Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

R.H. Groves (Convenor), J.R. Hosking, G.N. Batianoff, D.A. Cooke, I.D. Cowie, R.W. Johnson, G.J. Keighery, B.J. Lepschi, A.A. Mitchell, M. Moerkerk, R.P. Randall, A.C. Rozefelds, N.G. Walsh and B.M. Waterhouse

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES AND FORESTRY Weed categories for natural and agricultural ecosystem management

R.H. Groves1 (Convenor), J.R. Hosking2, G.N. Batianoff3, D.A. Cooke4, I.D. Cowie5, R.W. Johnson3, G.J. Keighery6, B.J. Lepschi7, A.A. Mitchell8, M. Moerkerk9, R.P. Randall10, A.C. Rozefelds11, N.G. Walsh12 and B.M. Waterhouse13

1 CSIRO Plant Industry & CRC for Australian Weed Management, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601 2 NSW Agriculture & CRC for Australian Weed Management, RMB 944, Tamworth, NSW 2340 3 Queensland Herbarium, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Qld 4066 4 Animal & Plant Control Commission, Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation, GPO Box 2834, Adelaide, SA 5001 5 NT Herbarium, Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries, GPO Box 990, Darwin, NT 0801 6 Department of Conservation & Land Management, PO Box 51, Wanneroo, WA 6065 7 Australian National Herbarium, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601 8 Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, AQIS & CRC for Australian Weed Management, c/- NT Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries, GPO Box 3000, Darwin, NT 0801 9 Victorian Institute for Dryland Agriculture, NRE & CRC for Australian Weed Management, Private Bag 260, Horsham, Vic. 3401 10 Department of Agriculture Western Australia & CRC for Australian Weed Management, Locked Bag No. 4, Bentley, WA 6983 11 Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, GPO Box 1164, Hobart, Tas. 7001. 12 National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Vic. 3141 13 Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, AQIS & CRC for Australian Weed Management, c/- Centre for Tropical Agriculture, PO Box 1054, Mareeba, Qld 4880

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management i © Commonwealth of Australia 2003 ISBN 0 642 47534 2 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth available from the Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Commonwealth Copyright Administration, Intellectual Property Branch, Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts, GPO Box 2154, Canberra ACT 2601 or at http://www.dcita.gov.au/cca.

The Commonwealth of Australia acting through the Bureau of Rural Sciences has exercised due care and skill in the preparation and compilation of the information and data set out in this publication. Notwithstanding, the Bureau of Rural Sciences, its employees and advisers disclaim all liability, including liability for negligence, for any loss, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information or data set out in this publication to the maximum extent permitted by law. Postal address: Bureau of Rural Sciences GPO Box 858 Canberra, ACT 2601 Copies available from: BRS Publication Sales GPO Box 858 Canberra ACT 2601 Ph: 1800 020 157 Fax: 02 6272 2330 Email: [email protected] Internet: http://www.affa.gov.au/brsweeds Preferred way to cite this publication: Groves, R.H. (Convenor), Hosking, J.R., Batianoff, G.N., Cooke, D.A., Cowie, I.D., Johnson, R.W., Keighery, G.J., Lepschi, B.J., Mitchell, A.A., Moerkerk, M., Randall, R.P., Rozefelds, A.C., Walsh N.G., and Waterhouse, B.M. (2003) Weed categories for natural and agricultural ecosystem management. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra. Front cover photo credits (from left to right) Asystasia gangetica ssp. micrantha (Graham Prichard), Acacia catechu (Colin Wilson), Chromolaena odorata (Colin Wilson), Cyperus teneristolon (John Hosking). Back cover photo credits (from left to right) Chromolaena odorata (Colin Wilson), Acacia catechu (Colin Wilson), Onopordum tauricum (Richard Groves).

ii Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management FOREWORD

Weeds are one of the major factors impacting on Australia’s biodiversity and agriculture. Weeds change the functioning of natural ecosystems, compete with and alter the habitat of native plants and animals and even threaten the survival of some species that are in low numbers. Weeds also impact negatively on agriculture by increasing costs either by interfering with crop growth or animal production or by acting as harbours for pests and diseases of agricultural plants. Introduced plants that have become naturalised in Australia now comprise about 10% of the total Australian flora. They include many plants that were introduced intentionally for agriculture and horticulture. Not all introduced and naturalised plants necessarily become invasive, although many do. This book aims to categorise the approximately 2700 non-native plant species that are known to be naturalised in Australia into groups of major or minor threats to natural ecosystems or agriculture. Some non- native naturalised plant species present in Australia are known to be weedy overseas and may have similar effects here. Some of these are recommended as targets for eradication programs because eradication could be achieved at relatively low cost before they become invasive and spread widely. The categories of non-native naturalised plants highlighted in this book thus suggest opportunities for future containment and eradication programs. This categorisation of Australia’s naturalised flora will be a useful resource for those involved in weed management, and those involved in natural resource management more broadly.

Dr Peter O’Brien Dr Rhondda Dickson Executive Director First Assistant Secretary Bureau of Rural Sciences Department of the Environment and Heritage Land, Water and Coasts Division

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management iii TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword iii

Summary 1

Introduction 2

Methods 4

Results 6

Discussion 11

Acknowledgments 14

Addendum 14

References 15

Appendix 1 16 Terms of reference from the Department of Environment and Heritage

Appendix 2 17 Terms of reference from the Bureau or Rural Sciences

Appendix 3 18 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia – natural ecosystems

Appendix 4 106 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia – agricultural ecosystems

iv Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management SUMMARY

The naturalised flora of Australia was compiled from vouchered specimens in State, Territory and national herbaria. It was found to consist of about 2700 species believed to be non-native, although some uncertainty remains about the introduced status of a small percentage of that total. Of this total, 798 species (about 30%) were considered a major problem and 1388 species (about 50%) a minor problem to managers of natural ecosystems. A total of 34 non-native species that are limited at present to one or a few populations in a defined geographic area is recommended for eradication from natural ecosystems. Those non-native species known to be having a direct impact on rare or threatened native plants numbered 49; most of these species are widely distributed across a number of States but 8 within this group with more limited distributions are suggested as further candidates for eradication from natural ecosystems. The majority (53%) of Australia’s naturalised non-native species were considered to pose little or no threat to agricultural ecosystems. Of the total of 1266 species that were considered a problem, 840 (about 65%) were categorised as a minor problem only, partly because they were not considered sufficiently important to warrant control at any location. Species that may act as harbours for diseases or insect pests, or that may be toxic at some stage of their life cycles, numbered 295. Sixteen naturalised non-native species were known to be subject currently to eradication attempts throughout their known Australian range because of their perceived impacts on agricultural ecosystems. A further 9 species are suggested as candidates for eradication from agricultural ecosystems. For nearly all the plant species considered, information on their dates of naturalisation, their likely rates of spread, or their likely economic impact was not available. These deficiencies in knowledge will need to be overcome before predictions of the probable negative impacts of weeds on Australian natural and agricultural ecosystems can be further refined. The work presented in this book was commissioned by the Department of Environment and Heritage and the Bureau of Rural Sciences in 2000 and 2001 respectively. The Cooperative Research Centre for Australian Weed Management convened a group of scientific experts on weeds and the Australian flora from all of the States and Territories of Australia to undertake the projects. This book represents a combination of the previously unpublished reports which resulted from these two projects. An addendum (page 14) briefly describes developments since the original reports were written.

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 1 INTRODUCTION

A range of different categories and terms may be used to describe non-native plants, depending on what stage of the overall invasion process they are at, which in turn is determined largely by biological characteristics and introduction history. Naturalised non-native plant species may be defined as those that have been introduced, become established and that now reproduce naturally in the wild, without human intervention. This definition combines two of the current usages recognised recently by Richardson et al. (2000). Collectively, this category of the total number of plant species in Australia is termed the naturalised flora. Some categories of naturalised non-native plants already are well defined because they have legal standing; other categories are less well defined. The special category of ‘noxious weed’ is recognised throughout Australia, in that the category is enacted by legislation in each State or Territory for particular invasive plant species. Not all ‘noxious’ plants, however, are declared for every State or Territory. For instance, an invasive plant species of the wet Tropics may be declared ‘noxious’ in Queensland, the Northern Territory and for the northwest of Western Australia, but not in the temperate southern states in which the species’ chances of becoming invasive may be low or non-existent. Wherever it is enacted, a declaration of ‘noxiousness’ always implies the need for active management to reduce the impact of the particular plant species on human activities. Declaration of invasive plant species has a long history in the Australian States. Often in the past, however, noxious plants were widespread and already abundant in the landscape before they were declared and very little may have been done subsequently to reduce their populations (Moore 1971). Accordingly, recent emphases with regard to this category of naturalised plants have shifted to consider smaller scales of distribution (e.g. a catchment) and different sub-categories of ‘noxiousness’ on which land managers can be seen to act. To address goal 2 in the National Weeds Strategy (Anon. 1999) 20 invasive plant species, with mostly widespread distributions in Australia, were categorised and accepted as the Weeds of National Significance (WONS). The technical criteria behind this category are described in Virtue et al. (2002). Some other categories of naturalised non-native plants are less well defined; they include plant species that are categorised as introduced and/or adventive – terms that encompass plant species known to be native to a region or regions outside Australia. Such a category may also be termed variously alien or exotic. Of the total number of introduced species that have been detected only relatively recently in Australia (i.e. within the last 15 years or less), a small number (relative to the total) that are known already to have major negative impacts on natural or agricultural ecosystems outside Australia, are categorised as Recent Incursions. These plant species may receive special consideration nationally, that leads to the development of an appropriate management strategy such as eradication or containment. A category of naturalised non-native plant species that has been recognised only very recently is that of so-called ‘sleeper weeds’. This category has been defined as those non-native plants that have naturalised but are believed to have not yet reached their potential to form large and widespread populations in Australia (Groves 1999), despite being naturalised for some years. Like the category of Recent Incursions it is an attractive category for action because the cost of containment or of eradication expended now is much less than the relatively high future costs when the species has spread and reached its ecological limits (Williams 1997). Another term that has arisen relatively recently in Australia is that of ‘environmental weed’. This term refers to those naturalised non-native plant species that have invaded non-agricultural areas of natural vegetation and are presumed to impact negatively on native species diversity or ecosystem function. This category may also consist of plant species that are invasive beyond their native or indigenous range – a further complication and one that is becoming more significant as Australian

2 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management plants are used more widely in both horticulture and re-vegetation projects within Australia. Environmental weeds are distinguished from agricultural weeds by the ecosystem they impact in some way but it should be noted that the one plant species may be invasive in both natural and agricultural ecosystems in Australia. Whilst there exist different criteria for the definition and use of these terms for different categories of naturalised plant species that are non-native to Australia, the terminology used to describe the conservation status of native plant species is usually defined much more rigorously. Australia follows the IUCN criteria for the different categories of rarity (see, for example, Briggs and Leigh 1996). These criteria are included in the most recent database for threatened plants native to Australia – the Species PRofile And Threats database or “SPRAT” – maintained by the Department of Environment and Heritage. The SPRAT database lists endangered or vulnerable plant species for Australia (usually termed Rare Or Threatened Australian Plant, or ROTAP, species and now listed under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, 1999). The database identifies threats to these species, although the threat posed by naturalised species is usually a general one and the particular non-native species responsible for the threat only sometimes are identified. This book groups Australia’s total of about 2700 naturalised non-native plant species into categories; some of the above categories will not be discussed further, such as the WONS group. The first part of the book concerns the categorisation of the species comprising the naturalised flora based on their perceived negative impacts on the approximately 25,000 native plant species and especially on those that are listed as endangered or vulnerable. It will identify some naturalised non-native species (so-called environmental weeds) considered of greatest threat to native plant diversity in the short term that may still be amenable to early intervention. The second part of the book groups a slightly up-dated listing of naturalised non-native species into categories based on their perceived impacts on Australian agricultural ecosystems. This part of the book will identify a further number of species of agricultural weeds, including some in the ‘sleeper weed’ category, as candidates for early intervention leading to their containment or eradication from Australia. The work presented here was commissioned by the Department of Environment and Heritage and the Bureau of Rural Sciences in 2000 and 2001 respectively (see Appendices 1 and 2). The Cooperative Research Centre for Australian Weed Management convened a group of scientific experts on weeds and the Australian flora from all of the States and Territories of Australia to undertake the projects. This book represents a combination of the previously unpublished reports which resulted from these two projects.

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 3 METHODS

GENERAL

A listing of all naturalised non-native plants in Australia (Hosking et al., in prep.) was made available as a database of about 2700 taxa. The total number of non-native naturalised species used to assess categories applicable to natural ecosystems was 2681, (see Appendix 3) at the time the first categorization was done in 2000. The categorisation of Australia’s non-native naturalised species for their potential agricultural impact was done one year subsequently and hence the total number of species was slightly increased (at 2732 taxa), as a result of continuing research and updating of nomenclature (see Appendix 4). A limited number of species are considered to be ‘native’ by some State herbaria but ‘introduced’ or ‘non-native’ by other State herbaria (see Table 1 and Appendix 3 for examples). From this national list, a separate database for each State or Territory was created. The only species to be considered throughout this book were ones for which a voucher specimen existed at a State, Territory or the National herbarium. Such a proviso means that all names used in this book can be checked should queries arise in the future. Species listed on each State database were then ranked in terms of an agreed set of categories appropriate to either natural or agricultural ecosystems, details of which are given in the next two sections respectively. The rankings were made by experts from each State or Territory and represent the best personal judgements available. In each case when assembling the national rating from the individual State and Territory ratings, the highest rating by any one State or Territory was used. The ratings for each species were then tabulated and the total scores for the number of species in each of the different categories added. The total number of species considered appropriate for containment and/or eradication was further reduced by asking each expert who made the initial rankings to choose the one or two species they considered most suitable for eradication from their State or Territory. Two national listings of these species were then compiled: one for naturalised species that pose a direct threat to natural ecosystems because of their perceived impact on endangered native plant species; and the other on the basis of the perceived potential of naturalised species to impact agricultural ecosystems in the future, should they ever spread further. Throughout the book, we shall refer to each taxon as a ‘species’, even though this usage does not always reflect its true taxonomic status.

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS

The agreed categories for assessing the status of naturalised non-native species in natural ecosystems were:

Category Explanation 0 Reported as naturalised but only known naturalised population now removed or thought to be removed 0? Uncertainty as to whether any plants exist 1 Naturalised and may be a minor problem but not considered important enough to warrant control at any location 1? Uncertainty as to whether a small number of plants remain 2 Naturalised and known to be a minor problem warranting control at 3 or fewer locations within a State or Territory

4 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 3 Naturalised and known to be a minor problem warranting control at 4 or more locations within a State or Territory 4 Naturalised and known to be a major problem at 3 or fewer locations within a State or Territory 5 Naturalised and known to be a major problem at 4 or more locations within a State or Territory ? Information not available at present. Categorisations were carried out in 2000 for naturalised plants of natural ecosystems. Other attributes were used to further categorise the national listing (see Appendix 3). They were:

Symbol Explanation C or c Under active control throughout State (C) or in part of State (c) E or e Eradication being attempted throughout State (E) or in part of State (e) N or n Noxious and/or Declared throughout State (N) or in part of State (n) P Proposed candidate for attempted containment or eradication H Habitat-specific A Agricultural and/or ruderal weed primarily; no known threat to native plants S Potential to spread further Ø Origin uncertain – possibly a native species according to some State herbaria.

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS

Agricultural ecosystems were considered to be crops, pastures and horticultural enterprises such as nurseries and turf farms. Aquatic weeds (even those that may block irrigation channels or dams) were not included in this survey, nor were weeds of forestry. Species that have burrs on otherwise useful plants or those plants that rarely come into contact with stock also were not included. The agreed categories for assessing the status of naturalised non-native species in agricultural ecosystems were those as for natural ecosystems (see above) with the following additions:

Category Explanation + Present in a State or Territory but not given a rating as an agricultural weed, either because it was not considered a problem or because it was not known to occur in agricultural areas at present.

Symbol Explanation D Harbour for diseases (potential or actual) I Harbour for insects that cause problems to agriculture (such as fruit fly) T Toxic (includes species that are toxic at times and useful at other times) X Includes weeds that potentially will be a greater agricultural problem than the rating shown; this category includes weeds presently known only from natural ecosystems. These categorisations were carried out in 2001 (i.e., one year later than for those of natural ecosystems).

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 5 RESULTS

TAXONOMIC ASPECTS

The listing of all naturalised non-native plants for Australia is presented at Appendix 3, arranged alphabetically by genus and species. Alternate names are given where known. Of the 2681 species identified in Appendix 3, 34 were considered to be native by some State herbaria (Category Ø). Each of these problematic species is identified in Appendix 3 but they have also been listed (Table 1) to draw attention to the differences in taxonomic opinion.

TABLE 1 The 34 plant species in the Australian flora about which there is uncertainty with regard to whether the species is native or naturalised; all species listed below are considered to be native by at least one State herbarium and to be naturalised non- native species by other herbaria.

Genus Species Family Genus Species Family Acacia farnesiana Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Lysimachia vulgaris Primulaceae Adenanthera pavonina Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Lythrum hyssopifolia Lythraceae Aeschynomene aspera Fabaceae (Faboideae) Lythrum salicaria Lythraceae Aeschynomene indica Fabaceae (Faboideae) Mollugo verticillata Aizoaceae Albizzia lebbeck Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Oryza rufipogon Poaceae Bidens pilosa Asteraceae Paspalum distichum Poaceae Bromus arenarius Poaceae Paspalum scrobiculatum Poaceae Cenchrus caliculatus Poaceae Pennisetum alopecuroides Poaceae Chamaecrista nigricans Fabaceae (Caesalpinoideae) Persicaria lapathifolia Polygonaceae Corchorus aestuans Tiliaceae Phyla nodiflora Verbenaceae Corchorus capsularis Tiliaceae Pistia stratiotes Araceae Crotalaria retusa Fabaceae (Faboideae) Ruschia tumidula Aizoaceae Cyclocarpa stellaris Fabaceae (Faboideae) Russelia equisetiformis Scrophulariaceae Cyperus compressus Cyperaceae Salsola kali Chenopodiaceae Echinochloa colona Poaceae Sida pusilla Malvaceae Ipomoea nil Convolvulaceae Triumfetta rhomboidea Tiliaceae Isachne pulchella Poaceae Urena lobata Malvaceae

Categorisation for natural ecosystems Full details on the total numbers of species in each category for natural ecosystems are presented for each species in Appendix 3. Of the total of 2681 naturalised non-native species listed (Appendix 3), only 29 (Category 0) are known to have been eradicated, or thought to have disappeared, in the wild in Australia (Table 2), with a further 2 species of uncertain status in this regard (Category 0?). About half the total number of naturalised non-native species were judged to be a minor problem in Australia at present (Categories 1, 1?, 2 and 3). Of the 798 species that were considered a major problem, about 60% were known to be a problem at three or fewer locations (Category 4). The naturalised status of only 15 species (0.5% of the total) was unknown (Category ?), although future information may reduce this already low number still further.

6 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management TABLE 2 Number of naturalised non-native species in the Australian flora categorised in 2000 in terms of their different stages of naturalisation in natural ecosystems (see Methods for explanation of these categories).

Category 0 0? 1 1? 2 3 4 5 ? No. species 29 2 431 18 676 712 465 333 15

The 731 species that were rated as primarily agricultural or ruderal weeds (Category A) were assumed to pose a lesser, or no known threat, to native plants (Table 3). A further 201 species were rated as habitat specific (Category H). In 2000, there were 437 species considered to be under active control (C or c category) or declared noxious in at least one State (Category N) or in part of a State (Category n). A total of 34 species were considered controllable or merited controlling, i.e. they belonged to Category P, and these individual species are recommended as candidates for attempted containment or eradication (Table 4). The collection of additional information could increase the number of species (presently 250 or c. 9% of the total) predicted to have potential to spread within or between States (Category S).

TABLE 3 Number of naturalised non-native species in the Australian flora categorised in 2000 in terms of their status as weeds of natural ecosystems, their ability to be controlled or eradicated, and their potential for further spread (see Methods for explanation of these categories).

Category A H C,c,N,n P S No. species 731 201 437 34 250

Those species deemed appropriate for an attempt at containment or eradication are listed separately (Table 4), together with their distributions by State and/or Territory.

TABLE 4 The 34 naturalised non-native species in the Australian flora that are impacting on natural ecosystems for which a national containment or eradication program is recommended, together with their distribution by State or Territory (see Addendum, page 14).

Genus Species Subspecies (ssp.) Distribution Genus Species Subspecies (ssp.) Distribution or Varieties (var.). or Varieties (var.). Acacia catechu var. sundra NT Lachenalia reflexa WA Acacia karroo Qld, NSW, SA, WA Nassella charuana Vic. Annona reticulata Q, NT? Oenanthe pimpinelloides Vic., SA Asystasia gangetica ssp. micrantha NSW Ornithogalum longibracteatum NSW, Vic., WA Bassia scoparia weedy form Tas., WA Orobanche ramosa SA Centaurea eriophora SA Panicum racemosum Vic. Centaurea maculosa NSW Pelargonium alchemilloides WA Chromolaena odorata less weedy form Qld Piptochaetium montevidense Vic. Chromolaena odorata weedy form Qld Reseda phyteuma Vic., SA Crataegus azarolus SA Retama raetam SA, WA Cyperus teneristolon NSW Schoenoplectus californicus NSW Dittrichia viscosa WA Senecio glastifolius NSW, WA Gliricidia sepium WA Stachys sylvatica Vic. Iva axillaris ssp. robustior Vic, SA Succowia balearica WA Jarava plumosa SA Thunbergia laurifolia Qld Juncus subnodulosus SA, NSW? Tipuana tipu Qld Koelreuteria elegans ssp. elegans Qld Trianoptiles solitaria Vic.

State and Territory abbreviations: NT = Northern Territory, Qld = Queensland, NSW = New South Wales, Tas. = Tasmania, WA = Western Australia, Vic. = Victoria, SA = South Australia.

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 7 Categorisation for impacts on Rare Or Threatened Australian Plant (ROTAP) species A total of 49 naturalised non-native species were known to be having a direct impact on those native species rated as ‘rare’ or ‘threatened’ in the Australian flora (Table 5). They belong to a wide range of plant families. Many other naturalised non-native plants may also be having an impact on native plant and/or animal species but the effects were either not known to the authors or were considered to be indirect.

TABLE 5 The 49 naturalised non-native species in the Australian flora having a direct impact on ANZECC-rated rare or threatened native plant species, together with their distribution by State or Territory.

Genus Species Subspecies (ssp.) Distribution Genus Species Subspecies (ssp.) Distribution or Varieties (var.). or Varieties (var.). Anagallis arvensis red & blue fl’d forms All (not NT) Juncus capitatus All Asparagus asparagoides All (not NT) (not Qld, NT) Avena barbata All Lantana camara All (not Tas.) (not Qld, NT) Lophopyrum elongatum (?ponticum) All (not Qld, Babiana angustifolia NSW, Vic., NT, WA?) SA, WA Moraea flaccida All Brassica tournefortii All (NT) (not Qld, NT) Briza maxima All (NT) Moraea lewisiae Vic. ,WA Briza minor All (not NT) Moraea miniata NSW, Vic., Cakile edentula All (not NT) SA, WA Cakile maritima ssp. maritima All Myosotis sylvatica All (not Qld, NT) (not Qld, NT) Carpobrotus edulis x C. virescens WA only Nassella leucotricha Vic. only Cenchrus ciliaris All Nassella neesiana NSW, Vic., (not Vic, Tas) SA Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera All Nassella trichotoma NSW, Vic., (not Qld, NT) Tas. Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata Qld, NSW, Parentucellia viscosa All Vic (not Qld, NT) Cinnamonum camphora Qld, NSW, Phalaris aquatica All (not NT) SA,WA Polygala myrtifolia var. myrtifolia in V All Cirsium vulgare All (not NT) (not Qld, NT) Coffea arabica Qld only Populus nigra ‘italica’ NSW, Vic., SA, WA Cytisus scoparius ssp. scoparius All (not Qld, NT) Romulea rosea var. communis WA only ø Dipogon lignosus All (not NT) Rubus anglocandicans All (not NT) Erodium botrys All (not Sisymbrium erysimoides All (not Qld, NT?) Tas, NT?) Freesia hybrid* All (not NT) Sparaxis bulbifera All (not Qld, NT) Fumaria capreolata All (not Tas., NT) Tradescantia fluminensis All (not WA, NT) Gladiolus caryophyllaceus WA only Watsonia marginata Vic., SA, WA Hygrophila costata Qld, NSW Watsonia meriana var. bulbillifera All (not NT) Hyparrhenia hirta All (not Tas, NT) Watsonia meriana var. meriana SA,WA Isolepis hystrix All (not Qld, Watsonia versfeldii var. alba V, Tas., WA Tas., NT) Isolepis prolifera NSW, Vic., WA

* Sometimes referred to as Freesia alba x F. leichtlinii ø Formerly R. procerus in the R. fruiticosus agg.

State and Territory abbreviations: NT = Northern Territory, Qld = Queensland, NSW = New South Wales, Tas. = Tasmania, WA = Western Australia, Vic. = Victoria, SA = South Australia.

8 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Categorisation for agricultural ecosystems Of the 1267 naturalised non-native species identified as a problem to Australian agriculture, about two thirds were considered to be of only minor importance at present (total of Categories 1, 2 and 3) (Table 6). Of the 426 species that were considered a major problem to agricultural enterprises, about 18% were known to be a problem at three or fewer locations (Category 4).

TABLE 6 Number of naturalised non-native species in the Australian flora categorised in 2001 in terms of their different stages of naturalisation in agricultural ecosystems (see Methods for explanation of categories).

Category + 0 0? 1 2 3 4 5 No. species 1444 6 15 353 133 355 64 362

In 2001 there were 429 species considered to be under active control (C or c category) or declared noxious in at least one State (Category N) or in part of a State (Category n) (Table 7 and Appendix 4). Eradication was being attempted throughout a State (Category E) or in part of a State (Category e) for 156 species. Species known to act as harbours for disease agents or insect pests numbered 31, and 264 species were identified as being toxic. Species proposed for control or eradication (Category P) numbered only 8 (see Table 8). Although virtually all species have the potential to spread further, 224 species were considered to have potential to spread considerably (Category S). A further category (X) comprised 108 species that are unlikely to have a greater agricultural impact than the suggested rating and includes species that at present are known only from natural ecosystems (Table 7).

TABLE 7 Number of naturalised non-native species in the Australian flora categorised in 2001 in terms of their status as weeds of agricultural ecosystems, their ability to be controlled or eradicated and their potential for further spread (see Methods for explanation of categories). Species that may harbour diseases (actual or potential) or insect pests or are known to be toxic at some stage of their life cycles are also given.

Category C,C,N,n E,e D,I T,T? P S X No. species 429 156 31 264 8 224 108

Some of the species being eradicated throughout their Australian range at present or recommended as suitable for an attempt at their containment or eradication nationally are listed in Table 8, together with their distribution by State or Territory. Of the 16 species identified as currently subject to an eradication program, Bassia (Kochia) scoparia, Centaurea maculosa, Jarava plumosa (syn. Stipa papposa) and Orobanche loricata may already have been eradicated, although monitoring for all four species should continue for several more years to validate this apparent result. Programs for the remaining 12 species continue.

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 9 TABLE 8 The 27 naturalised non-native species in the Australian flora that are impacting agricultural ecosystems for which a national or State containment or eradication program is being implemented or is recommended (based on information available in 2001), together with their distribution by State or Territory.

Genus Species Subspecies (ssp.) Distribution Genus Species Subspecies (ssp.) Distribution or Varieties (var.). or Varieties (var.). For eradication or being eradicated at present Nassella charruana Vic. Asystasia gangetica ssp. micrantha NSW Orobanche loricata Tas Bassia (Kochia) scoparia WA Orobanche ramosa SA Centaurea maculosa ACT Recommended for eradication Chromolaena odorata Qld Aeschynomene paniculata Qld Cleome rutidosperma NT Brillantaisia lamium Qld Clidemia hirta Qld Carthamus leucocaulos WA Equisetum arvense NSW Crupina vulgaris SA Equisetum hyemale NSW, Vic., Cyperus teneristolon NSW Tas, WA Hieracium aurantiacum Tas, Vic. Equisetum ramosissimum NSW Hieracium murorum NSW Hieracium pilosella Tas Onopordum tauricum Vic. Jarava plumosa SA Recommended for containment Limnocharis flava Qld Elephantopus mollis Qld, NSW Mikania micrantha Qld Praxelis clematidea Qld

State and Territory abbreviations: NT = Northern Territory, Qld = Queensland, NSW = New South Wales, Tas. = Tasmania, WA = Western Australia, Vic. = Victoria, SA = South Australia, ACT = Australian Capital Territory.

10 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management DISCUSSION

SPECIES THAT ARE POSSIBLY NATIVE

It is recognised widely that some cosmopolitan species in the Australian flora may be considered ‘native’ by some and ‘introduced’ by others. Kloot (1984) discussed the role of long-distance dispersal in influencing the introduced elements of the flora of southern Australia. He concluded that there were about 100 species that were believed, at least by earlier botanists, to have arrived in Australia from elsewhere by long-distance dispersal at a time that pre-dates European settlement (1788). These 100 or so species thus could be interpreted as either ‘native’ or ‘introduced’, depending on the time and means of introduction. Furthermore, some plant species in what Kloot called his ‘alien acquired’ category may have a variant in Australia that is native and other variants that may have been introduced. Such taxonomic variation is especially true of naturalised species, such as Tribulus terrestris, where it is believed that a non-native variant or genotype occurs in southern Australia but that the variant or genotype common in central and northern Australia may be native (Squires 1969, Morrison and Scott 1996a, 1996b, Scott and Morrison 1996). It thus should come as no surprise that we identified a group of 34 species (Table 1), albeit a relatively small number of species, about which there is still some disagreement as to whether they are naturalised or native. This situation is highlighted by the example of one species listed in Table 1, viz. Pistia stratiotes, that is a noxious weed in all Australian States (where its control is obligatory) but the same species is considered native to the Northern Territory (Gillett et al. 1989). Only further research at an international level may resolve such uncertainties and seeming anomalies.

IMPACTS ON NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS

This present categorisation of the naturalised non-native flora of Australia attempts to reduce the approximately 10% of the total Australian flora to smaller groups, and thereby draw attention to species which may be candidates for active management, leading in some cases to their eradication. Previous attempts, such as the increasingly-cumbersome system of State declarations of some non- native species as noxious, have focused management primarily on already-widespread species that have a predominantly agricultural impact. More recently, the recognition of twenty weeds of national significance has focussed management by community groups on a group of mostly already widespread ‘environmental weeds’ as well as agricultural weeds. Most previous declarations of ‘noxiousness’ have failed in the past, however, to direct management activity to those species that may not yet be distributed widely or are not yet having a major impact on production agriculture. Many such species are still only locally distributed and amenable to containment, if not eradication. Of the approximately 2700 species judged by us to be naturalised and non-native, we identified 34 species (Table 4) where we believe a containment or eradication program is feasible and justified ecologically in terms of their impacts on native plant species or natural ecosystems. We suggest that at least one species per State or Territory be targeted for eradication from natural ecosystems as a matter of urgency. For instance, Succowia balearica in Western Australia is an ideal candidate for early eradication before it becomes a major weed of the botanically-diverse natural vegetation on the Swan Coastal Plain (Keighery 1996). In the national compilation of each State categorisation, we encountered several methodological problems to do with interpretation of categories, especially those relating to prediction of spread (Category S in Table 3). Sometimes species were known to be present in a State from personal observation but if that knowledge was not backed up by voucher specimens deposited in herbaria, we rejected it as a record in the national database, on which these categorisations are based.

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 11 A previous consideration of the naturalised non-native flora of Australia in terms of impacts on natural ecosystems (Humphries et al. 1991) concluded that whilst major weed problems in northern and central Australia usually arose because of invasions of single dominant species (e.g. Cryptostegia grandiflora, Mimosa pigra, Tamarix aphylla), those in southern Australia comprised groups of species. Many areas of natural vegetation in southern Australia have been invaded by many different non-native species with diverse life-forms and dispersal mechanisms. Management of such invaded vegetation based on a single-species approach usually results in one weed being replaced by another. An approach to research and management based on single species is implicit in the approach taken in the present short-term study, but it may not be effective for natural ecosystems in the longer term unless it is strengthened further by re-vegetation programs that use competitive but non-invasive native species.

IMPACT ON NATIVE RARE OR THREATENED AUSTRALIAN PLANT (ROTAP) SPECIES – A SPECIAL CASE

Leigh and Briggs (1992) showed that four native plant species had become extinct because of presumed competition from weeds. A further 12 native species were endangered currently by the presence of non-native species, but 57 (13%) of the total of 441 rare or threatened native plant species were at risk in the future because of weed competition. Of the latter group, Groves and Willis (1999) highlighted two examples of a direct impact of naturalised non-native species on native plant diversity. The first related to the orchid Pterostylis arenicola endangered in South Australia by dense cover of the invasive South African species Asparagus asparagoides (Sorensen and Jusaitis 1995). In this example, the non-native plant was shown to have a direct negative impact on orchid rosette numbers. The second example is that of a small shrub Pimelea spicata, once widespread in southeastern New South Wales but now confined mostly to small fragments of Cumberland Plain woodland – itself an endangered community. In this example, the non-native plant is again A. asparagoides that shades the small shrubs of P. spicata in winter and competes with them for water and soil nutrients. The results of these two studies provide useful material on which to base management actions. They both concern one non-native species on our list of 49 that is impacting directly on rare or threatened native plant species. Research programs on some of the other 48 non- native plant species listed in Table 5 are urgently required. There are undoubtedly other rare and endangered species being impacted either directly or generally by naturalised plant species than the 49 identified in this study (for instance, see Halford 1998 and Anon. 2000 for southeastern Queensland).

IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS

About half (53%) of the total naturalised non-native flora was considered to pose little or no risk to agricultural ecosystems, either because the species were not considered a problem in any State or Territory or else they were not known to occur in agricultural ecosystems at present (Table 6). Of the 1266 species considered to pose a problem to agricultural ecosystems, about 65% of them were categorised as only a minor problem at present, sometimes because they were not considered important enough to warrant control at any location. Such a rating may well change with changed patterns in agriculture, however. For instance, the silver grasses (Vulpia spp.) switched in the 1970s from being regarded as minor weeds to those having major impacts on agriculture in southern Australia. Most of the species identified as major problems were known to occur at four or more locations – a fact that makes their eradication or containment all the more difficult. Only 64 species that were categorised as ‘major’ problems occurred at three or fewer locations in a particular State or Territory (Table 6). For instances where such species are known only from one State or Territory within the Australian region, a strong case could be made for increased management effort. Examples of such candidate species for eradication or containment are listed in Table 8, as a basis for further examination and possible future funding programs.

12 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Our analysis of the naturalised non-native flora of Australia has highlighted 156 cases where eradication attempts are being made either throughout a State or in part of a State (Table 7). More needs to be known about the success of these efforts and the range of methods used, especially as they relate to the area covered by each population, the number of populations and the length of the post-eradication monitoring period. Recent results from California (Rejmanek 2000) indicate that the eradication of non-native plants from infestations smaller than one hectare in area is almost always possible, but that it is unlikely that infestations larger than 100 ha can ever be eradicated, given a realistic level of resources. Groves and Panetta (2002) assembled case histories for a limited number of past and current weed eradication programs in Australia, but more case histories will be needed before useful generalisations can be formulated. In this book we have highlighted 16 naturalised non-native species where nationally or State-coordinated eradication programs are being practised already; a further 9 are suggested as being highly appropriate and timely (Table 8). One impact of naturalised plants that is often overlooked in discussions on weed impact is the role that such species may play as harbours for diseases or insect pests. Together with those plants that are toxic to animals or humans, they numbered 295 species (Table 7). Most had a wide distribution, however, and their eradication was usually considered to be not feasible. This aspect of impact on agricultural ecosystems encompasses some naturalised plants that are usually considered to impact on natural ecosystems, such as Cotoneaster spp., but which may also impact horticultural industries because they can act as alternate hosts for pathogens (such as fireblight in the case of Cotoneaster).

FURTHER INFORMATION NEEDS

Whether for natural or agricultural ecosystems, spread rates for only a few naturalised plants are known and this paucity of information made it difficult to categorise the naturalised flora according to rate of spread, despite this attribute being related to invasive ability. The database used for these analyses did not include dates of naturalisation and this deficiency precluded consideration of the incidence of ‘sleeper weeds’ in the naturalised flora. Incorporation of dates of first collection (and perhaps number of sites) as a very approximate surrogate for the date of naturalisation into the database would enhance its usefulness in this regard, as would further research on which naturalised species may be usefully considered as ‘sleepers’ among both environmental and agricultural weeds. Given, however, the observed contribution of changed management regimes to increased impacts of agricultural weeds (see our earlier Vulpia example), the process of identification of ‘sleepers’ in an agricultural context may differ from that used to identify this category of naturalised species in natural ecosystems. Finally, even for long-naturalised plants in agricultural ecosystems, let alone those primarily invasive in natural ecosystems, information on their likely economic impacts was rarely available. The main attribute of a plant species recently naturalised in Australia that seems to drive an eradication program is its known occurrence as a major weed outside Australia. An enhanced methodology for determining the likely economic impact of a recently naturalised species will need to be developed before prediction of the impact of such species on Australian natural and agricultural ecosystems can be further improved.

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 13 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We acknowledge the assistance of staff of many herbaria in the preparation by John Hosking of the database on all naturalised plants in Australia. We also thank Cathy Miller, Peter Moore, Kim Navin (CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra) and David Cunningham (BRS) for help with the preparation of the Appendices; and Alan Maguire (NSW Agriculture, Tamworth), John Weiss (KTRI, Frankston) and Mark Boersma (DPIWE, Devonport) for information on noxious plants in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania respectively. Information on noxious plants for Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory was obtained from the Weeds Australia web site at http://www.weeds.org.au/. Information on certain species for eradication was taken from a forthcoming publication by Geoff Sainty and others; we thank the authors for their permission to use their material in this way. David Cunningham, Dane Panetta and Peter Williams provided useful comments on a final draft of this book for which we are grateful. We thank Gerry Maynes and Robert Moore (DEH) and Mary Bomford (BRS) for initiating and guiding the two consultancies.

ADDENDUM

As of May 2003, the number of plant species in the naturalised non-native flora of Australia totalled 2810 – an increase on the totals presented in the earlier analyses, arising from continuing update of nomenclature and results of field surveys. The information contained in each original report may not necessarily reflect present knowledge or taxonomic usage. One species for adding to the list of species that could be eradicated from Australia (because it is likely to have a significant impact on natural ecosystems and it does not seem to be completely out of control at present) is Passiflora tarminiana (listed in the Appendices as P. mollissima commonly known as Banana passionfruit). This species is an important environmental weed in New Zealand and has been observed recently becoming so at sites in Victoria and New South Wales. The taxon Koelreuteria elegans ssp. elegans is listed in Table 4 as a possible species for containment or eradication. This species, now also naturalised in New South Wales, should more correctly be referred to as K. formosana (or K. elegans ssp. formosana). It is a popular ornamental plant and the species is likely to be more widely naturalised than current herbarium records suggest. Based on the process referred to in Appendix 1 and addressed in Appendix 3, the Department of the Environment and Heritage has established a national environmental alert list. The list currently contains 28 species, and detailed information covering their description and management is being prepared for distribution. The information presented in this book has also been used to inform Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry projects on agricultural sleeper weeds.

14 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management REFERENCES

Anonymous (2000). Species management manual, Vols 2 & 3. Forest Flora and Fauna Conservation Section, Resource Sciences Centre, Department of Natural Resources, Brisbane. Anonymous (Revised 1999). The National Weeds Strategy: A strategic approach to weed problems of national significance. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. Briggs, J.D. and Leigh, J.H. (1996). Rare or threatened Australian plants. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. Gillett, J.D., Dunlop, C.R. and Miller, I.L. (1989). Occurrence, origin, weed status and control of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) in the Northern Territory. Plant Protection Quarterly 3: 144-148. Groves, R.H. (1999). Sleeper weeds. In: Papers & Proceedings of the 12th Australian Weeds Conference, Hobart, September 1999, eds A.C. Bishop, M. Boersma & C.D. Barnes, pp. 632-636. Tasmanian Weed Society Inc., Devonport. Groves, R.H. and Panetta, F.D. (2002). Some general principles for weed eradication programs. In: Papers & Proceedings of the 13th Australian Weeds Conference, Perth, September, 2002, eds H. Spafford Jacob, J. Dodd and J.H. Moore, pp. 307-310. Plant Protection Society of WA Inc., Perth. Groves, R.H. and Willis, A.J. (1999). Environmental weeds and loss of native plant biodiversity: some Australian examples. Australian Journal of Environmental Management 6: 164-171. Halford, D. (1998). Survey of the threatened plant species in south east Queensland biogeographical region. Department of Environment, Regional Forests Assessments (Queensland CRA/RFA Steering Committee), Department of Natural Resources, Brisbane. Hosking, J.R. et al. (in prep.). The naturalised flora of Australia. Humphries, S.E., Groves, R.H. and Mitchell, D.S. (1991). Plant invasions: A status review and management directions. Kowari 2: 1-134. Keighery, G.J. (1996). Succowia balearica (Brassicaceae): A new and potentially serious weed in Western Australia. Nuytsia 11: 139-140. Kloot, P.M. (1984). The introduced elements of the flora of southern Australia. Journal of Biogeography 11: 63-78. Leigh, J.H. and Briggs, J.D. (1992). Threatened Australian plants: Overview and case studies. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra. Moore, R.M. (1971). Weeds and weed control in Australia. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 37: 181-191. Morrison, S.M. and Scott, J.K. (1996a). Variation in populations of Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae) 2: Chromosome numbers. Australian Journal of Botany 44: 191-199. Morrison, S.M. and Scott, J.K. (1996b). Variation in populations of Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae). 3. Isozyme analysis. Australian Journal of Botany 44: 201-212. Rejmanek M. (2000). Invasive plants: approaches and predictions. Austral Ecology 25: 497-500. Richardson, D.M., Pysek, P., Rejmanek, M., Barbour, M.G., Panetta, F.D. and West, C.J. (2000). Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions 6: 93-107. Scott, J.K. and Morrison, S.M. (1996). Variation in populations of Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae). 1. Burr morphology. Australian Journal of Botany 44: 175-190. Sorensen, B. and Jusaitis, M. (1995). The impact of bridal creeper on an endangered orchid. In: Weeds of Conservation Concern, eds D. Cooke and J. Choate, pp. 27-31. Department of Environment and Natural Resources & Animal and Plant Control Commission, South Australia, Adelaide. Squires, V.R. (1969). Distribution and polymorphism of Tribulus terrestris sens. lat. in Australia. Victorian Naturalist 86: 1-7. Virtue, J.G., Groves, R.H. and Panetta, F.D. (2002). Towards a system to determine the national significance of weeds in Australia. In: Weed Risk Analysis, eds R.H. Groves, F.D. Panetta and J.G. Virtue, pp. 124-150. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. Williams, P.A. (1997). Ecology and management of invasive weeds. Conservation Sciences Publication No. 7. Department of Conservation, Wellington.

