Twenty Five Years of Modern Tsunami Science Following the 1992 Nicaragua and Flores Island Tsunamis, Volume II’’

Pure Appl. Geophys. 177 (2020), 1183–1191 Ó 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-020-02451-x Pure and Applied Geophysics Introduction to ‘‘Twenty Five Years of Modern Tsunami Science Following the 1992 Nicaragua and Flores Island Tsunamis, Volume II’’ 1 2 3 4,5 6,7 UTKU KAˆ NOG˘ LU, YUICHIRO TANIOKA, EMILE A. OKAL, MARIA ANA BAPTISTA, and ALEXANDER B. RABINOVICH Abstract—Following the first volume (PAGEOPH, 2019, 176, Keywords: Tsunami observations and detection, DARTs, No. 7), twenty-four papers on tsunamis are included in the tsunami modelling, tsunami earthquake, tsunami warning and PAGEOPH topical issue ‘‘Twenty five years of modern tsunami hazard assessment, landslide generated tsunami, meteotsunamis, science following the 1992 Nicaragua and Flores Island tsunamis: tsunami statistics and probability. Volume II,’’ reporting on the frontiers of tsunami science and research. The first two papers overview meteorological tsunamis, discussing progress since the 1992 Daytona event, and examining the March 2017 Persian Gulf destructive event. The next four papers review historical tsunami events, starting with a paper 1. Introduction providing statistics for the last 120 years. The 2018 Kodiak event is investigated in the following two papers. A set of five papers dis- cusses tsunami-warning methodologies specifically for the The Nicaragua tsunami earthquake (Kanamori Australia and Nankai (Japan) regions, and general tsunami warning 1972) on 2 September 1992 and the Flores Island, approaches. Probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment including case Indonesia catastrophic tsunami on 12 December 1992 studies for two Australian coasts and the Pacific Coast of Central America, as well as discussion regarding the effect of shallow slip opened a 25-year period of numerous devastating amplification uncertainty, and tsunami hazard assessment for earthquakes and tsunamis, and marked the beginning the Port of Ensenada, Baja California, are presented in the next five of ‘‘modern tsunami science era’’ (Okal 2019). This papers. Two papers discuss tsunami tide interaction, and the following two investigate landslide-generated tsunamis, specifically a period included the 26 December 2004 Sumatra tsu- tsunami landslide scenario study for the Maltese Islands, and the nami (Synolakis and Kong 2006), killing about 1694 Ambon, Indonesia tsunami. Tsunami hydrodynamics studies 230,00 people, and the 11 March 2011 Tohoku (East investigating shoaling on steep continental slopes and transmission Japan) tsunami killing almost 20,000 people and of long surface, and tsunami-like waves are presented in the last two papers. resulting in the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accident (Satake et al. 2013a). In our previous issue (Kaˆnog˘lu et al. 2019), we briefly summarized significant developments in the 1 Department of Aerospace Engineering, Middle East Tech- last 25 years. Those are: nical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey. E-mail: [email protected] • The International Post-Tsunami Surveys became 2 Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Hokkaido systematic after the 1992 Nicaragua and Flores University, Sapporo, Japan. E-mail: [email protected]. hokudai.ac.jp Island tsunamis. These surveys turned out to be the 3 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern leading resource of crucial scientific information University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. E-mail: e-okal@north about the events to estimate tsunami risk in specific western.edu 4 Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Poli- coastal regions, but also to help tsunami scientists tećnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. E-mail: mavbaptista@ reconstruct the seismic sources of the events, in gmail.com order to verify tsunami numerical models and 5 Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, identify scientific gaps in our knowledge. Portugal. 6 Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Institute of Ocean • Further, the Tsunami Bulletin Board (TBB) net- Sciences, 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. work ([email protected]) was E-mail: [email protected] initiated after the 1992 events, linking all tsunami 7 P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 36 Nakhimovsky Pr, Moscow 117997, Russia. scientists practically throughout the entire world. 