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GENDER, CLASS and RACE in PEARL S. BUCK's SELECT NOVELS ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED for the AWARD of the DEGREE of Doctor of $I)Tio£(Opfip in ENGLISH

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GENDER, CLASS and RACE in PEARL S. BUCK's SELECT NOVELS ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED for the AWARD of the DEGREE of Doctor of $I)Tio£(Opfip in ENGLISH GENDER, CLASS AND RACE IN PEARL S. BUCK'S SELECT NOVELS ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF doctor of $I)tIo£(opfip IN ENGLISH BY AYSHA MUNIRA RASHEED : 7^6^ DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2009 Abstract' Introduction The objective of this study is to find but how human division and categorisation result in hierarchy with reference to Pearl S. Buck's novels. The main categories that the study concerns are gender, class and race. The first question that is probed is whether suspending hierarchical categorisation is possible. The 'mental schemes' have to be revised in order to make hierarchy and its by­ product, human disdain a thing of past. The task is monumental and yet necessary. The novels concerned reveal that the problem is entrenched deeply in the human mind. Pearl S. Buck, taking cognizance of the problem, proves that the change is to be brought about by pragmatic thinking. With her efforts to uplift mixed race children, she makes immense effort to sensitise people vis-a- vis the power disequilibrium in the human world. Taking stock of the global issues as well as the problems at the domestic level in America at the time of the two world wars, she condemns fascist trends that the whole world followed. The nations are gendered, classed and racialised to justify the power equation at a global level. At a microcosmic level, the characters in her fictive world seem to be suffering from the same fate. The present study sees the microcosmic as well as macrocosmic level problems that arise due to gender, class and race based inequality and how they are manifest in the novels concerned. Gender From sex to gender and back again, this section tries to read that both the terms assume meanings and implications that lead to the conclusion that sex and gender both are social constructs. Sex is given meaning more than mere biology. In the content meaning gender and container meaning gender rubric, there emerges a problem that the cast of sex is fixed and hence will mould the content i.e. gender accordingly. The analyses of the novels reveal that gender is a problem acquiring a magnitude that leaves no one unaffected. Appropriating Bordieu's forms of capital, it is discussed that the women are transacted as objects and considered repositories of economic, cultural and social capital. Nevertheless, exceptions can be found and a shift can be perceived in women's position to be witnessed in Pearl S. Buck's novels. With characters like Tsu Hzi, the Emperor, Madame Liang, an entrepreneur, Madame Wu trying to achieve transcendence, Joan an independent woman taking care of others, Josui trying to decrease her level of jeopardy from double to single, based on sex and race, to sex only. Pearl S. Buck traces an exception and a shift in the position of women. The study found out that in Pearl S. Buck's novels, patriarchy has different manifestations: Fascist, Feudal, Capitalist and Religious. The novels evidence them at a thematic level, the underlying base being utilitarian patriarchy. Class The study discovered that Pearl S. Buck is most ambiguous in the matter of class. She is an American in her conviction in hard work and diligence as a key to success. At the same time she does not justify the deprivation of the masses. She tries to steer clear of a Communist stance. The Good Earth does not focus on class struggle. It is the story of a heathen Chinese peasant who seems to be following Protestant Ethics to rise up into a feudal lord himself. Nevertheless, contrapuntal reading traces the concatenating situations justifiably paving the way to the Revolution in China. Some of her favoured though minor characters are revolutionary in spirit and behaviour. Norman Linley and Francis seem to have leftist inclination. Pearl S. Buck's gamut of work includes various incarnations of classed societies: feudal, capitalist including a tongue-in-cheek discussion of democratic and communist. In the American context, her novels basically concern with the bourgeois society. She traces the change of the form of society from feudalist to capitalist. Her novels discuss class mobility or class shift in the fates of individuals. The changes take place due to chance as well as individual enterprise and both examples are evidenced in her novels. She discusses power dynamics among individual societies as well as nations. Her novels take stock of international situation and try to analyse the impact of Imperial power struggle. Race Race, another category to cause power disequilibrium, is an important concern in Pearl S. Buck's fiction. The term is invalidated before discussion of the novels. The definition of race was necessitated