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 15 APPENDIX APPENDIX 1

TERMS OF REFERENCE FROM THE 1 DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND HERITAGE Terms of Reference DEH

The Invasive Species Section of the Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage contracted the Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Australian Weed Management Systems to: 1. Organise a peer-group review by weed experts from all States and Territories to consider current knowledge about naturalised non-native plants and to group them into broad-band categories based on: a. their impact on native species, in particular nationally-listed endangered or vulnerable species; b. their effect on ecosystem function; c. their current and potential distribution; and d. their invasive ability and rate of spread. 2. Identify those naturalised non-native plants that are in the early stages of establishment and range expansion and for which early intervention could lead to their containment or eradication. 3. Prepare a summary report of the recommended categories for naturalised non-native plants and list priorities for those species considered of greatest threat but still amenable to early intervention. These Terms of Reference were met in the form of a progress report to the Department of the Environment and Heritage submitted by the CRC for Australian Weed Management on May 15, 2000 and a final report on June 30, 2000.

16 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management APPENDIX 2 APPENDIX

TERMS OF REFERENCE FROM THE BUREAU OF RURAL SCIENCES 2 Terms of Reference BRS

The Bureau of Rural Sciences, within the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry, contracted the Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Australian Weed Management to: 1. Organise a peer-group review by weed experts from all States and Territories to consider current knowledge about the 2681 naturalised non-native plant species in Australia and sort them into broad-band categories (categorised as major, minor or no risk) based on: a. their impact or potential impact on profitability and sustainability of primary industries and the natural resource base; b. their current and potential distribution; c. their invasive ability and rate of spread. 2. For naturalised plants categorised as high risk, identify the primary industries most at risk from further spread. 3. For naturalised plants categorised as high risk, identify those that are limited to one or a few populations in the early stages of establishment and range expansion and for which early intervention could lead to their containment or eradication. 4. Prepare a summary report of the recommended categories for naturalised non-native plant species and list priorities for those species considered of greatest threat to primary industries and the natural resource base but still amenable to early intervention. These Terms of Reference were met in the form of a progress report to the Bureau of Rural Sciences submitted by the CRC for Australian Weed Management on March 15, 2001 and a final report on October 31, 2001.

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 17

APPENDIX 3 Y(WA) Y (WA) WA)Y (Qld, NSW, Y Y(WA) Naturalised non-native flora Y Y Y Y Y Y (NSW) of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control MalvaceaeMalvaceae 3 Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 2 2Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Qld, WA 5 WA WA) Y (NT, Y WA) (Qld, NT, Y Caprifoliaceae 1 MalvaceaeMalvaceaeFabaceae (Mimosoideae)Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3 2 Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 2 Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3 5 4 Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)Euphorbiaceae 2 EuphorbiaceaeCactaceaeAsteraceae YAsteraceae 3 Acanthaceae 2 AceraceaeAceraceae 5 Polygonaceae 2 Polygonaceae 4 2 PolygonaceaeAsteraceae 4 Asteraceae 4 3 Asteraceae 5 4 4 5 Y (Qld) 1 A national listing of the naturalised non-native flora Australia arranged alphabetically by genus then species. National categories of these 2681 species in the Australian flora are listed according to their impact, weed status, ability to be controlled and their potential for further spread in natural ecosystems. indica Abelia chinensis var. var. Abelia uniflora hybrid between and manihottetraphyllus Hibiscus manihot indica Acacia arabica tanacetifolia sundra ssp. ssp. var. ssp. or variety and notes ssp. grandiflora APPENDIX 3 x GenusAbelia SpeciesAbelmoschusAbelmoschus Subspecies manihot Abutilon manihot AbutilonAcaciaAcacia grandifolium Alternate names Acacia theophrastiAcacia angustissimaAcacia bolivianaAcacia catechu Acacia farnesianaAcalypha karroo FamilyAcalypha nilotica Sida grandifolia Acanthocereus sinuata australis Acanthospermum Abutilon avicennae tetragonus australe wilkesiana Acanthospermum Mimosa angustissima hispidum AcanthusAcer Acacia angustissima Australian Acer Potential mollis Mimosa farnesiana Acetosa Considered to Acetosa Impact on negundo Acetosella pseudoplatanus Achillea sagittata Habitat Acanthocereus pentagonus Achillea vesicaria Primarily vulgarisAchillea Controlled distans millefolium Potential tomentosa Rumex sagittatus Rumex vesicarius Rumex acetosella

18 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (WA) Y (Vic, SA) Y (Vic, 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y (Qld) YY Y Y (SA) Y Y SA, WA) Vic, Y (NSW, non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 3 AmaryllidaceaeAmaryllidaceaeAgavaceae 3 Agavaceae 1 AgavaceaeAgavaceae 3 2 2 4 Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)Ranunculaceae 3RutaceaeApiaceaeCrassulaceae WACrassulaceae 3 CrassulaceaeAmaranthaceae Y 2 4 3 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 5 2Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3Hippocastanaceae 3 Podocarpaceae 3 Y 1 Rutaceae 1 Y Agavaceae 1 Agavaceae 2 4 PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaeAsteraceae 2 5 1 5 , Fabaceae (Faboideae)3 , Fabaceae Aeonium haworthii? also Hedysarum brasilianum orientalispraecox Agapanthus orientalis americana glandulosa americana expansa picta vivapara var. var. var. ssp. ssp. cv. Marginata var. var. var. var. Agavaceae 2 or variety and notes AdenantheraAdonis pavonina AegleAegopodiumAeonium microcarpa podagraria Aeonium marmelos Aeonium arboreum Aerva castello-paivae Aeschynomene haworthii Aeschynomene americana Aeschynomene americana javanica Aeschynomene aspera brasilianaAeschynomeneAeschynomene brevifolia Aeschynomene indica Aeschynomene micrantha Aesculus villosa AfrocarpusAgapanthus hippocastanum Agapanthus falcata Agathosma Aeschynomene praecox biflora Agave praecox Agave crenulata AgaveAgave americana Agave americana Agave americana Agave americana attenuata sisalana vivipara GenusAchnatherum SpeciesAchnatherum brachychaetumAcroceras caudatumAcroptilon Subspecies macrum repens Alternate names Stipa brachychaeta Stipa caudata Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 19

APPENDIX 3 Y (Qld, NSW) Y (Qld, NSW) Y (Qld) Y (Qld) WA) Vic, Y (NSW, Naturalised non-native flora Y Y Y Vic) Y (Qld, NSW, Y Y Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control PoaceaePoaceae 4 5 Asteraceae 5 AsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceaeRosaceae 5 Caryophyllaceae 1? 5 Poaceae 5 2 Poaceae 2 SimaroubaceaePoaceaePoaceae 4 Poaceae 5 4 PoaceaeLamiaceae 4 Lamiaceae 4 Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)Hyacinthaceae 4 3Malvaceae 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Alismataceae 4 Apocynaceae 3 3 ApocynaceaeBrassicaceae 2 Y Alliaceae 4Alliaceae 1 Alliaceae 3Alliaceae 4 AlliaceaeAlliaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 Y Y Carelia conyzoides , Alhagi pseudalhagi , (nom. illeg.) Poaceae 4 Eupatorium conyzoides in NSW conyzoides paniculatum rotundatum aristata capillaris ssp. var. var. or variety and notes ssp. ssp. GenusAgeratina SpeciesAgeratinaAgeratina adenophoraAgeratum Subspecies ligustrina Ageratum ripariaAgrimonia conyzoides Agrostemma houstonianum Alternate names Agrostis eupatoria githago AgrostisAgrostisAgrostis capillaris Eupatorium adenophorum Ailanthus capillaris Aira gigantea Aira stolonifera Family altissima Aira Eupatorium riparium AiraAira caryophyllea Ajuga cupaniana Ajuga elegantissimaAlbizzia praecox Australian Albuca provincialis Potential iva Alcea Considered to reptans Alhagi lebbeck Impact on Alisma canadensis Habitat Allamanda rosea Primarily Allamanda maurorum Aira elegans Alliaria lanceolata Controlled blanchetii Allium cathartica Allium Potential Allium petiolata Allium ampeloprasum Allium neapolitanum Allium oleraceum paniculatum Alhagi camelorum Althaea rosea roseum scrodoprasum

20 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (Vic, Tas, SA) Tas, Y (Vic, 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y SA) (Tas, Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed Vic, WA) Vic, SA, NT) rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Aloaceae 2 Alliaceae 1 Amaranthaceae 5 Y (Qld, NSW, Y AloaceaeAloaceaeAloaceaeAloaceaeAloaceae 2 Poaceae 1 Poaceae 1 Poaceae 2 Poaceae 1 VerbenaceaeAlstroemeriaceae 3 3Amaranthaceae 3 4 1? 3 2 NT WA, AmaranthaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Brassicaceae Y 2 3 Brassicaceae Y 3 Amaranthaceae Y Amaranthaceae Y 1 3 3 2 (SA) Y Y Amaranthaceae 5 Y (NSW, Y AlliaceaeAlliaceaeBetulaceae 5 3 2 Amaranthaceae 3 misapplied Alstroemeriaceae 4 ficksburgensis var. var. Alternanthera paronychioides scrodoprasum saponaria var. var. 'Rubiginosa' in Qld, Amaranthaceae 3 ssp. or variety and notes cv. Rubra in NT cv. Alternanthera philoxeroides AloeAloeAloeAloe arborescens Aloe cameronii Aloe ciliaris Alopecurus maculataAlopecurus parvibracteata Alopecurus aequalis saponaria Alopecurus geniculatus Aloysia myosuroides Alstroemeria pratensis Alstroemeria aurea Alternanthera citrodora psittacinaAlternanthera bettzickiana Aloe saponaria dentata Alternanthera Aloysia triphylla Alysicarpus pulchella Alstroemeria sessilis AlysicarpusAlysicarpus bupleurifolius Alyssum ovalifolius Alyssum vaginalis Amaranthus alyssoides Amaranthus linifolium albus blitum Amaranthus lividus Alternanthera pungens GenusAllium SpeciesAlliumAlliumAlnus scrodoprasum Subspecies triquetrum vineale cordata Alternate names Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential Alternanthera ficoidea Alternanthera tenella,

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 21

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y YY YY Y (Qld) Y SA) Y (Qld, Vic, Y SA) Y (NSW, YYYY SA, WA) Y (Vic, WA) Y (Vic, SA, WA) Y (Vic, Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Amaranthaceae 2 Asteraceae 5 BoraginaceaeBoraginaceaeBoraginaceae 3 3 Primulaceae 3 4 Y Y AmaranthaceaeAmaranthaceaeAmaranthaceae 2 Amaranthaceae 2 AmaranthaceaeAmaranthaceae 3 AmaranthaceaeAmaranthaceae 5 Amaranthaceae 3 Amaranthaceae 4 Amaranthaceae 5 Amaryllidaceae 5 5 Asteraceae 3 Asteraceae 5 Asteraceae 2 LythraceaeApiaceaeApiaceae 3 Poaceae 5 5 3 3 Boraginaceae 1 Anacardiaceae 5AsteraceaePrimulaceae 2 Primulaceae 3 PrimulaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae) 0 3 1 2 2 Y Amsinckia hispida artemisiifolia ? ? var. var. cruentus complex?, complex complex ssp. hybridus silvestris Amaranthus silvestris ssp. or variety and notes red & blue flowered forms GenusAmaranthus Species caudatus Amaranthus SubspeciesAmaranthusAmaranthus deflexus Amaranthus graecizans Amaranthus Alternate names hybridus Amaranthus muricatus Amaranthus powellii Amaranthus quitensis Amaranthus retroflexus Amaranthus spinosus Amaryllis tricolor FamilyAmbrosia viridis Ambrosia belladonna Ambrosia artemisiifoliaAmbrosia confertiflora Ammannia psilostachya Ammi tenuifolia Australian Ammi auriculata Potential Ammophila Considered to Amsinckia Impact on majus Amsinckia arenaria visnaga Amsinckia Habitat calycina Ambrosia elatior Amsinckia Primarily intermediaAnacardium Controlled lycopsoidesAnacyclus menziesii Anagallis occidentale Potential Anagallis radiatus Anagallis arvensis Anagallis minima Anagyris parviflora Amsinckia pumila Amsinckia Amsinckia foetida Amaranthus cruentus Amaranthus paniculatus,

22 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (Qld, NSW) Y (Qld, NSW) 3 Naturalised Y Y (Tas) YY Y Y Y Y Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed Tas, SA Tas, rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control PoaceaePoaceaeApiaceaeScrophulariaceaeAnnonaceaeAnnonaceae 5 Annonaceae 5 2 Malvaceae 1 Iridaceae 4Basellaceae 2 Asteraceae 2AsteraceaeAsteraceae 3 Poaceae 2 5 PoaceaeApiaceae 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Polygonaceae 2 Rosaceae 1 2 Rosaceae 4 Apiaceae 3 Aponogetonaceae 3 Aizoaceae YRanunculaceae 3 Brassicaceae 3 4 YFabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Asclepiadaceae 2 3 1 Y (Qld) 4 5 Y Y Y BromeliaceaeBoraginaceaeBoraginaceaeAcanthaceaePoaceae 1 3 2 4 4 Qld, WA Vic, NSW, or variety and notes AndropogonAndropogonAnetheum gayanus Angelonia virginicus Annona graveolens Annona salicariifolia AnnonaAnoda glabra Anomatheca reticulata Anredera squamosa Anthemis laxa cristataAnthemis cordifolia Anthemis arvensis Anthoxanthum cotula Anthoxanthum aristatum tinctoria Anthriscus odoratum AnthyllisAntigonon caucalis Aphanes barba-jovis Aphanes leptopus Sida cristata Apium arvensis Aponogeton microcarpa ApteniaAquilegia distachyos graveolens ArabidopsisArachis cordifolia vulgaris Araujia thaliana hypogea sericifera Araujia hortorum GenusAnanas SpeciesAnchusaAnchusaAndrographis comosus Subspecies arvensis Andropogon paniculata capensis distachyos Alternate names Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 23

APPENDIX Y (WA, NT) Y (WA, 3 Y (Qld) Naturalised non-native flora YY Y (Vic) Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control CaryophyllaceaePapaveraceae 2 5 EricaceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceae 2 Asteraceae 3 Myrsinaceae 4 Myrsinaceae 5 Myrsinaceae 3Caryophyllaceae 3 3 1 3 3 3 ConvolvulaceaeAraceaeIridaceaeAristolochiaceaeAristolochiaceae 2 Y AristolochiaceaePoaceae 1 5 Poaceae 2 1 Asteraceae 0 Asteraceae 4 Asteraceae 3 Asteraceae 1 3 1 ? , Asteraceae 0 ssp. Asteraceae 3 ssp. Asteraceae 3 ludoviciana ludoviciana in Qld Papaveraceae 5 NT WA, ssp. var. var. Chrysanthemum , Argyranthemum frutescens anethifolium frutescens, Chrysanthemum frutescens Artemisia vulgaris foeniculaceum in Qld serpyllifolia ochroleuca frutescens bulbosum elatius ssp. ssp. or variety and notes ssp. var. var. var. GenusArbutus SpeciesArctiumArctiumArctotheca unedo SubspeciesArctotheca lappa Arctotheca minus calendula Arctotis populifolia Alternate names Ardisia prostrata ArdisiaArdisia stoechadifolia Arenaria crenataArenaria crispa Argemone solanacea Argemone leptoclados Family serpyllifolia ochroleuca subfusiformisArgyreia Bladhia crenata Arisarum Australian Potential Aristea Considered to Aristolochia nervosa Impact on vulgare Aristolochia Argemone mexicana Aristolochia elegans ecklonii Habitat Arrhenatherum odoratissima Primarily Arrhenatherum ringens elatius Controlled Artemisia elatius Artemisia Potential absinthium arborescens Artemisia Convolvulus nervosus Artemisia scoparia thuscala Artemisia canariensis Argyranthemum foeniculaceum Argyranthemum frutescens Artemisia ludoviciana Artemisia vulgaris Argyranthemum frutescens

24 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

Y

APPENDIX Y (Qld, NSW) Y (Qld, NSW) Vic, Tas, SA) Tas, Vic, Y (Qld, NSW) Vic, Y (NSW, Tas, SA, NT) Tas, 3 Naturalised

Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Asparagaceae 5 NT Acanthaceae 4 NT Qld, WA, Poaceae 1 Poaceae 5 Asparagaceae 4 WA (SA) Y AsclepiadaceaeAsparagaceaeAsparagaceae 4 5 5Asparagaceae NT WA, AsparagaceaeAsparagaceaeAsparagaceae 4 Rubiaceae 5Asphodelaceae 5Asphodelaceae NT 2 YAsteraceaeAsteraceae 5 1 WA SA, Primulaceae NT WA, Fabaceae (Faboideae) ? Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1 4 2 2 Y (Qld) 2 SA Tas, Chenopodiaceae Y (Qld, NSW, Chenopodiaceae 2 4 AsteraceaeAraceaeMalaceae 5 2 1 Y Y (Qld) Protasparagus micrantha Asystasia , var. var. Protasparagus aethiopicus , also cv. Sprengerialso cv. in Qld, complex of species Acanthaceae 3 WA Y Asparagus medeoloides Asparagus crispus densiflorus Asparagus setaceus coromandeliana gangetica micrantha Asystasia intrusa versicolor donax var. var. ssp. ssp. var. var. or variety and notes sp. AsparagusAsparagus declinatus densiflorus declinatum, Myrsiphyllum ArundoAsclepiasAsparagusAsparagus donax curassavica africanus asparagoidesAsparagusAsparagus officinalis Asparagus plumosusAsparagus africanus Protasparagus Myrsiphyllum asparagoides, Asperula scandensAsphodelus virgatusAsphodelus arvensis fistulosus AsterAsterAsterolinonAstragalus plumosus, Protasparagus novi-belgii Astragalus linum-stellatum subulatusAstragalus Myrsiphyllum scandens ?prolixus Asystasia hamosus Protasparagus virgatus Asystasia sesameus gangetica Atriplex gangetica Atriplex hortensis patula Symphyotrichum subulatum GenusArtemisia SpeciesArumAruncus verlotiorum Arundo Subspecies italicum dioicus donax Alternate names Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 25

APPENDIX 3 Y (Qld, NSW) Naturalised Y Y non-native flora Y Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed Tas, SA Tas, SA rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control PoaceaePoaceaePoaceae 2 5 3 Iridaceae 1 Lamiaceae 2 ChenopodiaceaePoaceaePoaceae 5 PoaceaePoaceae 3 5PoaceaePoaceae 5 Poaceae 4 MeliaceaeIridaceaeIridaceae 2 4 5 Asteraceae 2 Scrophulariaceae 5 Y Scrophulariaceae 4Colchicaceae Tas 2 5 Vic, NSW, 4 PoaceaePoaceae 2BrassicaceaeBrassicaceaeAcanthaceae Tas, NSW, Y Acanthaceae 2 Acanthaceae 4 2 Acanthaceae 4 Scrophulariaceae 1 Basellaceae 2 Chenopodiaceae 3 1 3 Y WA 2 2 Y (NT) Y ludoviciana sterilis foetida tubiflora Avena sativa x ssp. ssp. var. ssp. or variety and notes GenusAtriplex SpeciesAvelliniaAvenaAvena prostrata SubspeciesAvena michelii Avena barbata Avena fatua Alternate names Avena fatua Avena sativa Axonopus sterilis Axonopus sterilis Azadirachta strigosa compressus Babiana fissifolius indica FamilyBabiana angustifoliaBaccharisBacopaBacopa tubulosa halimifolia Australian caroliniana Potential Ballota procumbens Axonopus affinis Considered to Bambusa Impact on Melia indica Bambusa Babiana disticha, stricta Barbarea Habitat nigra balcooa Barbarea Primarily vulgaris Barleria Controlled intermedia Barleria verna Barleria Potential Barleria cristata Bartsia lupulina Basella prionitis Bassia strigosa trixago alba hyssopifolia Bellardia trixago Salsola hyssopifolia Babiana nana Baeometra uniflora

26 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y Y YY Y (SA) Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control ChenopodiaceaeChenopodiaceae 4 2 Poaceae 3 ChenopodiaceaeChenopodiaceae 1 3 SA Vic, NSW, WA) Y (Tas, Y Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae)Iridaceae 1 AsteraceaeCucurbitaceaeBerberidaceaeBerberidaceae 1 Asteraceae 4 1 Apiaceae 4 2 BetulaceaeBetulaceae 3Betulaceae 3Asteraceae NSW 1 Asteraceae 2 Asteraceae ? Apiaceae 3 BixaceaeGentianaceaeBlechnaceae 3 Urticaceae 3 Boraginaceae 1 2 2 Poaceae 2 Poaceae Y Nyctaginaceae 1 2 WA) Y (Tas, 3 2 4 RanunculaceaeFabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 2 3 Y misidentified Berberidaceae 4 Kochia scoparia Kochia scoparia & var. & var. Asteraceae 4 Y Y (Qld) in Qld maritima vulgaris glabra pilosa ssp. ssp. var. ssp. ornamental form weedy form or variety and notes radiata BauhiniaBelamcandaBellis variegata Benincasa chinensis BerberisBerberis hispida perennis Berberis aristataBerkheya darwinii Berula vulgaris Beta rigida BetaBetula erecta Betula vulgaris Betula vulgaris Bidens nigraBidens pendula Berberis lycium pubescens Bidens bipinnata Bidens pilosa BiforaBixa subalternans Blackstonia tripartita Blechnum testiculata Boehmeria perfoliata orellana Borago Betula rubra occidentale Bothriochloa nivea BothriochloaBothriochloa bladhii officinalis Bougainvillea insculpta pertusa glabra GenusBassia SpeciesBassiaBatrachiumBauhinia scoparia Subspecies trichophyllum scoparia monandra Alternate names Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 27

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y non-native flora Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Brassicaceae 2 BrassicaceaeBrassicaceaeBrassicaceaeBrassicaceae 2 Brassicaceae 1 Brassicaceae 2 4 3 2 Poaceae 5 PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceae 3 Poaceae 1 Poaceae 4 Poaceae 3 3 Brassicaceae 3 Brassicaceae 5Brassicaceae 3 Brassicaceae 3 1 3 4 2 BrassicaceaeAcanthaceaePoaceae 5PoaceaePoaceaePoaceae Y 3 Poaceae 5 5 2 Poaceae 3 Y (Qld) Poaceae Y 3 2 4 Y Y reticulata var. var. misapplied, Poaceae 4 Kunth misapplied Poaceae 3 Y Bromus rigidus includes Bromus unioloides oxyrrhina Brassica oxyrrhina chinensisoleifolia rapa Brassica chinensis sylvestris hordeaceus reticulata Urochloa fasciculata var. var. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. or variety and notes ssp. juncea napus x x GenusBrachiaria SpeciesBrachiariaBrachiaria advenaBrachiaria Subspecies brizanthaBrachiaria decumbensBrachiaria eruciformis Brachiaria fasciculata Alternate names Brachiaria humidicola Brachypodium muticaBrassica distachyon texanaBrassicaBrassica Urochloa advena barrelieri Brassica Urochloa brizantha Urochloa decumbens elongata Brassica Family fruticulosa Brassica nigra Brassica oleracea Brassica rapa Brassica Urochloa mutica rapa Brassica Urochloa texana rapa Brassica Australian rapa Brassica Potential tournefortii Brillantaisia Considered to Briza Impact on Briza lamium Habitat Briza Primarily Bromus maxima Bromus Controlled minor Bromus subaristata alopecuros Potential arenariusBromus brevis BromusBromus Leucorhaphis lamium cebadilla diandrus hordeaceus Bromus japonicus Bromus catharticus Bromus willdenowii

28 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (Qld, NSW) Y (Qld) 3 Naturalised

Y Y Y YY Y (Qld) Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Poaceae ? Crassulaceae 5 WA Y (Qld, NSW) Poaceae 3 PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceae 3 PoaceaeSolanaceae 3 2 Crassulaceae 4 3 2 CrassulaceaeCrassulaceae 2CrassulaceaeCrassulaceae 3 Crassulaceae 5 BuddlejaceaeBuddlejaceae 2 Buddlejaceae 4Buddlejaceae 3Buddlejaceae 1 Boraginaceae WA 3Asphodelaceae WA 3 Cyperaceae 1 Malpighiaceae WA 3 3 Y 0 3 Y 0 Y (Qld, NSW) (Qld) Y Poaceae 2 x Solanaceae 1 pseudothominei x recorded but not recorded but not Poaceae 3 Brugmansia aurea Bromus ), Datura candida not in Australia? Poaceae 3 ( not in Australia?; Brugmansia versicolor delagoensis, Kalanchoe tubiflora naturalised in WA in Vic) Poaceae 3 in Tas) Poaceae 3 commutatus molliformispseudothominei molliformis Bromus ciliatus Bromus cedabilla Bryophyllum x (var. (ssp. x ssp. ssp. or variety and notes delagoense candida X BromusBromusBromusBromus lanceolatus Bromus lithobius Bromus lithobiusBromus madritensis Bromus racemosus Bromus rubens Browallia secalinus Brugmansia sterilis tectorum americana BryophyllumBryophyllum beauverdii Bromus fonkii Bryophyllum daigremontianum Bryophyllum daigremontianumBryophyllum delagoenseBryophyllumBryophyllum fedtschenkoiBuddleja pinnatumBuddleja proliferumBuddleja australis Kalanchoe daigremontiana Buddleja davidii Buddleja dysophyllaBuglossoides Bryophyllum tubiflorum, Kalanchoe lindleyanaBulbinella arvensis Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi madagascariensis BulbostylisBunchosiapinnata Kalanchoe floribunda striatella Kalanchoe prolifera, Bryophyllum calycinum glandulifera Buddleja brasiliensis, Buddleja stachyoides Chilianthus dysophyllus Adenoplea lindleyana Bulbinella robusta, Bulbinella setosa Malpighia glandulifera Bromus inermis Bromus coloratus GenusBromus SpeciesBromus hordeaceus Subspecies hordeaceus Alternate names Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 29

Y (Vic)

APPENDIX 3 NT) Y (WA, Naturalised non-native flora Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Brassicaceae 5 Y Y ApiaceaeApiaceaeApiaceaeCabombaceaeFabaceae (Caesalpinioideae)Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 4 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 2 Brassicaceae 5 4 WA 2 PoaceaeLamiaceae SA, WAPortulacaceae 4ScrophulariaceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceae 2 Asteraceae 1 4 2 BrassicaceaeSolanaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae) 4 3 YFabaceae (Mimosoideae) 1? 1 3Commelinaceae Y 2 Commelinaceae 3Callitrichaceae SA, WA Tas, NSW, Callitrichaceae Y (Qld, NSW) 4Ericaceae WA Y NT) Y (Qld, NSW, 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Asclepiadaceae 3Asclepiadaceae 4 5AsteraceaeConvolvulaceae 2Brassicaceae 3 WA Brassicaceae 5 Vic NSW, 3 3 Y 4 2 Y Y Y Y Y (Qld) maritima ssp. or variety and notes GenusBupleurum SpeciesBupleurumBupleurum lancifolium Cabomba rotundifolium SubspeciesCaesalpinia semicompositum Caesalpinia caroliniana Cajanus decapetala Alternate names Cakile gilliesiiCakileCalamagrostis cajanCalamintha edentula epigejos Calandrinia maritima Calceolaria nepeta Calendula menziesii FamilyCalendula tripartita Calendula arvensis Calepina Poinciana gilliesii officinalis Calibrachoa palaestina Cajanus bicolor irregularis parviflora Australian Calliandra Potential Callisia Considered to Callisia Impact on surinamensis CallitricheCallitriche Habitat fragrans Calluna Primarily repens hamulata Calopogonium Controlled stagnalis Calotropis mucunoides Calotropis Petunia parviflora vulgaris Potential Calyptocarpus gigantea Calystegia procera vialisCamelinaCamelina silvatica alyssum sativa Synedrella vialis Calicotome spinosa

30 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (Qld) Y (Qld) Y (Qld, NSW) Y (Qld, NSW) Y (Tas) 3 Naturalised Y Y WA) Tas, Y (NSW, Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y SA, WA) Tas, Vic, Y (NSW, YYY Tas) Y (Vic, Tas) Y (Vic, non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Solanaceae 3 SapindaceaeSapindaceaeAsteraceae 3 5 NT 5 NT WA, CyperaceaeCyperaceae 2 3 Y (Qld) Y Bignoniaceae 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Cannaceae 1 CannabaceaeBrassicaceae 2 SolanaceaeBrassicaceae 2 Brassicaceae 4 BrassicaceaeBrassicaceaeSapindaceae 3 2 3 5 Asteraceae 5 5 AsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceaeCyperaceae 0 Cyperaceae 5 Cyperaceae 5 Cyperaceae 3 2 Cyperaceae 2 4 2 4 TheaceaeCampanulaceaeBignoniaceae 2 1 1 and others Cannaceaeand others Cannaceae 2 2 Tecoma ; Campsis radicans, x Canna indica Canna indica tagliabuana? x Tecoma tagliabuana Tecoma radicans, Bignonia radicans radicans, Bignonia hybrid between hybrid between nutans buxbaumii divulsa glabriusculum halicacabum microcarpum var. var. var. var. ssp. ssp. ssp. or variety and notes tagliabuana grandiflora Campsis generalis orchiodes x x x Campsis CanavaliaCannaCanna ensiformis Canna Cannabis indica CapsellaCapsicum sativa Capsicum bursa-pastoris Cardamine annuum Cardamine frutescens Cardamine corymbosa Cardaria flexuosa Cardiospermum hirsuta Cardiospermum grandiflorum Cardiospermum draba halicacabum Carduus halicacabum CarduusCarduusCarduus acanthoides Carduus nutans Carex pycnocephalus Carex tenuiflorus Carex thoermeri Carex albula Carex arenaria Carex buxbaumii Carex demissa disticha divisa divulsa GenusCamellia SpeciesCampanulaCampsis sinensis rapunculoides Subspecies radicans Alternate names Family Campsis Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 31

APPENDIX 3 Y (Tas) NT) WA, Tas, Naturalised non-native flora Y Y Y YY Vic, (Qld, NSW, Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control AizoaceaeAizoaceae 1 1 Y Asteraceae 5 CyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceae 4 Cyperaceae 4 Cyperaceae 3 Cyperaceae 4 Cariceaeae 3 Aizoaceae 2 Asteraceae 2 2 Aizoaceae 1 Aizoaceae 1 Brassicaceae 2 AsteraceaeAsteraceae 4 5 5 AsteraceaeAsteraceae 2 Arecaceae 3 RutaceaeFabaceae (Caesalpinioideae)Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 2 3 Moraceae 3 1 Scrophulariaceae 2 SA Vic, NSW, Scrophulariaceae 2 PoaceaePoaceae NT WA, 2 Apocynaceae Y 1 0 Lamiaceae Y 4 4 4 4 Y (WA) Y (NT) Y? Y exserta Sarcozona bicarinata Carpobrotus virescens x x or variety and notes ssp. Carthamus lanatus GenusCarex SpeciesCarexCarexCarex Subspecies flacca Carex flagellifera Carex lepidocarpa Carex ovalis Alternate names Carex pilulifera Carica punctata Carpanthea scoparia Carpesium testacea Carpobrotus pomeridiana papayaCarpobrotus cernuum Carpobrotus aequilaterus FamilyCarpobrotus aequilaterusCarrichtera edulis Carthamus edulis Carthamus annua dentatus glaucus Australian Carthamus Potential Papaya carica Carthamus Considered to Caryota Carpobrotus chilense leucocaulos Impact on Casimiroa tinctorius Cassia Habitat Cassia Primarily mitis edulis Castilla Controlled Castilleja fistula Castilleja grandis Potential Catapodium elastica attenuata Catapodium exserta Catharanthus marinumCedronella rigidum roseus canariensis Carthocarpus grandis Desmazeria marina Desmazeria rigida

32 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (NSW, SA) Y (NSW, SA) Vic, Y (NSW, Vic) Y (NSW, 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y (Vic) Y Y (NT) Y YY Y (NSW) Y Y (Vic) Y (Vic) non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed WA SA, WA rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Asteraceae 1 Vic, NSW, Y (SA) Y Y Asteraceae 0 Valerianaceae 4 PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceae 3 Poaceae 3 Poaceae 3 5 5 Asteraceae NT) Y (WA, 5 Asteraceae Y 5 4 Asteraceae 5 Asteraceae 1 Asteraceae Y 2 Asteraceae 2 Y AsteraceaeGentianaceae 4 Gentianaceae Vic, NSW, GentianaceaeGentianaceae 4 Valerianaceae 5 4 2 Y (Qld) 2 4 3 Y Y (ACT) Y AmaranthaceaeUlmaceaeUlmaceaeUlmaceae 3 3 3 5 WA Y Y Y (Qld) Y in WA Asteraceae 2 in SA Poaceae 4 A in NSW AsteraceaeB 1 in NSW Asteraceae 3 . . sp sp nigrescens ruber ssp. ssp. or variety and notes Centaurea eriophora CenchrusCenchrusCenchrus biflorus Cenchrus brownii Cenchrus caliculatus Cenchrus ciliaris Cenchrus echinatus Cenchrus incertus Cenchrus longispinus Centaurea pennisetiformis Centaurea setigerCentaurea asperaCentaurea calcitrapa cineraria cyanusCentaureaCentaurea jacea Centaurea maculosa CentaureaCentaurea Cenchrus setigerus melitensis Centaurea Centaurea nigraCentaurea nigrescens Centaurium paniculata Centaurea cyanoides Centaurium solstitialis Centaurium erythraea Centaurium maritimum Centranthus pulchellum Centranthus tenuiflorum macrosiphon ruber Centaurea GenusCelosia SpeciesCeltisCeltisCeltis argentea Subspecies australis occidentalis sinensis Alternate names Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 33

WA, NT

APPENDIX 3 Vic) Y (Qld, NSW, Naturalised non-native flora Y Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control AsteraceaeFabaceae (Faboideae) 3 3 Caryophyllaceae 4 Euphorbiaceae 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Caryophyllaceae 5 CaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceae 1 Caryophyllaceae 3 4 2 Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 SolanaceaeSolanaceae 0 SolanaceaeSolanaceaeFabaceae (Caesalpinioideae)Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 3 2 2 3 2 5 AsteraceaeEuphorbiaceae Y 3 4 EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeIridaceae 3 5 1 WA Y Euphorbiaceae 3 WA Y var. Fabaceae (Faboideae) Fabaceae var. 4 prolifer vulgare misapplied Caryophyllaceae 3 ssp. ssp. C. proliferus , previously in Qld Cerastium fontanum pascuorum Cerastium holosteoides & palmensis form var. var. trivalve Cerastium fontanum ssp. palmensis, Cytisus misidentified as virginiana & prolifer brasiliensis, Chamaesyce brasiliensis Euphorbia thymifolia punctatum ssp. or variety and notes Centrosema pascuorum Bradburya pascuorum, Chamaesyce hyssopifolia Euphorbia hyssopifolia, GenusCentratherum Species punctatum Centrosema SubspeciesCentrosemaCerastium plumieriCerastium pubescensCerastium Alternate names balearicumCerastium comatum Cerastium diffusum Cerastium glomeratum pumilum semidecandrum FamilyCeratonia Clitoria plumieri Bradburya pubescens CercisCestrum Cerastium semidecandrum siliqua CestrumCestrum siliquastrum aurantiacum Cestrum elegans Chamaecrista Australian Potential nocturnum Chamaecrista nigricans Considered to parqui Impact on rotundifolia Habitat Chamaemelum Primarily Chamaesyce nobile Controlled hirta Potential ChamaesyceChamaesyce nutansChasmanthe prostrata bicolor Euphorbia hirta Euphorbia nutans Euphorbia chamaesyce, E. prostrata Cerastium vulgare Chamaecytisus palmensis Chamaecytisus prolifer Chamaesyce maculata Chamaesyce supina, Euphorbia maculata,

34 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y YY Y Y Y (Qld) YY SA, WA) Tas, Y (Vic, Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed WA, NT rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Asteraceae 2 NT WA, Y (Qld, WA) Y Chenopodiaceae 4 AsteraceaeAsteraceae 5 5 WA Y Y Y Vic) Y (Qld, NSW, SA, WA) Vic, Y (NSW, ChenopodiaceaeChenopodiaceaeChenopodiaceae 1 ChenopodiaceaeChenopodiaceae 2 Chenopodiaceae 3 Poaceae 4 Poaceae 1 Poaceae 2 PoaceaePoaceaeAnthericaceae 4 Rutaceae 1 Asteraceae 4 Apocynaceae 1 Brassicaceae 3 5 1? 5 1Euphorbiaceae 2 AsteraceaeAsteraceae 2 AsteraceaeGentianaceaeGentianaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae) 2 2 0 4 1 3 Y? Tas IridaceaeChenopodiaceae 5 4 to var. to var. Chenopodiaceae 3 (& intermediates) ambrosiodes Eupatorium odoratum var. var. anthelminicum glaucum monilifera rotundata ssp. (less weedy form)(weedy form) ssp. ssp. Asteraceae 4 NSW?, Y (Qld, WA) Y or variety and notes ChenopodiumChenopodium detestans Chenopodium glaucum Chenopodium macrospermum Chenopodium multifidum Chenopodium murale Chenopodium opulifolium Chloris vulvaria ChlorisChlorisChloris barbataChloris ciliata Chlorophytum gayana Choisya pilosa comosumChondrilla virgata ChonemorphaChorispora ternata juncea fragrans Chromolaena tenella odorata Chromolaena Chloris inflata Chrozophora odorata Chrysanthemoides monilifera Chrysanthemoides tinctoria Anthericum comosum monilifera ChrysanthemumChrysanthemum coronarium Chrysocoma segetum CicendiaCicendia coma-aurea Cicer filiformis quadrangularis arietinum GenusChasmanthe SpeciesChenopodiumChenopodium floribunda album Subspecies ambrosioides Alternate names Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 35

APPENDIX 3 SA, WA) Tas, Naturalised Y Y non-native flora Y YY (Tas) Y Vic, Y (NSW, Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed WA rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control CistaceaeCucurbitaceae 2 Ranunculaceae 3 2 Tas, NSW, AsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceaeLauraceaeAsteraceae 1 Asteraceae 3 Vitaceae 2 5Cistaceae 5 Cistaceae SA, WA Vic, Verbenaceae 5Cucurbitaceae 1 4 4 2 Portulacaceae 3 YRanunculaceaeCapparaceae 3 Capparaceae Y YCapparaceae YCapparaceae 4Verbenaceae (NSW) Y Y 3 3 Verbenaceae WA NSW, 3 Verbenaceae 1 Y (Qld, NSW) Verbenaceae 1 LamiaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae) 1 SA) Y (Vic, 1 1 2 2 Verbenaceae 2 glabrior, Martiusia glabrior, form limonia, Citrus limonia x (depends on who you follow) Rutaceae 2 laurifolia, Neurocarpum laurifolium, Citrus laurifolia Ternatea baueri creticus Cistus creticus flammula lanatus bakeri ssp. var. ssp. or variety and notes form var. limon x Citrus GenusCichorium SpeciesCichoriumCineraria endivia Cinnamonum Subspecies intybus camphora lyratiformisCirsiumCissus Alternate names CistusCistus vulgare Cistus rotundifolia Citharexylum incanus Citrullus monspeliensis fruticosum Citrullus Cineraria lyrata psilosepalus Family colocynthis Claytonia lanatus perfoliata ClematisCleome Australian Potential Cleome vitalba Considered to Cleome Impact on Cleome aculeata Clerodendrum gynandra Habitat Clerodendrum hassleriana Primarily chinense Clerodendrum monophylla heterophyllum Controlled Clerodendrum paniculatum Clerodendrum schweinfurthii Potential Clinopodium thompsoniae vulgare Cirsium arvense Clematis flammula Clitoria laurifolia Clitoria cajanifolia

36 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y Y Y Y YY Y (Qld) Y SA, WA) Y (Vic, Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control AsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceae 3 4 2 EuphorbiaceaeRubiaceaePoaceaePoaceaeColchicaceae 2 Rutaceae 4 1 1? 2 Combretaceae WA NSW, Commelinaceae 1 CommelinaceaeApiaceaeBrassicaceae 2 2 YRanunculaceae 3 ConvolvulaceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceae 5 Y 3 Asteraceae 1 5 Asteraceae 2 3 4 Asteraceae 2 RubiaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceae 4 1 Y 5 4 Tas) Vic, Y (NSW, Y Fabaceae (Faboideae)AsteraceaeCobaeaceae 4 Arecaceae 1 2 2 pusilla gigantea var. var. var. var. misapplied in Tas, misapplied in Tas, Polemoniaceae 3 Conyza scabiosifolia, Conyza scabiosaefolia, Navarretia grandiflora Erigeron chilensis in WA Araceae 4 esculenta canadensis var. var. or variety and notes Conyza primulifolia Conyza chilensis, Conyza primulaefolia, CodiaeumCoffeaCoix variegatum CoixColchicum arabica Coleonema giganteaCollomia autumnale lacryma-jobi pulchellum ColocasiaCombretum grandifloraCommelina esculenta Commelina paniculatum Conium africana Conringia benghalensis Consolida Coix lacryma-jobi Convolvulus maculatum orientalis Conyza ajacisConyza arvensis Collomia linearis ConyzaConyza aegyptiacaConyza bilbaoana Conyza bonariensis canadensis leucantha parvaConyzaCoprosma Consolida ambigua Coprosma Conyza lineariloba Coprosma sumatrensis baueri repens robusta Conyza canadensis Conyza albida GenusClitoria SpeciesCnicusCobaeaCocos ternatea Subspecies benedictus scandens nucifera Alternate names ternatea Ternatea Family Rosenbergia scandens Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 37

APPENDIX 3 Y (Tas) Tas) Vic, Y (NSW, Y (NSW) Y (Qld) Y (NSW) Naturalised Y non-native flora Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Malaceae 2 Malaceae 5 TiliaceaeTiliaceaeTiliaceaeTiliaceaeTiliaceaeAgavaceae 2 1 3 3 Apiaceae 3 Cornaceae 2Brassicaceae Y Brassicaceae Y BrassicaceaeCaryophyllaceae 2 Poaceae 2 4 Poaceae 2Poaceae 2 2 AsteraceaeAsteraceae 5 5 Malaceae 5 3 SA, WAMalaceae 3 Y MalaceaeMalaceaeMalaceae 5 MalaceaeMalaceae Y 3 Asteraceae 3 YAsteraceae 2 Asteraceae 5 Y 2 2 3 3 2 Tas) Vic, Y (NSW, misapplied in WA Asteraceae 3 Cotoneaster simonsii Coreopsis grandiflora Probably same as in SA & Tas and var. and var. used in Qld but serotinus Cotoneaster serotinus lanceolata form var. var. villosa or variety and notes not other States GenusCorchorus SpeciesCorchorusCorchorus aestuans Corchorus capsularis SubspeciesCorchorus olitorius Cordyline pentandra trilocularis Alternate names australis CoriandrumCornusCoronopus sativum CoronopusCoronopus capitata didymus FamilyCorrigiola integrifolius Cortaderia squamatus Cortaderia litoralis Cortaderia jubata Cosmos richardii Cosmos selloana Australian Potential bipinnatus Considered to Cotoneaster caudatus Impact on CotoneasterCotoneaster franchetii Habitat Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Primarily Cotoneaster horizontalis Controlled Cotoneaster lacteus Cotoneaster microphyllus Potential Cotoneaster pannosus Bidens formosa Cotula rotundifolius Bidens caudatus Cotula simonsii Cotula Cotoneaster mairei bipinnata coronopifolia turbinata Cenia turbinata Coreopsis lanceolata Cotoneaster divaricatus