1184 U. Kaˆnog˘lu et al. Pure Appl. Geophys. • Following the events of the last 25 years, and tsunami of 26 January 1700 (Satake et al. 1996; specifically, after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, Atwater et al. 2005). Paleotsunami findings funda- the worldwide sea-level network was upgraded. As mentally improve tsunami statistics, and result in a result, each new measurable tsunami event now much more reliable tsunami probabilistic hazard provides high-quality sea level data from hundreds studies for tsunami-prone coastlines. of instruments, which enables scientists to inves- As a result, the catastrophic events of 1992–2018 tigate tsunamis with higher accuracy, significantly and their intensive investigation resulted in tremen- improving their general understanding. In addition dous progress in tsunami science, hazard mitigation, to coastal measurements, a worldwide network of and warning. Moreover, these developments were DART1 stations was deployed to obtain data during reported in many papers in numerous journals open ocean propagation. This network became the including Pure and Applied Geophysics (PAGEOPH) backbone of Tsunami Warning Systems (Titov topical issues (Satake and Imamura 1995; Satake 2009). Further, a seafloor network of geophysical et al. 2007, 2011a, b, 2013a, b; Cummins et al. observatories was installed at the shelf-continental 2008, 2009; Rabinovich et al. 2015a, b, 2018, 2019; slope of Vancouver Island in 2009, further improv- Geist et al. 2016). Besides, the two catastrophic tsu- ing tsunami measurements. All these namis of 2010 (Chile) and 2011 (Tohoku), as well as measurements provide an enormous amount of other strong events, generated so much attention and data that not only allows tsunami scientists to substantial new information that they motivated the verify their numerical models (Synolakis et al. publication of an extra, intersession volume (Rabi- 2008) but also the reconstruction of the source in novich et al. 2014). In addition, high interest real-time under operational tsunami warning con- regarding the Illapel (Chile) earthquake and tsunami ditions (Titov et al. 2016). of 16 September 2015 resulted in a topical collection • Tsunami numerical models advanced substantially, of regular PAGEOPH papers ‘‘Chile-2015’’ that were as a combination of access to modern computers, later published as a book (Braitenberg and Rabi- and to high-resolution bathymetric/topographic novich 2017). Also, another PAGEOPH topical data, of better characterizations of tsunami sources volume, related explicitly to landslide-generated (e.g., Titov et al. 2005; Fujii and Satake 2007; Wei tsunamis, was prepared by Bardet et al. (2003), in the et al. 2008), of the explosion of data from the field, wake of the destructive 1998 Aitape, Papua New i.e., from deep ocean and near-shore measure- Guinea landslide-generated tsunami. All these vol- ments, and from field surveys, as well as of umes document research at the frontiers of tsunami theoretical progress, involving for example the science and reflect progress made continuously in effects of Earth elasticity and seawater stratifica- tsunami warning and hazard mitigation. Many papers tion on open-ocean tsunami propagation (Watada published in these volumes have become classics and et al. 2014; Allgeyer and Cummins 2014). In this been highly cited. context application to real-time forecasting made During the 28th International Tsunami Sympo- substantial progress during past 25 years (Titov sium, held in Bali on 21–23 August 2017, and et al. 2016). followed by a field trip to Babi Island, Flores on • Active development of paleotsunami studies 24–25 August, the commission suggested preparation enabled tsunami scientists to investigate historical of the present topical issue. The first volume, events that occurred hundreds, even thousands of ‘‘Twenty Five Years of Modern Tsunami Science years ago, for example, reliably reconstructing, the Following the 1992 Nicaragua and Flores Island Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake and major Tsunamis, Volume I,’’ was published by PAGEOPH (2019, 176, No. 7, Kaˆnog˘lu et al. 2019). It included the overview papers by Okal (2019), Gusiakov et al. 1 DART = Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsuna- mis, is an effective network of deep-ocean stations elaborated for (2019) and Arcos et al. (2019), specially prepared for continuous monitoring of tsunami waves in the open ocean and this volume totalling 22 papers. early tsunami warning (Titov 2009; Mungov et al. 2013). Vol. 177, (2020) Introduction to ‘‘Twenty Five Years of Modern Tsunami Science, Volume II’’ 1185 The current Volume II is the direct continuation speed, on 19 March 2017 in the Dayyer region was of Volume I. Altogether, this volume comprises 24 close to resonance, Fr * 0.9–1.1, which is highly papers that cover a broad spectrum of scientific favourable for meteotsunami generation. questions and present frontiers of modern tsunami science. 3. Historical Tsunami Events 2. Meteorological Tsunamis The section on historical tsunami events includes four papers starting with Gusiakov (2020), which A relatively new subject in tsunami science, provides comprehensive statistics on tsunami wave which began to attract much attention in recent

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