The Logicist Manifesto: at Long Last Let Logic-Based Artificial Intelligence Become a Field Unto Itself∗
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HPSC0011 STS Perspectives on Big Problems Course Syllabus
HPSC0011 STS Perspectives on Big Problems Course Syllabus 2020-21 session | STS Staff, course coordinator Dr Cristiano Turbil | [email protected] Course Information This module introduces students to the uses of STS in solving big problems in the contemporary world. Each year staff from across the spectrum of STS disciplines – History, Philosophy, Sociology and Politics of Science – will come together to teach students how different perspectives can shed light on issues ranging from climate change to nuclear war, private healthcare to plastic pollution. Students have the opportunity to develop research and writing skills, and assessment will consist of a formative and a final essay. Students also keep a research notebook across the course of the module This year’s topic is Artificial Intelligence. Basic course information Moodle Web https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=7420 site: Assessment: Formative assessment and essay Timetable: See online timetable Prerequisites: None Required texts: Readings listed below Course tutor(s): STS Staff, course coordinator Dr Cristiano Turbil Contact: [email protected] | Web: https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=7420 Office location: Online for TERM 1 Schedule UCL Date Topic Activity Wk 1 & 2 20 7 Oct Introduction and discussion of AI See Moodle for details as ‘Big Problem’ (Turbil) 3 21 14 Oct Mindful Hands (Werret) See Moodle for details 4 21 14 Oct Engineering Difference: the Birth See Moodle for details of A.I. and the Abolition Lie (Bulstrode) 5 22 21 Oct Measuring ‘Intelligence’ (Cain & See Moodle for details Turbil) 6 22 21 Oct Artificial consciousness and the See Moodle for details ‘race for supremacy’ in Erewhon’s ‘The Book of the Machines’ (1872) (Cain & Turbil) 7 & 8 23 28 Oct History of machine intelligence in See Moodle for details the twentieth century. -
The BG News October 28, 2004
Bowling Green State University ScholarWorks@BGSU BG News (Student Newspaper) University Publications 10-28-2004 The BG News October 28, 2004 Bowling Green State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/bg-news Recommended Citation Bowling Green State University, "The BG News October 28, 2004" (2004). BG News (Student Newspaper). 7344. https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/bg-news/7344 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University Publications at ScholarWorks@BGSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in BG News (Student Newspaper) by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@BGSU. j^k M V Bowling Green State University THURSDAY October 28, 2004 Country looking forward ^^ 1 111 1 PM SHOWERS toIB MAC tourney; PAGE 9 KII I -i-WHN1 A \ \ \< ) HIGH63 LOW48 www.bgnews.com —U VJ ■■" VOLUME 99 ISSUE 56 Political artwork stolen from FAC Six student posters said she feels discouraged and BUSH KERRY fears that the artwork theft were taken last week may hinder students' chances from Fine Arts Center. TWO FLAVORS OF COLA of entering the contest. "It was disrespectful and a violation of their first amend- By lanell Kingsborough SENIOR REPORTER ment rights," Rusnak said. She feels that taking the If il was any other year, the artwork from the display artwork of students in the was one way of silencing the Intermediate Digital Imaging students' voices. course might have lasted longer "Whether people agreed on the wall than one or two with the student's messages days- BOIH BAO (OR vou or not, that did not give Ehem Six posters disappeared last Graphic Created the right to take matters into week from the Fine Arts Center. -
7.1 Rules of Implication I
Natural Deduction is a method for deriving the conclusion of valid arguments expressed in the symbolism of propositional logic. The method consists of using sets of Rules of Inference (valid argument forms) to derive either a conclusion or a series of intermediate conclusions that link the premises of an argument with the stated conclusion. The First Four Rules of Inference: ◦ Modus Ponens (MP): p q p q ◦ Modus Tollens (MT): p q ~q ~p ◦ Pure Hypothetical Syllogism (HS): p q q r p r ◦ Disjunctive Syllogism (DS): p v q ~p q Common strategies for constructing a proof involving the first four rules: ◦ Always begin by attempting to find the conclusion in the premises. If the conclusion is not present in its entirely in the premises, look at the main operator of the conclusion. This will provide a clue as to how the conclusion should be derived. ◦ If the conclusion contains a letter that appears in the consequent of a conditional statement in the premises, consider obtaining that letter via modus ponens. ◦ If the conclusion contains a negated letter and that letter appears in the antecedent of a conditional statement in the premises, consider obtaining the negated letter via modus tollens. ◦ If the conclusion is a conditional statement, consider obtaining it via pure hypothetical syllogism. ◦ If the conclusion contains a letter that appears in a disjunctive statement in the premises, consider obtaining that letter via disjunctive syllogism. Four Additional Rules of Inference: ◦ Constructive Dilemma (CD): (p q) • (r s) p v r q v s ◦ Simplification (Simp): p • q p ◦ Conjunction (Conj): p q p • q ◦ Addition (Add): p p v q Common Misapplications Common strategies involving the additional rules of inference: ◦ If the conclusion contains a letter that appears in a conjunctive statement in the premises, consider obtaining that letter via simplification. -
Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} the Man on Platform Five by Robert Llewellyn Robert Llewellyn
Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} The Man On Platform Five by Robert Llewellyn Robert Llewellyn. Robert Llewellyn is the actor who portrays Kryten from Series III to Series XII. He has also appeared as the presenter of Scrapheap Challenge which ran from 1998-2010 on Channel 4, the host of the web series Carpool which ran from 2009-2014, and as host of the YouTube channel Fully Charged which started in 2010 and still uploads today. Starring on Red Dwarf. Llewellyn's involvement with Red Dwarf came about as a result of his appearance at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, performing in his comedy, Mammon, Robot Born Of Woman . He was invited to audition for the role of Kryten, by Paul Jackson, before joining the cast for Series III. The story is about a robot who, as he becomes more human, begins to behave increasingly badly. This was seen by Paul Jackson, producer of Red Dwarf , and he was invited to audition for the role of Kryten. Llewellyn joined the cast of Red Dwarf in 1989 at the start of Series III and continued in the role until the end of Series VIII in 1999. His skills as a physical performer encouraged Rob Grant and Doug Naylor to write him additional characters for the series, namely Jim Reaper ("The Last Day"), the Data Doctor ("Back in the Red II"), Human Kryten ("DNA"), Bongo ("Dimension Jump") and Able ("Beyond a Joke"). Llewellyn co- wrote the Red Dwarf Series VII episode "Beyond A Joke" with Doug Naylor. He was also the only British cast member originally to participate in the American version of Red Dwarf , though other actors such as Craig Charles and Chris Barrie were also approached to reprise their roles. -
Resampling Residuals on Phylogenetic Trees: Extended Results Peter J
Resampling Residuals on Phylogenetic Trees: Extended Results Peter J. Waddell1, Ariful Azad2 and Ishita Khan2 [email protected] 1Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, U.S.A. 2Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, U.S.A . In this article the results of Waddell and Azad (2009) are extended. In particular, the geometric percentage mean standard deviation measure of the fit of distances to a phylogenetic tree are adjusted for the number of parameters fitted on the tree. The formulae are also presented in their general form for any weight that is a function of the distance. The cell line gene expression data set of Ross et al. (2000) is reanalyzed. It is shown that ordinary least squares (OLS) is a much better fit to the data than a Neighbor Joining or BME tree. Residual resampling shows that cancer cell lines do indeed fit a tree fairly well and that the tree does have strong internal structure. Simulations show that least squares tree building methods, including OLS, are strong competitors with BME type methods for fitting model data, while real world examples often suggest the same conclusion. “… his ignorance and almost doe-like naivety is keeping his mind receptive to a possible solution.” A quotation from Kryten: Red Dwarf VIII-Cassandra Keywords: Resampled Residual Bootstrap, flexi-Weighted Least Squares Phylogenetic Trees fWLS, Balanced Minimum Evolution BME, Phylogenomics, Gene Expression Tree Waddell, Azad and Khan (2010). Extended Results of Residual Resampling on Trees Page 1 1 Introduction This article updates and extends some of the results in Waddell and Azad (2010). -
Chapter 10: Symbolic Trails and Formal Proofs of Validity, Part 2
Essential Logic Ronald C. Pine CHAPTER 10: SYMBOLIC TRAILS AND FORMAL PROOFS OF VALIDITY, PART 2 Introduction In the previous chapter there were many frustrating signs that something was wrong with our formal proof method that relied on only nine elementary rules of validity. Very simple, intuitive valid arguments could not be shown to be valid. For instance, the following intuitively valid arguments cannot be shown to be valid using only the nine rules. Somalia and Iran are both foreign policy risks. Therefore, Iran is a foreign policy risk. S I / I Either Obama or McCain was President of the United States in 2009.1 McCain was not President in 2010. So, Obama was President of the United States in 2010. (O v C) ~(O C) ~C / O If the computer networking system works, then Johnson and Kaneshiro will both be connected to the home office. Therefore, if the networking system works, Johnson will be connected to the home office. N (J K) / N J Either the Start II treaty is ratified or this landmark treaty will not be worth the paper it is written on. Therefore, if the Start II treaty is not ratified, this landmark treaty will not be worth the paper it is written on. R v ~W / ~R ~W 1 This or statement is obviously exclusive, so note the translation. 427 If the light is on, then the light switch must be on. So, if the light switch in not on, then the light is not on. L S / ~S ~L Thus, the nine elementary rules of validity covered in the previous chapter must be only part of a complete system for constructing formal proofs of validity. -