38 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (NSW) Y (SA) SA) Y (Qld, Vic, Y 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Iridaceae 5 CrassulaceaeCrassulaceaeCrassulaceae 3 CrassulaceaeCrassulaceae 2 Crassulaceae 3 Crassulaceae 2 3 2 3 Asteraceae 3 CrassulaceaeCrassulaceae 3 3 CrassulaceaeCrassulaceae 2 4 CrassulaceaeCrassulaceaeMalaceaeMalaceae 2 Malaceae 2 Asteraceae 2 5 2 AsteraceaeAsteraceae 4 Amaryllidaceae 1 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 2 5 BrassicaceaeAsteraceae 1 4 WA Y sinaica, Crataegus var. var. Crocosmia pottsii x in other States? Asteraceae 1 Crataegus azarolus x monogyna in NSW Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 in NSW, in NSW, Asteraceae 3 in SA & Vic agatiflora multicava robusta vulgaris haenseleri foetida alata ericoides muscosa minus sarmentosa oblonga orbiculata ssp. var. var. var. ssp. var. var. var. ssp. ssp. ssp. var. var. var. or variety and notes ssp. & Vic (?powellii) sinaica Crataegus azarolus crocosmiiflora Crocosmia aurea x x Crotalaria agatiflora CrassulaCrassulaCrassula alata Crassula ciliata Crassula ericoides Crassula glomerata Crassula multicava Crassula muscosa Crassula natans Crassula sarmentosa Crassula spathulata Crataegus tetragona Crataegus thunbergiana Crataegus azarolus monogyna CrepisCrepisCrepis capillaris Crepis dioscoridisCrepis foetida CrepisCrinum pusilla Crocosmia setosa vesicaria moorei CrotalariaCrotalariaCrotalaria Crepis setosa alata distans goreënsis GenusCotyledon SpeciesCotyledonCrambe orbiculata Crassocephalum Subspecies orbiculata crepidioides hispanica Alternate names Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 39

APPENDIX Y (WA, NT) Y (WA, Y (WA) 3 Y (WA) Naturalised Y Y Y non-native flora Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 2 AsclepiadaceaeAsclepiadaceae 2 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae)EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceae Y 3 AsteraceaePoaceaeAsclepiadaceae 2 1 Cucurbitaceae 1 Cucurbitaceae 2 1 CucurbitaceaeCucurbitaceae 3 2 3 Cucurbitaceae 2 2 senegalensis var. var. Crotalaria obovata in Qld, Cucurbitaceae 3 in Vic. in Vic. in Qld incana purpurascens Crotalaria purpurascens lanceolata grantianavirgulata Crotalaria grantiana myriocarpus agrestis leptodermis glaberrima madagascariensis obovata anguria ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. var. var. var. var. or variety and notes & NSW & NSW ssp. var. var. ssp. ssp. Cucumis myriocarpus GenusCrotalaria SpeciesCrotalariaCrotalaria grahamiana Crotalaria Subspecies incana Crotalaria incana Crotalaria juncea Crotalaria laburnifolia Alternate names Crotalaria lanceolata Crotalaria lunata micans ochrolecua CrotalariaCrotalariaCrotalaria Family retusa Crotalaria semperflorens Crotalaria senegalensisCrotalaria spectabilis Crotalaria virgulata Croton virgulata Croton Crotalaria anagyroides zanzibarica Australian Crupina Potential Crypsis capitatus Considered to Cryptostegia glandulosus Impact on Cryptostegia vulgaris Crotalaria uncinella Cryptostegia grandiflora Habitat schoenoides Cucumis madagascariensis Primarily Cucumis madagascariensis Controlled Cucumis anguria Cucumis Potential dipsaceus melo metuliferus Cucumis zeyheri Crotalaria pallida

40 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (Vic, SA) Y (Vic, Y (Vic) 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y SA, WA) Vic, Y (NSW, Y Y Y YY SA) Tas, Y (Vic, Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed SA, WA rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceae 4 3 3 1 Cucurbitaceae 2 CupressaceaeZingiberaceaeConvolvulaceaeConvolvulaceaeConvolvulaceae 2 Convolvulaceae 1Convolvulaceae 5 Tecophilaeaceae 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4Chenopodiaceae 2 Apiaceae 4 2 4 Tas NSW, RosaceaeScrophulariaceae 1 WAPoaceae Qld PoaceaeAsteraceae 4 4 Asteraceae 1 Y Poaceae 1 Y 1 3 3 Poaceae 2 BoraginaceaePoaceae SA) Y (Vic, PoaceaeCyperaceae 2 2 Cyperaceae SA) Y (Vic, Tas, Vic, 3 4 3 2 CucurbitaceaeLythraceaeLythraceae 1 3 1 maxima var. var. dactylon incompletus nlemfuensis robustus var. var. var. var. var. or variety and notes CupressusCurcumaCuscuta macrocarpa Cuscuta longa CuscutaCuscuta campestris Cuscuta epithymum Cyanella planiflora Cyclocarpa racemosa Cycloloma suaveolens hyacinthoides Cyclospermum stellarisCydonia leptophyllum atriplicifolium CymbalariaCymbopogonCymbopogon oblonga muralis citratus Cynara martinii CynaraCynodonCynodon cardunculus Cynodon Apium leptophyllum scolymus Aeschynomene stellaris aethiopicus Cynodon dactylon Cynodon incompletus Cynodon nlemfuensis Cynoglosum nlemfuensis transvaalensis Cynosurus creticum CynosurusCyperus cristatus Cyperus echinatus aggregatus albostriatus GenusCucurbita SpeciesCucurbitaCuphea maximaCuphea Subspecies pepo carthagenensis hyssopifolia Alternate names Cucurbito pepo Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 41

Y

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora Y Y Y YY Y (SA) Y Y Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed SA, WA WA rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Cyperaceae 4 Cyperaceae 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Tas, NSW, CyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceae 2 Cyperaceae 5Cyperaceae 4 Cyperaceae 4Cyperaceae NT WA, 3 Cyperaceae 2 5Cyperaceae 3 Cyperaceae 3Cyperaceae Y 2 CyperaceaeCyperaceae 3Cyperaceae 3Cyperaceae 1 Cyperaceae 2 Cyperaceae 2 Y 5 Cyperaceae 3 Cyperaceae 4 Poaceae Y (Qld) 2 Y Y Drypteridaceae Vic, Qld, 3 Y Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Poaceae 2 1 Poaceae Y 5Poaceae YPoaceae 4 3 3 Y (Qld) 1 Y SA) Tas, Vic, Y (NSW, flabelliformis ssp. tenuiflorus ssp. scoparius or variety and notes ssp. Cytisus multiflorus GenusCyperus SpeciesCyperusCyperusCyperus arenarius SubspeciesCyperus aromaticusCyperus brevifolius Cyperus compressus Alternate names Cyperus congestus Cyperus dubius Cyperus eragrostis Cyperus esculentus Cyperus flavescens Cyperus hamulosus Kyllinga aromatica Cyperus involucratus FamilyCyperus metziiCyperus papyrus Cyperus proliferCyperus reflexus Cyperus rigens rotundus Australian sesquiflorus Potential Cyperus tenellus Cyperus alternifolius Considered to Cyperus Impact on Cyperus Kyllinga squamulata Cyrtococcum tenuiflorus Habitat Cyrtomium tuberosus Primarily Cyperus aequalis deltoideum vorsteri Controlled falcatum Cyperus oostachyus Cytisus Kyllinga odorata Potential DactylisDactylocteniumDactyloctenium scoparius aegyptium Dactyloctenium glomerata australe Cyperus longus giganteum Cyperus platystachys Cyperus teneristolon

42 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (WA) Y (NSW) Y (Qld) WA, NT) WA, WA) 3 Naturalised YY (WA) YYYY Y (Qld, WA) Y SA, Y (Qld, Vic, Y Y YY SA, Y (Qld, Vic, WA) Y (Vic, non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 WA (Qld) Y SolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeApiaceae 3 Asteraceae 2 5 Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae)Brassicaceae 3 4Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 2 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) WA NSW, 3Caryophyllaceae Y CaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceae Qld, WAPoaceae 3 Poaceae 1 Poaceae 2 Convolvulaceae 3 3 1 2 Y Fabaceae (Faboideae)Solanaceae 4 Solanaceae 5 3 Desmodium intortum different to Senecio scandens Meibomia heterophylla Meibomia tortuosa according to Les Pedley (BRI) purpureum, Meibomia purpurea, or variety and notes DaturaDaturaDatura leichhardtii Datura metel Daucus stramonium Delairea wrightii Delonix carota Descurainia odorataDesmanthusDesmodium regia sophia virgatus Desmodium heterophyllumDesmodiumDesmodium incanumDesmodium intortumDesmodium scorpiurus strigillosum Senecio scandens, Senecio mikanioides, tortuosumDesmodium Hedysarum heterophyllum, Desmodium triflorumDianthus uncinatum Dianthus Desmodium canum Dianthus Meibomia intorta scorpiurus Meibomia armeria Dichanthium barbatus Dichanthium annuum, Desmodium Desmodium plumarius Dichanthium annulatumDichondra aristatum caricosum Meibomia triflora, Sagotia triflora micrantha Andropogon annulatus Andropogon aristatus Andropogon caricosus GenusDalbergia SpeciesDatura sissooDatura Subspecies ferox inoxia Alternate names Amerimnon sissoo Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 43

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised Y Y non-native flora Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y YYY Y (Vic) SA) Y (Vic, Y (Vic) Y Y (Qld, Vic) of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 2 PoaceaePoaceae 1 3 CommelinaceaeIridaceaeIridaceae 2 IridaceaeIridaceaeScrophulariaceaePoaceae 1 Poaceae 1 Poaceae 2 4 1 Poaceae 3 Poaceae 5 Poaceae 5PoaceaePoaceaeAsteraceae NT 1 Asteraceae 3 Poaceae 5 Rubiaceae 2 Dioscoreaceae 3 2 Athyriaceae 1 Brassicaceae 2 Brassicaceae 3 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Orchidaceae 3 5Scrophulariaceae 3 Y Asteraceae 2 3 Tas NSW, 3 Y in WA Scrophulariaceae 2 in SA Dipsacaceae 4 malesiana eranthia pentzii fullonum Dipsacus sativus ssp. ssp. ssp. exotic form Dioscoreaceae 3 or variety and notes ssp. GenusDichorisandra SpeciesDichrostachys thyrsiflora Dierama cinerea Dierema SubspeciesDietes pendulum Dietes pulcherrimum Digitalis Alternate names Digitaria iridioides Digitaria robinsoniana Digitaria purpurea Digitaria aequiglumis Digitaria ciliaris Digitaria didactyla Digitaria eriantha FamilyDigitaria eriantha Digitaria insularisDigitaria ischaemum Dimorphotheca sanguinalis Dimorphotheca ternata pluvialis Dinebra violascens sinuata Australian Diodia Potential Dioscorea Considered to Dioscorea retroflexa Impact on Diplazium teres alata Andropogon insularis Habitat Diplotaxis bulbifera Primarily Diplotaxis esculentum Dipogon Controlled muralis Dipsacus tenuifoliaDisa Potential lignosus Dischisma fullonum DischismaDittrichia arenarium bracteata capitatum graveolens Eruca sylvestris Monadenia bracteata Dischisma capitata

44 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

Y

APPENDIX Y (Qld) Y (Vic) Y (Vic) Y (Qld) SA, WA) 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y Y Y Y YY Tas, Vic, Y (NSW, Tas) Vic, Y (NSW, non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed Tas, SA Tas, rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Poaceae 3 Asteraceae 3 BrassicaceaeLamiaceaeAizoaceaeRosaceaeVerbenaceae 2 CucurbitaceaePoaceae 0 Poaceae 2Poaceae 3 4 Poaceae 3 Poaceae 4Poaceae 5 3 Poaceae 2 Asteraceae 3 CactaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae) Y 3 BoraginaceaeBoraginaceae 1 1 Boraginaceae 1 Y 1 Boraginaceae 2Boraginaceae 1 5 Hydrocharitaceae SA, WA Vic, Poaceae 2 Poaceae 4 Poaceae Y 4 SA 4 5 4 SA Vic, NSW, Y WA) Y (Tas, AsteraceaeAizoaceaeFlacourtiaceae 4 1 3 Vic, NSW, microstachya Echinochloa microstachya var. var. Amitycv. Poaceae 4 NT Y Y or variety and notes . sp DrabaDracocephalumDrosanthemum moldavica Duchesnea candens nemorosa DurantaEcballium indica EchinochloaEchinochloa erecta elaterium Echinochloa colonaEchinochloa crus-galli Echinochloa crus-pavonis Echinochloa esculentaEchinochloa frumentacea Echinochloa muricata Echinochloa oryzoides Echinops polystachya Echinopsis pyramidalis Duranta repens, Duranta plumieri Echinospartum Panicum colonum sphaerocephalus Echium oxygona horridumEchium Echinochloa utilis Echium candicansEchium italicum Echium plantagineum Eclipta Egeria simplex Ehrharta vulgare Ehrharta Genista horrida Echinopsis multiplex Ehrharta densa brevifolia hort. Echium fastuosum calycina erecta GenusDittrichia SpeciesDorotheanthus viscosa Dovyalis bellidiformis Subspecies caffra Alternate names Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 45

APPENDIX 3 Y (Vic) NT) SA, WA, Y (WA) Y Y WA) Tas, Y (NSW, WA) Y (NSW, Naturalised Y Y non-native flora YY Y Y (Qld) Y Y Y Y (all states) Y Y WA) Y (NSW, of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control PoaceaePontederiaceae 5 4 PoaceaeAsteraceae 3 Asteraceae Y 3 3 Vic, Y (Qld, NSW, PoaceaePoaceaeCyperaceae 5 Cyperaceae 1 CyperaceaeAsteraceaePoaceae 4 2 2Asteraceae 4 Hydrocharitaceae 4 PoaceaePoaceae 5Polygonaceae 3 Polygonaceae WA 2Orchidaceae 3 3 Onagraceae 4 Onagraceae Y Onagraceae Y Onagraceae Y 1 Onagraceae 4 Y 3 Equisetaceae 2 YEquisetaceae 2 Equisetaceae 1 4 2 Y 2 SA) Y (Tas, , Cactaceae 1 var. Poaceaevar. 3 mollis hookeri var. var. var. var. obrienianum x Elephantopus carolinianus brachystachya Epiphyllum strictum boreali-atlanticus tetragonum maxima javanica sonchifolia var. var. ssp. var. var. or variety and notes ssp. Eichhornia crassipes Eleusine tristachya Eleusine coracana, indica GenusEhrharta SpeciesEhrhartaEhrharta longiflora Subspecies pusilla Eleocharis villosa EleocharisEleocharis Alternate names minuta pachycarpa parodii EleusineEleutheranthera indica FamilyElodea ruderalis ElymusElymusElymus canadensis Emex farctus Emex pungensEmilia Australian repens Potential Emilia australis Considered to Epidendrum Cynosurus indicus spinosa Impact on Epilobium sonchifolia Epilobium ibaguense Habitat sonchifolia Epilobium Primarily ciliatum Epilobium hirsutum Controlled Epilobium obscurum Elytrigia pungens, Agropyron pungens rotundifolium Potential Elytrigia repens, Agropyron repens tetragonum EquisetumEquisetumEquisetum arvense Epidendrum hyemale ramosissimum Equisetum hyaemale, hiemale Elephantopus mollis Elephantopus tomentosus, Epiphyllum hookeri Epiphyllum phyllanthus

46 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (NSW, Vic, Vic, Y (NSW, Tas, SA) Tas, 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control PoaceaePoaceaePoaceae 4 Poaceae 5 PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceae 2 Poaceae 2 Asteraceae 4 Euphorbiaceae 1 Ericaceae 1 Ericaceae 3 Ericaceae 3 Ericaceae 3 2 EricaceaeEricaceae 2 Ericaceae 2 Ericaceae 4 Ericaceae 2 Asteraceae 2 Malaceae 5Asteraceae 2 Poaceae 5 Geraniaceae WA 2 Geraniaceae 1 2 1 2 3 5 Y PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceae 3 2 Poaceae 2 4 3 mexicana ssp. virescens & ssp. or variety and notes willmorei x EragrostisEragrostis cilianensis curvula EragrostisEragrostisEragrostis minor Eragrostis paniciformis Eragrostis pilosa Eragrostis subsecunda Eragrostis superba Erechtites tef Eremocarpus tenuifolia Erica valerianifolia setigerEricaEricaErica andromedaeflora Erica arborea Erica baccans Erica caffra Erica glandulosa Erica lusitanica Erigeron quadrangularis Eriobotrya Eremocarpos setigerus scoparia Eriocephalus karvinskianus Eriochloa japonica africanus ErodiumErodium meyerana aureum botrys GenusEragrostis SpeciesEragrostisEragrostis amabilisEragrostis Subspecies atrovirens bahiensis barrelieri Eragrostis Alternate names mexicana Eragrostis tenella Family Eragrostis mexicana Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 47

APPENDIX 3 Y (NSW) Naturalised Y Y non-native flora Y Y Y Y Y (Qld) Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control BrassicaceaeBrassicaceae 4 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Escalloniaceae 2 1 EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceae ? 5 GeraniaceaeGeraniaceaeGeraniaceaeGeraniaceae 3 4 Brassicaceae 3 Apiaceae 3 ApiaceaeApiaceaeBrassicaceae 3 BrassicaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 3 1 1 1 3 PapaveraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceaeBrassicaceaeMyrtaceae 3 Asteraceae 2 1 1 Euphorbiaceae 3 2 EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceae 2 EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceae 1 1 2 2 3 Y cyathophora, var. var. sativa misapplied in Qld Euphorbiaceae 5 ssp. montevidensis var. var. floribunda Poinsettia cyathophora praecox verna wulfenii pubescens ssp. ssp. ssp. or variety and notes var. var. sykesii x Escallonia bifidaEuphorbia cyathophora Escallonia montevidensis, Euphorbia heterophylla GenusErodium SpeciesErodiumErodium brachycarpum Erodium Subspecies cicutarium Erophila malacoides Erophila moschatum Eruca Alternate names Eryngium verna Eryngium verna Eryngium sativa campestre Erysimum maritimum Erysimum pandanifolium Erythrina cheiriErythrina Family repandum Erythrina acanthocarpa crista-galliEschscholziaEthulia californica Euchiton Eruca vesicaria Australian Euclidium Potential Eugenia conyzoides Considered to audaxEupatorium Cheiranthus cheiri Impact on syriacum Euphorbia uniflora Habitat serotinum Corallodendron crista-galli Primarily characias Euphorbia Controlled EuphorbiaEuphorbia cyparissias Potential Euphorbia davidiiEuphorbia dendroides Euphorbia Gnaphalium audax depauperata Euphorbia exigua falcata helioscopia Euporbia dentata

48 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (SA, WA) Y (Qld) Y (Tas) 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control IridaceaePoaceae 4Poaceae Tas NSW, 3 4 EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceae 5Euphorbiaceae 4 Asteraceae 2 Asteraceae 1 5 Poaceae 1 AsteraceaeConvolvulaceae 4 2 AsteraceaePolygonaceae 3 Polygonaceae 3 1 PolygonaceaeValerianaceaeAsteraceae 3 Y 1 3 Apiaceae 2 1 Poaceae 1 1 RanunculaceaeMoraceaeMoraceae 4 2 2 4 EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceae 4 4 1 1 , Poaceae 4 arundinacea pratensis fallax ssp. ssp. ssp. Steirodiscus chrysanthemoides Convolvulus nummularius Festuca elatior crispa rubra ssp. ssp. or variety and notes EuphorbiaEuphorbiaEuphorbia paralias Euphorbia peplus Euphorbia platyphyllos Euphorbia segetalis Euryops terracina Euryops tirucalli Eustachys abrotanifolius Evax chrysanthemoidesEvolvulus distichophylla Facelis nummularius pygmaeaFagopyrumFallopiaFallopia esculentum retusa Gamolepis chrysanthemoides, FediaFelicia convolvulus Ferraria japonicaFerula graciliflora Festuca petiolata nummularium, Volvulopsis crispa Filago pygmaea Festuca communis Festuca arundinaceaFestucaFicaria nigrescensFicus pratensisFicus rubra Reynoutria japonica verna benghalensis carica Festuca elatior Festuca rubra Festuca elatior GenusEuphorbia SpeciesEuphorbiaEuphorbia heterophyllaEuphorbia Subspecies lathyris marginata milii Alternate names heterophylla Poinsettia Euphorbia lathyrus Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 49

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised Y Y Y non-native flora Y Tas) Y (Vic, Y Y Y Y Y (NSW) of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Oleaceae 3 FumariaceaeFumariaceaeFumariaceaeFumariaceae 1 4 3 3 Asteraceae 1 Iridaceae 5 Y MoraceaeAsteraceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeFlacourtiaceaeFlacourtiaceae 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 ? Asteraceae 1 Apiaceae 3 1 Frankeniaceae 3 Oleaceae 4Amaranthaceae 2 5 Amaranthaceae NT WA, OnagraceaeFumariaceae 2Fumariaceae 3 Fumariaceae 2 Fumariaceae 3 4 4 4 3 AgavaceaeAgavaceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceae Y 3 Y Aizoaceae 2 1 2 0 5 rotundifolia ssp. Freesia leichtlinii x in the Fumariaceae 3 angustifolia Fraxinus rotundifolia boraei muralis officinalis wirtgenii parviflora picta pulchella pubescens var. var. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. or variety and notes NT & Vic var. var. var. var. grandiflora x Fumaria parviflora GenusFicus SpeciesFilagoFimbristylisFimbristylis Subspecies pumila Flacourtia albovirides pyramidata Flacourtia annuaFlemingia indica Alternate names Florestina jangomas Foeniculum macrophylla Frankenia tripteris Fraxinus vulgare Fraxinus pulverulenta Freesia angustifolia Froelichia Family excelsior Froelichia Fimbristylis baldwiniana Fuchsia hybrid floridana Fumaria gracilis FumariaFumaria magellanica Fumaria bastardii Australian Fumaria capreolata Potential Fumaria densiflora Considered to Fumaria indica Impact on Fumaria muralis Habitat muralis Freesia alba Primarily officinalis Furcraea officinalis Controlled FurcraeaGaillardia Potential foetida Gaillardia selloa Gaillardia aristata Gaillardia pulchella Galenia pulchella pubescens

50 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (Vic) Tas, SA) Tas, 3 Naturalised YY Y Y (SA, WA) Y Y Y (SA, WA) non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1? RubiaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceae 4 2 Asteraceae 3 Asteraceae 2 2 PoaceaePoaceae 3 Poaceae 4 OnagraceaeOnagraceaeAsteraceae 3 Asteraceae 4 Iridaceae 4 2 Loganiaceae 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 1 5 5 WAFabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Vic, Y (NSW, AizoaceaeAsteraceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceae 2 5 3 3 ibicinum ssp. misapplied in Qld Asteraceae 3 misapplied, Fabaceae (Faboideae)4 misapplied, Fabaceae Galium spurium includes spicata Gnaphalium purpureum stenopetala, Cytisus stenopetalus Teline spicatum, Gnaphalium coarctatum; spicatum, Gnaphalium coarctatum; . sp Genista or variety and notes x . Genista monspessulana canariensis (prob. Cytisus canariensis, sp monspessulana) canariensis Teline Genista stenopetala Genista maderensis GaliumGaliumGaliumGamochaeta murale palustre Gamochaeta americana tricornutum GamochaetaGamochaeta antillarumGamochaeta calviceps pensylvanica spicataGastridiumGastridiumGaudinia phleoides Gnaphalium americanum, Gamochaeta Gaura ventricosum Gaura antillarum Gnaphalium fragilis Gazania Gamochaeta subfalcata Gazania Gnaphalium pensylvanicum lindheimeri Geissorhiza parviflora Gelsemium linearis Gnaphalium coarctatum, Gnaphalium Genista rigens aspera sempervirens GenistaGenista linifolia monspessulanaGenista tinctoria monspessulana Teline linifolia, Cytisus linifolius Teline Genista depressa GenusGalenia SpeciesGalinsogaGaliumGalium secunda Subspecies parviflora aparine divaricatum Alternate names Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Genista Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 51

Y

APPENDIX 3 Y (Qld) Y (Tas) Naturalised non-native flora Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed Tas, SA Tas, rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Geraniaceae 4 IridaceaeIridaceae 2 2 Geraniaceae 3 GeraniaceaeGeraniaceaeGeraniaceaeGeraniaceaePolemoniaceae 3 Iridaceae 1 Iridaceae 1 Iridaceae 1 Iridaceae 1 Iridaceae 1 4 Iridaceae 1 Iridaceae 2 Iridaceae 5IridaceaePapaveraceae Vic, NSW, 1 Papaveraceae 3 Lamiaceae 5 Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 5 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 3 Colchicaceae Y 4 Poaceae 1Poaceae 1? PoaceaePoaceae Qld, NT 5Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 WA 1 4 5 2 Y Y (Qld, NSW) misapplied Geraniaceae 2 Gladiolus oppositiflorus x in NSW Geraniaceae 2 ? Geraniaceae 1 molle purpureum byzantinus aequale var. var. ssp. ssp. ssp. or variety and notes gandavensis Gladiolus dalenii x GenusGeranium SpeciesGeraniumGeranium dissectum Geranium Subspecies molle Geranium molle Geranium purpureum Geranium robertianum Alternate names Geranium rotundifolium Geranium sanguineum Gilia sibiricum Gladiolus yeoiGladiolusGladiolus alatus tricolor Gladiolus Family angustus Geranium palmatum cardinalis carneus GladiolusGladiolusGladiolus communis Gladiolus Australian floribundus Gladiolus Potential Geranium rubescens nom. illeg. gueinzii Gladiolus Considered to tristis Glaucium Impact on undulatus GlauciumGlechoma Habitat corniculatum Gleditsia Primarily flavum Gliricidia Controlled hederaceaGloriosa triacanthos Glyceria Potential sepium GlyceriaGlyceria superba Glyceria declinata Glycine fluitans maxima plicata Nepeta glechoma max Gladiolus caryophyllaceus

52 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (Qld) Y (WA) Y (Qld) 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control CrassulaceaeAsteraceae 1 2SA, WA Vic, Cactaceae 1 WA NSW, Y Y (Qld) Y ThymelaeaceaeAsclepiadaceaeAsclepiadaceaeAsclepiadaceaeAmaranthaceae 1 Amaranthaceae 3 Asteraceae 4 Malvaceae 4 Malvaceae 5 Malvaceae 2 Lobeliaceae 4Tiliaceae 2 2 SA Vic, NSW, Amaranthaceae 2 3AsteraceaeAsteraceaeCaryophyllaceae 3 Caryophyllaceae 3 Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae)Poaceae 2 2 1?Cactaceae 4 3 CactaceaeClusiaceaeScrophulariaceae 4Scrophulariaceae 5ScrophulariaceaeSelaginaceae 3 2 Y WA 2 1? 1? WA 3 Y Y Y Y (Qld, NSW) Y (Qld, NSW) Y (Qld, NSW) Fabaceae (Faboideae)Verbenaceae 3 Asteraceae 2 3 bonplandii ? misapplied? Verbenaceae 2 paraguayense australis ssp. var. or variety and notes GnidiaGomphocarpusGomphocarpus cancellatusGomphocarpus fruticosus squarrosa Gomphrena physocarpusGomphrenaGorteria celosioides Gossypium globosa GossypiumGossypium personata barbadenseGrammatotheca hirsutum Asclepias cancellata, Asclepias rotundifolia Graptopetalum bergiana thurberi Asclepias fruticosus Grewia Asclepias physocarpa paraguayense GrindeliaGuillemineaGuizotia asiatica camporum Gymnocoronis densaGypsophila Hibiscus bardensis spilanthoides Gypsophila abyssinica Haematoxylum Gossypium mexicanum paniculata Hainardia Lobelia bergiana Thurberia thespesioides, Thespesia thurberi tubulosa campechianum HarrisiaHarrisia cylindrica HarrisiaHarungana martiniiHebe regelii Brayulinea densa Illecebrum densum, Hebe tortuosa madagascariensisHebeHebenstretia elliptica Gypsophila australis parviflora dentata speciosa Haronga madagascariensis Eriocereus martinii Eriocereus regelii, Eriocereus Eriocereus tortuosus speciosa Veronica GenusGlycyrrhiza SpeciesGmelinaGmelina glabra Gnaphalium Subspecies arborea elliptica polycaulon Alternate names Family Gmelina asiatica Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 53

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora Y Y Y (WA) YY Y Y Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control AraliaceaeZingiberaceaeZingiberaceaeAsteraceaeFabaceae (Faboideae)Lythraceae 5 2 Asteraceae 2 2 AsteraceaeAsteraceae 4 AsteraceaeAsteraceae 2 Asteraceae 1 Brassicaceae 3 Boraginaceae 3Boraginaceae 3 Boraginaceae 2 Boraginaceae 3 3Boraginaceae 5Asteraceae 3 Acanthaceae SA Vic, NSW, 5 Asteraceae WA 3 Apiaceae 3 IridaceaeCaryophyllaceae 3 2IridaceaeAsteraceae 3 Euphorbiaceae 2 3 YMalvaceae 2 MalvaceaeMalvaceae Y 5Malvaceae 2 1 Campanulaceae 1 1 Y 3 3 1 Y (NSW) Y Y cretica ssp. closest ssp. for Vic materialclosest ssp. for Vic Asteraceae 2 SA NSW, carpathicola trionum trionum Trionum or variety and notes var. var. ssp. GenusHedera SpeciesHedychiumHedychiumHedypnois helix coronarium SubspeciesHedysarum gardnerianum Heimia creticaHelenium coronarium Alternate names HelianthusHelianthus salicifolia amarum Helianthus annuus Helianthus argophyllus Helianthus ciliaris Heliophila debilis Heliotropium Family tuberosus Heliotropium pusilla Hedypnois rhagadioloides amplexicaule Heliotropium curassavicum Heliotropium europaeum Heliotropium indicum Helminthotheca supinum Hemigraphis echioides Australian Hemizonia Potential Heracleum reptans Considered to Herbertia Impact on pungens Herniaria mantegazzianum Habitat Hesperantha lahue Primarily Heterotheca cinerea falcata Hevea Controlled Hibiscus grandiflora Picris echioides Hibiscus Potential Hibiscus brasiliensis mutabilisHibiscus rosa-sinensis Hieracium sabdariffaHippobroma trionum aurantiacum longiflora Herniaria hirsuta Siphonia brasiliensis Abelmoschus mutabilis, Ketmia mutabilis Sabdariffa rubra Laurentia longiflora

54 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control PoaceaePoaceae 3 3 Poaceae 4 Poaceae 4 PoaceaePoaceaeIridaceae 3 2 2 PoaceaeRhamnaceaeAsclepiadaceaeCannabaceae 2 EuphorbiaceaeHyacinthaceae 2 Hyacinthaceae 0Limnocharitaceae 2 Apiaceae 2 Apiaceae 2 1 3AcanthaceaeCactaceae SA, WA Tas, 3 4Amaryllidaceae 2 SA Vic, NSW, 3 1 Y WA Y Y Y (Qld) Y Y Y (WA) (Qld) Y Acanthaceae 5 NT WA, Y Y MalpighiaceaeBrassicaceaePoaceaePoaceae 2 4 4 3 Poaceae 3 PoaceaePoaceae 5 4 , etc. Critesion hystrix, gussoneanum leporinum glaucum, Hordeum ?, ssp. ssp. ssp. glaucum ssp. marinum murinum murinum Hordeum marinum ssp. ssp. Hygrophila brasiliensis, Hygrophila guianensis, Hygrophila rivularis, Ruellia rivularis Hiptage mandablota, Banisteria benghalensis Hiptage mandablota, distichon vulgare benghalensis ssp. ssp. Olivecv. Poaceae 5 WA Y Y (Qld) var. var. or variety and notes Hordeum murinum = Hordeum murinum Critesion murinum HolcusHolcusHomoglossumHordeum setiger watsonianum setosus glaucumHordeum leporinumHordeumHordeumHordeum secalinumHovenia Critesion murinum vulgare Hoya vulgare HumulusHura dulcis Critesion murinum Hyacinthoides serpens lupulus Hyacinthoides hispanica Hydrocleys non-scripta crepitans HydrocotyleHydrocotyle Critesion secalinum nymphoides Hygrophila bonariensis ranunculoides Hygrophila costata HylocereusHymenachne triflora Hymenocallis undatus amplexicaulis caribaea GenusHiptage SpeciesHirschfeldiaHolcusHolcus benghalensis incana Subspecies lanatus mollis Alternate names Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential Hordeum hystrix Hordeum geniculatum Hordeum marinum = Hordeum marinum Critesion marinum

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 55

APPENDIX Y (Qld, NSW, Vic, Vic, Y (Qld, NSW, Y (Vic) Y (Vic) 3 WA) Tas, Naturalised Y Y non-native flora Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Clusiaceae 0 PoaceaePoaceaeClusiaceae 3 4 1 Asteraceae 3 Acanthaceae 2 BrassicaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaePoaceae 4 Fumariaceae 2 Clusiaceae 1 Clusiaceae 5Clusiaceae 1 Clusiaceae NT 5 Clusiaceae 2 ClusiaceaeClusiaceae 4 3Clusiaceae Y 4 Clusiaceae 2 2 ClusiaceaeAsteraceae 4 0 AsteraceaeAsteraceae 2 Acanthaceae 4 DennstaedtiaceaeLamiaceae 3 Y Lamiaceae 4 Lamiaceae 1 2 3 2 2 Y WA albiflora microcephala var. var. var. var. Hypericum patulum Hypericum x x and probably other Clusiaceae 5 angustifolium var. var. Hypericum helodes varieties androsaemum, Hypericum elatum Hypericum calycinum Hypochoeris microcephala altissimarufa Hyparrhenia altissima bellum albiflora Hypochoeris microcephala microcephala ssp. ssp. ssp. var. or variety and notes var. var. inodorum Hypericum hircinum moserianum phyllostachya x x ? Hypericum GenusHymenolobus SpeciesHyoscyamus procumbens Hyoscyamus albus Hyparrhenia Subspecies niger HyparrheniaHyparrhenia hirta Hypecoum rufa Alternate names Hypericum rufa Hypericum pendulum Hypericum androsaemum Hypericum augustinii bellum calycinum Hypericum FamilyHypericumHypericum grandifolium humifusum hypericoidesHypericumHypericum Australian tetrapterum Potential triquetrifolium Considered to Hypericum Impact on HypochaerisHypochaeris Habitat Hypochaeris glabra Primarily Ascyrum hypericoides Hypochaeris microcephala Controlled Hypoestes microcephala Hypoestes radicata Potential HypolepisHyptis aristataHyptis dicksonioides Hyptis capitata pectinata Hypochoeris glabra spicigera Hypochoeris radicata Hypoestes antennifera Nepeta pectinata Hypericum elodesHypericum perforatum Elodes palustris, Hypericum palustre,

56 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (NSW) Y (Qld, NSW) Y (NT) Vic) Y (NSW, 3 Naturalised Y Y (Qld) Y Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed SA, WA rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control CaryophyllaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Alliaceae 3 Convolvulaceae 3 ConvolvulaceaeConvolvulaceaeConvolvulaceae 4 2 1 Convolvulaceae 5 ConvolvulaceaeConvolvulaceae 2 Convolvulaceae 4 Convolvulaceae 5 Convolvulaceae 3ConvolvulaceaeConvolvulaceae 1 Convolvulaceae 1 Iridaceae 3 Iridaceae 5 Iridaceae 3 Y 3 2 2 5 Tas, NSW, Y LamiaceaeBrassicaceaeMartyniaceaeAquifoliuaceae 5 1 3 5 Ipomoea Ipomoea nil hederifolia misapplied? Balsaminaceae 3 var. var. (different to (different to according to RWJ (BRI) ssp. not indicated in SA Convolvulaceae 2 according to RWJ (BRI)) hederacea fistulosa ssp. or variety and notes IllecebrumImpatiensIndigofera verticillatum Indigofera wallerianaIndigofera circinella Indigofera decora Indigofera glandulosa Indigofera oblongifolia Indigofera spicata Ipheion suffruticosa Ipomoea tinctoria IpomoeaIpomoea Impatiens balsamina uniflorum albaIpomoea batatas Ipomoea cairica Ipomoea carnea Ipomoea hederaceaIpomoea hederifoliaIpomoea indica Ipomoea nilIpomoea ochracea Ipomoea bona-nox Calonyction album, Ipomoea pandurata Ipomoea pes-tigridisIpomoea Ipomoea nil purpureaIris quamoclitIris Quamoclit coccinea trilobaIris foetidissima orientalis Convolvulus nil pseudacorus Convolvulus pestigridis, Ipomoea capitellata Ipomoea congesta Quamoclit pennata Batatas triloba, Convolvulus triloba GenusHyptis SpeciesIberisIbicellaIlex suaveolens Subspecies crenata lutea Alternate names aquifolium Ballota suaveolens Family lutea Martynia lutea, Proboscidea Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 57

APPENDIX 3 NT) Y (WA, NT) Y (Qld, WA, Naturalised Y non-native flora Y Y Y (Qld) of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed SA, WA rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Iridaceae 3 (Vic)Asteraceae Y 4 Y NSW, Y Juncaceae 5 IridaceaeIridaceaePoaceaePoaceaeCyperaceae 1 CyperaceaeCyperaceae 1 Cyperaceae 2Cyperaceae 2 3 3Iridaceae 4Iridaceae 3Iridaceae 4 Y IridaceaeIridaceaeIridaceae 2 Iridaceae 2 Bignoniaceae 2 Poaceae Y 3 Oleaceae 2 Oleaceae Y 2 Euphorbiaceae 3 1 Y Euphorbiaceae Y Euphorbiaceae Y 1Juncaceae 2 Y Juncaceae 4 2Juncaceae 5 VicJuncaceae 1 Juncaceae 2 Juncaceae 4 5 5 3 2 Y Y Y E Y Y Y Y Y Y (Vic) robustior acutus ssp. or variety and notes ssp. (in part) germanica x GenusIris SpeciesIris IrisIsachne SubspeciesIschaemum unguicularis IsolepisIsolepis pulchella afrum xiphium Alternate names IsolepisIsolepis hystrixIsolepis marginata prolifera sepulcralis Ixia setaceaIxia FamilyIxiaIxiaIxia flexuosa Ixia hybrid/cultivar Scirpus hystrix Ixia longituba Jacaranda maculata Australian Jarava paniculata Potential Jasminum polystachya Scirpus setaceus mimosifolia Considered to Jasminum viridiflora Impact on Jatropha plumosa mesneyi Jatropha Habitat polyanthum Jatropha Primarily curcas Juncus Controlled gossypiifolia Juncus podagrica Juncus Potential Juncus acuminatus Juncus acutiflorus Juncus acutus Juncus articulatus Stipa papposa bufonius bulbosus canadensis Iva axillaris

58 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

Y

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed WA Tas rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control JuncaceaeJuncaceae 2 2 CrassulaceaeScrophulariaceaeScrophulariaceaeScrophulariaceae 1 Scrophulariaceae 3 Y 3 2 Sapindaceae 3 2 NT, NSW, Y (Qld) Y Hyacinthaceae 3 Vic, NSW, Crassulaceae 1 JuncaceaeJuncaceaeJuncaceaeJuncaceae 3 Juncaceae 5JuncaceaeJuncaceaeJuncaceae 3 2 Juncaceae 2 Cupressaceae 3 Acanthaceae 2 Zingiberaceae 4 3 1 2 1 YAsphodelaceaePoaceae 2 Y (Vic) 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 JuncaceaeJuncaceaeJuncaceaeJuncaceae 3 3 3 3 Y Y Y Y coccinea var. var. misapplied Juncaceae 1 Tas Vic, Lablab niger, Lablab vulgaris Lablab niger, fontanesii gerardii graeca crinita elatine integrifolia elegans lateritia ssp. ssp. var. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. or variety and notes galanga ? Lachenalia aloides JuncusJuncusJuncusJuncus conglomeratus Juncus effusus Juncus fontanesii Juncus gerardii Juncus imbricatus Juncus indescriptus Juncus inflexus Juncus microcephalus Juncus oxycarpus Juniperus squarrosus Justicia subnodulosusKaempferia tenuis virginiana KalanchoeKalanchoe betonica Kickxia lateritia Kickxia sexangulareKickxiaKickxia commutata JuncusKniphofia nodosus elatine Koeleria elatine Koelreuteria spuria uvaria macrantha elegans longiflora Kalanchoe Koeleria cristata Lablab purpureusDolichos purpureus, Dolichos lablab, GenusJuncus SpeciesJuncusJuncusJuncus capensis Subspecies capillaceus capitatus cognatus Alternate names Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 59

Y

APPENDIX 3 NT) Vic, Naturalised Y Y non-native flora Y Y Y Y Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed Tas SA Tas, SA Tas, rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Malvaceae 2 Lamiaceae 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 HyacinthaceaeHyacinthaceaeHyacinthaceae 3Asteraceae 3Asteraceae Vic, NSW, Asteraceae 3Hydrocharitaceae Vic, NSW, Cucurbitaceae 3 Vic, NSW, Poaceae ? 2Poaceae 3 1 SA, WA Vic, LamiaceaeAizoaceae 4 Aizoaceae 3 AizoaceaeVerbenaceae 2 Verbenaceae 4 3 Y 3 5AsteraceaeFabaceae (Faboideae) 5Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) WA WA) Tas, Y (NSW, Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Lamiaceae 1 2 Y 1 Y (Qld, NSW, (Qld) Y latifolius ssp. in Vic Lamiaceae 3 in Asteraceae 3 argentatum patersonii communis amplexicaule ssp. var. form ssp. or variety and notes NSW & Vic GenusLachenalia Species bulbifera SubspeciesLactucaLactuca Alternate names LactucaLagarosiphon saligna Lagenaria sativa major Lagunaria serriola Lagurus siceraria Lamarckia patersonii FamilyLamiumLamium ovatus aurea LamiumLampranthus amplexicaule Lampranthus galeobdolon glaucus Lampranthus purpureum multiradiatus Australian Potential tegens Lantana Considered to Impact on Habitat Lasiospermum montevidensis Primarily Lathyrus bipinnatum Controlled LathyrusLathyrus angulatus Lathyrus Potential latifoliusLathyrus nissolia Lathyrus odoratus Lathyrus sativus Lavandula sphaericus tingitanus angustifolia Lathyrus sylvestris LachenaliaLachenalia mutabilis reflexa LantanaLapsana camara communis

60 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (NT) Y (Vic) Y (Vic) 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y Y (Qld) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Asteraceae 3 PoaceaeFabaceae (Mimosoideae)Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3 5 4 WA Y PoaceaeLemnaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceae 4 2LamiaceaeBrassicaceae 3Brassicaceae 4 BrassicaceaeBrassicaceae NT 1 Brassicaceae 2 4 Brassicaceae 4 Brassicaceae 4 2 Brassicaceae 5 Poaceae 2 2 3 Y Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 2 AsteraceaeAsteraceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceae 3 5 2 4 3 2 NT WA, Y LamiaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceaeMalvaceae 1 1 4 1 misapplied, Poaceae 3 misapplied Brassicaceae 3 misapplied Leptochloa filiformis brachiata Leptochloa mucronata taraxacoides Leontodon saxatilis uninervia Leptochloa uninervia Diplachne uninervia, glabrata leucocephala ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. or variety and notes Leptochloa panicea LeersiaLemnaLeonotisLeonotis oryzoides Leontodon minor leonurusLeonurus nepetifoliaLeonurus taraxacoides Lepidium indicusLepidium sibiricus Lepidium africanum Lepidium bonariense Lepidium campestre Lepidium heterophyllum Lepidium Phlomis leonurus latifolium Lepidium Phlomis nepetifolia perfoliatum Lepidium sativum Leptochloa strictum Leucas lavandulifolia Leptochloa virginicum dubia fusca LespedezaLeucaenaLeucaena striataLeucanthemum leucocephala Leucanthemum maximum leucocephala Leucas vulgare Lepidium pubescens LeucasLeucasLeucas cephalotes decemdentata linifolia martinicensis Kummerowia striata Phlomis cephalotes, Leucas capitata Clinopodium martinicense Leucas lavandulifolia GenusLavandula SpeciesLavandulaLavandula dentata Lavatera Subspecies multifida stoechas trimestris Alternate names Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 61