in 17*^ and the 18'^ century with the transatlantic slave trade with an albocratic and Eurocentric purpose. The monogenists, polygenists all mostly gave a justification of hierarchy leading to ethnopsychology. The mutual fertility of all the people used to refute the racist- hierarchists' claim, also gave rise to a big problem of the War time. At a time when racism was at its peak due to the fact that Asian and White powers were pitted against each other, miscegenation, inter racial marriage and the mixed race children became a big problem. Pearl S. Buck's novels not only exemplify such problems but also condemn the irrational laws and irresponsible people who create such problems. It was discovered that the novels also offer solutions. There are characters that are conscientious and sensitive (mostly women) who, in turn, sensitise others. The novels give assimilation as well as rainbow paradigms for the different races scattered around the world. For the Jews, the assimilation in the Chinese people is suggested which can be read as at anti- Semitism also. Nevertheless, Pearl S. Buck proves to be a great admirer of the Jews. The best and most attractive and talented characters in her novels are the Jews. Both clannish as well as broadminded characters among American and Chinese people her fiction. Her approach to mixed race children is eugenic and the solution suggested is pragmatic morality at individual level. Conclusion Power-obsession, power-delusion, power-disequilibrium and power deficiency lead to create the biggest problems in the human world. Pearl S. Buck's novels evidence the issues mostly with reference to gender and race problems. Gender, race and class are the categories that give rise to human disdain. Pearl S. Buck's oeuvre is a contribution to the ongoing effort to understand and analyse the conflicts and minimise the instances of injustice and marginalisation. The monumental task is the responsibility of the whole society. Pearl S. Buck is one of the stepping stones, which contribute to the building of a new way of thinking, a fresh outlook and a fresh perspective to look at the gender, class and race inequities. GENDER, CLASS AND RACE IN PEARL S. BUCK'S SELECT NOVELS THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of $tltlos(opii2> IN ENGLISH BV AYSHA MUNIRA RASHEED DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH ALICARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2009 .^£^i^.> 2 8 AHt^ ^012 ^ T7466 ^ ,^^ Q^o^ Sria^ycMt. Contents Page No. Acknowledgment i Preface ii - iii Chapter-1: Introduction 1-27 Chapter-2: Gender 28-98 Chapter-3: Class 99-147 Chapter-4: Race 148-195 Chapter-5: Concluding Thoughts 196-201 Select Bibliography 202-210 Ac^nowlecCgements The fo[[(ywing pages are testimony to the fact that to write the thesis I have drawn on various sources and received hefp and cooperation from many people whose names I may or may not Be abCe to put on record. If I forget to mention a few names of those who in one way or the other have e:>(tended hefp to me in my wor^ it shouCd, in no way, 6e considered a sign of ingratitude 6ut rather be interpreted as an instance of human error. I wouCd Ci^ to than^ (Professor Syeda !Nuzhat ZeSa, Chairperson, who faciCitated the present wor^ with a warm smile. I am indebted to many of my teachers, colleagues, for the inspiration, motivation and words of encouragement they provided me with, particularCy ^Professor ^.% %idwai, <Frof JLdnan (Raza, (Prof SuhaiCJ^hsan, (Dr. Seemin Hasan, (Dr. Shaheena Tarannum and (Dr. (Rizwan 'Kjian. I would also pay speciaf thanHs to my weCf wishers (Dr. fMadihur (Rahman Suhaib, (Dr. Sami (Rgfiq, (Dr Samina T(ftan, (Dr. Shahla Qhauri, (Dr. Jikbar Joseph, (Dr. Shubi Jibidi and (Dr Vibha Sharma. I would put on record the immense gratitude I feeCfor (Dr. Jlsim Siddiqui who made his support available in a number of ways. I wouCd express my than^ to (Dr 'Karis Qadeer, (Dr. Ibrar JLlam Jinsari and Mr. J-famza Xfian who devoted their time to read the manuscripts. I would fi^ to thank^V\ir. %han (Pervez (Rafi, the Seminar Library in-charge, ((Department of ^.ngfish), Mr Sohaif and Mr Jl^ef, ((Department of ^ngfish) and Mr. Sajid, Seminar Library In-charge, ('Women's Studies), J^Ml). I than^the staff of Institute of Jidvanced Studies, Sfiimfa, (British Councif and Jlmerican Center, 9iew (Defhifor their hefp. I woufd than^my parents for teaching me the importance of ^owfedge and my brother and sister for giving me support. Sohaif, than^ a lot for providing me with the 600^ and support in a number of ways throughout my engagement in writing the thesis! Aysha Munira Preface The topic of research "Gender, Class and Race in Pearl S. Buck's Select Novels" elaborates the perspective from which Pearl S. Buck's novels are to be read and analyzed. The simple reason why her fiction seems to be more valuable for thematic readings rather than technical analysis is very obvious: it is that she has never been considered to be a diligent stylist, always narrating with an ease of style what happens inwardly or outwardly in the arena of her fiction.
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