AI Thinks Like a Corporation—And That's Worrying
Topics Current edition More Subscribe Log in or sign up Search Open Future Manage subscription Open Voices AI thinks like a corporation—and that’s worrying Arti!cial intelligence was born of organisational decision-making and state power; it needs human ethics, says Jonnie Penn of the University of Cambridge Open Future Nov 26th 2018 | by BY JONNIE PENN Arti!cial intelligence is everywhere but it is considered in a wholly ahistorical way. To understand the impact AI will have on our lives, it is vital to appreciate the context in which the !eld was established. After all, statistics and state control have evolved hand in hand for hundreds of years. Consider computing. Its origins have been traced not only to analytic philosophy, pure mathematics and Alan Turing, but perhaps surprisingly, to the history of public administration. In “The Government Machine: A Revolutionary History of the Computer” from 2003, Jon Agar of University College London charts the development of the British civil service as it ballooned from 16,000 employees in 1797 to 460,000 by 1999. He noticed an uncanny similarity between the functionality of a human bureaucracy and that of the digital electronic computer. (He confessed that he could not tell whether this observation was trivial or profound.) Get our daily newsletter Upgrade your inbox and get our Daily Dispatch and Editor's Picks. Email address Sign up now Both systems processed large quantities of information using a hierarchy of pre-set but adaptable rules. Yet one predated the other. This suggested a telling link between the organisation of human social structures and the digital tools designed to serve them. -
CAP 5636 - Advanced Artificial Intelligence
CAP 5636 - Advanced Artificial Intelligence Introduction This slide-deck is adapted from the one used by Chelsea Finn at CS221 at Stanford. CAP 5636 Instructor: Lotzi Bölöni http://www.cs.ucf.edu/~lboloni/ Slides, homeworks, links etc: http://www.cs.ucf.edu/~lboloni/Teaching/CAP5636_Fall2021/index.html Class hours: Tue, Th 12:00PM - 1:15PM COVID considerations: UCF expects you to get vaccinated and wear a mask Classes will be in-person, but will be recorded on Zoom. Office hours will be over Zoom. Motivating artificial intelligence It is generally not hard to motivate AI these days. There have been some substantial success stories. A lot of the triumphs have been in games, such as Jeopardy! (IBM Watson, 2011), Go (DeepMind’s AlphaGo, 2016), Dota 2 (OpenAI, 2019), Poker (CMU and Facebook, 2019). On non-game tasks, we also have systems that achieve strong performance on reading comprehension, speech recognition, face recognition, and medical imaging benchmarks. Unlike games, however, where the game is the full problem, good performance on a benchmark does not necessarily translate to good performance on the actual task in the wild. Just because you ace an exam doesn’t necessarily mean you have perfect understanding or know how to apply that knowledge to real problems. So, while promising, not all of these results translate to real-world applications Dangers of AI From the non-scientific community, we also see speculation about the future: that it will bring about sweeping societal change due to automation, resulting in massive job loss, not unlike the industrial revolution, or that AI could even surpass human-level intelligence and seek to take control. -
Aristotle's Theory of the Assertoric Syllogism
Aristotle’s Theory of the Assertoric Syllogism Stephen Read June 19, 2017 Abstract Although the theory of the assertoric syllogism was Aristotle’s great invention, one which dominated logical theory for the succeeding two millenia, accounts of the syllogism evolved and changed over that time. Indeed, in the twentieth century, doctrines were attributed to Aristotle which lost sight of what Aristotle intended. One of these mistaken doctrines was the very form of the syllogism: that a syllogism consists of three propositions containing three terms arranged in four figures. Yet another was that a syllogism is a conditional proposition deduced from a set of axioms. There is even unclarity about what the basis of syllogistic validity consists in. Returning to Aristotle’s text, and reading it in the light of commentary from late antiquity and the middle ages, we find a coherent and precise theory which shows all these claims to be based on a misunderstanding and misreading. 1 What is a Syllogism? Aristotle’s theory of the assertoric, or categorical, syllogism dominated much of logical theory for the succeeding two millenia. But as logical theory de- veloped, its connection with Aristotle because more tenuous, and doctrines and intentions were attributed to him which are not true to what he actually wrote. Looking at the text of the Analytics, we find a much more coherent theory than some more recent accounts would suggest.1 Robin Smith (2017, §3.2) rightly observes that the prevailing view of the syllogism in modern logic is of three subject-predicate propositions, two premises and a conclusion, whether or not the conclusion follows from the premises. -