APPENDIX 3 Y (Qld, NSW) Naturalised non-native flora Y Y Y Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Scrophulariaceae 3 Scrophulariaceae 1 LamiaceaeAmaryllidaceaeCaprifoliaceaeOleaceaeOleaceaeOleaceae 2 3 Lilaeaceae 5 LiliaceaePlumbaginaceae 5 Plumbaginaceae 5Plumbaginaceae 5Plumbaginaceae 3 1 Plumbaginaceae WA 4 2 Plumbaginaceae Tas 4 Plumbaginaceae 4 Scrophulariaceae SA, WA Tas, 1 2 Scrophulariaceae 3 Scrophulariaceae 3 ScrophulariaceaeScrophulariaceae 2 1 Scrophulariaceae 2 Scrophulariaceae 3 LinaceaeLinaceae 3 Linaceae Y 1 LinaceaeLinaceae Y (Qld, NSW) Verbenaceae (NSW) Y 4 Boraginaceae 3 Lobeliaceae 1 Lobeliaceae 4 4 2 2 1 1 dalmatica ssp. strictum alba or variety and notes ssp. var. sp. GenusLeucas SpeciesLeucojumLeycesteriaLigustrum zeylanica Subspecies aestivum Ligustrum formosa Ligustrum lucidum Lilaea sinense Alternate names Lilium vulgare LimoniumLimonium scilloides Limonium formosanum binervosum Limonium companyonis Limonium hyblaeum Limonium Family lobatum Limonium myrianthumLinaria otolepis Linaria sinuatum LinariaLinaria arvensis Linaria dalmatica Australian Linaria incarnata Potential Linaria maroccana Considered to Linaria Impact on nigricans Statice myriantha Lindernia pelisseriana Habitat Linum Primarily Linum vulgaris crustacea Linum Controlled Linum bienne Linum Linaria genistifolia catharticum Potential Lippia strictum Lithospermum trigynumLobelia usitatissimum officinale Lobelia alba erinus laxiflora Linum gallicum laxiflora Tupa

62 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Poaceae 2 PoaceaePoaceae 2 Poaceae 4 Poaceae 3 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaeCaprifoliaceae 5 CaprifoliaceaeCaprifoliaceaeCaprifoliaceae 3 Poaceae 2 3 5 2 Scrophulariaceae 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae) TasFabaceae (Faboideae) 5 2 2 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Onagraceae SA, WA Tas, 2 Onagraceae 4 Y 1 3 Y (Qld) Y Y BrassicaceaeAsteraceaePoaceaePoaceae 4 3 4 4 Y ) , , Poaceae 3 Thinopyrum arvense temulentum remotum Lolium rigidum Lolium perenne remotum form form ssp. x x Elytrigia elongata misapplied Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 , ssp. Agropyron elongatum , (misapplied names include elongatum Lolium temulentum Elymus elongatus Lotus tenuifolius tenuifolius hirsutus, Lotus tenuis, Lotus cristatum perenne arvensetemulentum Lolium temulentum Lolium temulentum corniculatus Lolium rigidum var. var. var. var. var. x var. var. var. or variety and notes ) hubbardiihybridumamericana Lolium multiflorum Lolium multiflorum ponticum x x x (? Lolium remotum Lolium perenne Lotus corniculatus LoliumLoliumLolium perenne perenne Lolium perenne LoliumLoliumLolium rigidum Lolium temulentum Lonicera temulentum LoniceraLonicera fragrantissimaLonicera japonica Lophopyrum periclymenum elongatum LophospermumLotononis erubescensLotusLotus bainesii Caprifolium fragrantissimum angustissimus Lotus corniculatus LotusLotusLotus erubescens Asarina erubescens, Maurandya creticus Lotus preslii Ludwigia suaveolensLudwigia tetragonolobus uliginosus longifolia palustris Lotus subbiflorus purpurea Tetragonolus Jussiaea longifolia GenusLobularia SpeciesLogfiaLolium maritima Lolium Subspecies gallica loliaceum multiflorum Alternate names Family Filago gallica Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 63

APPENDIX 3 Y (Qld, NSW, NT) Vic, Naturalised non-native flora Y Y Y YY Y (Qld) of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Onagraceae 3 Y Primulaceae 2 Y Solanaceae 2 OnagraceaeBrassicaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 5Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 4 WA 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) NSW JuncaceaeJuncaceae 4 JuncaceaeCaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceaeSolanaceae 4 Solanaceae 4 1 Solanaceae 4 2 Y 2 Primulaceae 3 Primulaceae 5 Primulaceae Y (NSW) Lythraceae 2 Lythraceae 4 LythraceaeBignoniaceae 1 MoraceaeFabaceae (Faboideae) 3Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 3 5 5 3 2 NT WA, Y Y Y Y (Qld, NSW) Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 in NSW orientalis, Lupinus ssp. Lycopersicon lycopersicum Lycopersicon sometimes placed in Schizaeaceae Lygodiaceae 1 hirsutus (nom. rej.) in NT montevidensis cerasifrome davurica vulgaris ssp. var. var. or variety and notes var. var. GenusLudwigia SpeciesLudwigiaLunaria peploides Lupinus Subspecies peruviana LupinusLupinus annua Lupinus albus Alternate names Lupinus angustifolius arboreus cosentiniiLupinus luteus LuzulaLuzulaLuzula 'Russell hybrid' FamilyLychnis campestris Lychnis congesta Lycium multiflora Lycium chalcedonica Lupinus varius auct. mult. coronaria afrum Australian Lycopersicon barbarum Lupinus polyphyllus, incana Potential Lygodium Considered to esculentum Lysimachia Impact on Lysimachia japonicum Lysimachia Habitat japonica Lysimachia Silene chalcedonica Primarily nummularia Lythrum vulgaris Controlled Silene coronaria Lythrum vulgaris Lythrum Potential hyssopifolia Macfadyena junceum Maclura salicaria Macroptilium unguis-cati Macroptilium atropurpureum pomifera lathyroides Phaseolus atropurpureus Lupinus pilosusLycium Lupinus varius ferocissimum

64 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (WA, NT) Y (WA, Y (Qld) Y SA, WA) Vic, Y (NSW, 3 Naturalised Y Y YY Y Y (Vic) Y Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed NSW, Vic, WA Vic, NSW, rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control MalvaceaeMalvaceae 5 3 MalvaceaeMalvaceaeBrassicaceaeMalaceae 2 Malaceae 3 1 MalvaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceae 3 Malvaceae 1 Malvaceae 1? Malvaceae 5 Malvaceae 3 2 Malvaceae 3 3 4 3 MalvaceaeApocynaceae 2 AnacardiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceae 2 3 3 Asteraceae 1 Lamiaceae 1 Martyniaceae 3 2 5 5 Fabaceae (Faboideae)AsteraceaeBerberidaceae 3 Berberidaceae 1 2 4 fasciata mauritiana var. var. var. var. Manihot flabellifolia sp. in Plants of western Aizoaceae 1 sylvestris Malva americana, Malvastrum spicatum misidentified as NSW (info. from H. Toelken at AD) NSW (info. from H. Toelken & var. tricuspidatum misapplied in NSW (in Q) lineariloba Malachra alceifolia stellatum var. var. var. or variety and notes Malvastrum coromandelianum Malva coromandeliana, Malvastrum MalachraMalachraMalcolmia capitata fasciata africana MalusMalusMalvaMalva domestica Malva sylvestris Malva assurgentifloraMalva dendromorpha Sida capitata Malva linnaeiMalva moschata Malva neglecta nicaeensis Malva parviflora Malvastrum sylvestris Lavatera assurgentiflora Lavatera arborea americanicum verticillata MalvellaMandevillaMangifera Lavatera cretica Manihot leprosa laxa Manihot indica Manihot esculenta Malva sylvestris Mantisalca glaziovii Marrubium grahamii Martynia salmantica vulgare annua leprosa, Sida hederacea Malva leprosa, Sida Centaurea salmantica GenusMacrotyloma SpeciesMadia axillareMahoniaMahonia Subspecies sativa aquifolium leschenaultii Alternate names Malephora lutea Dolichos axillare Family Carpobrotus Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 65

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised Y Y (SA) non-native flora Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed SA, WA rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Brassicaceae 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 1 AsteraceaeAsteraceaeBrassicaceae 3 ScrophulariaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 1 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Apiaceae 1 Melianthaceae 3 MelianthaceaePoaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1 3 4 1? Asteraceae 3 Vic, Qld, (why common in SA Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 & listed for Tas & WA in Flora of SA & WA & listed for Tas Matricaria discoidea perforata Tripleurospermum & not elsewhere?) bicornis caeruleafalcata Medicago caerulea Medicago falcata, borealis sativa laciniata ssp. var. ssp. ssp. or variety and notes three varieties recognised but appear to be artificial ssp. Medicago littoralis Medicago striata GenusMatricaria Species matricariodes SubspeciesMatricariaMatthiolaMatthiola recutitaMaurandya Alternate names incana Medicago longipetala Medicago barclaianaMedicago Chamomilla suaveolens, arabica Medicago arborea Medicago ciliaris intertexta Family laciniata Chamomilla recutita MedicagoMedicagoMedicago Asarina barclaiana lupulina minima Australian orbicularis Medicago Potential Medicago Considered to Impact on Medicago praecox Medicago Habitat rugosa Medicago Primarily sativa Medicago sativa Controlled Medicago sativa Medicago scutellata Melanoselinum Potential tornataMelianthus decipiens truncatula MelianthusMelica comosus Melilotus major ciliata albus Medicago italica Melilotus alba Medicago polymorpha Matricaria perforata inodorum, Tripleurospermum

66 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (Qld) 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y (Qld) non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed NSW, WA, WA, NSW, NT rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control PoaceaeLamiaceae 4 3 Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3 NT WA, Y (Qld, WA) SterculiaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceae 3 LamiaceaeLamiaceae 1 Lamiaceae 2 4 Euphorbiaceae 3 Convolvulaceae 2 Convolvulaceae 2 2 4 Convolvulaceae 3Convolvulaceae 3 Qld 3 2 Poaceae Y EuphorbiaceaeAsteraceae 2 1 Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 5 1 Qld, WA WA) Y (NT, Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Poaceae 3 2 5 AizoaceaeAizoaceaeAizoaceae 4 5 4 (RBJ at BRI)) Mentha in Aust. (incorrect name) Aizoaceae 4 natalensis in WA, in WA, var. var. M. tuberosa M. dissecta Mentha suaveolens suaveolens x x (not synonym of longifolia (not synonymn of RWJ (BRI)) Ipomoea sinuata, Convolvulus dissectus repensofficinalais Rhynchelytrum repens diplotricha Mimosa invisa citrata piperita ssp. ssp. var. or variety and notes var. var. var. piperita piperita rotundifolia Mentha x x x aitonis crystallinum nodiflorum MelinisMelissaMelochiaMentha repens Mentha officinalis pyramidata MenthaMentha aquaticaMentha longifolia Mentha pulegium Mentha spicataMercurialisMerremiaMerremia annua aegyptia Mentha dumetorum dissectaMerremiaMerremia Mentha viridis quinquefolia tuberosaMesembryanthemum Mesembryanthemum Mesembryanthemum MiboraMicrococca Ipomoea aegyptia Micropterum Opercularia dissecta, Ipomoea dissecta, Mikania mercurialis minima Ipomoea quinquefolia papulosumMimosa Operculina tuberosa, Ipomoea tuberosa Mimosa micrantha diplotricha pigra mercurialis Claoxylon mercuriale, Tragia Micropterum papillosum Willoughbya micrantha GenusMelilotus SpeciesMelilotusMelilotus indicusMelinis Subspecies officinalis siculus minutiflora Alternate names Melilotus indica Family Melilotus messanensis Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 67

APPENDIX Y (NT, WA) Y (NT, Y(WA) Y(WA) 3 WA) Tas, Vic, Y (NSW, SA, WA) Vic, Y (NSW, Naturalised Y WA) (NT, Y Y non-native flora A Y Y Y Y Y Y Y WA) Y (NSW, of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3 Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 2 Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3 3 Poaceae 3 Poaceae 2 Lobeliaceae 3 ScrophulariaceaeCaryophyllaceaeNyctaginaceae 4 3 ScrophulariaceaeRubiaceae 2 MalvaceaeCaryophyllaceae 3 PoaceaeAizoaceaeLamiaceae 3 4 Chenopodiaceae 3 Asteraceae 3 Asteraceae 3 2 Iridaceae 3 IridaceaeIridaceaeIridaceae 1 Iridaceae 3 Iridaceae Y 1 Iridaceae 1 Iridaceae 3Iridaceae 5Iridaceae 2 Iridaceae WA Vic, 4Iridaceae 4 5 Vic NSW, 5 SA NSW, 1 4 4 Y Y Vic NSW, Y Y (NSW) Y ' Zebrinus misapplied Scrophulariaceae 2 Monopsis simplex, monantha in SA hispida setosa tetrandra unijuga sinensis zebrinus Miscanthus sinensis ' depressa var. var. var. var. var. var. var. var. or variety and notes GenusMimosa SpeciesMimosaMimosaMimosa pudica SubspeciesMimulus pudica Mimulus pudica Minuartia pudica guttatus Alternate names Mirabilis moschatus Miscanthus mediterraneaMiscanthus jalapa Misopates sinensis Mitracarpus sinensis Modiola orontiumMoenchia hirtus FamilyMolineriellaMollugo caroliniana erecta Mimulus luteus Moluccella minuta Minuartia hybrida MonolepisMonopsis verticillata laevis Montanoa spathulata Australian Montanoa Potential debilis Moraea Antirrhinum orontium Considered to bipinnatifida Moraea Impact on hibiscifolia Moraea Malva caroliana, Modiola multifida Habitat Moraea aristata Primarily Moraea bellendenii Periballia minuta Moraea collina Controlled Moraea flaccidaMoraea fugacissima Potential Moraea fugax Moraea lewisiaeMoraea miniataMoraea ochroleuca pavonia setifolia vegeta Homeria collina Galaxia fugacissima Homeria flaccida Hexaglottis lewisiae Homeria miniata Homeria ochroleuca Gynandriris setifolia

68 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (Vic) Y (Qld) 3 Naturalised

Y Y Y Y (SA) Y Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL

YECOSYSTEMS Y (Vic) Y some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed NSW, SA, WA NSW, rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control RutaceaeMusaceae 4 1 Y Boraginaceae 3 Y Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 NT WA, TiliaceaePolygalaceaeCommelinaceaeRutaceae 2 2 3 MusaceaeHyacinthaceae 1 HyacinthaceaeBrassicaceaeBoraginaceaeBoraginaceae 1 2 1 Boraginaceae 2 Boraginaceae 2 4 HaloragaceaeMyrtaceae 3 Berberidaceae/Nandinaceae 3Amaryllidaceae 2 Amaryllidaceae 5AmaryllidaceaeAmaryllidaceae 1 Amaryllidaceae 1 Poaceae 1 Poaceae 2 Poaceae 2 Poaceae 1 Y 3 4 3 5 Y WA) Y (Qld, Tas, Y Y (Vic) MoringaceaeMoraceaePolygonaceae 1 3 1 Murraya exotica, Camunium exoticum, Murraya exotica, Camunium exoticum, Chalcas exotica ) Ranunculaceae 2 caespitosa australis utilis Mucuna utilis Musa balbisiana cv. Exotica cv. x ssp. (var. var. var. or variety and notes medioluteus x MuntingiaMuraltiaMurdannia calabura MurrayaMurraya heisteria nudiflora Musa koenigii Musa paniculata MuscariMuscari acuminata Myagrum acuminata Myosotis armeniacum Myosotis comosum perfoliatum Myosotis arvensis Myosotis discolor Myosotis laxa Myosurus scorpioides Myriophyllum sylvatica Myrtus minimus aquaticum NandinaNarcissusNarcissus communis Narcissus domestica jonquilla Narcissus papyraceus Narcissus pseudonarcissus Nardus tazetta NassellaNassellaNassella stricta charruana hyalina leucotricha GenusMoringa SpeciesMorusMucunaMuehlenbeckia pterygosperma Subspecies complexa alba pruriens Alternate names Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 69

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised non-native flora Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Scrophulariaceae 2 PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaeBrassicaceaeBrassicaceaePolemoniaceae 1 Boraginaceae 5Scrophulariaceae 5 5Rubiaceae 5 4 WA Qld, Tas, Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 SA, WA 2LamiaceaeAmaryllidaceae 5Apocynaceae 2 YBrassicaceaeSolanaceae NT WA, YSolanaceae 1 2 Solanaceae 2 Solanaceae 2 RanunculaceaeRhamnaceae 3 Boraginaceae 3 Y 2 Y 2 1 Vic) Y (NSW, Asteraceae 1 Y Y 2 Vic) Y (NSW, NymphaeaceaeNymphaeaceae Y Y NymphaeaceaeNymphaeaceae 0 Ochnaceae 2 Y (Qld) Lamiaceae 3Lamiaceae 3 2 4 4 5 WA NT WA, Y Y Y Y Y (Qld, NSW) , Alliaceae 3 canadensis var. var. cadamba, Nauclea cadamba Nothoscordum inodorum zanzibarensis Nymphaea capensis americanum Ocimum canum or variety and notes ssp. var. GenusNassella SpeciesNassellaNassella megapotamia Nasturtium Subspecies neesiana Nasturtium trichotoma Navarretia microphyllumNeatostema officinale Alternate names Nemesia squarrosa apulum strumosa NeonotoniaNepetaNerine wightiiNerium Rorippa microphylla FamilyNeslia cataria Nicandra Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum filifolia Nicotiana oleander Nicotiana paniculata physalodes Nierembergia glauca Nigella tabacum Australian hippomanica Noltea Potential Nonea Glycine javanica, Notonia wightii Considered to damascena Impact on africana Notobasis Habitat lutea Nuttallanthus Primarily Nymphaea syriaca Controlled canadensisNymphaeaNymphaea alba Potential Nymphaea caerulea Ochna mexicana Ocimum odorata Ocimum serrulata americanum basilicum Linaria canadensis Neolamarckia cadamba Anthocephalus chinensis, Nothoscordum gracile Nothoscordum borbonicum

70 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (SA) Y (SA) 3 Naturalised

Y Y Y Y Y Ynon-native WA) Vic, Y (NSW, flora of Australia

NATURAL

Y Y Y (SA) Y ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed NSW, Tas, WA Tas, NSW, rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control OnagraceaeOnagraceaeOnagraceae 3 3 2 Onagraceae 3 Oleaceae 5 ApiaceaeOnagraceaeOnagraceaeOnagraceae 3 0 3 Onagraceae 4 OnagraceaeOnagraceaeOnagraceae 2 Onagraceae 2 Onagraceae 3 Rubiaceae 3 Rubiaceae 2 1 Asteraceae 3 Asteraceae 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 1 3 2 Asteraceae 2 5 LamiaceaeLamiaceaeAcanthaceae 5 2 1 Oleaceae 5 WA (NSW) Y ; , Olea africana , caespitosa corymbosa anisatum var. var. var. Ocimum americanum africana x var. ssp. Olea cuspidata Ocimum basilicum x Onagraceaex 2 in Vic Asteraceae 5 WA Y Tas) Vic, Y (NSW, bonariensis drummondii bonariensis laciniata stricta cuspidataeuropea Olea europaea acanthium caespitosacorymbosa Hedyotis corymbosa Hedyotis corymbosa ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. var. var. ssp. ssp. ssp. or variety and notes Oenothera stricta citriodorum Ocimum basilicum x Oenothera indecora OenantheOenotheraOenothera pimpinelloides Oenothera acaulis Oenothera affinis Oenothera drummondii glazioviana indecora OenotheraOenotheraOenothera laciniata Oenothera longiflora Oenothera mollissima Oenothera rosea Oenothera speciosa Oenothera stricta Oldenlandia tetraptera Oldenlandia triloba Olea corymbosa corymbosa OleaOncosiphon europaea OncosiphonOnobrychis piluliferum europaea Ononis suffruticosumOnonis viciifoliaOnonisOnopordum alopecuroides Onopordum repens acanthium spinosa acaulon Pentzia globifera Pentzia suffruticosa Onobrychis sativa GenusOcimum SpeciesOcimum Odontonema tenuiflorum Subspecies tubaeforme Alternate names Ocimum sanctum Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 71

APPENDIX Y (SA) 3 SA, NT) Y (Qld, NSW, SA, NT) Y (Qld, NSW, Vic) Y (Qld, NSW, Y (SA) Vic, Y (Qld, NSW, NT) SA, WA, Y (SA) Naturalised non-native flora Y YYY SA) Y (Qld, NSW, Y (Qld) Y (Qld) Y Y (Qld) of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed WA, NT WA, rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Cactaceae 1 CactaceaeCactaceae 4 5 SA, WA Vic, Y (NSW) AsteraceaeCactaceaeCactaceaeCactaceaeCactaceaeCactaceae 2 5 3 1 Cactaceae NT SA, WA, 4 Cactaceae 4CactaceaeCactaceae WA Cactaceae 3 5Cactaceae 5Cactaceae 1Cactaceae SA, WACactaceae WA 2 Qld, NSW, 3 5 Cactaceae 5Cactaceae Y (Qld, NSW) WA 1? CactaceaeCactaceae WA 4 2 Cactaceae 2Cactaceae WA 1Cactaceae NT SA, WA, Y (NSW) NT SA, WA, Y (SA) 2 1 5 WA SA) Y (NSW, SA) Y (NSW, Y Y (NSW) SA) Vic, Y (NSW, Y (Qld, NSW) SA) Y (Qld, NSW, , Cactaceae 2 NSW NT) Y (SA, WA, , discata lindheimeri linguiformis var. var. var. var. var. dillenii in Harden (1990), in Telford (1984), in Telford Cactaceae 3 WA SA) Y (NSW, var. var. Opuntia tenuispina Opuntia phaeacantha Opuntia discata, microcarpa Opuntia decumbens in Vic Asteraceae 5 WA Y Vic) Y (NSW, illyricum Opuntia dillenii ssp. or variety and notes x Opuntia puberulaOpuntia stricta Opuntia lubrica Opuntia inermis GenusOnopordum SpeciesOnopordumOpuntia illyricum Opuntia tauricum SubspeciesOpuntiaOpuntia aurantiaca Opuntia cylindrica Alternate names Opuntia dejecta dillenii elatiorOpuntia engelmanniiOpuntiaOpuntiaOpuntia ficus-indica Family humifusaOpuntia Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica imbricataOpuntia leptocaulisOpuntia Opuntia stricta Opuntia leucotricha Opuntia lindheimeri Opuntia bergeriana Opuntia linguiformisOpuntia Australian microdasys Potential monacantha Considered to paraguayensis Impact on Opuntia compressa polyacantha Opuntia Cylindropuntia imbricata Habitat Cylindropuntia leptocaulis Opuntia Primarily Opuntia Controlled Opuntia robusta Opuntia lindheimeri Opuntia schickendantzii Potential spinosior Opuntia vulgaris Opuntia bonaerensis, bonariensis streptacantha Opuntia stricta OpuntiaOpuntia subulata sulphurea Austrocylindropuntia schickendantzii tomentosa

72 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

Y

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised YY (Tas) YY Y Y (SA,) Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed Tas, WA Tas, rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 HyacinthaceaeHyacinthaceaeHyacinthaceaeHyacinthaceaeHyacinthaceae 4Fabaceae (Faboideae) 0 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1? Fabaceae (Faboideae) SA 2 2 3 2 3 ScrophulariaceaeScrophulariaceaePoaceae 4 Poaceae 1AsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceae Vic, NSW, Asteraceae 3Asteraceae 2 Oxalidaceae 2 Oxalidaceae 4 Oxalidaceae 2 Oxalidaceae 2 Oxalidaceae ? Y 4 Oxalidaceae 2 2 2 2 Y 2 (SA,WA) Y Y CactaceaeAsclepiadaceaeLamiaceaeHyacinthaceae 4 1 1 2 WA SA) Y (NSW, microphylla & var. & var. in Vic; synonyms in in Vic; Oxalidaceae 4 repens corniculata (possible name - species with Scrophulariaceae 1 ssp. W. Barker at AD) Barker at W. NSW are var. sativus ssp. or variety and notes Orobanche loricata OrnithogalumOrnithogalum longibracteatum Ornithogalum pyramidale Ornithogalum pyrenaicum Ornithogalum thyrsoides Ornithopus umbellatum OrnithopusOrnithopus compressus Ornithopus perpusillus pinnatus sativus OrobancheOrobanche minor Oryza ramosa OryzaOsteospermumOsteospermum calendulaceum rufipogon Osteospermum clandestinum sativa Osteospermum ecklonisOsteospermum fruticosum Oxalis muricatum OxalisOxalisOxalis articulata Oxalis bifurca Oxalis bowieana Oxalis brasiliensis Dimorphotheca ecklonis caprina compressa corniculata GenusOpuntia SpeciesOrbeaOriganumOrnithogalum tunicata Subspecies variegata vulgare arabicum Alternate names Stapelia variegata Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 73

APPENDIX Y (Vic, Tas, SA) Tas, Y (Vic, Y (Tas) Y (Qld) 3 Y (NSW) Y (Qld) Naturalised Y Y Y non-native flora YYY (Tas) Y (Tas) Y Y Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Oxalidaceae 3 Oxalidaceae 1 PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceae 3 3 3 3 OxalidaceaeOxalidaceaeOxalidaceaeOxalidaceaeOxalidaceae 2 Oxalidaceae 2 Oxalidaceae 2 Oxalidaceae 2 Oxalidaceae 3 3 Oxalidaceae 2 Asclepiadaceae 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 AsteraceaeAsteraceae 1 5 Amaryllidaceae 3 PoaceaePoaceaePoaceae 3 2 1 2 1 Poaceae 2 PoaceaePoaceae 3 4 PoaceaePoaceae 3 4 1 in SA Poaceae 5 brevifolium trichoglume in WA Poaceae 5 var. var. var. var. corymbosa pentaphylla capillare occidentalecolaratum makarikariense Panicum capillare coloratum maximumtrichoglume Urochloa maximum Urochloa maxima var. var. var. var. var. var. var. or variety and notes cv. Embucv. Hamilcv. var. var. var. Poaceae Poaceae 1 4 GenusOxalis SpeciesOxalisOxalisOxalis debilis SubspeciesOxalis depressa Oxalis flava Oxalis glabra Alternate names Oxalis hirta Oxalis incarnata Oxalis latifoliaOxalis obtusa Oxalis perdicariaOxypetalum pes-caprae Pachyrhizus Family polyphylla Palafoxia coeruleum purpurea Pallenis erosus Pancratium rosea PanicumPanicum spinosa maritimum Oxalis violacea Panicum Australian antidotale Panicum Oxalis mallobolba Potential bisulcatum Panicum Considered to bulbosum Panicum Impact on coerulea Tweedia capillare Panicum capillare Habitat Panicum coloratum Primarily Panicum coloratum Panicum Controlled gilvum Panicum hillmanii Panicum Potential maximum Panicum maximum Panicum maximum Panicum maximum Panicum maximum miliaceum novemnerve

74 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (Qld, NSW, Y (Qld, NSW, SA, WA, NT) SA, WA, 3 Naturalised

Y Y Y Y Y (NSW) Y Y? Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL

Y Y (Vic) Y ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed NSW, SA, WA NSW, rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control PapaveraceaePapaveraceae 3 3 PapaveraceaePapaveraceaePapaveraceaePapaveraceae 4 4 Poaceae 3 Poaceae 3 ScrophulariaceaeScrophulariaceaeUrticaceaeFabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 4 4 5 3 4BignoniaceaeBignoniaceaeCaryophyllaceae 3 CaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceae 1 Asteraceae 1 1 Vitaceae 3 Poaceae 3 PoaceaePoaceae YPoaceae 5Poaceae 2 Poaceae 3 Y WA SA, NT, Poaceae 4 Y Poaceae 4Poaceae 2 Y 1 3 5 3 Y 3 WA Y NT) Y (Qld, NSW, Y Y (Qld) PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePapaveraceae 1 5 3 3 setigerum somniferum ssp. ssp. or variety and notes PapaverPapaverPapaverPapaver argemome Papaver dubium Papaver hybridum Parapholis rhoeas Parapholis somniferum Parentucellia somniferum incurva Parentucellia strigosa latifolia Parietaria viscosa Parkinsonia judaica Parmentiera aculeata ParmentieraParonychia aculeataParonychia cereifera Paronychia argentea Parthenium brasiliana Parthenocissus franciscana Paspalum hysterophorus quinquefolia PaspalumPaspalum conjugatum Paspalum dilatatum Paspalumedulis Parmentiera distichum Paspalum exaltatum Paspalum fasciculatum Paspalum nicorae Paspalum notatum paniculatum plicatulum GenusPanicum SpeciesPanicumPanicum racemosum Papaver Subspecies repens schinzii aculeatum Alternate names Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 75

Y

APPENDIX 3 Y (Qld) Y (Qld) Naturalised Y Y Y non-native flora YY Y (NSW) Y Y (Qld) Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed Tas, SA Tas, rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Poaceae 3 PassifloraceaePassifloraceae 3 3Geraniaceae Y 3 Y (Qld) PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceae 3 Poaceae 2 Passifloraceae 3PassifloraceaePassifloraceae 4 Passifloraceae 1 Passifloraceae 1 3 2 1 Y 3 Passifloraceae 2 PassifloraceaePassifloraceaePassifloraceaePassifloraceae 2 Passifloraceae 3 Passifloraceae 1 2 Malvaceae 2 Malvaceae 5 Euphorbiaceae 4 ZygophyllaceaeGeraniaceae 1 Geraniaceae 3 2 Geraniaceae 4Geraniaceae 4 WA 5 Vic, NSW, 1 2 SA Y Y (SA) in NSW & WA? Passifloraceae 5 hispida var. var. in NSW Apiaceae 3 sativa smallii smallii, Pedilanthus smallii Tithymalus ciliatifolium Paspalum ciliatifolium foetida gossypifolia riparia var. var. var. var. var. ssp. or variety and notes ssp. asperum x GenusPaspalum SpeciesPaspalumPaspalum quadrifarium Paspalum Subspecies regnellii Paspalum scrobiculatum Paspalum setaceum Paspalum urvillei Alternate names Passiflora virgatum Passiflora wettsteinii Passiflora bangiiPassiflora caerulea Passiflora coccinea Passiflora edulis Passiflora Family filamentosa Passiflora foetida Passiflora foetida Passiflora foetida Passiflora laurifolia Passiflora mollissima Passiflora Passiflora violacea Australian morifolia Passiflora Potential quadrangularis Passiflora Considered to sanguinolenta Pastinaca Impact on suberosa Pavonia subpeltata Habitat Pavonia sativa Primarily PedilanthusPeganum coccinea Controlled hastata tithymaloides Potential harmala PelargoniumPelargoniumPelargonium capitatum Pelargonium fragrans quercifolium Lassa hastata, Malache hastata Geranium quercifolium Pelargonium alchemilloides

76 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (NT) Y (Vic, Tas, SA) Tas, Y (Vic, Y (Qld) Y (Qld) 3 Naturalised YY NT WA, Y Y Tas) Y (Qld, NSW, Y Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control PoaceaePoaceae 3 5 PoaceaePoaceaePoaceae 4 Poaceae 3 Poaceae 3 PoaceaePoaceaeBoraginaceae 4 4 Poaceae 1 Asteraceae 4 4 PiperaceaeCactaceaeLauraceaePolygonaceae 2 Polygonaceae 2 Polygonaceae 3 Polygonaceae 4Asteraceae 2 2 1 Caryophyllaceae WA 3Caryophyllaceae 4 ApiaceaeSolanaceae 2 4 Hydrophyllaceae 3 Y 2 4 3 Y GeraniaceaeCactaceaePoaceae 2 3 3 WA Y Caryophyllaceae 1 misapplied in SA Poaceae 2 Petrorhagia nanteuilii x in NT Poaceae 5 in Vic Poaceae 3 s Adiantaceae 2 Y Y pedicellatum unispiculum polystachion airoides viridi Petrorhagia nanteuilii Petrorhagia velutina ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. x var. var. or variety and notes domesticum x PennisetumPennisetumPennisetum clandestinum Pennisetum glaucum Pennisetum macrourum Pennisetum pedicellatum Pennisetum pedicellatum Pennisetum polystachion Pennisetum purpureum Pennisetum setaceum Pentaglottis thunbergii Pentaschistis villosum Pentaschistis sempervirens airoides Pentaschistis pallidaPentzia thunbergii PeperomiaPereskiaPersea incana pellucida Persicaria aculeata PersicariaPersicaria americana capitataPersicaria filiformis Petasites lapathifoliaPetrorhagia Pentaschistis thunbergii maculosaPetrorhagia fragrans Petrorhagia dubia Petroselinum dubiaPetunia nanteuilli crispum Phacelia Polygonum capitatum axillaris tanacetifolia Polygonum lapithifolium Polygonum maculosum Petrorhagia velutina GenusPelargonium SpeciesPellaeaPeniocereusPennisetum Subspecies serpentinus viridis alopecuroides Alternate names Nyctocereus serpentinus Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 77

APPENDIX 3 Y (Qld, NSW) Naturalised non-native flora Y Y Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control PoaceaePoaceae 1 4 Y Verbenaceae 3 Y Y (NSW) Poaceae 2 Arecaceae 1 PoaceaePoaceaePoaceae 2 PoaceaePoaceae 5PoaceaePoaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Oleaceae 2 Poaceae 1 0 Poaceae 4 Poaceae 5 Arecaceae 2 Arecaceae Y 2 Arecaceae 4 Poaceae 1 Phormiaceae/AgavaceaeMalaceae 3 Malaceae 2 4 Verbenaceae ? 1 EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceae 1 Euphorbiaceae 3 5EuphorbiaceaeScrophulariaceae 5 3 Scrophulariaceae 2 Poaceae 4 3 2 NT WA, 3 Y? Y (Qld, NSW) Y ’ Variegata amarus var. var. (misapplied) heterophylla arundinacea picta Phalaris arundinacea ‘ nodiflora Phalaris arundinacea x var. var. var. or variety and notes roebelenii ? GenusPhalaris SpeciesPhalarisPhalarisPhalaris angusta SubspeciesPhalaris aquatica Phalaris aquatica Phalaris arundinacea Alternate names Phalaris arundinacea Phalaris canariensis Phalaris coerulescens Phaseolus lemmonii Phillyrea minor Phleum paradoxa lunatus Phleum Family latifolia PhleumPhoenix arenarium Phoenix pratense Phoenix subulatum PhoenixPholiurus canariensis Australian Phormium dactylifera Potential Photinia sylvestris Considered to pannonicus Photinia Impact on tenax Phyla Habitat Phyla glabra Primarily Phyllanthus serratifoliaPhyllanthus Controlled canescens Phyllanthus amarus nodiflora Phyllanthus debilis Potential emblica tenellus PhyllopodiumPhyllostachys rarifolia Crataegus serratifolia Crataegus glabra aurea Phyllanthus niruri Diasperus emblica, Emblica officinalis Polycarena leipoldtii, rarifolia Phyllopodium cordatum Polycarena caudata,

78 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (SA) Y (Qld) Y (Qld, NSW) 3 Naturalised Y Y Vic) Y (NSW, Y Y (Vic) Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL

YECOSYSTEMS Y (Vic) Y some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed NSW, SA, WA NSW, SA, WA rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Pinaceae 2 SolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceae 3 Solanaceae 1 Phytolaccaceae 4 Phytolaccaceae 2 Phytolaccaceae 1 Pinaceae 5Asteraceae 5 2 Urticaceae 3 WAPinaceae 4 PinaceaePinaceae 1 Pinaceae 3 Pinaceae 3 Pinaceae 1 1 Pinaceae 4Pinaceae 2 Pinaceae 4Pinaceae 3 PinaceaePoaceae 1 Y Poaceae 5 2 5 2 4 2 Y? Y? (Qld) Y PoaceaePoaceaeSolanaceae 3 3 1 Anacardiaceae 3 Tas, Vic, Y misapplied in Qld Solanaceae 3 corsicana var. var. or variety and notes PhysalisPhysalisPhysalisPhysalis lanceifolia Physalis micrantha Physalis peruviana Physalis philadelphica Phytolacca pubescens Phytolacca virginiana Phytolacca viscosa americana Picea dioica Picnomon octandra PileaPinus acarna abies PinusPinus microphylla Pinus brutia Pinus canariensis Pinus caribaea Pinus contorta Pinus elliottii Pinus halepensis Pinus nigra Cirsium acarna Pinus palustris Pinus pinaster Piptatherum pinea Piptochaetium radiata miliaceum montevidense taeda GenusPhyllostachys SpeciesPhyllostachys bambusoides Physalis nigra Physalis Subspecies alkekengi ixocarpa Alternate names Family Physalis angulata Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential Pistacia chinensis

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 79

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised Y Y non-native flora Y Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control AdiantaceaeAdiantaceae 2 2 PlantaginaceaePlantaginaceaePlantaginaceae 3 3 Plantaginaceae 4 PlantanaceaeFumariaceae 3 1 1? AraceaeFabaceae (Faboideae)BignoniaceaePittosporaceae 1 Pittosporaceae 5 3 Boraginaceae 3 Plantaginaceae 2 PlantaginaceaePlantaginaceae 3 Y 1 Plantaginaceae 2 3Plantaginaceae 2 Plantaginaceae Y 4 LamiaceaeLamiaceae 3 LamiaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceae WA) Y (Qld, NSW, Lamiaceae 2 Lamiaceae 1 Plumbaginaceae 2 Y Poaceae 3 Poaceae 1 Poaceae 1 1? Poaceae 2 4 3 2 4 Platanus orientalis x in SA dubia commutata coronopus myosuros spicata austroamericana calomelanos lanceolata bulbosa vivipara var. var. var. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. var. var. or variety and notes & var. & var. var. var. var. acerifolia Platanus occidentalis x GenusPistia SpeciesPisumPithecocteniumPittosporum cynanchoides Subspecies stratiotes Pittosporum sativum Pityrogramma crassifolium Pityrogramma eugenioides calomelanos Alternate names Plagiobothrys calomelanos Plantago canescens PlantagoPlantago albicans Plantago australis Plantago bellardii Plantago Family coronopus coronopus Plantago cretica PlantagoPlantago major Plantanus Australian myosuros Platycapons Potential scabraPlectranthus Considered to Plectranthus spicatus Impact on Plectranthus amboinicusPlectranthus caninus Habitat Plectranthus ciliatus Primarily Plectranthus ecklonii Controlled Plectranthus neochilusPlumbago ornatus Potential Poa verticillatus Poa Plantago arenaria, indica auriculata Poa Coleus amboinicus, aromaticus Poa annua bulbosa bulbosa Coleus neochilus compressa Coleus comosus Plantago lanceolata

80 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Salicaceae 2 Y PoaceaePontederiaceae 4 2 Y Y (Vic) PoaceaePoaceae 2 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Caryophyllaceae 2 PolygalaceaePolygalaceae 5 PolygalaceaePolygalaceae 1 Polygalaceae 2 PolygonaceaePolygonaceae 3 Polygonaceae 2 Poaceae 3 4 Poaceae 5 Poaceae 3 Salicaceae 1 SalicaceaeSalicaceae 4 Salicaceae 3 Salicaceae 2 Portulacaceae 3 Portulacaceae 4Potamogetonaceae 2 PotamogetonaceaeRosaceae ? 1 1 4 3 2 Y Y Y Y PoaceaePoaceae 4 4 ? Polygalaceae 1 Populus nigra x Populus tremula x in Vic Polygalaceae 5 Y in NSW Rosaceae 3 anserina sylvicola trivialis myrtifolia subspathaceus cordata var. var. var. var. ssp. ssp. ssp. or variety and notes . yunanensis canadensiscanescens Populus deltoides Populus alba aff x x PodalyriaPolycarponPolygala sericea Polygala tetraphyllum PolygalaPolygala chinensisPolygala duartena Polygala monspeliaca Polygala myrtifolia Polygonum paniculata Polygonum virgata Polygonum vulgaris arenastrum Polypogon aviculare Polypogon patulum Polygala glomerata, Polygala densiflora Polypogon chilensis Polypogon maritimus Pontederia monspeliensis Populus viridisPopulus cordata PopulusPopulusPopulus alba Populus nigraPortulaca tremula PortulacaPotamogeton grandiflora ‘italica’ Potamogeton pilosa acutifolius Agrostis viridis Potentilla praelongus Potentilla anglica anserina GenusPoa SpeciesPoaPoaPoa Subspecies infirma pratensis trivialis Alternate names trivialis Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 81

APPENDIX 3 Y(WA) WA) Vic, Y (NSW, Y (Qld, WA) Y (Qld) Naturalised non-native flora Y Y Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control MartyniaceaeMartyniaceaeFabaceae (Mimosoideae)Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 5Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 2 5 3 5 NT NSW, NT NT NSW, AmygdalaceaeAmygdalaceae 2 2 AmygdalaceaeAmygdalaceae WA) Y (Qld, NSW, 3 3 Y (Qld, SA, WA) RosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeAsteraceae 3 3 1 4Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) NT WA, 5LamiaceaeLamiaceaeAmygdalaceae NSWAmygdalaceae 2 Amygdalaceae 4 3 Amygdalaceae 3 Amygdalaceae YAmygdalaceaeAmygdalaceae 2 Y 3 3 Amygdalaceae 1 Amygdalaceae 3 AmygdalaceaeAsteraceae 1 Pinaceae 1 NT) Y (Qld, WA, Myrtaceae 4 Myrtaceae 3 2 2 5 WA Y? (Qld) Y nectarina misapplied Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 4 WA Vic) (Qld, NSW, Y var. var. misapplied Fumariaceae 2 clematideum (nom. illeg.) fragranslouisianica Proboscidea fragrans, Martynia fragrans domestica insititia Prunus insititia alba Corydalis lutea glandulosa juliflora nucipersicapersica Prunus persica littorale Psidium littorale Prosopis velutina ssp. ssp. var. x var. ssp. ssp. var. var. or variety and notes ssp. var. GenusPotentilla SpeciesPotentillaPotentilla recta Subspecies reptans supina ProboscideaProboscideaProsopis Alternate names louisianica Prosopis louisianica Prosopis glandulosa Prosopis glandulosa Prosopis juliflora Prunella pallidaPrunella Family velutinaPrunusPrunus laciniata Prunus vulgaris Prunus cerasifera Prunus cerasus Prunus domestica Australian Prunus domestica Potential Prunus dulcis Considered to Prunus Prosopis limensis laurocerasus Impact on Prosopis flexuosa Prunus lusitanica Prunus Habitat mahaleb Prunus Primarily munsoniana Prunus persica Controlled Prunus persica Pseudelephantopus salicina spicatus Potential Pseudofumaria serotina Pseudotsuga spinosa alba Psidium menziesii Psidium cattleianum guajava Praxelis clematidea Eupatorium catarium,

