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Novitates PUBLISHED by the AMERICAN MUSEUM of NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST at 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y AMERICANt MUSEUM Novitates PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10024 Number 2929, pp. 1-14, figs. 1-47 December 22, 1988 A Revision of the Mygalomorpl Spider Genus Idioctis (Araneae, Barychelidae) ROBERT J. RAVEN' ABSTRACT The barychelid genus Idioctis L. Koch (1874) is shall Islands, L hawaiiensis from Hawaii, and L revised and includes six species: the type species xmas from Christmas Island in the northeastern Idioctis helva L. Koch (1874), I. littoralis Abraham Indian Ocean. The cause of the Indo-Pacific dis- (1924), L intertidalis (Benoit and Legendre, 1968), tribution of Idioctis may require some dispersal and three new species, L eniwetok from the Mar- components. INTRODUCTION Idioctis was the first barychelid and the sec- After Koch's description, the concept of ond mygalomorph described from Fiji or this genus was long confused or misunder- any island so distant from a continent. The stood. Koch (1874) misstated that the labium genus included only Idioctis helva L. Koch of Idioctis is longer than wide, which would (1874), from Fiji. Three species (I. palmarum be unique in the Barychelidae. Simon (1892) Hogg, 1901, I. ornata Rainbow, 1912, and I. was therefore unable to determine its rela- papuensis Rainbow, 1920) were later erro- tionships until the error was eliminated (Si- neously assigned to the genus. Abraham mon, 1903). Until recently, the lack of a re- (1924) described a fifth species, I. littoralis, vision blocked a broader taxonomic and and described its burrows (constructed in biogeographic account of the genus. mangroves). Subsequently, Marples (1951) Idioctis was one ofthe first barychelid gen- described similar littoral habits for Idioctis era described and was given a very brief di- helva, from Samoa. Spiders of the genus agnosis, sufficient to distinguish it only from seem to share a common habitat; they are other genera then described. Hence, three associated with littoral and near-tidal areas. species from the Australian region were at- ' Research Associate, Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History; Curator, Chelicerata, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia. Copyright C American Museum of Natural History 1988 ISSN 0003-0082 / Price $1.75 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2929 tributed wrongly to Idioctis. The first, I. pal- ship with the superb facilities of the Depart- marum, from central Australia, was trans- ment of Entomology, American Museum of ferred to Idiommata by Raven (1985). Other Natural History, New York, and continued species placed in Idioctis, I. ornata Rainbow at the Division of Entomology, Canberra, (1912), from Queensland, and L papuensis CSIRO Australia. Drs. N. I. Platnick (Amer- Rainbow (1920), from New Guinea, have ican Museum of Natural History) and F. A. three claws, lack claw tufts, and were trans- Coyle (Western Carolina University) criti- ferred to Dyarcyops by Main (1977) and later cized the manuscript. Some figures were (Main, 1985) to Misgolas Karsch (1878), with drawn by Miss J. Gallon. For all ofthat I am which I agree. Apart from that, only I. lit- very grateful. toralis Abraham (1924), from Malaysia, and the type species have been assigned correctly to Idioctis. BIOGEOGRAPHY In studying relationships ofall valid myga- One mygalomorph genus, Idioctis, with dif- lomorph genera (see Raven, 1985), I trans- ferent species occurring in the Malagasy Re- ferred to Idioctis, Atrophonysia intertidalis public (Benoit and Legendre, 1968), the Mar- Benoit and Legendre (1968), which occurs shall and Yap Islands, Malaysia (Abraham, also in the littoral zone but in the Republic 1924), Fiji (Koch, 1873, 1874), and Samoa of Malagasy. In the collections of the Amer- (Marples, 1955), Christmas Island, and Ha- ican Museum of Natural History and the waii, and found near beaches and littoral areas Australian National Insect Collection, Can- challenges conventional vicariance wisdom. berra, Australia, two further and new species Four alternatives seem possible: first, the tax- were noted from Hawaii and Christmas Is- onomy is wrong and either they are one wide- land. spread species or several genera; second, they have dispersed far more actively than most MATERIALS AND METHODS other mygalomorph genera; third, the regions concerned were much closer or contiguous; All abbreviations are standard for the Ara- or fourth, a combination ofthe above. Clear- neae and explained in Raven (1984). The ly, the relative recency of Hawaii will always width of the eye group or median ocular be a problem. Detailed assessment of these quadrangle is the distance between the two possibilities is not feasible without more most separated points in a line orthogonal to knowledge of the males and without consid- the long axis ofthe spider. All measurements eration of the distributions of other myga- save those for eyes are given in millimeters. lomorphs, which will be addressed in a future