An Introduction to Critical Thinking and Symbolic Logic: Volume 1 Formal Logic
An Introduction to Critical Thinking and Symbolic Logic: Volume 1 Formal Logic Rebeka Ferreira and Anthony Ferrucci 1 1An Introduction to Critical Thinking and Symbolic Logic: Volume 1 Formal Logic is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. 1 Preface This textbook has developed over the last few years of teaching introductory symbolic logic and critical thinking courses. It has been truly a pleasure to have beneted from such great students and colleagues over the years. As we have become increasingly frustrated with the costs of traditional logic textbooks (though many of them deserve high praise for their accuracy and depth), the move to open source has become more and more attractive. We're happy to provide it free of charge for educational use. With that being said, there are always improvements to be made here and we would be most grateful for constructive feedback and criticism. We have chosen to write this text in LaTex and have adopted certain conventions with symbols. Certainly many important aspects of critical thinking and logic have been omitted here, including historical developments and key logicians, and for that we apologize. Our goal was to create a textbook that could be provided to students free of charge and still contain some of the more important elements of critical thinking and introductory logic. To that end, an additional benet of providing this textbook as a Open Education Resource (OER) is that we will be able to provide newer updated versions of this text more frequently, and without any concern about increased charges each time. -
Statistical Reasoning and Conjecturing According to Peirce
isaac levi 11 Beware of Syllogism: Statistical Reasoning and Conjecturing According to Peirce 1. probable deduction Peirce wrote extensively on deduction, induction, and hypothesis beginning with the Harvard Lectures of 1865 and Lowell Lectures of 1866. The ideas that he examined in those early discussions were re- worked over nearly two decades until the comprehensive statement of his view contained in “A Theory of Probable Inference” of 1883 that was included in the Studies in Logic, by the Members of the Johns Hopkins University and is reprinted in W 4, 408–450. This remarkable paper developed a version of the Neyman–Pearson ac- count of confidence interval estimation that incorporated the main elements of the rationale offered for its adoption in the early 1930s and presented it as an account of inductive inference. In his retrospective reflection on the question of induction in 1902 (CP 2.102), Peirce revealed satisfaction with the views on induction advanced in 1883 and this attitude is confirmed in other remarks from that period. However, Peirce did express dissatisfaction con- cerning his notion of “Hypothetic Inference.” Although Peirce called it Hypothetic Inference or Hypothesis from 1865 to 1883 and later, in 1902, Peirce replaced the term “Hypothesis” with “Abduction.” In what I said about “Hypothetic Inference” I was an explorer upon untrod- den ground. I committed, though I half corrected, a slight positive error, which is easily set right without essentially altering my position. But my capital error was a negative one, in not perceiving that, according to my own principles, the reasoning with which I was there dealing could not be the rea- soning by which we are led to adopt a hypothesis, although I all but stated as much. -
Transpositions Familiar to Artists, This Book Shows How Moves Can Be Made Between Established Positions and Completely New Ground
ORPHEUS New modes of epistemic relationships in artistic research ORPHEUS Research leads to new insights rupturing the existent fabric of knowledge. Situated in the still evolving field of artistic research, this book investigates a fundamental quality of this process. Building on the lessons of deconstruction, artistic research invents new modes of epistemic relationships that include aesthetic dimensions. Under the heading transposition, seventeen artists, musicians, and theorists explain how one thing may turn into another in a spatio- temporal play of identity and difference that has the power to expand into the unknown. By connecting materially concrete positions in a way Transpositions familiar to artists, this book shows how moves can be made between established positions and completely new ground. In doing so, research changes from a process that expands knowledge to one that creatively Aesthetico-Epistemic Operators reinvents it. in Artistic Research Michael Schwab is the founding editor-in-chief of the Journal for Artistic Research (JAR). He is senior researcher of MusicExperiment21 (Orpheus Institute, Ghent) and joint project leader of Transpositions: Artistic Data Exploration (University of Music and Performing Arts Graz; University of Applied Arts Vienna). Transpositions INSTITUTE Edited by Michael Schwab IN ISBN 9789462701410 S TIT U T 9 789462 701410 > E SERIES Transpositions cover final.indd 1 05/07/18 14:38 Transpositions: Aesthetico-Epistemic Operators in Artistic Research TRANSPOSITIONS: AESTHETICO- EPISTEMIC OPERATORS