82 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (Qld) Y (Qld) 3 Naturalised

Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Ranunculaceae 2 SA Y DennstaedtiaceaePteridaceaePteridaceaePoaceae 1 PoaceaePoaceae 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2Fabaceae (Faboideae)Punicaceae 2 3 Amaranthaceae 1 3Malaceae 3MalaceaeMalaceaeMalaceae 2 4Malaceae 5 Bignoniaceae Qld 5 Rosaceae 4 Fagaceae 2 FagaceaeFagaceae 5 3 Y CombretaceaeRanunculaceae 1 Ranunculaceae 1 Y 1 Y Ranunculaceae 1 2 Ranunculaceae 2 Ranunculaceae 1 Ranunculaceae 3 3 3 4 Y MyrtaceaeAizoaceaePoaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae) 2 4 4 3 formosa, Cotoneaster taitoensis flammula ssp. or variety and notes PteridiumPterisPteris aquilinum PuccinelliaPuccinellia cretica Puccinellia ciliata semipinnata Pueraria distans Pueraria fasciculata PunicaPupalia lobataPyracantha phaseoloidesPyracantha granatum Pyracantha lappacea angustifolia Pyracantha crenulata fortuneanaPyracantha koidzumiiPyrostegiaPyrus rogersiana Dolichos phaseoloides Quercus venusta Dolcihos lobatus QuercusQuercus communis ilex Quisqualis palustris Ranunculus Crataegus crenulata Mespilus crenulata, Photinia fortuneana robur Ranunculus indica Ranunculus Cotoneaster koidzumii, Cotoneaster acris Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculus flammmula Ranunculus muricatus Ranunculus ophioglossifolius parviflorus repens GenusPsidium SpeciesPsilocaulonPsilurusPsoralea guineense granulicaule Subspecies incurvus pinnata Alternate names tenue Psilocaulon Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 83

Y

APPENDIX 3 Tas) Y (Vic, Y (Qld) NT) Y (NSW, Y (Qld) Naturalised non-native flora YY Y Y (NSW) YY SA) (Tas, Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed Tas, WA Tas, Tas Vic, NSW, rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Ranunculaceae 3 WA Y Y (SA) Resedaceae 1 Vic, NSW, Y (SA) Y Y RanunculaceaeRanunculaceaeBrassicaceaeBrassicaceae 3 BrassicaceaeBrassicaceae 3Apocynaceae 2Asteraceae 5 Resedaceae 2 Resedaceae 5 Resedaceae 3Resedaceae 3 2 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 2 Polygonaceae 3 PolygonaceaeRhamnaceae Y Malaceae Y Grossulariaceae 2 Grossulariaceae 2 Rubiaceae 5 Rubiaceae YRubiaceae 3 2 Rubiaceae 2 Euphorbiaceae Y Phytolaccaceae 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Papaveraceae 3 Asteraceae 4 3 5 5 1 2 misapplied monosperma scleratus ssp. or variety and notes Reseda phyteuma GenusRanunculus SpeciesRanunculusRanunculus sardous Raphanus scleratus SubspeciesRaphanus trilobus Raphanus maritimus Rapistrum raphanistrum Alternate names Rauvolfia sativus Reichardia rugosum Reseda tetraphylla Reseda tingitana ResedaReseda alba lutea Family luteola Retama odorata Reynoutria monospermaReynoutria Australian Rhamnus japonica Potential Rhaphiolepis sachalinensis Considered to Ribes Impact on alaternus indicaRibesRichardia Habitat Richardia Primarily sanguineum monosperma, Genista monosperma Richardia Lygos uva-crispa Controlled brasiliensis Richardia humistrata Ricinus Potential scabra Rivina Polygonum sachalinense Polygonum cuspidatum stellaris RobiniaRoemeria communis Roldana Crataegus indica humilis pseudoacacia hybrida petasitis Senecio petasitis Retama raetam raetam, Genista Lygos

84 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (SA) SA) Vic, Y (NSW, Tas, SA, WA) Tas, Y (SA) 3 Naturalised

Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed SA, WA SA, WA rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Rosaceae 1 IridaceaeIridaceaeBrassicaceae 5 5 2 Y Y PapaveraceaeIridaceae 1 4 Rosaceae 5 Vic, NSW, Y (Tas) IridaceaeBrassicaceaeRosaceae 2 Rosaceae 3RosaceaeRosaceae 3 Rosaceae 4 RosaceaeRosaceaeLamiaceae 1 Poaceae 2 Poaceae 2 Lythraceae 5 Rosaceae 1 1 3 Y 3 2 5RosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceae 5 4 Vic, NSW, Y 4 Y SA, WA Tas, Vic, Y (NSW, Y Y (Tas) Vic) Y (NSW, PapaveraceaeIridaceae 1 3 used in WA, used in WA, Rosaceae 4 SA Vic, Tas) Y (Qld, NSW, trichocalyx manettii, Rosa sinica var. var. var. var. . selmeri misapplied aff . sp (manetti rose) Rosaceae 1 Rubus velox sylvestris australis communis minor Rosa moschata Rosa multiflora var. var. var. ssp. x x var. var. or variety and notes R. erythrops possibly hybrid with Rosaceae 4 . polyanthemos . armeniacus Rubus procerus discolor, Rubus . polyanthemos . mucronulatus R. armeniacus aff aff aff aff x Rubus RomuleaRomuleaRomulea obscura Rorippa rosea Rorippa rosea RosaRosa palustris Rosa sylvestris Rosa bracteata Rosa canina Rosa chinensis Rosa chinensis Rosa chinensisRosa laevigata Rosmarinus roxburghii Rostraria rubiginosa Rostraria officinalis wichuraina Rotala cristataRubus pumila rotundifolia Rosa chinensis RubusRubus cristata Lophochloa cristata, Trisetaria Lophochloa pumila Rubus alceifolius bellobatus chloocladus Rubus Rubus GenusRomneya SpeciesRomneyaRomulea coulteri Romulea Subspecies trichocalyx flava minutiflora Alternate names Romneya coulteri Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Rubus Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 85

Y (Vic, Y (Vic, Tas) Y (Tas, SA)

APPENDIX 3 SA) Tas, Vic, Y (NSW, SA, WA) Vic, Y (NSW, Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed SA, WA WA Tas, SA, WA NSW, SA, WA SA, WA WA Tas, WA Tas, SA, WA WA Vic, NSW, WA Tas, rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Rosaceae 4 WA RosaceaeRosaceae 4 5 Tas, NSW, Tas, Vic, Y (Vic) Y (NSW) RosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceae 5RosaceaeRosaceae 4Rosaceae Tas, NSW, 4 Vic, NSW, 2 5 2 Rosaceae WA NSW, RosaceaeRosaceae 5RosaceaeRosaceae 4Rosaceae WA Tas, 4 Y (Vic) Rosaceae Vic, NSW, Rosaceae 0 Y (SA) Vic, NSW, 5 4Rosaceae SA, WA Tas, 1 Rosaceae Tas, Vic, 4 SA) Tas, Y (Vic, Acanthaceae 5 5 Tas 1 SA) Vic, Y (NSW, SA, WA Y (SA) Y (SA) Vic) Y (NSW, Y (NSW) Tas) Vic, Y (NSW, Rosaceae 2 Vic, NSW, Y (SA) Acanthaceae 4 Y in NSW Rosaceae 1 Ruellia malacosperma Rubus radula Ruellia brittoniana includes & between selmeri Rubus selmeri anoplothrysus . laciniatus ssp ssp. or variety and notes var. misapplied . malacosperma aff GenusRubus Species cissburiensis SubspeciesRubusRubus Alternate names RubusRubus ellipticus Rubus erythrops idaeus laciniatus laciniatus Rubus FamilyRubus leucostachys loganobaccus Rubus rosaceus, koehleri Rubus Australian Rubus Rubus loganobaccus, ursinus Potential Considered to Impact on pheonicolasius Rubus polyanthemus Habitat Primarily Rubus ursinus Controlled roribaccus Rubus Potential Rubus ulmifolius Ruellia vestitus squarrosa Dipteracanthus squarrosa RubusRubus diversus echinatus Rubus leightonii RubusRubus mucronulatus phaeocarpus RubusRubus pyramidalis rubritinctus Ruellia Rubus ulmifolius

86 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (Tas) 3 Naturalised

Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control PolygonaceaePolygonaceaePolygonaceae 3 1 4 AlismataceaeAlismataceaeAlismataceaeSalicaceae 0Salicaceae 3 3SalicaceaeSalicaceae 2 3SalicaceaeSalicaceaeSalicaceae 5 2 5 5 4 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y (NSW) Y (NSW) Y Y Y Vic) Y (NSW, Y (Vic) Y (NSW) Y (NSW) PolygonaceaePolygonaceae 1 RuppiaceaeAizoaceaeScrophulariaceaeRutaceae 2 Arecaceae 3 Poaceae 1Caryophyllaceae 1CaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceae 1 2 4 2 4 Y 4 Alismataceae Y Salicaceae 5Salicaceae 5 1 Y Y Y (WA) AcanthaceaePolygonaceaePolygonaceaePolygonaceae 5 1 4 4 Y in Vic. Salicaceae 2 Y Y (NSW) ’ Fastigiata New Zealand hybrid willow Salicaceae 3 Y Y (NSW) Salix nigra X obtusifolius divaricatus pulcher brevirostrata calycinamontevidensis Sagittaria calycina cinerea oleifolia alba vitellina fragilis fragilis furcata pyramidalis Salix chilensis ‘ Salix matsudana ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. var. var. x ssp. ssp. var. var. var. var. or variety and notes pratensis x RumexRumexRumexRumex frutescens Rumex obtusifolius Ruppia pulcher Ruschia pulcher RusseliaRuta maritima Sabal tumidula equisetiformis SaccharumSagina graveolens Sagina officinarum palmetto SaginaSagittaria apetala Sagittaria maritima Sagittaria procumbens engelmanniana Sagittaria montevidensis Salix montevidensis Salix platyphyllaSalixSalix alba Salix alba Salix alba Salix babylonica Salix cinerea Salix cinerea Salix discolor Salix Sagittaria graminea fragilis fragilis fragilis humboltiana GenusRuellia SpeciesRumexRumexRumex tuberosa Subspecies bucephalophorus conglomeratus crispus Alternate names Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 87

APPENDIX 3 Tas) Y (Vic, NT) WA, Vic, Y (NSW, Y (Qld) Naturalised non-native flora Y Y Y Y WA) Y (NSW, Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Salicaceae 5 Y Y (NSW) Salicaceae 5 Y Y (NSW) Salicaceae 4Salicaceae 1 Y Y Y (Vic) Y (NSW) SalicaceaeSalicaceae 2 4Salicaceae 4 Y Y Y Y (NSW) Y (NSW) SalicaceaeSalicaceaeSalicaceaeSalicaceae 4 5 5 5SolanaceaeChenopodiaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceae 5Lamiaceae 3 YLamiaceae YLamiaceae 1 Y 4 Y 4 Salviniaceae 2 YFabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3 Y (NSW) Sambucaceae 5 Y (NSW) 2 Sambucaceae Y (NSW) Primulaceae Y (NSW) 5AcanthaceaeRosaceae 2 Rosaceae 3 Dracaenaceae/Agavaceae 3 2 3 Y ? 4 Y Y Lamiaceae 4 fragilis in NSW oleifolia var. var. ssp. Salix fragilis x Salix babylonica, Salix atrocinerea x x Salix babylonica x chrysochoma Salix fragilis x vitellina x Salix cinerea vitellina alba x var. var. var. var. var. var. Salix caprea fragilis Salix viminalis Possibly x var. Salix matsudana verbenaca in Vic .; var. .; var. vernalis magnolii muricata chrysocoma Salix alba sepulcralis Salix alba var. var. variable sp cv. Tortuosacv. Salicaceae 2 Y Y (NSW) var. var. or variety and notes & var. & var. ssp. ssp. rubens Salix albens sepulcralis pendulinareichardtiisepulcralis sericans Salix babylonica Salix caprea calodendron x x x x x x x Salix Salix Salvia verbenaca GenusSalix SpeciesSalixSalixSalix Subspecies matsudana Salix myricoides nigra purpurea Salix Alternate names viminalis Salix Salix Salix glaucophylloides FamilySalix SalpichroaSalsolaSalvia origanifolia SalviaSalvia tragusSalvia Australian aethiopis Potential Salvia aurea Considered to Salvia coccinea Impact on s. lat. leucantha Habitat misellaSalvinia Primarily reflexa Samanea Controlled Sambucus Salsola kali Sambucus molesta saman Potential Samolus canadensis Sanchezia nigra Sanguisorba valerandii Sanguisorba parvibracteata Sansevieria minor Salvia riparia minor trifasciata Pithecellobium saman, Enterolobium saman Salix

88 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y Y Y YY Y (Vic) Y (NSW) Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Anacardiaceae 5 Asteraceae 5 Fabaceae (Faboideae)AsteraceaeAsteraceae 1 3 2 ApiaceaeAnacardiaceaePoaceaePoaceaeIridaceae 4 5CyperaceaeCyperaceae 3 Cyperaceae NT WA, 3 Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 2 Hyacinthaceae 1 4Hyacinthaceae 3Cyperaceae 1 Caryophyllaceae QldPoaceae 1 Asteraceae 2 Asteraceae 2 0 Scrophulariaceae Y 3 Y 3 4Scrophulariaceae 3 Scrophulariaceae Y (Qld) Lamiaceae NTPoaceae Y 3 Cucurbitaceae 2 Y Fabaceae (Faboideae)Crassulaceae 2 3 2 3 4 Y Y Y Y CaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceaeBignoniaceaeDipsacaceae 0 3 1 3 areira areira, Schinus molle Schinus abrotanoides subvillosuscalcitrapifolialacinata Scorpiurus subvillosus Podospermum resedifolium var. var. var. var. var. or variety and notes ScandixSchinusSchinusSchismus pecten-veneris Schismus molle Schizostylis terebinthifolius arabicus Schkuhria barbatus Schoenoplectus coccinea Schoenoplectus californicus pinnata Schoenoplectus erectus Schotia lineolatus ScillaScillaScirpus brachypetala Scleranthus hyancinthoides Sclerochloa peruviana Scolymus annuus pendulus Scolymus dura Scoparia hispanicus Scorpiurus maculatus Scorzonera dulcis Scorzonera muricatus Scrophularia lacinata Scrophularia lacinata Scutellaria auriculataSecale nodosa Sechium racemosa SecurigeraSedum cereale edule varia acre Scrophularia aquatica Coronilla varia GenusSaponaria SpeciesSaponariaSaritaea calabrica Scabiosa Subspecies officinalis magnifica atropurpurea Alternate names Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 89

APPENDIX 3 WA) Tas, Vic, Y (NSW, NT) Y (WA, Y (NT) Y (Qld, NSW) Naturalised non-native flora Y Y Y Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Crassulaceae 4 Selaginellaceae ? CrassulaceaeCrassulaceaeCrassulaceae 1 Crassulaceae 2 Crassulaceae 2 SelaginellaceaeSelaginellaceae 2 Selaginellaceae 2 SelaginellaceaeSelaginaceae 3Selaginaceae 2 Cactaceae 2 Asteraceae 2 Asteraceae 2 Asteraceae 2 AsteraceaeAsteraceae 1 Asteraceae 2 Asteraceae 1 Asteraceae 5Asteraceae 4Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 5 Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 5 5 SA Tas, Vic, Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) Y 5 2 Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 3 2 WAFabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 4 3 WAFabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 2 Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 5Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 4 4 WA Y Y Y Y (Qld, NSW) Y Y (Vic) (Qld, NT) Y praealtum ssp. misapplied Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 4 floribunda x Sedum reflexum Crassulaceae 3 praealtum Sedum dendroideum glabrata ssp. or variety and notes var. var. biformis ? GenusSedum SpeciesSedumSedumSedum album SubspeciesSedum caespitosum Sedum forsterianum Sedum praealtum Alternate names Selaginella rupestre Selaginella sediforme Selaginella sexangulare Selaginella kraussiana Selaginella planaSelago umbrosa Selago Family willdenovii SelenicereusSenecio corymbosa macdonaldiae Senecio thunbergii SenecioSenecio angulatus Senecio crassiflorus Australian Senecio elegans Potential Senecio planum Lycopodium glastifolius Considered to Senecio jacobaea Impact on Senecio madagascariensis Habitat Senna pterophorus Primarily Senna tamoides Senna vulgaris Controlled Senna alata Senna corymbosa Potential Senna didymobotrya Senna hirsuta Senna multiglandulosa Senna obtusifolia occidentalis pendula septemtrionalis Senna

90 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (NSW) Y (NT) Y (Qld, WA) 3 Naturalised Y NT) Y (WA, Y Y Y Y Y Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Malvaceae 5 Malvaceae 3 PoaceaePoaceae 3 3 PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceae 3 3 4 3 Malvaceae 3 MalvaceaeMalvaceae 2 ? Qld Qld PedaliaceaePoaceaePoaceae 3 PoaceaePoaceae 1 PoaceaePoaceae 2 3 3 3 Poaceae 2 PoaceaeRutaceaeRubiaceae 4 3 2 Malvaceae 4 MalvaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceae 4 Malvaceae 2Poaceae 4 WA 4 2 Y 4 NT WA, (NT) Y Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae)Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 2 Taxodiaceae 3 Sapindaceae 1 1 acuta mutica var. var. var. var. Sida carpinifolia Sida cordifolia (in WA) magnifica Sida magnifica, Sida dallachyi, pallidefusca pumila carpinifolia atherophora occidentalis rohlenae gracilis pauciseta sericea splendida ssp. var. var. var. ssp. ssp. var. var. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. or variety and notes Sida atherophora SesamumSetariaSetaria indicum SetariaSetaria barbata Setaria gracilis Setaria gracilis Setaria incrassata Setaria italica Setaria palmifolia Setaria parviflora Setaria poiretiana Setaria pumila Setaria pumila Setaria sphacelata Severina sphacelata Sherardia verticillata Sida viridis buxifolia Sida arvensis Sida acuta Sida atherophora SidaSida cordifolia Sida pusillaSida rhombifolia Sida rohlenae Sieglingia rohlenae spinosa decumbens subcordata Sida parvifolia Danthonia decumbens Malvinda spinosa GenusSenna SpeciesSennaSequoiaSerjania siamea Subspecies tora sempervirens exarata Alternate names Cassia siamea Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 91

APPENDIX 3 Y (SA) Naturalised non-native flora Y Y YY Y WA) Tas, Y (Vic, Y Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control CaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceae 4 4 CaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceae 1 4 AsteraceaeCaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceae 3 Caryophyllaceae 3 1 Caryophyllaceae 2 2 Caryophyllaceae 1 CaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceae 4 Caryophyllaceae 3 Caryophyllaceae 1 Caryophyllaceae 3 1? 1 Asteraceae 1 BrassicaceaeBrassicaceaeFabaceae (Caesalpinioideae)Brassicaceae 1 Brassicaceae 5 3 Brassicaceae 5 BrassicaceaeBrassicaceae 2 Brassicaceae 3Brassicaceae 5 Iridaceae 5 5 2 2 4 Y misapplied Caryophyllaceae 1 uniflora vulgaris gallica quinquevulnera var. var. var. ssp. ssp. P. Hussey spec. – possibly P. or variety and notes not the same species sp. G. Carr has specimen, Iridaceae 2 GenusSigesbeckia SpeciesSileneSilene orientalis Silene SubspeciesSilene apetala Silene armeria Silene atocioides Alternate names Silene conica Silene dichotoma Silene dioica Silene gallica Silene gallica Silene latifoliaSilene Family longicaulis Silene noctiflora Silene shafta Silene nocturna Silene pendula Silene pseudo-atocion Silybum tridentata Sinapis uniflora Australian Sinapis Potential vulgaris Sindora marianum Considered to Silene pratensis, alba Sisymbrium alba Impact on Sisymbrium arvensis Habitat Sisymbrium altissimum supa Primarily Sisymbrium erysimoides Sisymbrium irio Controlled Sisymbrium officinale Sisymbrium orientale Potential Sisyrinchium runcinatum thellungii iridifolium Sisyrinchium

92 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (Vic, WA) Y (Vic, Y (Tas) Vic) Y (NSW, 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y Y SA, WA) Vic, Y (NSW, Y Y (Qld) (Tas) YY Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed SA, Tas rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Asteraceae 3 SolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceae 3 Solanaceae 3 1 Solanaceae 3 Solanaceae 5 Solanaceae 4Solanaceae ? Solanaceae WA 4 4 4 Solanaceae WA 3 Solanaceae WA 5 SolanaceaeSolanaceae 4 Solanaceae 4SolanaceaeSolanaceae 1 Solanaceae Vic, Qld, 3 Y SolanaceaeUrticaceae 5 3 4 WA Y 3 1 WA 3 (Qld) Y (Qld) Y SolanaceaeSolanaceae 1 3 J. H. Willis Solanaceae 3 misapplied, Solanaceae 3 in WA Iridaceae 3 very variable species Solanaceaecorrectly applied name 5 Solanaceae 1 Sisyrinchium exile Solanum nitidibaccatum (in Qld) Solanaceae 4 nodiflorum nitidibaccatum Solanum sarrachioides scabra Solidago altissima var. var. var. var. ssp. or variety and notes sp. A Solanum physalifolium SolanumSolanumSolanum capsicoides Solanum chenopodioides Solanum dimidiatum Solanum dulcamara Solanum elaeagnifolium Solanum erianthum Solanum ferox Solanum furcatumSolanum hispidum Solanum jasminoides Solanum linnaeanumSolanum marginatum mauritianum Solanum nigrum Solanum Solanum douglasii sensu Solanum pseudocapsicumSolanum radicansSolanum Solanum hermannii retroflexum Solanum rostratum Solanum sarrachoides Solanum seaforthianum Solanum sisymbriifolium Solanum capsicastrum Solanum torvum Soleirolia triflorum Solidago villosum Solanum palitans soleirolii canadensis GenusSisyrinchium SpeciesSolanumSolanumSolanum Subspecies abutiloides americanum betaceum Alternate names Family Cyphomandra betacea Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 93

APPENDIX 3 Y (Qld) Naturalised Y Y (NSW) Y non-native flora Y Y Y Y YY Y (Qld, NSW) Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Poaceae 3 AsteraceaeAsteraceae 4 3 Poaceae 2 Poaceae 3 Y Y (SA) Poaceae 3 AsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceae 3Asteraceae 3 Asteraceae 3 WAMalaceae 1 Malaceae 4 Poaceae 4 Poaceae 2 2 1 5 IridaceaeIridaceae Y Poaceae 5Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 BignoniaceaeCaryophyllaceae 2 Caryophyllaceae 5CaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceae 3 3 Caryophyllaceae 3 3 3 Y 2 Y Y , Poaceae 2 Sorghum bicolor drummondii bicolor bicolor arundinaceum Spartina maritima according to GRIN Poaceae 3 , x ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. misapplied Iridaceae 3 Sorghum halepense Sorghum arundinaceum Sorghum sudanense x x in Qld Sparganiaceae 2 Y asper glaucescens bicolor Sorghum bicolor stoloniferum ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. or variety and notes drummondii Sorghum bicolor almum Sorghum bicolor townsendii Spartina alterniflora x x x Sorghum Sorghum GenusSoliva SpeciesSolivaSolivaSonchus anthemifolia SubspeciesSonchus sessilisSonchus stolonifera arvensis Sonchus asper Alternate names Sonchus asper Sorbus oleraceus Sorbus tenerrimus SorghumSorghum aucupariaSorghum domestica arundinaceumSorghum Family Soliva pterosperma bicolor Sorghum brevicarinatum halepense miliaceumSparaxis Australian Pyrus aucuparia Sorghum bicolor Potential Sparaxis Considered to Sparaxis Impact on bulbifera Sparganium grandiflora Spartina Habitat pillansiiSpartina erectum Primarily Sorghum halepense Spartium Controlled Spathodea anglica Spergula Potential junceum Spergula campanulata Spergularia arvensis Spergularia pentandra Spergularia bocconii diandra Sparaxis tricolor levis Spergula levis

94 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised YY Y (Qld) Y (Qld, NSW) Y Y YY Y (NSW) Y Y (Qld) Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed SA, WA rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Malaceae 1 Caryophyllaceae 2 PoaceaePoaceae 4 5 HypoxidaceaeMalaceaeMalaceaePoaceae 2 Poaceae 1 Poaceae 1 Poaceae 5 Lamiaceae 3 Lamiaceae 5 LamiaceaeLamiaceae 5 Lamiaceae 4 1 Verbenaceae 1 Verbenaceae 2 Verbenaceae 2VerbenaceaeVerbenaceae 4Caryophyllaceae Tas, NSW, 5Caryophyllaceae 3Caryophyllaceae WA 1 Poaceae WA 1 2 Acanthaceae WA 4 Amaryllidaceae 3 1 3 1 Y (NT) Y Y (NT) Y (NT) Y CaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceaeAsteraceae 4 4 5 NT Y Y (Qld) Y misapplied Verbenaceae 3 WA (NT) Y jacquemontii pyramidalis var. var. var. capensis, major plena var. var. var. Spergula villosa var. var. 2, . sp Spiraea prunifolia Sporobolus capensis cv. Plena cv. or variety and notes billardii adulterina trimenii x x x SpiloxeneSpiraeaSpiraea capensis Spiraea Sporobolus cantoniensis prunifolia Sporobolus africanusSporobolusSporobolus coromandelianus Sporobolus fertilisSporobolus jacquemontiiStachys natalensis Stachys pyramidalisStachysStachys arvensis Stachys byzantina Sporobolus indicus germanica Stachytarpheta palustris Stachytarpheta sylvatica Sporobolus pyramidalis australis Sporobolus indicus Stachytarpheta cayennensisStachytarpheta jamaicensis pyramidalis Sporobolus Stachytarpheta mutabilis Stachytarpheta StellariaStellariaStellariaStenotaphrum graminea Stephanophysum media Stachytarpheta cayennensis Stachytarpheta urticifolia secundatum longifoliumSternbergia pallida lutea Ruellia brevifolia, Ruellia graecizans GenusSpergularia SpeciesSpergulariaSpergularia media Sphagneticola rubra Subspecies villosa trilobata Alternate names Family trilobata Wedelia Spergularia Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 95

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised Y non-native flora Y Y Y Y Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed Tas, SA Tas, rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 ChenopodiaceaeBrassicaceae 2 1 Vic, NSW, Y Y (WA) Y AsteraceaeFabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 5 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Chenopodiaceae 4 Chenopodiaceae 3 Chenopodiaceae 2 3 2Fabaceae (Faboideae)ArecaceaeCaprifoliaceae 2 BoraginaceaeBoraginaceaeEuphorbiaceaeAsteraceae 1 1 Asteraceae 4 Araceae 2 Iridaceae 1 OleaceaeMyrtaceae 4 Y Myrtaceae 2 Y Poaceae 1 Y Asteraceae 2 Portulacaceae 1 Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 3 Tamaricaceae 3 2 Tamaricaceae 1 Tamaricaceae 4 4 5 2 4 Y Y (Qld, NT) auct. non Willd. Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Symphytum officinale x Symphytum asperum maritima intermedia var. var. ssp. or variety and notes uplandicum x Succowia balearica GenusStevia SpeciesStylosanthesStylosanthes guianensis Stylosanthes eupatoria Subspecies guianensis Stylosanthes hamata Stylosanthes humilisStylosanthes Alternate names scabra Suaeda viscosa SuaedaSuaedaSuaeda aegyptyaca baccifera linifolia Sutherlandia maritima FamilySyagrusSymphoricarpos frutescens Stylosanthes mucronata Symphytum orbiculatus Symphytum romanzoffiana Synadenium officinale Synedrella Australian Synedrellopsis grantii Potential Syngonium nodiflora grisebachii Considered to Synnotia Impact on Syringa podophyllum Syzygium Habitat villosa Syzygium Primarily Taeniatherum vulgaris Controlled cuminiTagetes jambos caput-medusae Talinum Potential TamarindusTamarix minuta Tamarix paniculatum indica Tamarix aphylla indica ramosissima Eugenia cumini Eugenia jambos pentandra Tamarix

96 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (Qld) 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Aizoaceae 1 AsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceae 2 Asteraceae 4 Asteraceae 1 Asteraceae 2 Bignoniaceae 3 3 Bignoniaceae 3 Bignoniaceae 1 Brassicaceae 1 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 0? Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 2 1 Araliaceae 3 AsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceae 1 3 5 2 misapplied in NSW Aizoaceae 5 Y Y (SA) (name was misapplied in NSW, (name was misapplied in NSW, Aizoaceae 0 Bignonia guarume is it misapplied in WA?) microptera var. var. or variety and notes 1 species species group 1 Tetragonia nigrescens TaraxacumTaraxacumTaraxacum kok-saghyz Taraxacum officinale Taraxacum pseudo-calocephalum Taraxacum Sect. Celtica Taraxacum Sect. Erythrosperma Taraxacum Sect. Hamata Taraxacum Sect. Ruderalia TecomaTecomaTecoma alataTeesdaliaTephrosia capensisTephrosia stans nudicaulis Tephrosia candida Tephrosia elegansTephrosia glomerulifloraTephrosia grandiflora Tephrosia inandensis Tephrosia nana guarume, alata, Tecoma Tecomaria Tephrosia noctiflora capensis Tecomaria Teramnus tinctoriaTetragonia stans Tecomaria vogeliiTetragonia labialis Cracca glomeruliflora decumbens Cracca elegans microptera Tetrapanax papyrifer Cracca noctiflora Cracca nana Cracca tinctoria Cracca vogelii nigrescens Tetragonia Glycine labialis GenusTanacetum SpeciesTanacetumTanacetum boreale Taraxacum parthenium Subspecies vulgare bracteatum Alternate names Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 97

APPENDIX 3 Y(WA) Naturalised Y non-native flora Y Y (NT) Y Y Y Y Y (NSW) Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed SA, WA rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Asteraceae 4 LamiaceaePoaceaeApocynaceaePoaceaePoaceaeBrassicaceae 2 Acanthaceae 4 5 AcanthaceaeAcanthaceae 4 Thymelaeaceae 2 3Lamiaceae 5Bromeliaceae 5Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4Asteraceae 1 NT WA, Asteraceae NT WA, 3 1 NT 1 WA, ApiaceaeApiaceae NT WA, Apiaceae 5Anacardiaceae 3 Campanulaceae Y? WAAsphodelaceae 1 Boraginaceae Y 2 YCommelinaceae 4 4 Y YCommelinaceae 1 YCommelinaceae 5 Y (Qld) Asteraceae 4 5Asteraceae 2 Asteraceae Y (Qld) 3 Euphorbiaceae Y Y (Qld) WACyperaceae Y (Qld) 3 Aizoaceae 1 Y (Qld) 4 4 Y Y 4 Y Y Y Y (Qld) 4 Tas, NSW, Y (Qld, NSW) Y Y (Vic) Y Tolpis umbellata Tolpis includes Agropyron junceiforme, Thinopyrum junceum or variety and notes GenusTeucrium SpeciesThemedaThevetia scorodonia Thinopyrum Subspecies quadrivalvis Thinopyrum peruvianaThlaspi distichumThunbergia junceiforme Alternate names ThunbergiaThunbergia arvense alata Thymelaea grandiflora Thymus laurifolia Tillandsia passerina TipuanaTithonia vulgaris Family Cascabela thevetia Agropyron distichum usneoides TithoniaTolpis tipu Tordylium diversifolia Torilis rotundifolia Torilis barbata apulum Toxicodendron Australian Trachelium Potential succedaneum arvensis Trachyandra nodosa Considered to Trachystemon Impact on caeruleum Tradescantia divaricata orientalis Habitat Tradescantia Primarily Tradescantia fluminensisTragopogon spathacea Controlled Tragopogon zebrinaTragopogon dubius Potential Triadica hybridus porrifolius Trianthema sebifera albiflora Tradescantia portulacastrum discolor Rhoeo spathacea, Tradescantia pendula, Zebrina pendula Tradescantia Sapium sebiferum, Croton sebiferum Trianoptiles solitaria

98 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised

YY SA, NT) Y (Qld, Vic, Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 1 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 0? Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 4 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 1 ZygophyllaceaeAsteraceaeFabaceae (Faboideae) 5 1 5 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 1 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 4 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 0 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 0 4 1 PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceae 3 1 3 4 in Qld Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 in Qld & Vic Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 sativum burchellianum serotinum angustifolium arvense campestre fragiferum pulchellum hybridum incarnatum lappaceum repens majus var. var. var. var. ssp. var. var. var. var. var. var. mostly var. var. var. or variety and notes TribulusTridaxTrifoliumTrifolium terrestris Trifolium procumbens alexandrinum Trifolium ambiguum Trifolium angustifolium Trifolium arvense Trifolium burchellianum Trifolium campestre Trifolium cernuum Trifolium cherleri Trifolium dubium Trifolium fragiferum Trifolium fragiferum Trifolium globosum Trifolium glomeratum Trifolium hirtum Trifolium hybridum Trifolium incarnatum Trifolium lappaceum Trifolium ligusticum Trifolium medium Trifolium michelianum Trifolium micranthum Trifolium microdon Trifolium ornithopodioides Trifolium pilulare Trifolium pratense repens resupinatum GenusTribolium SpeciesTriboliumTribolium acutiflorum Tribolium Subspecies echinatum obliterum uniolae Alternate names Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 99

APPENDIX 3 Vic, Y (Qld, NSW, SA, WA) Tas, Naturalised Y non-native flora Y Y Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Campanulaceae 2 Scrophulariaceae 1 PoaceaeMelastomataceaePoaceae 1 0 IridaceaeIridaceae 2 Iridaceae 3 TiliaceaeTiliaceae 2 Tiliaceae 2 3 1 Alliaceae 3 Convolvulaceae 2 3TurneraceaeBrassicaceaeTyphaceae 4 1? WAFabaceae (Faboideae) 2 NT WA, Y 2 5 5 Y Y Y Y (Tas) & Tropaeolaceae 3 (native of Ecuador & Peru) Tropaeolum ferreyrae many cultivars & forms Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 hybrid between Tropaeolum minor corymbosus, Rivea corymbosa resupinatum stellatum tomentosum var. var. var. var. or variety and notes GenusTrifolium SpeciesTrifoliumTrifolium resupinatum Trifolium Subspecies rubens Trifolium scabrum Trifolium spumosum Trifolium squamosum Alternate names Trifolium stellatum Trifolium striatum Trifolium subterraneum Trifolium suffocatum Trifolium tomentosum Trigonella uniflorum Triodanis Family vesiculosum Triphysaria monspeliaca Trisetum perfoliata Tristemma pusilla Triticum flavescens Tritonia mauritianum Tritonia Australian Tritonia aestivum Potential Triumfetta crocata Considered to Triumfetta lineata Impact on Triumfetta squalida pentandra Habitat pilosa Primarily rhomboidea Tulbaghia Controlled Potential violacea TurneraTurritisTypha ulmifolia glabra latifolia Tropaeolum majus Turbina corymbosaUlex europaeus Ipomoea corymbosa, Convolvulus

100 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (Vic) 3 Naturalised

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control PoaceaePoaceae 3 2 Scrophulariaceae 4 PoaceaePoaceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceae 4 Asteraceae 1 AsteraceaeAsteraceaeUrticaceae 3 Urticaceae 4Lentibulariaceae 4 Caryophyllaceae 2 SA Vic, NSW, Valerianaceae 1 Valerianaceae 1 2Valerianaceae 4 3 ValerianaceaeValerianaceae 1 Asteraceae 3 Scrophulariaceae 2 Scrophulariaceae 1 Scrophulariaceae 2 3 Scrophulariaceae 4 2 Verbenaceae 2 Verbenaceae Y 4 VerbenaceaeVerbenaceae 4 Y 3 WA 3 3 NT WA WA Y UlmaceaePoaceaeMalvaceae 2 0 5 Y Y in the USA aristigera (in Tas) Ulmaceae 2 thapsus panicoides pubescens hollandica var. var. var. ssp. or variety and notes var. var. hollandica x UrochloaUrochloaUrochloa mosambicensis Urochloa oligotricha Urospermum panicoides Urospermum dalechampii panicoides Ursinia picroides UrsiniaUrsiniaUrtica anthemoidesUrtica chrysanthemoides Utricularia speciosa Vaccaria dioica Valerianella urens gibba ValerianellaValerianella hispanica discoidea Valerianella eroicarpa Valerianella Arctotis anthemoides locusta Vellereophyton muricata Verbascum rimosa dealbatum VerbascumVerbascum blattaria Verbascum creticum Verbascum sinuatum pyramidata Vaccaria Verbena thapsus virgatum VerbenaVerbena aristigeraVerbena bonariensis caracasana hispida Glandularia tenuisecta, Verbena GenusUlmus SpeciesUlmus UniolaUrena procera Subspecies paniculata lobata Alternate names Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 101

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised Y non-native flora Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Verbenaceae 2 Qld, WA Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 VerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceae 3Verbenaceae 4Verbenaceae 3 WA 3 WA 5 WA 3 WA 1 Euphorbiaceae WAScrophulariaceae Qld, WA ScrophulariaceaeScrophulariaceaeScrophulariaceae 2 3Scrophulariaceae 4 Scrophulariaceae 2Scrophulariaceae WA 3 Scrophulariaceae 2 Scrophulariaceae 3 Caprifoliaceae 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae) Y 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae) Y Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) Y 4 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 4 3 monantha angustifolia Verbena quadrangularis Verbena ssp. ssp. V. littoralis V. hybrid between & in Asteraceae 4 encelioides monanthatriflora cordata Vicia villosa nigrasativa eriocarpa sativa Vicia ssp. or variety and notes Vic & NSW Vic ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. brasiliensis x Verbesina encelioides GenusVerbena SpeciesVerbenaVerbenaVerbena incompta SubspeciesVerbena litoralis Verbena officinalis Verbena quadrangularis Alternate names rigida supina urticifolia VerniciaVeronicaVeronica FamilyVeronica fordii anagallis-aquatica Veronica arvensis Veronica catenata Veronica hederifolia Veronica officinalis Veronica Australian peregrina Veronica Potential persica Viburnum Considered to scutellata Vicia Impact on serpyllifolia Vicia tinus Vicia Habitat Vicia Primarily benghalensis Vicia Controlled cracca Vicia disperma Vicia Potential hirsuta Vicia monantha Vicia monantha Vicia sativa Vicia sativa sativa tetrasperma villosa Verbena

102 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX 3 Naturalised Y Y Y Y Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 1 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 2 2 PoaceaePoaceae 4 5 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 2 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 2 ApocynaceaeApocynaceaeViolaceaeViolaceaeViolaceae 5 Poaceae 4 Poaceae 3 Poaceae 3 2 5 Haemodoraceae 3 CampanulaceaeArecaceae 5 Arecaceae 0 Iridaceae 3 Iridaceae 4 4 2 4 Y in WA Poaceae 3 Y sp. A in Cooke, D.A. Iridaceae 5 Vulpia membranacea Vulpia includes (1986) Fl. Australia 46: 42. megaluramyuros megalura Vulpia cylindricadekindtianaunguiculata Phaseolus cylindrica dekindtiana Vigna Dolichos unguiculatus microphylla pseudocracca varia villosa radiatasetulosa Phaseolus radiatus Phaseolus setulosus var. var. var. ssp. ssp. ssp. form form ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. or variety and notes VignaVignaVignaVigna adenanthaVigna hoseiVigna mungoVigna radiata Vigna radiata Vigna trilobataVigna umbellataVinca unguiculata Vinca unguiculata Viola Phaseolus adenanthus unguiculata Viola major Viola Dolichos hosei minor Phaseolus mungo Vulpia arvensis Vulpia odorata Vulpia Dolichos trilobatus riviniana Vulpia Dolichos umbellatus bromoides Vulpia ciliata Vulpia fasciculata Wachendorfia muralis Wahlenbergia myuros paniculata Washingtonia myuros capensis Washingtonia filifera Watsonia robusta Watsonia aletroides Watsonia borbonica marginata Watsonia GenusVicia SpeciesViciaViciaVicia Subspecies villosa villosa villosa villosa Alternate names Family Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 103

APPENDIX SA, WA) 3 NT) SA, WA, Tas, Naturalised Y Vic, (Qld, NSW, Y Y Y Y non-native flora Y Vic, (Qld, NSW, Y of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state & Threatened or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control IridaceaeIridaceaeHydrophyllaceae 5 4 2 Y Y SA) Y (Vic, Asteraceae 5 WA Y SA) Vic, Y (NSW, Poaceae 1 AsteraceaeHydrophyllaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae)Solanaceae 4 ? 1 Asteraceae WA 2 4 SA, WA Vic, Agavaceae Y AgavaceaeAgavaceaeScrophulariaceaeAraceaePoaceae 3 Y 1 3 Amaryllidaceae 1 (NSW) Y 5 1 3 Y Y (WA) Poaceae 4 Asteraceae 5 , Xanthium , Asteraceae 5 , Asteraceae 5 SA, WA Vic, Y (NSW) Y ; Asteraceae 5 SA, WA Vic, Y (NSW) Y cavanillesii italicum cavanillesii italicum in USA Amaryllidaceae 2 ssp. var. var. ssp. , Part of Polypogon x x ssp. mexicana Xanthium pungens Xanthium strumarium , , ssp. sp. B in Cooke, D.A. (1986) Iridaceae 4 Y Xanthium strumarium Xanthium strumarium Xanthium strumarium italicum strumarium Xanthium strumarium strumarium Part of Part of strumarium Xanthium strumarium Part of Fl. Australia 46: 42. monspieliensis, Polypogon littoralis Xanthium strumarium Xanthium strumarium ssp. ssp. meriana Watsonia bulbillifera alba caracasana Wigandia caracasana var. var. var. var. var. or variety and notes Agropogon littoralis Agrostis stolonifera Watsonia meriana Xanthium occidentale Xanthium orientale Xanthium californicum Xanthium italicum GenusWatsonia Species meriana Watsonia SubspeciesWedeliaWigandia versfeldii WigandiaWisteria glauca Alternate names urens Withania urens sinensisXanthium somnifera Family ambrosioides Hydrolea urens Glycine sinensis Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Yucca Habitat Yucca Primarily Yucca Controlled Zaluzianskya aloifolia Zantedeschia filamentosa Potential Zea divaricata gloriosa aethiopica ZeaZephyranthesZephyranthes candida mays drummondii mexicana Cooperia pedunculata Zea mays x Xanthium cavanillesii Xanthium spinosum

104 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management

APPENDIX Y (Qld, WA, NT) Y (Qld, WA, 3 Naturalised Y Y non-native flora of Australia

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS some state Threatened & or ruderal herbaria Plant Species weed rating to spread be native by ANZECC Rare specific agricultural or Noxious to control AsteraceaeRhamnaceae 3 5 AmaryllidaceaeZingiberaceaeZingiberaceaeAsteraceae 2 1 1 3 or variety and notes ZinniaZiziphus peruviana mauritiana GenusZephyranthes SpeciesZingiber grandiflora ZingiberZinnia Subspecies officinale zerumbet elegans Alternate names Family Zinnia violacea Australian Potential Considered to Impact on Habitat Primarily Controlled Potential