in ACKNOWLEDGMENTS manuscript (Raven, prep.). For the loan of types of Idioctis and Atro- IDIOCTIS KOCH phonysia and for permitting the examination of Idiophthalma, I am grateful to Drs. G. Idioctis Koch, 1874: 484 (type species by mono- Rack (ZMH, Zoologisches Museum und typy Idioctis helva L. Koch). Zoologisches Institiit, Hamburg), M. Hubert Atrophonysia Benoit and Legendre, 1968: 330 (type (MNHP, Museum National d'Histoire Na- species by original designation Atrophonysia in- turelle, Paris), R. Jocque (MRAC, Musee tertidalis Benoit and Legendre). First synony- Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren), and mized by Raven, 1985: 113. Mr. P. D. Hillyard (BMNH, British Museum DIAGNOSIS: Idioctis can be distinguished (Natural History), London), Mr. K. Walker from Idiophthalma by the narrow fovea and (Museum of Victoria), and Dr. M. R. Gray absence ofa strong rastellum, and from other (AM, Australian Museum, Sydney). I am also barychelid genera by the relatively short but grateful to Dr. Joe Beatty for allowing me strongly trapezoidal eye group. Most species access to interesting mygalomorphs in his of Idioctis have a narrow sternum. collection. Research involving this manu- DESCRIPrION: Carapace hirsute, without script was carried out while I was in receipt pattern. Fovea very broad, procurved, or of a CSIRO (Australia) postdoctoral fellow- straight. Rastellar spines few, not on raised 1988 RAVEN: IDIOCTIS 3 mounds. Maxillae usually with about 18-20 uniformly with numerous silvery hairs; 10- cuspules on inner anterior corner; anterior 15 setae on medial caput; numerous brown lobe and posterior heel produced. Labium setae on caput; four thick setae between pos- wide, without cuspules. Sternum long, nar- terior median eyes; numerous silver hairs on row (about 1.5 times longer than wide), with lateral margins; clypeus absent; caput raised, small, marginal sigilla, if evident. Scopulae striae distinct; fovea broad straight. (females) entire on metatarsi and tarsi I and Eight eyes on low tubercle in three rows, II, divided by setae on metatarsi and tarsi III, occupying 0.36 of front head width. Ratio of and on metatarsi IV, if present. Paired claws eyes, anterior median: anterior lateral: pos- of females with teeth on medial keel. Tarsi terior median: posterior lateral, 9:15:9:18. with clavate and filiform trichobothria. Males: Group is wider behind than long (74/48), and tibia I with prolateral spur and megaspine, wider behind than in front (74/62). Eye in- more distal prolateral megaspine, and asso- terspaces (as diameters of an AME): AME- ciated cuticular "thumb"; palpal bulb pyri- AME 1.0; ALE-ALE 2.6; AME-ALE 1.2; form. PME-PLE 0.2; PME-PME 2.8; ALE-PLE 1.1. INCLUDED SPECIES: I. helva, I. xmas, new Posterior row procurved from above. Me- species, L littoralis, I. intertidalis, L ha- dian ocular quadrangle wider behind than waiiensis, new species, L eniwetok, new long (40/16), wider behind than in front (40/ species. 26). Chelicerae covered with silvery brown REMARKS: Bonnet (1957: 2286) dated the hairs; rastellum consists of ten thick (four as generic name from Koch's key (1873), ap- long as wide) coniform spines in short distal parently published one year before the de- line; nine thick teeth on promargin, and four scription of the type species; however, the small basomesally. valid date of both genus and species is that Labium 0.76 wide, 0.38 long; without cus- of the later publication (Koch, 1874). pules, separated from sternum by two trian- DISTRIBUTION: The genus is known from guloid depressions. Maxillae 1.14 long in the Malagasy Republic (Benoit and Legendre, front, 1.74 long behind, 0.76 wide; with 6- 1968), Seychelles (Benoit, 1978), Malaysia 10 spindle-shaped cuspules in close group on (Abraham, 1924), Fiji (Koch, 1873, 1874), inner angle; anterior lobe and posterior "heel" Samoa (Marples, 1955), Christmas Island, the produced. Sternum 2.26 long, 1.50 wide; sig- Marshall and Yap Islands, and Hawaii, and illa not evident in lectotype. is found near beaches and littoral areas. Leg formula 4123. With short coniform spines on prolateral patellae III and IV. Scop- L. Koch ulae: entire on palpal tarsi, metatarsi I, and Idioctis helva tarsi I, II; divided by setae on metatarsi III, Figures 1-5 and tarsi III, IV. Preening combs absent but Idioctis helva L. Koch, 1874: 484, tab. 37, figs. 3a, several bristles in line on distal ventral edge b. Hogg, 1901: 241-242, fig. 26a. Marples, 1955, of metatarsi III, IV. Paired claws with four 453-454. to five teeth in one row on ectal faces ofclaws, all paired claws extend beyond tufts; palpal TYPES: Female lectotype (here designated), claw bare. About six trichobothria discern- Ovalau, Fiji (Mus. Godeffroy no. 8097), de- ible with difficulty on metatarsi, three clavate posited in the Zoologisches Museum, Ham- and 16 filiform on tarsi in five distally di- burg; paralectotype juvenile, same data; verging rows, six to eight extending for three- paralectotype female, same locality, depos- quarters of tibia. Spination (no spines on ited in the British Museum (Natural History).
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