çalışmanın da onlardan birisi olduğunu düşünüyorum. Öyle ki, Majid Majidi filmleri ve bu filmlerde yer alan çocuk karakterlerle tanışmaya başladığım an, bu durumun bende derin hisler uyandırdığı ve bu hisleri belli bir yönelim ile paylaşma ihtiyacı hissettiğim söylenebilir. İçselleştirmiş olduğum bu hislerin elbetteki bilimsel bir dayanağı ve çalışma şekli olmak durumunda. Bu noktada, desteğini benden esirgemeyen ve çalışmama yön veren sayın danışman hocam Prof. Dr. Cavit YAVUZ’a en içten samimiyetimle teşekkür ederim. Hiç kuşkusuz çalışma projesinin fikriyatı bizlersek ona şekil veren ve onu yöneten danışman hocalardır. Ayrıca, yüksek lisans eğitim hayatı boyunca bizlere emek veren ve katkı sağlayan değerli hocalarım sayın Prof. Dr. Mehmet YILMAZ, Doç. Dr. Şermin TAĞ KALAFATOĞLU ve Doç. Ufuk UĞUR’a ayrı ayrı teşekkür ederim. Yine bu süreçte, çalışmam boyunca bana inanıp güvenen ve bende bir özgüven oluşmasını sağlayan büyük-küçük herkese canı gönülden teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. i İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................... i İÇİNDEKİLER .............................................................................................. ii ÖZET ........................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................... viii KISALTMALAR .......................................................................................... ix TABLOLAR DİZİNİ ..................................................................................... x GÖRSELLER DİZİNİ .................................................................................. xi GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................. 1 Problem ...................................................................................................... 2 Amaç .......................................................................................................... 2 Önem.......................................................................................................... 3 Varsayımlar................................................................................................ 3 Sınırlılıklar ................................................................................................. 3 Yöntem ...................................................................................................... 4 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM ......................................................................................... 5 1. SİNEMA VE ÇOCUK KARAKTERLER ........................................... 5 1.1. SİNEMANIN DOĞUŞU VE İLK DÖNEM ................................. 5 1.1.1. Lumiere Kardeşler ile Başlayan Sinema ................................... 8 1.1.2. Seyirlik Sinema ve Georges Melies .......................................... 9 1.1.3. Öykülü Filmlere Doğru ........................................................... 10 1.1.4. Sinema Endüstrisinin Oluşumu ve Teknik Gelişmeler ........... 13 1.2. SİNEMADA OYUNCULUĞUN GELİŞİMİ ............................. 16 1.2.1. Oyunculuk ............................................................................... 16 1.2.2. Akımlarla Gelişen Oyunculuk ................................................ 18 1.2.2.1. Dışavurumculuk Akımı ve Oyunculuk ............................ 19 ii 1.2.2.2. Şairane Gerçekçilik ve Oyunculuk .................................. 20 1.2.2.3. Yeni Gerçekçilik ve Oyunculuk ....................................... 22 1.2.2.4. Yeni Dalga ve Oyunculuk ................................................ 23 1.3. SİNEMADA ÇOCUK OYUNCU ............................................... 26 1.3.1. Çocuk Kavramı ....................................................................... 26 1.3.2. Tarihsel Süreç İçerisinde Çocuğun Toplumdaki Yeri............. 28 1.3.3. İlk Sinema Filmlerinde Çocuk İmgesi .................................... 30 1.3.4. Çocuğun Sinemadaki Yeri ve İşlevi ....................................... 32 1.3.4.1. Çocuk Merkezli Filmler ................................................... 33 1.3.4.2. Yapısal ve İşlevsel Özellikleri ......................................... 38 1.3.4.3. Karakter ve İmgeler ......................................................... 39 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM ......................................................................................... 46 2. İRAN SİNEMASI VE ÇOCUK KARAKTERLER ........................... 46 2.1. İRAN TARİHİ ............................................................................. 46 2.1.1. Eski Çağlarda İran ................................................................... 46 2.1.1.1. İslamiyet Öncesi ............................................................... 47 2.1.1.2. İslamiyet Sonrası .............................................................. 48 2.1.2. Kaçar Hanedanlığı ve Modern Dönem ................................... 48 2.1.3. Şah Pehleviler Dönemi ........................................................... 50 2.1.4. İslam Cumhuriyeti .................................................................. 54 2.1.5. Sosyal ve Kültürel Yapı .......................................................... 57 2.1.6. İran’da Çocuğun Yeri ve Önemi ............................................. 61 2.2. İRAN SİNEMASI ....................................................................... 63 2.2.1. İlk Dönem ............................................................................... 63 2.2.2. 1930’lardan Yeni Akım’a Doğru ............................................ 68 2.2.3. Yeni Akım ............................................................................... 75 2.2.4. Devrimle Birlikte Sinema ....................................................... 80 iii 2.2.5. Devrim Sonrası ve Savaş Dönemi .......................................... 81 2.2.6. Savaş Sonrası ve 2000’li Yıllar ............................................... 90 2.2.7. Sosyal Konular ........................................................................ 96 2.2.8. Kültürel Öğeler ....................................................................... 99 2.3. İRAN SİNEMASINDA ÇOCUK .............................................. 101 2.3.1. İlk Çocuk Temsili ................................................................. 101 2.3.2. İlk Çocuk Merkezli Filmler................................................... 102 2.3.3. Devrimden Sonra Çocuk Merkezli Filmler ........................... 104 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM ................................................................................... 110 3. SOSYO-KÜLTÜREL YAPI BAĞLAMINDA MAJID MAJIDI FİLMLERİNDE ÇOCUK KARAKTERLER ..................................................... 110 3.1. SOSYO-KÜLTÜREL YAPI ..................................................... 110 3.1.1. Sosyoloji ve Sosyal Yapı ...................................................... 110 3.1.2. Kültür ve Kültürel Yapı ........................................................ 112 3.1.3. Sosyo-Kültürel Yapının İnşası .............................................. 115 3.2. ALGI ......................................................................................... 116 3.2.1. Algı Kavramı ........................................................................ 116 3.2.2. Algının Özellikleri ................................................................ 117 3.2.3. Bireysel ve Sosyal Algı ......................................................... 118 3.3. MAJID MAJIDI ........................................................................ 120 3.3.1. Hayatı ve Sinema Kariyeri ..................................................... 120 3.3.2. Filmografisi ............................................................................ 121 3.3.3. Sinema Dili ............................................................................ 122 3.4. KARAKTER KAVRAMI ......................................................... 127 3.5. ÖRNEK FİLMLER ÜZERİNDEN ÇOCUK KARAKTERLERİN İNCELENMESİ .............................................................................................. 129 3.5.1. Kaçakçı (Baduk - 1992) ......................................................... 129 3.5.1.1. Filmin Künyesi ve Özeti ........................................................ 129 iv 3.5.1.2. Filmin Konusu ....................................................................... 131 3.5.1.3. Filmdeki Çocukların Karakter Analizi .................................. 132 3.5.1.4. Filmdeki Çocuk Karakterlerin Aile, Eğitim, Çalışma Hayatı ve Yaşam Alanları Açısından İncelenmesi .......................................................... 135 3.5.2. Baba (Father - 1996) .............................................................. 147 3.5.2.1. Filmin Künyesi ve Özeti ........................................................ 148 3.5.2.2. Filmin Konusu ....................................................................... 150 3.5.2.3. Filmdeki Çocukların Karakter Analizi .................................. 151 3.5.2.4.
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