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 105 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic & nitrate) APPENDIX 4 2XNCES Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS CaprifoliaceaePinaceae + + + + MalvaceaeMalvaceae + +Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) + 2XS + + MalvaceaeMalvaceaeFabaceae (Mimosoideae)Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) + + +Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 2Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) + 5Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) + +XS +Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 5SEuphorbiaceae 3 +Euphorbiaceae +Cactaceae 5nceS 2Asteraceae + + + +XNCESAsteraceae +Acanthaceae +Aceraceae + 2Aceraceae + + Aceraceae 5Polygonaceae + + 2 Polygonaceae + + 0?XS 4 + 2Polygonaceae + + 5 + 0? 0XPCSe + 5 4 + 5c 5 + + 1 2 + +nc + 1 5NCES + 1 + + + 5 + + + 5 + + + + 5 + 1 5c 5NC 4 T 5c 5c 5 (oxalate T T (oxalate?) A national listing of the naturalised non-native flora Australia arranged alphabetically by genus then species. National categories of these 2732 species in the Australian flora are listed according to their impact, weed status, ability to be controlled and their potential for further spread in agricultural ecosystems. indica Abelia chinensis var. var. Abelia uniflora hybrid between and manihottetraphyllus Hibiscus manihot indica Acacia arabica sundra or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. ssp. var. ssp. . grandiflora APPENDIX 4 x sp Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Abelia Species WA SA Family AbelmoschusTas Vic Abelmoschus Subspecies Alternate manihot Abies NSW manihot AbutilonQld AbutilonAcacia Australian grandifoliumAcacia theophrastiAcaciaAcacia angustissimaAcacia bolivianaAcacia catechu Acacia farnesianaAcalypha karroo Acalypha nilotica Sida grandifolia Acanthocereus sinuata Abutilon avicennae australis Acanthospermum tetragonus Mimosa angustissima australe wilkesiana Acanthospermum hispidum Acanthus Acacia angustissima AcerAcer Mimosa farnesiana mollis AcerAcetosa negundo palmatum Acanthocereus pentagonus pseudoplatanus Acetosella sagittata vulgaris Rumex sagittatus Rumex acetosella Acetosa vesicaria Rumex vesicarius

106 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX + (native) + + (native) 4 Naturalised non-native flora + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS PoaceaePoaceaeAsteraceaeFabaceae (Mimosoideae)Ranunculaceae +Rutaceae 4Apiaceae + 5Crassulaceae (native) + 5Crassulaceae 4Amaranthaceae + 1Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + 4XSFabaceae (Faboideae) + 5nc + Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + 1 5 4XSFabaceae (Faboideae) + 5nce +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2XNCES + + 5 2Fabaceae (Faboideae) + +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 + Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2XS + 0X 1Hippocastanaceae 4NC + +Podocarpaceae 1 3 2XSAmaryllidaceae 2nc 0?N + + Amaryllidaceae + + + +Rutaceae + 3 + +Agavaceae + + Agavaceae T Agavaceae + 0? + T 3 + + 3 + + 2 1 5 + + + 3 + (native) + 3 T + 3 0? + + + + AsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceaePoaceae + 1 + + 1 1 + 1 + 1 1 + 1 + + + T ? Crassulaceae + + Aeonium haworthii also Hedysarum brasilianum orientalispraecox Agapanthus orientalis tanacetifolia americana glandulosa americana expansa picta or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease var. var. var. ssp. ssp. Marginatacv. var. var. var. Agavaceae + + ssp. AchnatherumAcroceras caudatumAcroptilonAdenanthera macrum Adonis repens pavonina AegleAegopodiumAeonium microcarpa podagraria Aeonium marmelos Aeonium arboreum Stipa caudata Aerva castello-paivae Aeschynomene haworthii Aeschynomene americana Aeschynomene americana javanica Aeschynomene aspera brasilianaAeschynomeneAeschynomene brevifolia Aeschynomene indica Aeschynomene micrantha Aesculus villosa AfrocarpusAgapanthus hippocastanum Agapanthus falcata Aeschynomene biflora, Agathosma praecox Agave praecox Agave crenulata AgaveAgave americana americana americana americana Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Achillea Species WA SA AchilleaFamily Tas Achillea Vic distans Achnatherum Alternate Subspecies millefolium NSW brachychaetum tomentosa Qld Australian Stipa brachychaeta

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 107 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic T? T? APPENDIX 4 2 Naturalised non-native flora + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS AgavaceaeAsteraceae 2 2 4PoaceaePoaceae 4 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 + + 1 2 3 3c 3c AgavaceaeAgavaceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceae 2 Asteraceae 2 3Asteraceae + 2Rosaceae 3Caryophyllaceae 3NC 4 2NC 3ncePoaceae 1 +Poaceae 3nce Simaroubaceae 4PoaceaePoaceaePoaceae + 3 3 3Poaceae 3 +Poaceae + Lamiaceae + 2 0? +Lamiaceae + 1Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 1 +Hyacinthaceae 3 1 1 + 3nce +Malvaceae 2 1 + 1 +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3nc +Alismataceae 1 1 + + + Apocynaceae 1 1 5XS 1Apocynaceae 1 + + T Brassicaceae 1 + +Alliaceae 1 5 + 1Alliaceae + + 1 2 + + 1 2XnceS + + + + 5NCES 3c 2 + + + + 3c 1 + 5 T 1 + + + + 1 T + + + + 2XncS + + + + + (native) + + + + + + + + + + T? Eupatorium conyzoides, Carelia conyzoides Alhagi camelorum, pseudalhagi s in NSW conyzoide vivapara aristata capillaris or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or var. var. ssp. var. var. Ageratum conyzoides Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Agave Species WA SA AgaveFamily Tas Agave Vic Ageratina Subspecies Alternate attenuata AgeratinaNSW sisalana AgeratinaQld vivipara adenophora ligustrina Australian ripariaAgeratumAgrimoniaAgrostemma houstonianum Agrostis eupatoria githago AgrostisAgrostis Eupatorium adenophorum capillaris Agrostis capillaris Ailanthus gigantea Aira Eupatorium riparium stolonifera Aira altissima AiraAira caryophyllea Aira cupaniana Ajuga elegantissimaAjuga praecox Albizzia provincialis Albuca iva Alcea reptans Alhagi lebbeck Alisma canadensis Allamanda roseaAllamanda Aira elegans (nom. illeg.) maurorum Alliaria lanceolata blanchetii Allium cathartica Allium petiolata ampeloprasum neapolitanum Althaea rosea

108 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 3 4 Naturalised non-native flora 1?NCE 1XNCS + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS 5NCeS (turf) 1XNCES +XNCES (turf) AloaceaeAloaceae + + + + + + + AlliaceaeAlliaceaeAlliaceaeBetulaceaeBetulaceae + 5Aloaceae 5 +Aloaceae +Aloaceae 1AloaceaePoaceae 3 +Poaceae + 5Poaceae + +Poaceae + 5ncVerbenaceae + + 5nceAlstroemeriaceae 1 3XNC + + 5 +XNC + + 5 + 4NC + + 5Amaranthaceae + + 2 + 5 1Amaranthaceae 1 3Amaranthaceae 1Amaranthaceae + 1 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 + 5S 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 T? + + + 1 + + + 3 + + + + 1 1X 3nce 1 + T 5c +nce 5c 5c + 5NC 3NC T AlliaceaeAlliaceaeAlliaceaeAlliaceae + + + + + + + + + misapplied Alstroemeriaceae + + + + saponaria Aloe maculata var. var. said to be part of (not according to Paul Forster (BRI)) paronychioides, Alternanthera bettzickiana misapplied scrodoprasum paniculatum rotundatum ficksbergensis or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease ssp. var. ‘Rubiginosa’ in Qld, Rubracv. in NT Amaranthaceae 3 3 ssp. ssp. saponaria ? AlliumAlliumAlliumAlnus scrodoprasum Alnus triquetrum Aloe vineale cordata Aloe glutinosa AloeAloeAloe arborescens Aloe cameronii Alopecurus ciliaris Alopecurus maculataAlopecurus aequalis parvibracteata Alopecurus geniculatus Aloysia myosuroides Alstroemeria pratensis Alstroemeria aurea Alternanthera citrodora psittacina dentata Alternanthera Aloe saponaria ficoideaAlternantheraAlternanthera philoxeroides Alternanthera pungens Alysicarpus sessilis Aloysia triphylla Alysicarpus Alstroemeria pulchella bupleurifolius ovalifolius Alternanthera tenella, Alternanthera Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Allium Species WA SA AlliumFamily Tas Allium Vic Allium Alternate Subspecies oleraceum NSW paniculatum Qld roseum scrodoprasum Australian

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 109 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic T APPENDIX 4 4 Naturalised non-native flora +3 of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Amaranthaceae 2 + 1 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae)BrassicaceaeBrassicaceae 3AmaranthaceaeAmaranthaceaeAmaranthaceae 1 +Amaranthaceae 1 5 +Amaranthaceae + 1 2Amaranthaceae +Amaranthaceae 2Amaranthaceae + 2Amaranthaceae + 5Amaranthaceae 2 +Amaranthaceae 1 5 1 1Amaranthaceae 4 5Amaranthaceae 5 2Amaryllidaceae 4 5 +Asteraceae 5 3 Asteraceae 5 2 1 +Asteraceae 1 1 5 2 4 +Asteraceae 2 5 Lythraceae + 4 4S 3 5 2Apiaceae + + 5c 5 5 3SApiaceae 2 5S + Poaceae 4ncS 2 5 3S 5 + Boraginaceae 2 2S 3 + + 3S 2NCS 2 5 2 5 2 3S Boraginaceae 5nceS + 2 2 + + 2 +Anacardiaceae 5 + 5 5NCESAsteraceae 2 3nceS 2 5c T 1 + 2 +S 4 3 5 2 + 2ncS 0 + 5 T + 1 5 3cS + 2 2ncS 5nc 3cS + + 3 T 2 T + +nc 1 T 4NC T + + 5 0NC + 3 2 0 T T T cruentus ssp. artemisiifolia Amsinckia hispida var. complex?complex? Boraginaceae Boraginaceae 5 5 2 1 5 5 5nc 5nc 4NC 0NC T T complex?, Amaranthus hybridus Amsinckia silvestris Amaranthus silvestris or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Alysicarpus Species WA SA AlyssumFamily Tas Alyssum vaginalis Vic Amaranthus Subspecies Alternate alyssoides AmaranthusNSW linifolium albus AmaranthusQld blitum caudatus Australian AmaranthusAmaranthus deflexus Amaranthus graecizans Amaranthus hybridus Amaranthus muricatus Amaranthus powellii Amaranthus quitensis Amaranthus Amaranthus lividus retroflexus Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthus tricolor Amaryllis viridis AmbrosiaAmbrosia belladonna Ambrosia artemisiifoliaAmbrosia confertiflora Ammannia psilostachya Ammi tenuifolia Ammi auriculata AmmophilaAmsinckia majus Amsinckia arenaria visnaga Amsinckia Ambrosia elatior calycina Amsinckia intermediaAnacardium lycopsoidesAnacyclus menziesii occidentale radiatus Amsinckia Amsinckia Amaranthus cruentus Amaranthus paniculatus,

110 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic & meat APPENDIX 2 3 4 Naturalised non-native flora + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Fabaceae (Faboideae)BromeliaceaeBoraginaceae +BoraginaceaeAcanthaceaePoaceae +Poaceae 1Poaceae 1Apiaceae + 2 ScrophulariaceaeAnnonaceae + Annonaceae 3XSAnnonaceae + 3 +Malvaceae 1 3XSIridaceae +XSBasellaceae 1 + + 3Asteraceae + 1 +XNCS Asteraceae 4 + 1 3 + Asteraceae + + + 2Poaceae 2 4Poaceae 1 1 5Apiaceae + 2 1Fabaceae (Faboideae) + 3 1 Polygonaceae 1 +Rosaceae + + +nc + Rosaceae 3 2Apiaceae + 5 + + Aponogetonaceae + 1 + + + 1 2 5 + 1 + + 3 1 + 4NC + + 3 1 + + + 1 1X + 1 + + 1 3 1 + + 1 1 + 1 + T + + milk Taints 1 + 1 + 1 1 + T? + + T PrimulaceaePrimulaceaePrimulaceae 1 + + + + + 1 1 + or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease red & blue flowered formsred & blue flowered Primulaceae 5 3 3 3 + 1 5c T AnagyrisAnanasAnchusa foetida AnchusaAndrographis comosus arvensis Andropogon paniculata capensis Andropogon distachyos Andropogon gayanus Anethum virginicus AngeloniaAnnona graveolens Annona salicariifolia AnnonaAnoda glabra Anomatheca reticulata Anredera squamosa laxa Anthemis cristataAnthemis cordifolia arvensis Anthemis cotula AnthoxanthumAnthoxanthum aristatum tinctoria Anthriscus odoratum AnthyllisAntigonon caucalis Aphanes Sida cristata barba-jovis Aphanes leptopus Apium arvensis Aponogeton microcarpa distachyos graveolens Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Anagallis Species WA SA AnagallisFamily Tas Anagallis arvensis Vic Anagallis Alternate Subspecies minima NSW parviflora Qld pumila Australian

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 111 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic T T? APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS CaryophyllaceaePapaveraceae 1 5 5 + 3 1 1Poaceae + Poaceae + 2 3 1 5nc + 5NC 3 1 T 3 + 2 + AizoaceaeRanunculaceaeBrassicaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae)Asclepiadaceae + 1Ericaceae +Asteraceae +Asteraceae 1X 1Asteraceae +Asteraceae +Asteraceae + + 2 1Asteraceae 1 +Myrsinaceae 5Myrsinaceae +nc + 1Myrsinaceae + +Caryophyllaceae + 3 + + + 0X + 1 + + + 5 3 + + 1 2 + + + + + 1 5 + + + + + 1X + 5 3 +Convolvulaceae + +AraceaeIridaceae + 3 1Aristolochiaceae + +AristolochiaceaeAristolochiaceae T + 5 1 + + + + + +Asteraceae + 3 + 1 + + (no record at BRI) T + + + + + + + + + + ssp. Asteraceae 2 + + 2c ssp. Asteraceae + + + in Qld Papaveraceae 4 4 3 Argyranthemum frutescens frutescens, Chrysanthemum foeniculaceum, Chrysanthemum anethifolium frutescens in Qld serpyllifolia ochroleuca frutescens bulbosum elatius or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. ssp. ssp. var. var. Argyranthemum foeniculaceum Argyranthemum frutescens Argyranthemum frutescens Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Aptenia Species WA SA AquilegiaFamily Tas Arabidopsis Vic Arachis cordifolia Subspecies Alternate vulgaris AraujiaNSW thaliana ArbutusQld Arctium hypogea Arctium sericifera Australian unedo Arctotheca lappa Arctotheca minus Arctotheca calendula Arctotis populifolia Ardisia prostrata Ardisia stoechadifolia ArdisiaArenaria crenata Araujia hortorum Arenaria crispa Argemone solanacea leptoclados Argemone serpyllifolia ochroleuca subfusiformis Bladhia crenata ArgyreiaArisarumAristea nervosaAristolochia Argemone mexicana vulgare AristolochiaAristolochia elegans ecklonii Arrhenatherum odoratissima Arrhenatherum ringens elatius Artemisia elatius arborescens Convolvulus nervosus

112 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 3 4 Naturalised non-native flora + + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS +XNCS +XS + 5nc (orchards) 5 (orchards) AsteraceaeAraceaeMalaceaePoaceaePoaceae +AsclepiadaceaeAsparagaceae +Asparagaceae + + 3 3Asparagaceae + + + 5S 1 2 + + + + + Asparagaceae + 3nce +Asparagaceae + +AsparagaceaeAsparagaceae + 3Rubiaceae +AsphodelaceaeAsphodelaceae + + +Asteraceae + + + +Asteraceae + 5 + 3 +Primulaceae 0? + +nc +Fabaceae (Faboideae) +Fabaceae (Faboideae) + 1 + 3Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + 3 + + 1 3 + + 3nc 3 + + + 2 T + + 3nc T + + + + 3 + 3NEC + 3 + 3n 1 + 5 + 0? T 2NC 1 + 1 T + 3c + 3 AsteraceaeAsteraceae + ? + ? , Asteraceae + + ludoviciana ludoviciana ssp. var. Asparagus medeoloides Asparagus crispus Sprengerialso cv. in Qld, Protasparagus densiflorus, Protasparagus aethiopicus AsparagaceaeAsparagus setaceus + + +nccomplex of species Acanthaceae + + 3 + T Artemisia vulgaris gangetica donax versicolor or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease var. var. var. ssp. . prolixus sp ? ArtemisiaArumAruncus verlotiorum ArundoArundo italicum dioicus AsclepiasAsparagus donax Asparagus donax curassavica africanusAsparagus asparagoidesAsparagus declinatus densiflorus AsparagusAsparagus officinalis Asparagus africanus Protasparagus Myrsiphyllum asparagoides, plumosusAsparagusAsperula scandens declinatum, Myrsiphyllum Asphodelus virgatusAsphodelus arvensis Aster fistulosus AsterAsterolinonAstragalus novi-belgii Protasparagus plumosus, Astragalus linum-stellatum subulatusAstragalus scandens Myrsiphyllum Asystasia hamosus Protasparagus virgatus sesameus gangetica Symphyotrichum subulatum Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Artemisia Species WA SA Family ArtemisiaTas ludoviciana Vic Artemisia Alternate Subspecies NSW scoparia Qld thuscala Australian Artemisia vulgaris Artemisia canariensis

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 113 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 5 + +NCE Naturalised non-native flora + + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Acanthaceae 1XPSPoaceae 1XPS PoaceaePoaceae 2 2 5Iridaceae 1 5Iridaceae 5 + + + 1Lamiaceae 1 1 + 1 1 + 5c 1 + + + ChenopodiaceaeChenopodiaceaeChenopodiaceaePoaceae 1Poaceae 1 2PoaceaePoaceae 1 5Poaceae 1Poaceae 5Poaceae 3 +Meliaceae 1 5 2 1 1 3 +Iridaceae 5 + 5 4 + + 5Asteraceae 1 3 1Scrophulariaceae 1 5 (turf)Scrophulariaceae 5 4 (turf) 2 3 (turf) 2X Scrophulariaceae + 1 + + + 3 (turf)Colchicaceae + 3 1 + + 1 3Poaceae + 5 2 +Poaceae 3nc 5Brassicaceae + + + 1Brassicaceae 5c + 2 3nceAcanthaceae + 5Acanthaceae + + 1 3Acanthaceae + + 1 + + 3c + + + 1 + + T 5 (turf) + + T (nitrate) + + + + + + + + + T 1 T micrantha var. var. coromandeliana auct. non micrantha Asystasia intrusa, ludoviciana sterilis foetida tubiflora Avena sativa or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. x ssp. ssp. var. ssp. Babiana angustifolia Babiana disticha, stricta Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Asystasia Species WA SA Family AtriplexTas gangetica Vic Atriplex Subspecies Alternate AtriplexNSW Avellinia hortensis Qld Avena patula Avena prostrata Australian michelii AvenaAvena barbata Avena fatua Avena fatua Avena sativa Axonopus sterilis Axonopus sterilis Azadirachta strigosa compressus fissifolius indicaBabianaBabianaBaccharis nana Bacopa tubulosa Bacopa halimifolia BacopaBaeometra caroliniana Axonopus affinis Ballota monnieri Bambusa procumbens uniflora Melia indica BambusaBarbarea nigra balcooa Barbarea vulgaris Barleria intermedia Barleria verna Barleria cristata lupulina prionitis

114 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management D for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora + + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS ChenopodiaceaeChenopodiaceaeRanunculaceaeFabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + +Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 0XES +Iridaceae +Asteraceae + Cucurbitaceae + BerberidaceaeBerberidaceae + + +Berberidaceae +Asteraceae +Apiaceae + + +Chenopodiaceae + +Chenopodiaceae 0XCENSBetulaceae 4XSBetulaceae +Betulaceae 2 + +Asteraceae + + + 0XNCES + + + Asteraceae 1 + + Asteraceae + +Apiaceae + 3 2Bixaceae T Gentianaceae 4 3Asteraceae + + 1 +Asteraceae + Blechnaceae 5 T 0XCENS + + 1 + + 1 1 + 3 2S + + + 3XncS 1 2 + + 2CES + 1 + 5 + T 3c 5 1 3 Asteraceae 4 4 3 1 1 3c 3 AcanthaceaeScrophulariaceaeBasellaceaeChenopodiaceae + 3 + + + 1 + 2 + 1 1 3 T? misidentified Berberidaceae + + Kochia scoparia Kochia scoparia in Qld radiata & var. & var. maritima vulgaris pilosa or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease ornamental form weedy form ssp. ssp. var. BassiaBassiaBatrachiumBauhinia scoparia Bauhinia trichophyllum scoparia Belamcanda monandra Bellis variegata chinensis BenincasaBerberisBerberis hispida perennis Berberis aristataBerberis darwinii Berkheya thunbergii Berula vulgaris Beta rigida BetaBetula erecta Betula vulgaris Betula vulgaris Bidens nigra Berberis lycium Bidens pendula Bidens pubescens Bidens bipinnata Bifora pilosa Bixa subalternans Blackstonia tripartita Blainvillea testiculata Blainvillea perfoliata orellana Blechnum acmella Betula rubra gayana occidentale Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Barleria Species WA SA BartsiaFamily Tas Basella Vic Bassia Alternate Subspecies strigosa NSW trixagoQld alba hyssopifolia Australian Bellardia trixago Salsola hyssopifolia

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 115 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic sensitization) APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS BrassicaceaeBrassicaceae 5 5 2 1 3 3 5 3 1 2 5c 5c 1 T Poaceae + + Brassicaceae + BrassicaceaeBrassicaceaeBrassicaceaeBrassicaceae + 1 5 + 5 1 3 3 5 1 1 1 5c T UrticaceaeBoraginaceaePoaceaePoaceae +Nyctaginaceae 1PoaceaePoaceae + Poaceae + + +PoaceaePoaceae + + 3 + Poaceae + +Poaceae 3Poaceae +Poaceae 5 + Poaceae 4 + + 2 3 Brassicaceae 5 5SBrassicaceae 3 2 + 1Brassicaceae 2 + 4XS (sugarcane)Brassicaceae 1 1 4 + 1 + + 1 3S 5 3 + Brassicaceae 1 1 + + T Acanthaceae 1Poaceae 1 5 1 + Poaceae 1 +Poaceae 1 1 + 5 3XS 1 3 3XcS 3S 1 1 3 3 + T (photo- + 1 1 1 5S 1 + 3 T 1 1 0 + 1 5 3 1 3 + 1 3 1 1 + 5c T + T 1 1 1 3c 3c + reticulata var. var. glabra oxyrrhina Brassica oxyrrhina chinensisrapa Brassica chinensis sylvestris reticulata Urochloa fasciculata . oleifolia or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. var. ssp. ssp. ssp ssp. ssp. juncea napus x x Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Boehmeria Species WA SA BoragoFamily Tas Bothriochloa nivea Vic Bothriochloa Subspecies Alternate bladhii BothriochloaNSW officinalis insculpta BougainvilleaQld pertusa Brachiaria glabra Brachiaria Australian advena brizanthaBrachiariaBrachiariaBrachiaria eruciformis Brachiaria fasciculata Brachiaria humidicola Brachiaria muticaBrachypodium ramosaBrassica Urochloa advena distachyon texana Urochloa brizantha BrassicaBrassica barrelieri Brassica elongata Brassica fruticulosa Brassica nigra Brassica oleracea Brassica Urochloa mutica rapa Brassica Urochloa ramosa rapa Brassica Urochloa texana rapa Brassica rapa Brassica tournefortii BrillantaisiaBrizaBriza lamiumBriza maxima minor subaristata Leucorhaphis lamium Brachiaria decumbens Urochloa decumbens

116 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management T T T for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic T APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Solanaceae + + PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceae + 5 5 5Poaceae 1 +Poaceae 1 3 + Poaceae 1Poaceae + 1 +Poaceae 1 3Poaceae 3Solanaceae + 5 + +Crassulaceae 1 1 + 3 +Crassulaceae 1Crassulaceae + + 1 5c + 1Crassulaceae 5c + Crassulaceae 2 +Crassulaceae 3 + 5S 5c 3 + + Buddlejaceae 2 2 1 5ncS 3 + 2 5nceS 2 + + 3 1 2 3nc 5c + 0? 0? + + T T Crassulaceae 5S 5ncS 5nceS PoaceaePoaceae + + + + + + + + misapplied, Poaceaemisapplied, 5 3 3 3 + 3 5c + Kunth recorded but Poaceae + + Brugmansia aurea Bromus , Bromus rigidus pseudothominei Brugmansia versicolor includes not in Australia?; x not naturalised in WA not in Australia? Poaceae 3x delagoensis, Kalanchoe tubiflora Bryophyllum calycinum 3 1 + Bromus unioloides Bromus unioloides in Vic) Poaceae + + + in Tas) Poaceae 3 1 1 3 + 1 3c 1 commutatus hordeaceus molliformispseudothominei Bromus molliformis ciliatus Bromus cedabilla Bryophyllum delagoense or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease ssp. ssp. ssp. x (var. (ssp. x candida (Datura candida) X BromusBromusBromus cebadilla Bromus diandrus Bromus hordeaceus Bromus hordeaceus hordeaceus BromusBromus inermisBromus lanceolatus Bromus lithobius Bromus lithobiusBromus madritensis Bromus racemosus Bromus rubens Bromus secalinus Browallia Bromus coloratus sterilis Brugmansia tectorum americana BryophyllumBryophyllum Bromus fonkii beauverdii Bryophyllum daigremontianum Bryophyllum daigremontianumBryophyllum delagoenseBryophyllum fedtschenkoiBryophyllum pinnatumBuddleja proliferum Kalanchoe daigremontiana asiatica Bryophyllum tubiflorum, Kalanchoe Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi Kalanchoe pinnata Kalanchoe prolifera, Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Bromus Species WA SA BromusFamily Tas Bromus Vic alopecuros Alternate Subspecies brevis NSW catharticusQld Australian Bromus willdenowii

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 117 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Brassicaceae + + + + + + BuddlejaceaeBuddlejaceaeBuddlejaceaeBuddlejaceae +BuddlejaceaeBoraginaceae +Asphodelaceae + + Cyperaceae +Malpighiaceae + +Apiaceae 5 + Apiaceae + +Apiaceae + + +Cabombaceae 2Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + + +Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 1X + + 5Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + +Brassicaceae 1 + + + + + 5Poaceae + +NCLamiaceae + +nce +Portulacaceae + + + 1 +ncScrophulariaceaeAsteraceae + Asteraceae + + 0XS + 1 +Asteraceae 3 + + Brassicaceae + + +Solanaceae 5 3Fabaceae (Faboideae) + 1Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) + +Commelinaceae 1 3 2 + 1 +Commelinaceae + + 1Callitrichaceae 1 + T T 1X + 3 + + 3 + + + + + + 0XS + + 2 0NCE + + 1 1 + T + 1 3nc + + + 1 + + + 1 + + Buddleja stachyoides . maritima or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Buddleja Species WA SA Family BuddlejaTas australis Vic Buddleja Subspecies Alternate BuddlejaNSW davidii BuddlejaQld dysophyllaBuglossoides lindleyanaBulbinella Australian arvensis madagascariensis BulbostylisBunchosia floribundaBupleurum striatella Bupleurum glandulifera Buddleja brasiliensis, Bupleurum lancifolium Cabomba rotundifolium Chilianthus dysophyllus Caesalpinia semicompositum Adenoplea lindleyana Caesalpinia caroliniana Cajanus decapetala Cakile gilliesii Bulbinella robusta, setosa Cakile cajanCalamagrostis Malpighia glandulifera Calamintha edentula epigejos Calandrinia maritima Calceolaria nepeta Calendula menziesii Calendula tripartita Calendula arvensis Calepina Poinciana gilliesii officinalis Calibrachoa palaestina Calicotome Cajanus bicolor irregularis Calliandra parvifloraCallisia spinosa Callisia surinamensis Callitriche fragrans repens hamulata Petunia parviflora

118 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX + 4 Naturalised non-native flora 1XS T? of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Bignoniaceae + + AsclepiadaceaeAsteraceaeConvolvulaceaeBrassicaceae 5SBrassicaceaeTheaceae + 2Campanulaceae 2S 1 1 2 + +Fabaceae (Faboideae) +Cannaceae + + + +Cannabaceae +Brassicaceae + +Solanaceae + Solanaceae +Brassicaceae +S + +Brassicaceae 3 +Brassicaceae 3ncS + +S + Brassicaceae + 1 +Sapindaceae 3 2XS 5ncS 1Sapindaceae 5 +S +Sapindaceae 5 + T? Asteraceae 3 5 + Asteraceae 5 (nursery) + + 5 (nurseries)Asteraceae 5 (nursery) + + 5 (nurseries) 1 5 (nurseries) 3 2 + 5 (nurseries) 5 (nurseries) 1 + 0? + 1 5XS + 3 + 5nc + 5 5 (nursery) +nc 0?S 3 (nursery) + 5nce 2XS (nurseries) 1 +S 1 5NC 5nceS 3 5 1 2XNCES 0? 5NCES 1 T 5nc 4NC 2 T 5NC 0NC + 1 + T 5 T Bignoniaceae 1XS CallitrichaceaeEricaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae)Asclepiadaceae + 4 + + 4 + + + +CannaceaeCannaceae + + + + + + + + + T + + Campsis x indica and others indica and others Canna Canna tagliabuana?; Tecoma tagliabuana?; Tecoma x radicans, Bignonia radicans tagliabuana radicans, Tecoma hybrid between hybrid between nutans glabriusculum halicacabum microcarpum or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease var. var. var. var. ssp. tagliabuanageneralis orchiodes Campsis grandiflora x x x CalotropisCalyptocarpusCalystegia procera vialisCamelinaCamelina silvatica Camellia alyssum Campanula sativa Campsis sinensis rapunculoides Campsis radicansCanavaliaCanna Synedrella vialis Canna ensiformis Canna Cannabis indica CapsellaCapsicum sativa Capsicum Campsis bursa-pastoris Cardamine annuum Cardamine frutescens Cardamine corymbosa Cardaria flexuosa Cardiospermum hirsuta Cardiospermum grandiflorum draba Cardiospermum halicacabum Carduus halicacabum CarduusCarduus acanthoides nutans pycnocephalus Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Callitriche Species WA SA CallunaFamily Tas Calopogonium stagnalis Vic Calotropis Alternate Subspecies mucunoides NSW vulgaris Qld gigantea Australian

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 119 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 4 Naturalised non-native flora + + 4nc of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS CyperaceaeCyperaceae + 1 + + + Aizoaceae 1Aizoaceae + + + AsteraceaeAsteraceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceae 5Cyperaceae 2Cyperaceae +Cyperaceae + 1 2 Cyperaceae +Cyperaceae 5 +Cyperaceae 3CyperaceaeCyperaceae 5nc + + Cyperaceae +Cyperaceae + 5NCCyperaceae +Cyperaceae 1 2Cariceaeae + +NC Aizoaceae + + Asteraceae + 5 3 + + Aizoaceae + + + + +Aizoaceae +Brassicaceae + + + Asteraceae + T 1 1 +NC Asteraceae + + Asteraceae + + 3Asteraceae 5 + 1 + Asteraceae + 1 + + Arecaceae 2Rutaceae 1 5 + + +NC 4 1 + 3 3NC + 4 + + 1 5nc + 3 + 1 + 5nc + + 1 2 1 5 + 1 1 + 3 + 3 5 1 5nc 1 3 3NC + 1 buxbaumii divulsa Sarcozona bicarinata Carpobrotus virescens or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. ssp. x x Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Carduus Species WA SA CarduusFamily Tas Carex tenuiflorus Vic Carex Subspecies Alternate thoermeri CarexNSW CarexQld albula Carex arenaria Carex Australian buxbaumii Carex demissa Carex disticha Carex divisa Carex divulsa Carex flacca Carex flagellifera Carex lepidocarpa Carex ovalis Carex pendula Carex pilulifera Carica punctata Carpanthea scoparia Carpesium testacea Carpobrotus pomeridiana papayaCarpobrotus cernuum aequilaterus Carpobrotus aequilaterusCarpobrotus edulis Carrichtera edulis CarthamusCarthamus annua Carthamus dentatus Carthamus glaucus Carthamus Papaya carica lanatus Caryota leucocaulos Carpobrotus chilense Casimiroa tinctorius mitis edulis

120 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 5 4 Naturalised non-native flora + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS ScrophulariaceaePoaceaePoaceaeApocynaceae +LamiaceaeAmaranthaceaeUlmaceae +Ulmaceae 3 2Ulmaceae 3 +PoaceaePoaceae 2 +Poaceae + +Poaceae + + +Poaceae 1Poaceae 5 +Poaceae 5 + +Poaceae 1 + + + 3XS + Asteraceae + + 5 + + + 1 5 2Asteraceae 5 +Asteraceae 4 1 2 1 (native) 2 1 + Asteraceae 1 + Asteraceae 3 1 + 5 1 Asteraceae 5nce + +Asteraceae 5nce 1 1 4 2 1Asteraceae 3 5nce + +XES 3 5nceS 3 T + 2XS 5nceS + 3+ 4 5NC 2 + 3 +XNCES 5 3 3+ 1 3 3c 2 3 2 5NC 3 + T (oxalate) + + + 1 2 T + + T? Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 2Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) +MoraceaeScrophulariaceae + + + + + + 2 2 T in WA Asteraceae + + + + s in SA Poaceae 5 1 1 + 3+ 5 B in NSW Asteraceae 4XS 1 0XNCES 4XNCES +X?S + . sp. A in NSW Asteraceae 1sp + 1 exserta nigrescens or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease ssp. ssp. iberica ? CastillejaCatapodiumCatapodium exserta Catharanthus marinumCedronella rigidum roseus CelosiaCeltis canariensis CeltisCeltis argentea Cenchrus australis Cenchrus occidentalis Cenchrus Desmazeria marina sinensis biflorus Cenchrus brownii Desmazeria rigida Cenchrus caliculatus Cenchrus ciliaris Cenchrus echinatus Cenchrus incertus Cenchrus longispinus Centaurea pennisetiformis Centaurea setigerCentaureaCentaurea asperaCentaurea calcitrapa Centaurea cineraria Centaurea cyanusCentaurea eriophora Centaurea jacea Centaurea maculosa Centaurea Cenchrus setigeru melitensis nigra Centaurea nigrescens Centaurea cyanoides Centaurea Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Cassia Species WA SA CassiaFamily Tas Castilla Vic Castilleja Alternate Subspecies fistula NSW grandisQld elastica attenuata Australian Carthocarpus grandis

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 121 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic T APPENDIX 4 2 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Caryophyllaceae 3 1 1 1 3 + ValerianaceaeAsteraceaeFabaceae (Faboideae) 1 2 + + + + 1 + + + AsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceaeGentianaceaeGentianaceae +Gentianaceae +Gentianaceae 5Gentianaceae 3Valerianaceae 1 3 2 1 1 1 + 5nceFabaceae (Faboideae) 1 1Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + 3ncCaryophyllaceae + 3 Caryophyllaceae 1 1 4 1Caryophyllaceae + 1Caryophyllaceae 1 1 +Caryophyllaceae 1 4 1 2 1Caryophyllaceae + 1 5 1 + 1 5 + 1 1Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 3 + 1 3 1 1Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 + 0? 3 +? 3c + 1 +Solanaceae + T 1 Solanaceae 1 + 5 (native) + +Solanaceae + Solanaceae 1Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 1 3 + 1 + + + + + 1 1 + 5S + + + 3 1 1 + 3ncS + 3c + + 5nceS + + 1 0? 5nceS + + + (native) + T ?, vulgare misapplied ssp. ssp. misapplied, Cactaceae + + Cerastium fontanum pascuorum Cerastium holosteoides & form Cereus hildmannianus trivalve Cerastium fontanum virginiana Cerastium semidecandrum misidentified as ssp. & Cereus hildmannianus same as ruber punctatum or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. ssp. Centrosema pascuorum Bradburya pascuorum, Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Centaurea Species WA SA CentaureaFamily Tas Centaurea paniculata Vic Centaurium Subspecies Alternate scabiosa CentauriumNSW solstitialis CentauriumQld erythraea Centaurium maritimum Centaurium pulchellum Australian Centranthus spicatum Centranthus tenuiflorum macrosiphon Centratherum ruber punctatum CentrosemaCentrosema plumieriCerastium pubescensCerastiumCerastium balearicum Cerastium comatum Cerastium diffusum Cerastium glomeratum pumilum semidecandrum Clitoria plumieri Ceratonia Bradburya pubescens Cercis siliqua siliquastrum CestrumCestrumCestrum aurantiacum Cestrum elegans Chamaecrista nocturnum nigricans parqui Cerastium vulgare Cereus uruguayensis Cereus peruvianus

122 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX + 3 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS AsteraceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceae 1 3 2EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceae 5 2Euphorbiaceae 2 Iridaceae 1 3Iridaceae 5 (nursery) 3 (nursery) 3Chenopodiaceae 3 (nursery) 5Chenopodiaceae + 1 (turf) 3 Chenopodiaceae + 5 5 (nursery)Chenopodiaceae + 3 3 (turf) 1 3 (nursery)Chenopodiaceae 1 +Chenopodiaceae + 4Chenopodiaceae 1 2Chenopodiaceae + +Chenopodiaceae 5 1Poaceae + 3 5 (turf) 3 Poaceae + 1Poaceae 5 1 1 + +Poaceae + 1 2Poaceae 3Anthericaceae 5 1 3Rutaceae + 3 + 1 T? 3 + 3 (turf) 3 2 1 3 + 0? + + + 5 3 1 1 T 3 5 0? 1 + 5 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 + 3 + 3 T + 1 + 1 3 3 T? 1 2 T? (taints milk) 3 2 + 0? 3 + 3 3 Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + + + + + Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + + + + , , prolifer anthelm ssp. palmensis to var. to var. var. var. Cytisus palmensis , (& intermediates) ambrosiodes palmensis C. proliferus brasiliensis, Chamaesyce brasiliensis maculata, Euphorbia thymifolia previously in Qld? var. inicum var. var. Cytisus prolifer glaucum or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease ssp. ChamaemelumChamaesyce nobile Chamaesyce hirta hyssopifoliaChamaesyce maculataChamaesyceChamaesyce nutansChamaesyce ophthalmicaChasmanthe prostrataChasmanthe Euphorbia hyssopifolia, Euphorbia bicolor Chenopodium Euphorbia hirta floribunda Chenopodium album Chamaesyce supina, Euphorbia ambrosioides ChenopodiumChenopodium detestans Chenopodium Euphorbia ophthalmica glaucum Euphorbia nutans Chenopodium macrospermum Chenopodium Euphorbia chamaesyce, E. prostrata multifidum Chenopodium murale Chenopodium opulifolium Chloris vulvaria ChlorisChlorisChloris barbataChloris ciliata Chlorophytum gayana Choisya pilosa comosum virgata ternata Chloris inflata Anthericum comosum Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Chamaecrista Species WA SA ChamaecytisusFamily rotundifolia Tas palmensis Vic Alternate Subspecies NSW Qld Australian Chamaecytisus prolifer

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 123 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Rutaceae + + + AsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceae 4XES 4XNCES + + +NCE +nce +nce +nce +nce +Cistaceae + +Cucurbitaceae 0NC Ranunculaceae 5 4 + + 3 3 + 1 5 + 3NC T? AsteraceaeApocynaceaeBrassicaceae 5SAsteraceae +Euphorbiaceae 4 1 + Asteraceae +ES 5Asteraceae 5Asteraceae +NCES GentianaceaeGentianaceae 5nce 3Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Asteraceae +NCE 4 + +Asteraceae + 1 5NCAsteraceae +Lauraceae 5Asteraceae 5NCES + +Asteraceae 3Vitaceae 2 + 3Cistaceae + 3 5Cistaceae 5 1 + Verbenaceae + + +Cucurbitaceae + + + 3 2nc + + + 3nc + + + + + 3ncePortulacaceae 3 5 + 3c Ranunculaceae 1 5nce + + + 1 5nc + T + 5NC + 1 + 5NC 1 0?N + 0? 4 3 + 5nc 3 + 5c + milk? Taints + 1 + T? 3 + + 3 + T? T limonia, Citrus limonia x Eupatorium odoratum (depends on who you follow) monilifera rotundata creticus Cistus creticus flammula lanatus or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or less weedy formweedy form ssp. ssp. Asteraceae +ES +NCES ssp. var. ssp. limon Citrus x Citrus Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Chondrilla Species WA SA ChonemorphaFamily Tas Chorispora juncea fragrans Vic Chromolaena Subspecies Alternate ChromolaenaNSW tenella odorata ChromolaenaQld odorata Chrozophora squalida Chrysanthemoides Australian monilifera tinctoria Chrysanthemoides monilifera Chrysanthemum coronarium Chrysanthemum segetum ChrysocomaCicendia coma-aurea CicendiaCicer filiformis Cichorium quadrangularis CichoriumCineraria endivia arietinum Cinnamomum intybus Cirsium camphora lyratiformisCirsiumCissusCistus arvense Cistus vulgare Cistus rotundifolia Citharexylum incanus Citrullus monspeliensis fruticosum Citrullus psilosepalus Cineraria lyrata colocynthis Claytonia lanatus ClematisClematis perfoliata flammula vitalba

124 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX +XNCES 0 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS CapparaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceae +XES Verbenaceae +Melastomataceae +Lamiaceae + + + 2XES + + + Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2XNCES + +Asteraceae + Cobaeaceae 3ArecaceaeEuphorbiaceaeRubiaceae 2 + +Poaceae + +Colchicaceae +Rutaceae + + + + + + + + + CombretaceaeCommelinaceae +Commelinaceae +Apiaceae +Brassicaceae + + 4 + + 3 1 4 + + 3 2NCE 1 1 3nce T + + 3nc + + 3NC + 3 + 1 + T Poaceae + + CapparaceaeCapparaceaeCapparaceaeCapparaceae 3 2 2 3 + 2 2 + + + + 2 , Fabaceae (Faboideae), Fabaceae + + glabrior gigantea form var. var. misapplied in Polemoniaceae 1 1 + Navarretia grandiflora Martiusia laurifolia, Neurocarpum Martiusia laurifolia, Neurocarpum laurifolium, Ternatea laurifolia laurifolium, Ternatea Tas, in WA Araceae + + + + T baueri bakeri esculenta or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease form var. var. CleomeClerodendrumClerodendrum chinense rutidosperma Clerodendrum heterophyllum Clerodendrum paniculatum Clerodendrum schweinfurthii Clidemia thompsoniae ClinopodiumClitoria hirta vulgare Clitoria laurifoliaCnicusCobaeaCocos ternateaCodiaeum benedictus Coffea scandensCoix nucifera variegatum CoixColchicum arabica ClitoriaColeonema cajanifolia giganteaCollomia autumnale lacryma-jobi pulchellum ternatea Ternatea Colocasia grandifloraCombretum Rosenbergia scandens Commelina esculenta Commelina paniculatum Conium africana Conringia benghalensis Coix lacryma-jobi maculatum orientalis Collomia linearis Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Cleome Species WA SA CleomeFamily Tas Cleome Vic aculeata Cleome Alternate Subspecies gynandra NSW hassleriana Qld monophylla Australian

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 125 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic grain) APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora +5 of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Asteraceae 4 4 3Tiliaceae 1 1 5 1 3 + + 3 5 T (too much RanunculaceaeConvolvulaceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceae +Asteraceae 5Asteraceae +Asteraceae 5 1Asteraceae 5 + + 5 2Asteraceae 4 3Rubiaceae 2Rubiaceae 5nc 2 +Rubiaceae 3 2Tiliaceae 3 2 5Tiliaceae + + + 3 3 + 2 + + 4ncTiliaceae +Boraginaceae 5 1 +Agavaceae 5nc 5 3 +Asteraceae + 1 + + 1 + + 4 + 3Apiaceae +Cornaceae 5c +Brassicaceae T + + 4 1Brassicaceae T +Brassicaceae 3 + +Caryophyllaceae + + 1 +Poaceae 4 + Poaceae + + +Poaceae + 1 + + 4 + + + + + + 3 + + + + 3 + + 5 +nce 1 3 + + +nce + + + + 1 4 + +NC + 1 +NC +NC + + + pusilla var. var. Conyza primulaefolia, chilensis, scabiosaefolia, Erigeron chilensis Conyza scabiosifolia, Coreopsis grandiflora and var. and var. used in Qld but misapplied in WA canadensis lanceolata or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or var. var. not other States var. villosa Corchorus olitorius Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Consolida Species WA SA ConvolvulusFamily Tas Conyza ajacis Vic arvensis Conyza Subspecies Alternate ConyzaNSW ConyzaQld aegyptiacaConyza bilbaoana Conyza bonariensis Australian canadensis leucantha parvaConyza Consolida ambigua CoprosmaCoprosma Conyza lineariloba Coprosma sumatrensis baueri Corchorus repens Corchorus robusta aestuans capsularis Corchorus Conyza canadensis CordiaCordyline trilocularis Conyza albida sinensis australis CoriandrumCornusCoronopus sativum CoronopusCoronopus capitata didymus Corrigiola integrifolius Cortaderia squamatus Cortaderia litoralis Cortaderia jubata richardii selloana Conyza primulifolia Coreopsis lanceolata

126 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management D D for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora + 5c of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS MalaceaeMalaceaeMalaceaeMalaceaeMalaceaeMalaceae +Malaceae +Malaceae +Asteraceae +Asteraceae +Asteraceae + +Crassulaceae + +Crassulaceae + +nc 1Brassicaceae + 1 +Asteraceae + + 5SCrassulaceae + +Crassulaceae + +nc + 1 +Crassulaceae + + +Crassulaceae + 3 +Crassulaceae + + +Crassulaceae + + +XSCrassulaceae + + + 3X 1Crassulaceae + + 1 +Crassulaceae +Crassulaceae + 3 + + +Crassulaceae + + +Malaceae + +Malaceae + + 1 + + + D D 5 + + + + + + + D 5 D + + 5S (turf) D + + + + + + + D + + + + 5 + + + + 5nc + + + 5 + + + + D D AsteraceaeAsteraceaeMalaceae + + + + + + + D Cotoneaster in SA & Tas probably same as probably same as simonsii serotinus serotinus Cotoneaster multicava robusta oblonga orbiculata alata ericoides muscosa minus sarmentosa or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease form var. var. var. var. ssp. var. var. var. ssp. CotoneasterCotoneaster franchetiiCotoneaster glaucophyllus Cotoneaster horizontalis Cotoneaster lacteus Cotoneaster microphyllus Cotoneaster pannosus Cotoneaster rotundifolius Cotula simonsii CotulaCotula Cotoneaster mairei Cotyledon bipinnata Cotyledon coronopifolia Crambe turbinata orbiculata Crassocephalum orbiculata crepidioides Crassula hispanica CrassulaCrassula alata Crassula ciliata Crassula ericoides Crassula glomerata Crassula Cenia turbinata multicava Crassula muscosa Crassula natans Crassula sarmentosa Crassula spathulata Crataegus tetragona Crataegus thunbergiana azarolus monogyna Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Cosmos Species WA SA CosmosFamily Tas Cotoneaster bipinnatus Vic Alternate Subspecies caudatus divaricatus NSW Qld Australian Bidens formosa Bidens caudatus

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 127 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic T? T APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Asteraceae 1Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 3Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 1 1 +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 3 + 3Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 + Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 + + + 1 + + + + 2 T? 3 T AsteraceaeAsteraceae 3Asteraceae 1 1 +Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) + 3Fabaceae (Faboideae) + 5 + + + +Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 1 + + 1Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 + + Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + 3c + + + 1 +Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + 2 + Fabaceae (Faboideae)EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceae 2 2 + 1 2 + +S + 5 +S + + T T? IridaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae) + + + + + +nc + + + + + + Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + , Malaceae + + + D misapplied Crataegus sinaica senegalensis x var. var. var. var. Crocosmia pottsii x in other States? Asteraceae + + azarolus Crotalaria obovata Crataegus monogyna in NSW, in NSW, Asteraceae 1 + 1 1 + in SA & Vic in Qld & NSW foetida haenseleri incana purpurascens Crotalaria purpurascens lanceolata grantianavirgulata Crotalaria grantiana vulgaris agatiflora obovata or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. ssp. in NSW & Vic ssp. ssp. ssp. var. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ) Amaryllidaceae + powellii (? sinaica Crataegus azarolus crocosmiiflora Crocosmia aurea x x Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Crataegus Species WA SA Family Tas Crepis Vic Subspecies Alternate CrepisNSW Qld capillaris Crepis dioscoridis Australian CrepisCrepisCrinum pusilla Crocosmia setosa vesicaria moorei CrotalariaCrotalaria Crepis setosa Crotalaria alata Crotalaria distans Crotalaria goreënsis Crotalaria grahamiana Crotalaria incana Crotalaria incana Crotalaria juncea Crotalaria laburnifolia Crotalaria lanceolata Crotalaria lunataCrotalaria micansCrotalaria ochrolecua Crotalaria pallida Crotalaria senegalensisCrotalaria spectabilis Crotalaria virgulata Croton virgulata Croton zanzibarica Crotalaria semperflorens capitatus Crotalaria anagyroides glandulosus Crotalaria uncinella Crepis foetida Crotalaria agatiflora

128 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 3NCE 4 Naturalised non-native flora + + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Cucurbitaceae 3 + + 3 T AsclepiadaceaeCucurbitaceaeCucurbitaceaeCucurbitaceae 3 Cucurbitaceae 4 + 2Cucurbitaceae 4 4 +Cucurbitaceae 2 + Lythraceae 4 + +Lythraceae + Cupressaceae 1 + Cupressaceae 3Zingiberaceae +Convolvulaceae + +Convolvulaceae + + +ConvolvulaceaeConvolvulaceae + 5SConvolvulaceae 3 +Tecophilaeaceae +XS + + Chenopodiaceae + 2S +Apiaceae + 3XSRosaceae + 5nceSScrophulariaceae + +Poaceae + 5nceSPoaceaeAsteraceae 4 + 1 + 3XS +nce +XnceS + 4 +NC + +nce 4NCS +nce + 5S + 0? +NC 5NCeS + + + + +XS + 2 +XS + + + + + 1 + + 5nceS T T + 3XNCES + 5nc + + + 5NC + T AsteraceaePoaceaeAsclepiadaceaeAsclepiadaceae + 5S + 4XS 5nc + + 4XNCES +XNCS 0XNCES 4XNCES T maxima var. glabra var. var. arizonica in Qld, Cucurbitaceae 5 2 3 5 + 1 5 3 T in agrestis myriocarpus leptodermis madagascariensis anguria glaberrima or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease var. var. var. ssp. ssp. ssp. & NSW Vic. var. var. CryptostegiaCucumis madagascariensis CucumisCucumis anguria Cucumis dipsaceus Cucumis melo metuliferus myriocarpus CucumisCucurbitaCucurbita zeyheri Cuphea maximaCuphea pepo Cupressus carthagenensis Cupressus hyssopifolia arizonicaCurcumaCuscuta macrocarpa Cuscuta longa Cuscuta campestris Cuscuta Cucurbita pepo epithymum Cuscuta planiflora Cyanella racemosa Cycloloma Cupressus Cupressus glabra, suaveolens Cyclospermum hyacinthoides Cydonia leptophyllum atriplicifolium CymbalariaCymbopogon oblonga Cymbopogon muralis citratus Cynara martinii cardunculus Apium leptophyllum Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Crupina Species WA SA CrypsisFamily Tas Cryptostegia Vic Cryptostegia vulgaris Alternate Subspecies grandiflora NSW schoenoides madagascariensis Qld Australian

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 129 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic T (cyanide) T (cyanide) APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS PoaceaePoaceaePoaceae + 4 + + 4 + + 3 T (cyanide) AsteraceaePoaceae +PoaceaeBoraginaceae 4PoaceaePoaceaeCyperaceae 4 Cyperaceae + + +CyperaceaeCyperaceae 2Cyperaceae 3 3Cyperaceae +Cyperaceae 1Cyperaceae + + + 1 4XSCyperaceae + 5Cyperaceae 1 3 4XNCS Cyperaceae 1 + 3 +Cyperaceae + (turf) 5 +Cyperaceae + + 3Cyperaceae + 5 (turf) 4Cyperaceae + 3 5Cyperaceae + + + 1 +Cyperaceae 4 + +Cyperaceae + + + 2Cyperaceae 3 + 3Cyperaceae 3 + + +Cyperaceae + + + 1 1 + Cyperaceae 3 + + 3c Cyperaceae 1 + + + + 5Cyperaceae 5 5c + + + 1 + 5 1 3 5 (turf) +XS + + + + + 3c + 5 (turf) 5 1 + 3 1 5 + 1 +XS + + 1 3 1 + + 4N + 3c 1 3 5 + flabelliformis tenuiflorus ssp. ssp. Cyperus alternifolius incompletus nlemfuensis robustus or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or var. var. var. var. Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Cynara Species WA SA CynodonFamily Tas Cynodon Vic Cynodon Subspecies Alternate scolymus aethiopicus CynodonNSW incompletus CynodonQld nlemfuensis Cynoglosum nlemfuensis Cynosurus Australian transvaalensis creticum CynosurusCyperus cristatus Cyperus echinatus Cyperus aggregatus Cyperus albostriatus Cyperus arenarius Cyperus aromaticusCyperus brevifolius Cyperus compressus Cyperus congestus Cyperus dubius Cyperus eragrostis Cyperus esculentus Cyperus flavescens Cyperus Kyllinga aromatica hamulosus Cyperus involucratus Cyperus metziiCyperus papyrus Cyperus proliferCyperus reflexus Cyperus rigensCyperus rotundus Cyperus sesquiflorusCyperus sphacelatus Cyperus tenellus teneristolon Kyllinga squamulata tenuiflorus Cyperus aequalis Cyperus oostachyus Kyllinga odorata Cyperus longus

130 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 5nce 3 3 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Poaceae +Poaceae 5SPoaceaePoaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae)Solanaceae 3Solanaceae 5 3Solanaceae 3XnceS +Solanaceae + + 3XncSSolanaceae + 2 + 5Solanaceae + 5NCS 3Apiaceae + + 3Asteraceae 1 + 5NC 3 + 3NC 5Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 1 3 3 + 5Brassicaceae + + 2 +Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 2 5NC 2 +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 + + 2NC 3nce + 3nce 5Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 1 + 1 +NC +Fabaceae (Faboideae) + +Fabaceae (Faboideae) + 1 5nceFabaceae (Faboideae) 2 2 + + 3 3 +ncFabaceae (Faboideae) 3 +NC 2 + + 3 3nc + 2 5 + + + Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 + + 3nc + 3NCE 3 + + 3 2 2 T + 3nc T 3nc 3nc T 2nc (native) + + 3nc T 3nc + 1 + 2nc T 1 T + T T T T 3 + 5 3 CyperaceaeCyperaceaePoaceaeDrypteridaceae + + + + + + + + + + + + + scandens, Senecio scandens Meibomia heterophylla purpureum, Meibomia purpurea, Meibomia tortuosa scoparius or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease ssp. CytisusCytisusDactylisDactyloctenium multiflorus Dactyloctenium scoparius aegyptium glomerata Dactyloctenium australe Dalbergia giganteum DaturaDatura sissooDaturaDatura ferox Datura inoxia Datura leichhardtii Daucus metel Delairea stramonium wrightii Delonix carota Descurainia odorata Amerimnon sissoo DesmanthusDesmodium regia sophia virgatus Desmodium heterophyllumDesmodium incanumDesmodium intortumDesmodium scorpiurusDesmodium Senecio mikanioides, Senecio strigillosum tortuosumDesmodium Hedysarum heterophyllum, triflorum canum Desmodium Meibomia intorta Meibomia scorpiurus Desmodium annuum, Desmodium Meibomia triflora, Sagotia triflora Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Cyperus Species WA SA CyperusFamily Tas Cyrtococcum tuberosus Vic Cyrtomium Alternate Subspecies deltoideum vorsteri NSW Qld falcatum Australian Cyperus platystachys

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 131 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 + 3 0 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 2 + Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3 + PoaceaePoaceae + + + + HydrangeaceaeCaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceae +Poaceae +Poaceae +Poaceae +ConvolvulaceaeCommelinaceae + + Iridaceae + + +Iridaceae + + + Iridaceae + +Iridaceae + +Iridaceae + Scrophulariaceae +Poaceae + + Poaceae + + Poaceae + 1 + + +Poaceae + + 1Poaceae + 5SPoaceae 2Poaceae 1 5Poaceae + + Asteraceae 2 + +Asteraceae 1 1 1 5Poaceae 5 +Rubiaceae + + 1Dioscoreaceae + 1 + 1 5 + 1 1 4 + 1 1 + + 1 5 1 + 1 4 + + 1 + 1 5 + 1XS + 3 + + 5 1 + T 1 1 1 5c 1 T 1 1 Desmodium intortum different to according to Les Pedley (BRI). malesiana eriantha pentzii or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. ssp. ssp. Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Desmodium Species WA SA Family DeutziaTas uncinatum Vic Dianthus Subspecies Alternate DianthusNSW Dianthus scabra Qld armeria Dichanthium barbatus Dichanthium Australian plumarius annulatumDichanthium aristatumDichondra caricosumDichorisandraDichrostachys micrantha thyrsiflora Dierama cinerea DieremaDietes pendulum Dietes pulcherrimum Andropogon annulatus DietesDigitalis Andropogon aristatus grandiflora Andropogon caricosus Digitaria iridioides Digitaria robinsoniana purpurea Digitaria aequiglumis Digitaria ciliaris Digitaria didactyla Digitaria eriantha Digitaria eriantha Digitaria insularisDigitaria ischaemum Digitaria sanguinalis Dimorphotheca ternata Dimorphotheca pluvialis violascens Dinebra sinuata DiodiaDioscorea retroflexa teres Andropogon insularis alata

132 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic meat and milk) Dermatitis in stock APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora + + + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS ++++ Fabaceae (Faboideae)Orchidaceae +ScrophulariaceaeAsteraceae +Asteraceae 1 +Aizoaceae +Fabaceae (Faboideae)Flacourtiaceae 5Brassicaceae + + +Lamiaceae + Aizoaceae 1 +Rosaceae +Verbenaceae +Acanthaceae 3 + + +Cucurbitaceae + +Poaceae +Poaceae 4 5nc + Poaceae + + + 3Poaceae + +Poaceae + + + Poaceae 1 + 5 1Poaceae 5 3 + 4 3 + + Poaceae 5 3 3Asteraceae 5 + + 5 + + Cactaceae 1 3Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 (native) + 3 5 + 3 2 3 + 3 + + 0?NC + + 5 1 2 + + 5 + + + + 1 + + + + 4 3c 1 + 5 3 + T 3 5 + 1 3 T 3 AthyriaceaeBrassicaceaeBrassicaceae + 5 5 + 3 3 5 5nc 2 2 2 4nc 3 3 T? (also taints T in WA Scrophulariaceae 1 1 + in SA Dipsacaceae 5 1 5nce 3 0? fullonum Dipsacus sativus microstachya Echinochloa microstachya or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease ssp. var. Amitycv. Poaceae 2 2 + DipogonDipsacusDisa lignosus Dischisma fullonum DischismaDittrichia arenarium bracteataDittrichia capitatumDorotheanthus graveolensDorycnium bellidiformis viscosa DovyalisDraba rectum Dracocephalum caffra Drosanthemum moldavica Duchesnea candens nemorosa Duranta Monadenia bracteata Dischisma capitata Dyschoriste indica Inula graveolens Ecballium erectaEchinochloa depressa Echinochloa elaterium Echinochloa colonaEchinochloa crus-galli Echinochloa crus-pavonis Echinochloa esculentaEchinochloa frumentacea Echinochloa muricata Echinochloa oryzoides plumieri Duranta repens, Duranta Echinops polystachya Echinopsis pyramidalis Panicum colonum Echinospartum sphaerocephalus oxygona horridum Echinochloa utilis Genista horrida Echinopsis multiplex Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Diplazium Species WA SA DiplotaxisFamily Tas Diplotaxis esculentum Vic Alternate Subspecies muralis NSW tenuifoliaQld Australian Eruca sylvestris

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 133 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 3 Naturalised non-native flora + + + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Asteraceae + Poaceae 2 + +AsteraceaeAsteraceae +Orchidaceae 2 3 3 + + 2 2 + + + + + 3 3 BoraginaceaeBoraginaceaeBoraginaceaeBoraginaceae 1Hydrocharitaceae 5Poaceae +Poaceae 5Poaceae 3 +PoaceaePoaceae 1nce 5nce + + Pontederiaceae 3Cyperaceae 5nc 5nce 1 +Cyperaceae 3Cyperaceae + 5NC 2nc +Asteraceae + + + + 5nc 3NCPoaceae + + +nc 1 Poaceae 1 2 +NC 1 5nc 1 + 4XSAsteraceae +nce 1 + Hydrocharitaceae 1 3NCEPoaceae +NCE 4XNCES 1 5 +Poaceae T + 3 1XS + Polygonaceae + +NC + 3 2 Polygonaceae + 5 + 2 1 1 + + + + 2 5 3 5 T Onagraceae 2S 3 3 + + +NCEOnagraceae 3 5nce 2 +NCE 2S 3 + 5nce 5 1XS 3 + 5nce +NC 4 (nursery) 1XS + 5 (nurseries) 3NCE 2 3 5 (nursery) + 1 (nurseries) 5 1 4nc 3 3 + 5nc 1 + 5 4 5nc + 2ncS T (cyanide) 5c T (oxalate?) T (oxalate?) Boraginaceae + + + mollis var. var. . hort obrienianum x brachystachya Elephantopus carolinianus var. Elytrigia pungens, Agropyron pungens maxima javanica sonchifolia or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or var. var. var. sp. Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Echium Species WA SA EchiumFamily Tas Echium Vic Echium Subspecies Alternate candicansEchiumNSW italicum Eclipta Qld plantagineum Egeria simplex Ehrharta vulgare Australian EhrhartaEhrharta densa brevifolia Ehrharta calycina Ehrharta Echium fastuosum erecta Ehrharta longiflora Eichhornia pusilla Eleocharis villosa Eleocharis crassipes Eleocharis minuta pachycarpa parodii Eleusine indicaEleutherantheraElodea ruderalis ElymusElymusEmex canadensis Emex pungens Emilia repensEmilia australis Epidendrum spinosa Cynosurus indicus Epilobium sonchifolia ibaguenseEpilobium sonchifolia ciliatum hirsutum Elytrigia repens, Agropyron repens Epidendrum Elephantopus mollisEleusine tristachya Elephantopus tomentosus, Eleusine coracana, Eleusine indica

134 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS EquisetaceaeEquisetaceaeEquisetaceaePoaceae +XESPoaceae +XSPoaceaePoaceae +XESPoaceaePoaceae + +XNCES + +XNCES +Poaceae +XS + +XNCES 2Poaceae + 5Poaceae 0XNCES + 5SPoaceaePoaceae 5Poaceae 4XS 3Poaceae + +Asteraceae 5 5nceS 3Euphorbiaceae 1 +Ericaceae 5nceS + 1Ericaceae 5 1 3 2XNCSEricaceae 1 + 5 2 3XSEricaceae + 3NCEricaceae 3 3 1Ericaceae + + 5 (turf) 5S 2Ericaceae + 2 3 + 2 + 3 1 + +S 1XS + + + + + 5 1 + 1XS + 1 + 3 5 + + + + 1 T 1 1XS + + + 3 + + 3XS + 3 1 + + + + + 3 + + T? + + OnagraceaeOnagraceaeOnagraceae + + + + + var. Cactaceaevar. + + ssp. Poaceae 3 1 3 + 2 1 2 virescens & ssp. hookeri, Epiphyllum strictum Equisetum hiemale mexicana tetragonum or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease ssp. EquisetumEquisetum arvense Equisetum hyemaleEragrostisEragrostis ramosissimum Eragrostis amabilisEragrostis atrovirens Eragrostis bahiensis Eragrostis barrelieri Eragrostis cilianensis curvula Equisetum hyaemale, Eragrostis mexicanaEragrostisEragrostis minor Eragrostis Eragrostis tenella paniciformis Eragrostis pilosa Eragrostis subsecunda Eragrostis superba Erechtites tef Eremocarpus tenuifolia Eragrostis mexicana Erica valerianifolia setigerEricaEricaErica andromedaeflora Erica arborea Erica baccans Erica caffra glandulosa lusitanica Eremocarpos setigerus melanthera Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Epilobium Species WA SA EpilobiumFamily Tas Epilobium obscurum Vic Epiphyllum Alternate Subspecies rotundifolium NSW tetragonum Qld hookeri Australian Epiphyllum phyllanthus

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 135 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic & staggers) APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Ericaceae +Brassicaceae + 1Fabaceae (Faboideae)Escalloniaceae + 1 + + +Celastraceae + + 1 + + + + BrassicaceaeBrassicaceae 1 1 + + 1 1 + + 1 1 EricaceaeEricaceaeAsteraceaeMalaceaeAsteraceae +Poaceae +Geraniaceae +GeraniaceaeGeraniaceae + +Geraniaceae + 1Geraniaceae + 5Geraniaceae 1 + + 1 + 5 + + 1 +Apiaceae + 5 1Apiaceae + 3Apiaceae + +Brassicaceae 3 1Brassicaceae 5Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 + + + + 1 5 + + + 3 1 + 1 5 5 1Papaveraceae + + 2Asteraceae 1 1Asteraceae 5 2 + +Brassicaceae +nc + 3+Myrtaceae 1 1 + 1 5 1 + 3 DIT? 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 T (photosens. 1 + + 1 + 1 + 1 1 1 1 T? sativa ssp. montevidensis Escallonia floribunda var. var. praecox verna or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. ssp. . willmorei sykesii x x sp Escallonia bifida Escallonia montevidensis, Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Erica Species WA SA EricaFamily Tas Erica Vic Erigeron Subspecies Alternate quadrangularis EriobotryaNSW scoparia EriocephalusQld karvinskianus Eriochloa japonica africanus Erodium Australian Erodium meyerana Erodium aureum botrys brachycarpum ErodiumErodiumErophila malacoides Erophila moschatum Eruca verna Eryngium verna EryngiumEryngium sativa campestre Erysimum maritimum Erysimum pandanifolium Erythrina cheiriErythrina repandum crista-galliEschscholziaEthulia Eruca vesicaria californica EuchitonEuclidiumEugenia conyzoides audax Cheiranthus cheiri Euonymus syriacum Corallodendron crista-galli uniflora Gnaphalium audax Erodium cicutarium

136 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic sensitization) APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora +1 of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceae +EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceae +Euphorbiaceae +Euphorbiaceae 1Euphorbiaceae +Euphorbiaceae 3SEuphorbiaceae 4Euphorbiaceae 3Euphorbiaceae 1 + + Euphorbiaceae 4nc +Euphorbiaceae 1 3 +Euphorbiaceae + 3S + 5Euphorbiaceae + + +Asteraceae 3 +Asteraceae 3 + 3 5 + +Poaceae + 1 + 3Asteraceae + + + 3 + + 1 3NC 1Asteraceae + + + 5Polygonaceae 3 + + 1 + + 1Polygonaceae +Polygonaceae 5 + + +Valerianaceae + + 1 + T 2 5 + + + + + 3 + 3 T 1 + + 5 + 3nc + + T T 1 + 5 5 + T? + T T? 5 + + + T 5 T + + T 2 + 3c 1 T (photo- T? AsteraceaeEuphorbiaceae + + + + var. Euphorbiaceaevar. 3 2 1 + 3 T? misapplied in Qld Euphorbiaceae 5 2XS 5S Steirodiscus chrysanthemoides Convolvulus nummularius cyathophora, Poinsettia cyathophora cyathophora, Poinsettia wulfenii pubescens or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease var. var. ssp. EuphorbiaEuphorbiaEuphorbia cyparissias Euphorbia davidiiEuphorbia dendroides Euphorbia depauperata Euphorbia exigua Euphorbia falcata Euphorbia helioscopia Euphorbia heterophyllaEuphorbia lathyrisEuphorbia marginata Euphorbia Euporbia dentata milii Euphorbia paralias Euphorbia peplus Euphorbia platyphyllos Euphorbia segetalis Euryops Poinsettia heterophylla terracina Euryops tirucalli Euphorbia lathyrus Eustachys abrotanifolius Evax chrysanthemoidesEvolvulus distichophylla Facelis nummularius pygmaeaFagopyrumFallopia esculentum retusa Gamolepis chrysanthemoides, FallopiaFedia convolvulus japonica nummularium, Volvulopsis graciliflora Filago pygmaea Convolvulaceae 1 Reynoutria japonica Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Eupatorium Species WA SA EuphorbiaFamily Tas Euphorbia serotinum Vic Alternate Subspecies characias NSW cyathophoraQld Australian Euphorbia heterophylla

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 137 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Poaceae + + + Oleaceae + + + + + Iridaceae 3Poaceae 1 + + + + + 3 1 + Fumariaceae 2 2 AsteraceaeApiaceae +Poaceae +RanunculaceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceae + +AsteraceaeCyperaceae +Cyperaceae + +Flacourtiaceae +Flacourtiaceae 1 + Fabaceae (Faboideae) + 3 Asteraceae + + +Apiaceae + +Frankeniaceae + + + + + Oleaceae + 2XS + + Oleaceae +Iridaceae 3 2XS AmaranthaceaeAmaranthaceae + +Onagraceae + 1Fumariaceae + 2Fumariaceae 3 + + 3Fumariaceae +Fumariaceae + 2 1 + 3 3nc + + 5 5 + 3NC 1 1 + 1 + 1 2 + + + 3 1 T 3 + 3 3c + + + 3 5 5 + + 3 1 5 + Tainting 3 3 3 3 + + + 3 3c + + , Poaceae 3 1 + 1 + 2 3 + T (wirh fungus) rotundifolia ssp. arundinacea pratensis fallax ssp. ssp. Freesia leichtlinii ssp. x Festuca elatior crispa rubra boraei . angustifolia Fraxinus rotundifolia or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. ssp. ssp ssp. Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Felicia Species WA SA FerrariaFamily Tas Ferula Vic Subspecies Alternate petiolata NSW crispa FestucaQld communis FestucaFestuca Australian nigrescensFicaria pratensisFicus rubra FicusFicus verna Filago benghalensis Fimbristylis carica Fimbristylis pumila Flacourtia albovirides pyramidata Festuca rubra Flacourtia annuaFlemingia Festuca elatior indica Florestina jangomas Foeniculum macrophylla Frankenia tripteris Fraxinus vulgare Fraxinus pulverulenta Fraxinus angustifolia Freesia excelsior Froelichia Fimbristylis baldwiniana ornus FroelichiaFuchsia hybrid floridana Fumaria gracilis FumariaFumaria magellanica bastardii Fumaria capreolata Fumaria densiflora indica muralis Freesia alba Festuca arundinacea Festuca elatior

138 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Asteraceae + + AgavaceaeAgavaceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceae + +Aizoaceae +Aizoaceae + +Asteraceae + +RubiaceaeRubiaceae + + 3Rubiaceae + 2Rubiaceae 5S 5 1 1 4 1Asteraceae 3nce 1 +Asteraceae 5Asteraceae 3 5 + 1 3Poaceae + 1 + 4Poaceae 5 + + 5Poaceae + 1 + 3Onagraceae 1 5 4Onagraceae 2Asteraceae + + 1 + 2 + + + 3 + + + 5 (turf) 1 1XS 3 2 1 5 (turf) 0?NC 3 1 + + 3 1 3 + + 1 + 1 T + + + + 3 + 1 + + + + FumariaceaeFumariaceaeFumariaceae 5 2 + 1 2 3 2 + 5 5 +Rubiaceae 2Asteraceae 2 5c 5 2 1 2 5 5 5nc 0NC ibicinum misapplied in Qld Asteraceae 3 1 3 3 3 1 + ssp. Galium spurium includes Gamochaeta spicata spicatum, Gnaphalium coarctatum; Gnaphalium purpureum in Fumariaceaein 3 2 + 3 1 + + muralis officinalis wirtgenii picta pulchella pubescens parviflora or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease the NT & Vic var. var. var. ssp. ssp. ssp. var. grandiflora x FurcraeaFurcraeaGaillardia foetida Gaillardia selloa Gaillardia aristata Gaillardia pulchella Galenia pulchella GaleniaGalinsogaGalium pubescens Galium secunda parviflora GaliumGalium aparine Galium divaricatum murale palustre Gamochaeta tricornutum Gamochaeta antillarumGamochaeta calvicepsGamochaeta pensylvanica spicataGastridiumGastridiumGaudinia phleoides Gaura ventricosum Gaura Gnaphalium antillarum fragilis Gazania Gamochaeta subfalcata Gnaphalium pensylvanicum lindheimeri parviflora Gnaphalium coarctatum, Gnaphalium linearis Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Fumaria Species WA SA FumariaFamily Tas Fumaria Vic muralis Fumaria Alternate Subspecies officinalis NSW officinalis Qld parviflora Australian Gamochaeta americana Gnaphalium americanum,

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 139 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora + + + 3 of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Geraniaceae 3 1 3Iridaceae 3 3 + + 3 + + + + AsteraceaeIridaceaeLoganiaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae) 1Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + 3 1 3S + +Fabaceae (Faboideae) +Geraniaceae + + +S 1 3nceS 3ncS + 3nceS 3 +Geraniaceae 3NCS +SGeraniaceaeGeraniaceae + +S Geraniaceae +SPolemoniaceae +Iridaceae + + + + Iridaceae +Iridaceae + +Iridaceae 1Iridaceae + Iridaceae + +Iridaceae + Iridaceae +Iridaceae 1 3 Iridaceae + + + 3c + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + misapplied Geraniaceae + + + + misapplied, Fabaceae (Faboideae)misapplied, Fabaceae 1 1S 1S 1S +S Cytisus canariensis, Teline canariensis Cytisus canariensis, Teline stenopetala, Cytisus stenopetalus Teline in NSW Geraniaceae + + + ? Geraniaceae + + + sp. molle purpureum byzantinus aequale Genista or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or x var. ssp. ssp. ssp. ) (probably . Genista monspessulana sp monspessulana Genista stenopetala Genista maderensis Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Gazania Species WA SA GeissorhizaFamily Tas Gelsemium Vic rigens Subspecies Alternate aspera NSW sempervirens GenistaQld Genista Australian linifolia monspessulanaGenistaGeraniumGeraniumGeranium tinctoria dissectum Geranium molle monspessulana Geranium Teline molle linifolia, Cytisus linifolius Geranium Teline purpureum Geranium robertianumGeranium rotundifolium Geranium sanguineum Gilia sibiricum Gladiolus yeoi Genista depressa GladiolusGladiolus alatus tricolor Gladiolus angustus Gladiolus Geranium palmatum cardinalis Gladiolus carneus Gladiolus caryophyllaceus Gladiolus communis Gladiolus daleniiGladiolus floribundus Geranium rubescens nom. illeg. Gladiolus gueinzii tristis undulatus Gladiolus natalensis Genista canariensis Genista

140 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management T for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic T (too much seed) APPENDIX 5 4 Naturalised non-native flora 1S T + + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 5SFabaceae (Faboideae)ColchicaceaePoaceae 1S 2XNCESPoaceae 5SPoaceaePoaceae +Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) +Verbenaceae + + +Verbenaceae 1 3 + +nce Asteraceae + Thymelaeaceae 5 1Asclepiadaceae +E +Asclepiadaceae 1 + + 3 1XS +NCE Asclepiadaceae + +AmaranthaceaeAmaranthaceae 3NC 1 3 1Asteraceae + 3+ +Malvaceae + 3 + Malvaceae T + + 1 + + Malvaceae 3 + 3 + Lobeliaceae 1 3 +? +Crassulaceae 3 +Tiliaceae + + 3 +Asteraceae + 1 + + + + + + 1 + + + + + T (spring growth) + + 3 + + 3NC 3+ + + T T 3 T + T + IridaceaePapaveraceaePapaveraceaeLamiaceae 2 + 1 0? 1 + 1 1 1 1 + 1 1XS 0? 2 T misapplied? Verbenaceae 2 2 Gladiolus oppositiflorus x Asclepias rotundifolia Thespesia thurberi Gladiolus dalenii paraguayense australis or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease ssp. var. gandavensis x GleditsiaGliricidiaGloriosa triacanthos Glyceria sepium Glyceria superba Glyceria declinata Glyceria fluitans Glycine maxima Glycyrrhiza plicata GmelinaGmelina max glabra Gmelina arborea Gnaphalium asiatica Gnidia ellipticaGomphocarpus polycaulon cancellatusGomphocarpus squarrosa Gomphocarpus fruticosusGomphrena physocarpusGomphrenaGorteria celosioides Gossypium globosa Gossypium Gmelina asiatica personata Gossypium barbadense Asclepias cancellata, hirsutumGrammatotheca thurberi Asclepias fruticosa Asclepias physocarpa Graptopetalum bergianaGrewia paraguayense Grindelia asiatica camporum Hibiscus bardensis Gossypium mexicanum Thurberia thespesioides, Lobelia bergiana Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Gladiolus Species WA SA GlauciumFamily Tas Glaucium Vic Glechoma Alternate Subspecies corniculatum NSW flavum Qld hederacea Australian Nepeta glechoma

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 141 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic T APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS AmaranthaceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceaeCaryophyllaceae +CaryophyllaceaeFabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + +Poaceae 1 + +Cactaceae 1Cactaceae + + Cactaceae + +NCECactaceae 1Clusiaceae 1 +NCE + 5SScrophulariaceae +Scrophulariaceae 1 +Scrophulariaceae 5ncS 2Selaginaceae + +X?S? +nc Araliaceae + 1 3XNcS +nc Zingiberaceae + 1 + +X?S? 2ncZingiberaceae + + +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2Nc 1 +Lythraceae + + 1Asteraceae + 1 +Asteraceae + + Asteraceae + +Asteraceae + + +Asteraceae 1 + +Asteraceae 3 1 + + Brassicaceae + + + Boraginaceae + + +Boraginaceae 2 +Boraginaceae + 1 + Boraginaceae + + + + 5 + + 3 + 5 + + 3 2 3 1 + 1 X 5nce + 1 + 5 1 + 1 5 T 3 3 1 1 + 4 1 I 3 4nc 1 T T 2 T T T Asteraceae 3 1 3 (turf) 3 (turf) 2 2 + 1 ? cretica ssp. Illecebrum densum, Brayulinea densa Harrisia bonplandii, Eriocereus bonplandii Eriocereus regelii, bonplandii or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Guilleminea Species WA SA GuizotiaFamily Tas Gymnocoronis densa Vic Gypsophila Subspecies Alternate spilanthoides abyssinica GypsophilaNSW HaematoxylumQld paniculata Hainardia tubulosa campechianum Harrisia Australian Harrisia cylindrica HarrisiaHarrisia martiniiHarungana pomanensis Hebe regelii Hebe tortuosa madagascariensisHebe Gypsophila australis Hebenstretia elliptica Hedera parviflora dentata Hedychium speciosaHedychium Eriocereus martinii Hedypnois helix coronarium Haronga madagascariensis Hedysarum gardnerianum Heimia cretica Eriocereus tortuosus Helenium coronarium HelianthusHelianthus salicifolia amarum Helianthus annuus speciosa Veronica Helianthus argophyllus Helianthus ciliaris Heliophila debilis Heliotropium tuberosus Heliotropium Hedypnois rhagadioloides pusilla amplexicaule Heliotropium curassavicum Heliotropium europaeum indicum

142 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 5 4 Naturalised non-native flora + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS ApiaceaeIridaceaeCaryophyllaceaeIridaceaeAsteraceaeEuphorbiaceae 0XS 1 +MalvaceaeMalvaceae + 1 +Malvaceae + + + + Asteraceae + +Amaryllidaceae 5Campanulaceae 1 1 + Malpighiaceae + 4XES 5 +Brassicaceae 0XS +PoaceaePoaceae + 5Poaceae + 1Poaceae 5 + Iridaceae 3 + 3 + + 1 1XS + + 1 5 0 + 3 +Poaceae 4XNCES + 3 1 5 + + 3 1XS 2 5 + 3 + 5 (grass-seed crops) 2n + 1 1 5 3 5 + 5 + T 5 3 + T Poaceae 5 1 3 5 5 2 + BoraginaceaeAsteraceaeAcanthaceaeAsteraceae 3 5 5 1 2 1 1Malvaceae 2 3 2 5 + 1 + 1 2 + + 3 T? , Poaceae 5 2 5 5 5 5 3c + glaucum glaucum leporinum (correct name?), ssp. ssp. ssp. gussoneanum Abelmoschus mutabilis, Ketmia mutabilis material)(closest ssp. for Vic AsteraceaeHippeastrum equestre hybrid Banisteria benghalensis 1SHordeum murinum Hordeum geniculatum +XSssp. 1S Critesion hystrix, Hordeum marinum carpathicola trionum trionum Trionum benghalensis Hiptage mandablota, or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease var. var. ssp. sp. grouphybrid var. Asteraceae +X?S +X?NCES HeracleumHerbertiaHerniaria mantegazzianum Hesperantha lahue Heterotheca cinerea falcata Hevea grandiflora HibiscusHibiscusHibiscus brasiliensis mutabilis Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Hieracium sabdariffaHieracium trionum Hieracium aurantiacum Hippeastrum murorum Herniaria hirsuta Hippobroma pilosella puniceum Hiptage longiflora Siphonia brasiliensis HirschfeldiaHolcus benghalensis Holcus incana Sabdariffa rubra HolcusHolcus lanatus Homoglossum mollis Hordeum setiger watsonianum setosus Laurentia longiflora Hordeum glaucum hystrix Hordeum leporinum Critesion murinum Critesion murinum Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Heliotropium Species WA SA HelminthothecaFamily supinum Tas Hemigraphis echioides Vic Hemizonia Alternate Subspecies reptans NSW Qld pungens Australian Picris echioides

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 143 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 0 1 5 Naturalised non-native flora 0NC of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS PoaceaePoaceae + 5 + + +Acanthaceae + + + + + + + + + + PoaceaePoaceae 5c (in following crop) T (with fungus) Clusiaceae 3 2 T (with fungus) 1 + 2 3 + PoaceaePoaceae 5RhamnaceaeAsclepiadaceaeCannabaceae 5EuphorbiaceaeHyacinthaceae + 3 +HyacinthaceaeLimnocharitaceae 1 + Apiaceae + + 5 +Apiaceae + + + 5 5 Acanthaceae + + +Cactaceae 0 2Amaryllidaceae + +Brassicaceae 1 3+ Solanaceae + +Solanaceae + + + + +Poaceae + 1 + + + +Fumariaceae +Clusiaceae + + 1 5S + + Clusiaceae 4 1S + 3 + 5S + + T 3XS + + + 1 4 3nc +XS +? + 2 + +XS 1 + T Poaceae 5? 5? , etc. murinum marinum ssp. ssp. guianensis, Hygrophila rivularis, marinum murinum Ruellia rivularis distichon vulgare altissimarufa Hyparrhenia altissima bellum or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. ssp. Olivecv. ssp. ssp. ssp. Poaceae 5S 5S Hygrophila costata Hygrophila brasiliensis, Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Hordeum Species WA SA Family Tas marinum Vic Subspecies Alternate HordeumNSW HordeumQld Hordeum secalinumHovenia Australian vulgare Hoya vulgare Humulus dulcis HuraHyacinthoides Critesion marinum = Hordeum serpens lupulus Hyacinthoides hispanica Hydrocleys non-scripta crepitans Hydrocotyle Critesion secalinum Hydrocotyle nymphoides bonariensis ranunculoides HygrophilaHylocereusHymenachne triflora Hymenocallis undatus amplexicaulis Hymenolobus caribaea Hyoscyamus procumbens Hyoscyamus albus Hyparrhenia niger HyparrheniaHyparrhenia hirta Hypecoum rufa Hypericum rufa Hypericum pendulum Hypericum androsaemum bellum calycinum Hordeum murinum Critesion murinum = Hordeum

144 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 1nc 3 4 Naturalised non-native flora + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Clusiaceae + + ClusiaceaeClusiaceaeClusiaceae +Clusiaceae +Clusiaceae 1S +Asteraceae + + +Asteraceae 5AcanthaceaeAcanthaceaeDennstaedtiaceae 1Lamiaceae 1nceS 5Lamiaceae + + +NCE 2S Lamiaceae + + 3Lamiaceae 3Brassicaceae + 3Martyniaceae + 5 3XSAquifoliuaceae 3 3 +Caryophyllaceae 3 5 +Balsaminaceae 3XS 1 3 3 5 +Fabaceae (Faboideae) + 4Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 + 2 + 3 + 5c 3nce + 3 + + + + 3nce + + 5 + + + + + T 1 + 2 5NC ClusiaceaeClusiaceaeClusiaceae + + + + AsteraceaeAsteraceae + + 3 3 1 3 3 albiflora var. var. Hypericum Hypericum x misapplied? Balsaminaceae + + + x and probably Clusiaceae 5S 2 5nceS 5nce 3NCS + 5nc T angustifolium microcephala var. var. other varieties androsaemum, Hypericum elatum patulum Hypochoeris microcephala var. palustre, Hypericum helodes palustre, Hypericum albiflora microcephala Hypochoeris microcephala or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease var. var. var. var. inodorummoserianum Hypericum hircinum Hypericum calycinum phyllostachya x x ? HypericumHypericumHypericum hypericoides patulum Hypericum perforatum HypericumHypericum tetrapterum triquetrifolium Hypericum Hypochaeris Ascyrum hypericoides Hypochaeris glabra microcephala HypochaerisHypoestes radicataHypoestesHypolepisHyptis aristataHyptis dicksonioides HyptisHyptis Hypochoeris glabra capitata Iberis pectinataIbicella spicigera Ilex suaveolens Hypochoeris radicata Illecebrum crenata Impatiens luteaImpatiens Hypoestes antennifera verticillatum aquifolium Indigofera balfourii Indigofera walleriana circinella Nepeta pectinata decora Ballota suaveolens Martynia lutea, Proboscidea lutea Impatiens balsamina Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Hypericum Species WA SA Family HypericumTas elodes Vic Hypericum Alternate Subspecies NSW grandifolium Qld humifusum Australian Hypericum Elodes palustris, Hypochaeris microcephala

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 145 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic T APPENDIX 4 3 5 Naturalised non-native flora 22 + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Iridaceae + + + + + + Convolvulaceae + + Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) + Fabaceae (Faboideae) +Alliaceae +Convolvulaceae 3Convolvulaceae + Convolvulaceae + + +Convolvulaceae + + 2Convolvulaceae +Convolvulaceae + + 2 + 5Convolvulaceae + 3 + Convolvulaceae +Convolvulaceae 5 + + 3Convolvulaceae +Convolvulaceae 3 +Convolvulaceae + 3ncIridaceae 4Iridaceae 5 +Iridaceae + + 5Iridaceae 4Iridaceae + 5 + + 3 Iridaceae + 3 + Poaceae + 3Cyperaceae + +Cyperaceae +Cyperaceae + + + 5 + 5 + + + + + + + + + 2 + 1 5 + 5 3 + + + 1 + + + Ipomoea Ipomoea hederifolia var. var. (different to (different to according to RWJ (BRI) according to RWJ (BRI)) Calonyction album, Ipomoea bona-nox ssp. not indicated in SAnil Convolvulaceaehederacea +Ipomoea capitellata + + + T fistulosa or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. germanica x Ipomoea hederacea Ipomoea nil Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Indigofera Species WA SA IndigoferaFamily Tas Indigofera glandulosa Vic Indigofera Subspecies Alternate oblongifolia IndigoferaNSW spicata IpheionQld suffruticosa Ipomoea tinctoria Ipomoea Australian Ipomoea uniflorum alba Ipomoea batatas cairica carnea IpomoeaIpomoea hederifolia indica IpomoeaIpomoea ochracea pandurata IpomoeaIpomoeaIpomoea purpurea Quamoclit coccinea Iris quamoclitIris trilobaIrisIrisIris foetidissima Iris orientalis Iris pseudacorus Ischaemum spuria Isolepis unguicularis Ipomoea congesta Quamoclit pennata Isolepis afrum Isolepis xiphium Batatas triloba, Convolvulus triloba hystrix marginata prolifera Scirpus hystrix Ipomoea nilIpomoea pes-tigridis Convolvulus nil Convolvulus pestigridis,

146 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management T for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS IridaceaeIridaceaeIridaceaeIridaceaeIridaceaeIridaceae +Bignoniaceae +Poaceae +Oleaceae +Oleaceae +Oleaceae + + +EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceae +XPS +Euphorbiaceae + +Juglandaceae + +Juncaceae + + + 5S + + +Juncaceae + +? Juncaceae + +Juncaceae + + 4XS + + Juncaceae + + +Juncaceae + + +Juncaceae + + 3Juncaceae 1Juncaceae + + + 5Juncaceae + 1Juncaceae + + + +Juncaceae + + + + + +XPS Juncaceae + + 3Juncaceae 1 5 + 5 + + + 3nce + 1 1 + 5 + + + + 0?nc 3XncS + + + + 1 5NCS 0NCE 5 + 2 + + T 1 T + 1 1 3 1 + 1 + 5c 2 + + + 1 + 1 5c + CyperaceaeCyperaceaeAsteraceaeIridaceae 2 + 4XS + + 2 (nursery) + 4XNCES + 0XS + + acutus robustior or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease ssp. ssp. IxiaIxiaIxiaIxia hybrid/cultivar Ixia longituba Ixia maculata Jacaranda paniculata Jarava polystachya Jasminum mimosifolia viridiflora JasminumJasminum plumosa mesneyi Jatropha multiflorum Jatropha polyanthum Jatropha curcas Juglans gossypiifolia Juncus podagrica JuncusJuncus regia Juncus acuminatus Stipa papposa Juncus acutiflorus Juncus acutus Juncus articulatus Juncus bufonius (in part) Juncus bulbosus Juncus canadensis Juncus capensis Juncus capillaceus Juncus capitatus Juncus cognatus conglomeratus effusus ensifolius Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Isolepis Species WA SA IsolepisFamily Tas Iva Vic Ixia sepulcralis Alternate Subspecies setaceaNSW Qld axillaris flexuosa Australian Scirpus setaceus

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 147 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 + Naturalised non-native flora + + + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Cupressaceae + + JuncaceaeJuncaceae + + + +CrassulaceaeScrophulariaceaeScrophulariaceaeScrophulariaceae +Scrophulariaceae 1 3Sapindaceae + + 5Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4 1 + + + 3 + 3 + + 4 + + 5 1 + + 1 1 1 1 + + + + T JuncaceaeJuncaceaeJuncaceaeJuncaceaeJuncaceae +Juncaceae + +Juncaceae +Cupressaceae +Cupressaceae + +Cupressaceae + +Acanthaceae +Zingiberaceae + +Crassulaceae +Crassulaceae + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Asphodelaceae + + + + + +Hyacinthaceae + Hyacinthaceae + Hyacinthaceae + Hyacinthaceae +Asteraceae +Asteraceae + + + 3 + + 2 3 3 + 3 + + 2 + + coccinea var. var. misapplied Juncaceae 1 + 1 Lablab niger, Lablab vulgaris Lablab niger, fontanesii gerardii graeca crinita elatine integrifolia elegans lateritia or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. ssp. var. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. . chinensis galanga ? sp ? Lablab purpureus Dolichos lablab, purpureus, Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Juncus Species WA SA JuncusFamily Tas Juncus Vic Juncus Subspecies Alternate fontanesii JuncusNSW gerardii JuncusQld imbricatus Juncus indescriptus Juncus inflexus Australian Juncus microcephalus Juncus oxycarpus Juniperus squarrosus Juniperus subnodulosusJuniperus tenuis Juniperus communis JusticiaKaempferia virginiana KalanchoeKalanchoe betonica Kalanchoe Juncus nodosus crenata Kickxia lateritia Kickxia sexangulareKickxiaKickxia commutata Kniphofia elatine Koelreuteria elatine spuria uvaria elegans LachenaliaLachenalia Kalanchoe longiflora Lachenalia aloides Lachenalia bulbifera Lactuca mutabilis Lactuca reflexa saligna sativa

148 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management T for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic T APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + + + + + PoaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceaeAizoaceaeAizoaceae 1Aizoaceae 1Verbenaceae 3Verbenaceae 1 +Asteraceae +Asteraceae + 1 5Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4X 1Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 1 5Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4X +Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae) + 5nce 1 1 1 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae) +Lauraceae 0? + 1Lamiaceae + + 3 1 +Lamiaceae + +Lamiaceae 1 1 Lamiaceae 1 + + + +Malvaceae + + Poaceae + 1 +Lemnaceae 1 0?Lamiaceae + 5Lamiaceae + + + 1 + + + + + 3nc + + 3 + T 2 0? + + 2 + 5nce + + + + + 2 0? T + + + + + 3nc AsteraceaeHydrocharitaceaeCucurbitaceaePoaceae + 5 + 3 1 + +NCE 5 1 + 5 1 +NC 3 1 3 + 3 + + + T? latifolius ssp. in Vic Lamiaceae 5 5 5 5 5 1 2 2 T argentatum communis amplexicaule or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease var. var. form ssp. in NSW & Vic LamarckiaLamiumLamium aurea Lamium amplexicaule Lampranthus galeobdolon Lampranthus glaucus purpureum Lampranthus multiradiatus Lantana tegens LantanaLapsana camara Lasiospermum montevidensis communis Lathyrus bipinnatum LathyrusLathyrus angulatus Lathyrus latifoliusLathyrus nissolia Lathyrus odoratus Lathyrus sativus Laurus sphaericus Lavandula tingitanus LavandulaLavandula nobilis angustifolia Lavandula dentata Lavatera Lathyrus sylvestris multifida Leersia stoechas Lemna trimestris LeonotisLeonotis oryzoides minor leonurus nepetifolia Phlomis leonurus Phlomis nepetifolia Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Lactuca Species WA SA LagarosiphonFamily Tas Lagenaria major Vic serriola Lagurus Alternate Subspecies NSW siceraria Qld ovatus Australian

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 149 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic quantities) quantities) T? APPENDIX 4 + T (in large Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Asteraceae 5 1 2 5 2Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) + + + + + + (in large T LamiaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceaeBrassicaceaeBrassicaceae +Brassicaceae +Brassicaceae 1Brassicaceae 5Brassicaceae 5 + Brassicaceae 3 4 + + Brassicaceae 4 1Poaceae 1 1 Poaceae 5 3 5 + 3 5 +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 +Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) + 1XS + 3 3 + + +S + 3 Asteraceae 1 + + Asteraceae + 1 1XS + Lamiaceae +Lamiaceae 3c + +Lamiaceae + +Lamiaceae 1 3 3 Lamiaceae 1 1 +Amaryllidaceae +Caprifoliaceae + + Oleaceae 3 + +Oleaceae +S + + + + + + + + +S + + + +nce + +S T + + + + + + + + +nce +nce + + 3c + + + + T T? misapplied, Poaceae + + misapplied Brassicaceae 1 + 1 misapplied Leptochloa uninervia Leptochloa filiformis leucocephala taraxacoides Leontodon saxatilis brachiata Leptochloa mucronata uninervia Diplachne uninervia, glabrata or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. Leucaena leucocephala Leptochloa panicea Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Leontodon Species WA SA LeonurusFamily Tas Leonurus taraxacoides Vic Leonurus Subspecies Alternate cardiaca LepidiumNSW indicusLepidiumQld sibiricus Lepidium africanum Lepidium Australian bonariense Lepidium campestre Lepidium heterophyllum Lepidium latifolium Lepidium perfoliatum Lepidium sativum Leptochloa Leucas lavandulifolia strictum virginicum dubia Lespedeza striata Lepidium pubescens LeucanthemumLeucanthemum maximum Leucas vulgare LeucasLeucasLeucas cephalotesLeucas decemdentata Kummerowia striata Leucojum linifoliaLeycesteria martinicensisLigustrum zeylanica aestivum Ligustrum formosa lucidum sinense Phlomis cephalotes, Leucas capitata Clinopodium martinicense Leucas lavandulifolia Leptochloa fusca Leucaena leucocephala

150 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 2 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Scrophulariaceae + +? + LimnocharitaceaePlumbaginaceaePlumbaginaceaePlumbaginaceae +XESPlumbaginaceae 1Plumbaginaceae +XNCES +Plumbaginaceae 1Plumbaginaceae 5Scrophulariaceae + +Scrophulariaceae 3Scrophulariaceae 1ScrophulariaceaeScrophulariaceae 1 + +Scrophulariaceae + +Scrophulariaceae + + +Linaceae + 3 5Linaceae + 1 1Linaceae 1Linaceae 3 1 +Linaceae 1 1 +Verbenaceae + + 1 Boraginaceae 3 + 4Lobeliaceae 1 + Lobeliaceae + 1 1Brassicaceae 3 1 3 2 + Asteraceae +Poaceae 1 +Poaceae 3 1 + + 1 + + 1 1 1 + 2 + + 1 3 + + 1 + + + 1 + + + + 1 1 + 1 3 1 1 + + + 3 + + + + + + + 1 + 2 2 + T (cyanide) + 3 1 T (with fungus) OleaceaeLilaeaceaeLiliaceaeLiliaceae + + + + + + + +nc + + + + + T dalmatica ssp. strictum alba or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease ssp. var. . sp LimnocharisLimonium flava LimoniumLimonium binervosum Limonium companyonis Limonium hyblaeum Limonium lobatum Limonium myrianthumLinaria otolepis Linaria sinuatum LinariaLinaria arvensis Linaria dalmaticaLinaria incarnata Linaria maroccana Linaria Statice myriantha nigricans Linum pelisseriana LinumLinum vulgaris Linum bienne Linum catharticum Linaria genistifolia Lippia strictum Lithospermum trigynumLobelia usitatissimum officinale Lobelia alba LobulariaLogfia erinus Lolium laxiflora maritima Lolium gallica loliaceum Linum gallicum multiflorum laxiflora Tupa Filago gallica Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Ligustrum Species WA SA LilaeaFamily Tas Lilium vulgare Vic Lilium Alternate Subspecies NSW scilloides Qld formosanum lancifolium Australian

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 151 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic T (with fungus) & nematodes) APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora + + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Poaceae 1 + + 1 Caprifoliaceae + Poaceae 1 + + + 0 1 T (with fungus) PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceae + 3 + + 1 5 + 3 2 + 3 5 +Scrophulariaceae 5 3 + 5 (crops)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3c + + + 5 1 + + 1 T (with fungus) T (with fungus) + T (with fungus Onagraceae + + + + + + + + T T + PoaceaeCaprifoliaceaeCaprifoliaceae 1Caprifoliaceae + 1 1 + + +Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + 1 + +Fabaceae (Faboideae) +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 +Fabaceae (Faboideae) + +Fabaceae (Faboideae) + +Onagraceae + +Onagraceae 1 + 1 1 + + + T (with fungus) + + + + + + 1 T + + + + + + + 1 T + + Poaceae 1 + + 1 arvense temulentum remotum Lolium rigidum Lolium perenne remotum, form ssp. form x x misapplied Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + + + + + T ssp. Thinopyrum elongatum, Agropyron elongatum, Elymus elongatus, Lolium temulentum Elytrigia elongata) Maurandya erubescens Lotus tenuifolius montevidensis tenuifolius Lotus tenuis, hirsutus, cristatum perenne arvensetemulentum Lolium temulentum Lolium temulentum corniculatus ) (misapplied names include Poaceae 1 + 1 + 1 + Lolium rigidum or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or var. var. var. var. x var. var. var. ssp. ponticum (?? hubbardiihybridumamericana Lolium multiflorum Lolium multiflorum x x x Lophopyrum elongatum LoliumLolium remotum rigidum Lolium perenne Lotus corniculatus Lophospermum erubescens Asarina erubescens, Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Lolium Species WA SA LoliumFamily Tas Lolium Vic Subspecies Alternate perenne NSW perenne Qld perenne Lolium Australian LoliumLolium Lolium temulentum Lonicera temulentum LoniceraLonicera fragrantissimaLonicera japonica periclymenum Lotononis Caprifolium fragrantissimum LotusLotus bainesii angustissimus Lotus corniculatus LotusLotusLotus creticus Lotus preslii Ludwigia suaveolensLudwigia tetragonolobusLudwigia uliginosus longifolia palustris peploides Lotus subbiflorus purpurea Tetragonolus Jussiaea longifolia

152 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management T? for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX + 3 4 Naturalised non-native flora 5T of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) + 5 3Fabaceae (Faboideae) +Juncaceae +JuncaceaeJuncaceae +Caryophyllaceae +Caryophyllaceae + +Solanaceae +Solanaceae + + +Solanaceae 1 + Solanaceae + +Primulaceae +Primulaceae 5Primulaceae + + +Primulaceae + +Lythraceae + 4NC 5Lythraceae + +Lythraceae 3 + + 5nceBignoniaceae + +Moraceae + + 3 5nce + Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + 1Fabaceae (Faboideae) + 1 T 5NCFabaceae (Faboideae) + 5 1 (native) + T 3 + + 1 (native) 1 + 3NC 3 + + 3 (native) + 4 + 1 + + + + 3 1 + +nc 3 0? 2 (native) + 2NCE + + 3c 3 T? + + 1 + + + 5 3 OnagraceaeBrassicaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 + + 5 1 +nce + + 3 + 5 T , Fabaceae (Faboideae), Fabaceae 3 + + 1 3 T orientalis ssp. in NSW Lupinus hirsutus (nom. rej.) incana lycopersicum Lycopersicon sometimes placed in Schizaeaceae Lygodiaceae + + (in NT) davurica vulgaris cerasiforme or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease var. var. var. var. LupinusLupinusLupinus arboreus Lupinus cosentiniiLupinus luteus pilosusLuzulaLuzula 'Russell hybrid'LuzulaLychnis campestris Lychnis congesta Lycium multiflora Lupinus varius auct. mult. Lycium chalcedonicaLycium coronaria Lupinus polyphyllus, Lupinus Lupinus varius Lycopersicon afrum Lygodium barbarum esculentum Lysimachia ferocissimum Lysimachia japonicum Lysimachia japonica Lysimachia nummularia Silene chalcedonica Lythrum vulgaris Lythrum vulgaris Silene coronaria Lythrum hyssopifolia Macfadyena junceum Maclura salicaria unguis-cati MacroptiliumMacroptilium atropurpureum pomifera Macroptilium gracile lathyroides Phaseolus atropurpureus Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Ludwigia Species WA SA LunariaFamily Tas Lupinus peruviana Vic Lupinus Alternate Subspecies NSW annua albus Qld angustifolius Australian

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 153 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic T? APPENDIX 4 + Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Euphorbiaceae + + + Malvaceae 3 1 3NCE Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Asteraceae 1Berberidaceae 1BerberidaceaeMalvaceae 1 Brassicaceae 1 3 +Aizoaceae +Malaceae + Malaceae 1MalvaceaeMalvaceae + +MalvaceaeMalvaceae + + Malvaceae + 0? 3 Malvaceae + + +Malvaceae 1Malvaceae + + + 3Malvaceae 3Malvaceae 5Malvaceae + + +? 3 + + + 5 3 5Apocynaceae 1 + 1 5Anacardiaceae + 1 + 5Euphorbiaceae 3 + + 4Euphorbiaceae + 2 + 3 3 5 + + 1 0? + + 3 + 2Asteraceae 1 1 +Lamiaceae + 5 + + 3 + + + 1 + 1 2 + 5 DI + 5 D 1 3 5nce + T + 1 5nce 5 5NC 5 + 5nc T? 3 5NC IT T? mauritiana var. var. Manihot flabellifolia sp. in Plants of western sylvestris NSW (info. from H. Toelken at AD) NSW (info. from H. Toelken & var. Malva americana, Malvastrum spicatum Malvastrum tricuspidatum Sida hederacea misidentified as misapplied in NSW (in Qld) stellatum or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or var. var. Malvella leprosa Malva leprosa, Sida Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Macrotyloma Species WA SA MacrotylomaFamily axillare Tas Madia uniflorum Vic Mahonia Subspecies Alternate MahoniaNSW MalachraQld sativa aquifolium Malcolmia leschenaultii Australian capitata africana MalusMalus Dolichos axillare Malva Dolichos uniflorum Malva domestica Malva sylvestris Malva assurgentifloraMalva dendromorphaMalva linnaei Sida capitata Malva moschata neglecta nicaeensis Malva parviflora Malvastrum Lavatera assurgentiflora Lavatera arborea americanicum verticillata Lavatera cretica MandevillaMangiferaManihot laxa Manihot indica esculenta glaziovii MantisalcaMarrubium salmantica vulgare Centaurea salmantica Malephora luteaMalva Carpobrotus sylvestrisMalvastrum coromandelianum Malva sylvestris Manihot Malva coromandeliana, grahamii

154 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic oestrogenic) APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS AsteraceaeBrassicaceaeBrassicaceaeScrophulariaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae) +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1 +Fabaceae (Faboideae) +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 1 +? 1 + 5 + +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 3 + 5 1 1 3 1 1Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1Fabaceae (Faboideae) + 1 1Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 1 1 + Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 1 + +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 2 1 + 3 1 +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1 + Fabaceae (Faboideae) + 5 + 1 1Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1 1 1Apiaceae + 1 1Melianthaceae + 5 + Melianthaceae 1 5c 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 + 1 3 5c 1 + + 2 3 + 1 + + 1 1 5 + 1 + 1 + T (dermatitus) 1 3nce + 3 2 + 1 + + 0 1 T (nitrate & 1 1 1 + T (oestrogenic) T T MartyniaceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceae 5 5 2 3 3 + + 3 + 3 + 0NC 5c 5NCE T? (why common in Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 2 + T (oestrogenic) SA & listed for Tas & WA in Flora in Flora & WA SA & listed for Tas Tripleurospermum perforata Tripleurospermum of SA & not elsewhere?) Matricaria discoidea bicornis caeruleafalcatasativa Medicago caerulea falcata, Medicago borealis Medicago laciniata or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease ssp. var. three varieties recognised but appear to be artificial ssp. ssp. ssp. Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 3 2 3 + 2 5c 1 MatricariaMatthiolaMatthiola recutitaMaurandya incana Medicago longipetala Medicago barclaianaMedicago arabica Medicago arborea Medicago ciliaris Medicago intertexta laciniata Chamomilla recutita littoralisMedicagoMedicago Asarina barclaiana Medicago lupulina Medicago minima orbicularis Medicago polymorpha MedicagoMedicago praecox Medicago Medicago striata rugosa Medicago sativa sativa Medicago sativa MedicagoMedicago scutellata Melanoselinum tornataMelianthus decipiens truncatula Melianthus comosus major Medicago italica Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Martynia Species WA SA MatricariaFamily Tas annua Vic Matricaria Alternate Subspecies matricariodesNSW Qld perforata Australian Chamomilla suaveolens, inodorum, Tripleurospermum

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 155 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic & flour) APPENDIX 4 3 Naturalised non-native flora +T 1T ++ 1 of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS LamiaceaeLamiaceae 1 1 1 1 + + + + + PoaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceae 5 + + 4 1 +Convolvulaceae + + + + + + + 5 + + PoaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3Fabaceae (Faboideae) 4Fabaceae (Faboideae) +Poaceae 3 1 + 4Sterculiaceae 1 1Lamiaceae 1Lamiaceae 1 +Lamiaceae 2 1 + + 3 + + + 2 + 5S 1 1Euphorbiaceae 1 + 1Convolvulaceae 1 + 1 +? 1 3 + + 1XSConvolvulaceae 1 3 Convolvulaceae 3 5S + + + T (when mouldy) 2 3XS T (taints milk + + + + 2 Poaceae + + Melastomataceae 1 + 0 Euphorbiaceae 5S +E + 1 3 +NCE T? Lamiaceae + + + + + AizoaceaeAizoaceaeAizoaceae 2 4 3 + 3 3 3 3 + 2 4 2 + 3c + Mentha natalensis (not synonymn in WA, in WA, var. var. (RBJ at BRI)) in Aust. RWJ (BRI)) Mentha suaveolens suaveolens x (not synonym of x dissecta M. tuberosa . dissecta, Ipomoea sinuata, Convolvulus dissectus longifolia of M mercurialis Claoxylon mercuriale, Tragia tuberosa repensofficinalais Rhynchelytrum repens citrata piperita var. var. var. or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. ssp. rotundifolia Mentha piperita piperita x x x aitonis crystallinum nodiflorum Mentha Merremia dissecta Opercularia dissecta, Ipomoea Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Melica Species WA SA MelilotusFamily Tas Vic Subspecies Alternate ciliata albusMelilotusNSW MelilotusQld Melinis officinalis Melinis Australian siculusMelissaMelochia minutiflora Mentha repens officinalis Mentha pyramidata Mentha Melilotus alba aquaticaMentha longifolia Mentha pulegium Mentha spicata Melilotus messanensis MercurialisMerremia annua aegyptia Mentha dumetorum Merremia Mentha viridis quinquefoliaMesembryanthemum Mesembryanthemum Mesembryanthemum Ipomoea aegyptia MiboraMiconiaMicrococca minima Ipomoea quinquefolia calvescens mercurialis Melilotus indicus Melilotus indica Merremia tuberosa Operculina tuberosa, Ipomoea

156 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX +NC 5 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS specimen at BRI) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 2 2 3Scrophulariaceae 3 Caryophyllaceae 2 Nyctaginaceae 1 3 Poaceae 1 1Scrophulariaceae 2RubiaceaeMalvaceaeCaryophyllaceae 2 3 2Poaceae +Aizoaceae 5Lamiaceae 1 1 + 3Chenopodiaceae 1Lobeliaceae 3 + 3 1 2 2Asteraceae 3 + 1 +Asteraceae +Iridaceae + + 3 + 1 3NC Iridaceae + +Iridaceae 1 +Iridaceae + + 1 3 3Iridaceae + +Iridaceae + + + + 1 1 + 1 + + + 3 + + + 5S + 1 + 1 1 + + + + + + T +nce + 5nceS 1 + + 5nceS + 3XNCES T? + + 5NCS 5ncS + + + T + + AizoaceaeAsteraceaeFabaceae (Mimosoideae)Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 4XS 5S + 2XES 4XNCS 2XNCES (no 2XNCES + + + 5nceS (incorrect name) 'Zebrinus' Poaceae + + misapplied Scrophulariaceae 1 + 1 + Monopsis simplex, Monopsis monantha Micropterum papillosum in SA hispida setosa tetrandra unijuga sinensis zebrinus Miscanthus sinensis depressa diplotricha Mimosa invisa or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease var. var. var. var. var. var. var. var. var. var. MimosaMimosaMimosa pudica Mimosa pudica Mimulus pudica Mimulus pudica Minuartia guttatusMirabilis moschatus Miscanthus mediterraneaMiscanthus jalapa Misopates sinensis Mitracarpus sinensis Modiola orontiumMoenchia hirtus Molineriella carolinianaMollugo Mimulus luteus erecta Minuartia hybrida Moluccella minutaMonolepis verticillata Monopsis laevis spathulata Montanoa debilis Antirrhinum orontium MontanoaMoraea bipinnatifida Moraea Malva caroliana, Modiola multifida hibiscifolia MoraeaMoraea aristata Periballia minuta Moraea bellendenii Moraea collina flaccida fugacissima fugax Homeria collina Galaxia fugacissima Homeria flaccida Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Micropterum Species WA SA MikaniaFamily papulosum Tas Mimosa Vic Mimosa Alternate Subspecies micranthaNSW diplotricha Qld pigra Australian Willoughbya micrantha

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 157 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora + + + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Musaceae + + Boraginaceae 1 + 1 + IridaceaeIridaceaeIridaceaeIridaceaeIridaceaeIridaceae +Moringaceae 5SMoraceae + + Polygonaceae 2Tiliaceae + +Polygalaceae + 5nceSCommelinaceaeRutaceae + + +nce 5nceSRutaceae + + + + 2nce + 1Musaceae 2 + Hyacinthaceae + + + 5NCSHyacinthaceae +Brassicaceae 5ncSMyoporaceae + + + + 3Boraginaceae + 1Boraginaceae 2 + 5S + + + Boraginaceae + T +Boraginaceae + + 1Haloragaceae 2 +Myrtaceae + Berberidaceae/Nandinaceae + 4XS +Amaryllidaceae 1 + 3Amaryllidaceae +Amaryllidaceae 5 T + + + +NCE 1 + + + + + + 2 + 2 1 3 + 1 + + 1 + + +NC + + + + + + +nc + + + + T + + + T exoticum, Chalcas exotica Murraya exotica, Camunium caespitosa utilis Mucuna utilis Musa balbisiana or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or var. var. x ssp. cv. Exotica Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Moraea Species WA SA MoraeaFamily Tas Moraea Vic Moraea lewisiae Subspecies Alternate Moraea miniataNSW Moraea ochroleucaQld Moringa pavonia Morus setifolia Australian Mucuna vegeta pterygosperma MuehlenbeckiaMuntingia complexa alba pruriens Muraltia Hexaglottis lewisiae Murdannia calabura Homeria miniata Homeria ochroleuca Murraya heisteria nudiflora Gynandriris setifolia koenigii MusaMusaMuscariMuscari acuminata Myagrum acuminata armeniacum Myoporum comosum Myosotis perfoliatum Myosotis laetum Myosotis arvensis Myosotis discolor Myosotis laxa Myriophyllum scorpioides Myrtus aquaticum sylvatica NandinaNarcissusNarcissus communis domestica Narcissus jonquilla papyraceus pseudonarcissus Murraya paniculata

158 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management T? for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Amaryllidaceae + + Scrophulariaceae + + PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceaeBrassicaceae 1SBrassicaceae 1XSPolemoniaceae +Boraginaceae 5SScrophulariaceae 1 5SFabaceae (Faboideae) 1 1Lamiaceae 1SAmaryllidaceae 2 + 4 +Apocynaceae + + 1S Brassicaceae 5nceS +Solanaceae 1S 5nceS 4 + + 5S +Solanaceae 1 5nceSSolanaceae 2 1Solanaceae 5 + + 0XS 5NCES 1Ranunculaceae 4 +Rhamnaceae 1 5 ?XPS 1XPS +Boraginaceae 2 + + + +Alliaceae 4 + + + 2 2 + Asteraceae + + + + 1 1 1Nymphaeaceae 3Nymphaeaceae 5 1 + + + 5Nymphaeaceae + 1 + + + 5 + 2 ?+ + + + + + 5 + 4 + + 1 + 2 + 3 + + + + + 1 + 3 + + T 5 + T? T + 3 T + AmaryllidaceaePoaceaePoaceae + + 5PS + + 5PS + + + T canadensis var. var. Nothoscordum inodorum zanzibarensis Nymphaea capensis or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease ssp. medioluteus x NassellaNassellaNassella hyalina Nassella leucotricha Nassella megapotamia Nasturtium neesiana Nasturtium trichotoma Navarretia microphyllumNeatostema officinaleNemesia squarrosa apulum NeonotoniaNepeta strumosa Nerine wightiiNeriumNeslia cataria Rorippa microphylla Nicandra filifolia Nicotiana oleander Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Nicotiana paniculata physalodes Nierembergia glauca Nigella tabacum hippomanica Noltea Glycine javanica, Notonia wightii NoneaNothoscordum damascena africana gracileNotobasis lutea NuttallanthusNymphaea syriaca canadensisNymphaeaNymphaea alba caerulea mexicana Nothoscordum borbonicum, Linaria canadensis Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Narcissus Species WA SA Narcissus Family Tas Nardus tazetta Vic Nassella Alternate Subspecies NSW Qld stricta charruana Australian

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 159 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora +T of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Lamiaceae + + Oleaceae + + +nc 0 Lamiaceae + + OnagraceaeOnagraceaeOnagraceae +Onagraceae 2 + + + 2Onagraceae + + 1 + 1 +Oleaceae 1 + + + + + + + + + 1 + + 1 + + NymphaeaceaeOchnaceaeLamiaceae + Lamiaceae + 1Acanthaceae + +ApiaceaeOnagraceae +Onagraceae +nc + +Onagraceae 2 1 + 2 2Onagraceae 2OnagraceaeOnagraceae 1Onagraceae + +Onagraceae + 1 + +Onagraceae + 1 + + + + + + 1 + + + + 2NC Asteraceae + 1 + 1Asteraceae + + Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + + + 1 + + 5 + + 1 + + 1 2 + 5NC + + RubiaceaeRubiaceae + + + + + + caespitosa corymbosa var. var. var. Ocimum africana, x ssp. anisatum americanum; Ocimum basilicum var. Olea africana, cuspidata bonariensis drummondii bonariensis laciniata stricta europea cuspidata Olea europaea americanum Ocimum canum caespitosacorymbosa Hedyotis corymbosa Hedyotis corymbosa Oenothera stricta or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. var. var. ssp. ssp. x ssp. ssp. var. var. ssp. ssp. citriodorum Ocimum basilicum x Oenothera indecora Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Nymphaea Species WA SA OchnaFamily Tas Ocimum odorata Vic Ocimum Subspecies Alternate OcimumNSW serrulata americanum Qld basilicum tenuiflorum Australian OdontonemaOenanthe tubaeforme OenotheraOenothera pimpinelloides Oenothera acaulis Oenothera affinis Oenothera drummondii Ocimum sanctum glazioviana indecora OenotheraOenotheraOenothera laciniata Oenothera longiflora Oenothera mollissima Oenothera rosea Oenothera speciosa Oenothera stricta Oldenlandia tetraptera Oldenlandia triloba corymbosa corymbosa OleaOncosiphonOncosiphonOnobrychis piluliferum europaea Ononis suffruticosum viciifolia alopecuroides Pentzia globifera Pentzia suffruticosa Onobrychis sativa Ocimum Olea europaea

160 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Cactaceae 2 2NC AsteraceaeCactaceaeCactaceae 4XSCactaceaeCactaceae +Cactaceae 4S 2XS 1 3NCSCactaceae 2XNCSCactaceae 1 3NCS 4XS +NCSCactaceae(no specimen at BRI) 1NC +NC Cactaceae 4S +SCactaceae 1NC +Cactaceae 1Cactaceae +NC 3SCactaceae 3SCactaceae + 1NC +S +NS +Cactaceae 3NCS + + +XS + 3NCS 3NCS 3SCactaceae + + +N +NCSCactaceae + 2NCSCactaceae 3NCS +NC 5S + 3nceS + +N +nc +NS +N + +N +N 3NCS 1nc 5nceS +N +N 3nc +NC + +N +N Cactaceae 3S 3NCS 3S +NS Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2Asteraceae 2Cactaceae 5XS + 2 2 5nceS 5nceS + +NC 4XS 5XncS , Cactaceae 3 + +N 3nc 1nc , discata lindheimeri linguiformis var. var. is also present var. var. var. dillenii in Harden (1990), misapplied in NSW, in Telford (1984), in Telford Cactaceae + +NC + +N var. var. O. tunicata although Opuntia phaeacantha Opuntia discata, Opuntia microcarpa Opuntia bonaerensis, Opuntia bonariensis Opuntia tenuispina Opuntia decumbens in Vic Asteraceae 5XS 5XnceS 5XnceS 5NXCES 1 in Vic Asteraceae 4XS 4XnceS 4XnceS 1 illyricum acanthium utahensis or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease ssp. var. ssp. OnopordumOnopordumOpuntia illyricum tauricum OpuntiaOpuntia acanthocarpaOpuntia arbuscula Opuntia aurantiaca Opuntia cylindricaOpuntia dejecta Opuntia dillenii elatior Opuntia tunicata Opuntia engelmanniiOpuntiaOpuntia erinacea Opuntia ficus-indica Opuntia cylindrica Austrocylindropuntia humifusaOpuntia imbricataOpuntia leptocaulisOpuntia Opuntia stricta Opuntia lindheimeri leucotricha Opuntia Opuntia bergeriana linguiformisOpuntia microdasys Opuntia monacanthaOpuntia paraguayensis polyacantha Opuntia compressa Opuntia puberula Cylindropuntia imbricata Opuntia Cylindropuntia leptocaulis Opuntia Opuntia lindheimeri robusta schickendantzii Opuntia vulgaris spinosior Opuntia lubrica Austrocylindropuntia schickendantzii Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Ononis Species WA SA OnonisFamily Tas Onopordum Vic Onopordum Alternate Subspecies repens acanthium NSW spinosa acaulon Qld Australian

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 161 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 + Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Cactaceae 2S 2NCS Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 + 1 + + CactaceaeCactaceaeCactaceaeCactaceae 2CactaceaeCactaceae 3Asclepiadaceae 2NC +Lamiaceae 1Hyacinthaceae 3NC 3S +NC Hyacinthaceae + +Hyacinthaceae 1NC 3NCHyacinthaceae 3NCS + 2Hyacinthaceae + +Hyacinthaceae 3nce 3NCS +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 +NCFabaceae (Faboideae) 1 5 1 + + 1 +N +Scrophulariaceae + Scrophulariaceae 3nc 1 2 +N +Poaceae + + +N Asteraceae + 2nc 3SAsteraceae + +N 4XESAsteraceae + 1 1Asteraceae 5 1Asteraceae 1 + 1 2Oxalidaceae 2 1 2Oxalidaceae + + +Oxalidaceae + + + 1 Oxalidaceae + 2S + + 4 1 1 + + 1 2XS + 1 + + + 1 1 + T 1NCS + 1 4XNES T 3 1 + 1 DT + 1 + 2 + 2 +NC + T + + 1 + + + 0 1 1 1 T T + T T possible name - species with Scrophulariaceae 0XS 0XS W. Barker at AD W. sativus Opuntia dillenii or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or x ssp. Orobanche loricata Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Opuntia Species WA SA OpuntiaFamily Tas Opuntia Vic streptacantha Opuntia Subspecies Alternate stricta OpuntiaNSW strictaOpuntiaQld subulata Opuntia sulphurea Orbea Australian tomentosa Origanum tunicata OrnithogalumOrnithogalum variegata vulgare arabicum Ornithogalum longibracteatum Ornithogalum pyramidale Ornithogalum pyrenaicum Opuntia inermis Ornithogalum thyrsoides Ornithopus umbellatum OrnithopusOrnithopus compressus Ornithopus perpusillus Stapelia variegata pinnatus sativus OrobancheOrobancheOryza minor Osteospermum ramosa Osteospermum calendulaceum Osteospermum clandestinum sativa Osteospermum ecklonisOsteospermum fruticosum Oxalis muricatum OxalisOxalisOxalis articulata bifurca bowieana brasiliensis Dimorphotheca ecklonis

162 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic & fungus?) APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora +T +T + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS OxalidaceaeOxalidaceaeOxalidaceaeOxalidaceaeOxalidaceae 5Oxalidaceae + Oxalidaceae 1Oxalidaceae 5 (nursery) 2Oxalidaceae 1 1Oxalidaceae 1Oxalidaceae 3+Oxalidaceae + +Oxalidaceae 1 1Asclepiadaceae 1 5Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1Asteraceae 5 1 1Amaryllidaceae + 1 + 1 +Poaceae 1 +Poaceae 1 1 + +Poaceae + 5 1 + + +Poaceae + Poaceae 1 +NC 3NC 1 3 5nc 1 1 Poaceae 1 1 1 + 1Poaceae 5 2 5NC + Poaceae 1 5 + 2 3 + + 3nc 3+ +NC 3 1 1 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 + 3 3 3 5 1 5 1 5 T (oxalate) 3 1 1 + + + 1 T 1 1 + 1 + + 1 + + T (oxalate) T (oxalate 2 OxalidaceaeOxalidaceae + 2 2 + & & turf) & & brevifolium var. var. repens in Vic; synonyms synonyms in Vic; Oxalidaceae 5 5 (nursery 1 2 +NC 2 5c T corniculata microphylla var. var. ssp. in NSW are var. in NSW are var. corymbosa pentaphylla capillare occidentalecoloratum Panicum capillare makarikariense or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease var. var. var. var. var. var. var. Embucv. Hamilcv. Poaceae Poaceae + + + + OxalisOxalisOxalisOxalis debilis Oxalis depressa Oxalis flava Oxalis glabra Oxalis hirta Oxalis incarnata Oxalis latifoliaOxalis obtusa Oxalis perdicariaOxalis pes-caprae Oxypetalum polyphylla Pachyrhizus purpurea coeruleumPallenis versicolor Pancratium erosus PanicumPanicum spinosa Oxalis violacea maritimum Panicum Oxalis mallobolba antidotale Panicum bulbosum Panicum capillare capillare coerulea Panicum Tweedia coloratum PanicumPanicum coloratum Panicum gilvum Panicum hillmanii maximum maximum Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Oxalis Species WA SA OxalisFamily Tas Oxalis Vic Alternate Subspecies caprina NSW compressa Qld corniculata Australian

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 163 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic T (photosensitization) in stock APPENDIX 4 + Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Poaceae + + PapaveraceaePapaveraceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + + 1 PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceae 2Papaveraceae 1Papaveraceae +Papaveraceae 2 +Papaveraceae 1 3Papaveraceae 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 1Poaceae 1 1Poaceae 5Scrophulariaceae 3 + 1Scrophulariaceae 1 1Urticaceae 1 1 + +Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 1 + 3 5S 1 1Bignoniaceae + 3 1 + 1 +Caryophyllaceae 1 5ncS + + 1Caryophyllaceae + +Caryophyllaceae + + 5NCE 1Asteraceae + + 1 1 1 + + 1 3 1 + 1 Vitaceae + 1 2Poaceae 1 + 3 1Poaceae +nc + + 1 3 1 5SPoaceae T (oxalate) T Poaceae + 3 + 1 + + 5ncS 3 (turf) 3 5 1 2 + + 3 5 1 3XNCES 1 T? 5 1 5nc 2 + 1 + + 5 T? 3 T? + 5NC 2 (native) 3 + T 1 + 5 (native) 1 3 + 3 1 3 + + 1 1?XNCES 1 3 Dermatitis + 3 2 2 T (with fungus) T (with fungus) in SA in WA Poaceae 5 5 1 2 5 trichoglume var. var. misapplied Urochloa maxima cereifera setigerum somniferum coloratum maximumtrichoglume Urochloa maximum or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or var. var. var. ssp. ssp. Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Panicum Species WA PanicumSA Family Tas Panicum maximum Vic Panicum Subspecies Alternate maximum PanicumNSW maximum var. PanicumQld miliaceum Panicum novemnerve Panicum Australian racemosum Papaver repens Papaver schinzii Papaver aculeatum Papaver argemome Papaver dubium Papaver hybridum Papaver rhoeas Parapholis somniferum Parapholis somniferum Parentucellia incurva Parentucellia strigosa latifolia Parietaria viscosa Parkinsonia judaica aculeata ParonychiaParonychiaParonychia argentea brasiliana franciscana ParthenocissusPaspalum quinquefolia PaspalumPaspalum conjugatum Paspalum dilatatum distichum exaltatum Parmentiera aculeataParthenium hysterophorus Parmentiera edulis,

164 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management T? T? T for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora + + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceae 1Poaceae 2Poaceae 1Passifloraceae 1 1Passifloraceae + +Passifloraceae 1 3Passifloraceae 1 2 +Passifloraceae 1 + 1nce 2 +Passifloraceae 2 1 + +Passifloraceae + + + +Passifloraceae 3Passifloraceae + +Passifloraceae 1 + +Passifloraceae + + + Passifloraceae + + +Passifloraceae + + + + +Passifloraceae + + + + +Malvaceae + +Malvaceae + 4Euphorbiaceae + + Zygophyllaceae 2 + + + Geraniaceae + 4 + + + + + 3 + + + + T (with fungus) + + + + + + +NC + + T T PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceae + 5S 3 4S 5S 4XS 3S 3 + T (with fungus) in NSW & WA? Passifloraceae 5 4 3 + 5 T? hispida var. var. in NSW Apiaceae + + + + + + T sativa smallii smallii, Pedilanthus smallii Tithymalus ciliatifolium Paspalum ciliatifolium foetida gossypifolia riparia or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease var. var. var. var. ssp. ssp. PaspalumPaspalumPaspalum paniculatum Paspalum plicatulum Paspalum quadrifarium Paspalum regnellii Paspalum setaceum Paspalum urvillei Passiflora virgatum Passiflora wettsteinii Passiflora bangiiPassiflora caerulea Passiflora coccinea Passiflora edulis Passiflora filamentosa Passiflora foetida Passiflora foetida Passiflora foetida Passiflora laurifolia Passiflora mollissima Passiflora violacea Passiflora morifolia Passiflora quadrangularis Passiflora sanguinolenta Pastinaca suberosa Pavonia subpeltata Pavonia sativa Pedilanthus coccinea Peganum hastataPelargonium tithymaloides harmala alchemilloides Lassa hastata, Malache hastata Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Paspalum Species WA SA PaspalumFamily Tas Paspalum fasciculatum Vic Paspalum Alternate Subspecies mandiocanum NSW nicorae Qld notatum Australian

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 165 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic & unknown) T APPENDIX 4 5 Naturalised non-native flora + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS GeraniaceaeGeraniaceae + + + + + + + + + + + + Adiantaceae +Poaceae +Poaceae + 5 5 2 + 5 GeraniaceaeGeraniaceaeGeraniaceae 3 +Cactaceae +PoaceaePoaceaePoaceae + +Poaceae + 2 5 + + Poaceae + 2 + Poaceae 5S 3PoaceaePoaceae + 2 (native?)Boraginaceae 2 3 3 +Poaceae 3 +Poaceae 3 3 + 3 Asteraceae + + 5SPiperaceae 1Cactaceae + 5nce + 1Lauraceae 3 +Polygonaceae 4XNCES 3 + + 1 +Polygonaceae + 5 5nceSPolygonaceae +Asteraceae + 3S + 5 +Caryophyllaceae + + 5 (nursery) + + + 5 5NCS + 2 + + + + + + + + + + + T (nitrate + + 3XS + + + + + + 2 + + + + 5 2XS + + + 5 (nursery) + 3c misapplied in SA Petrorhagia nanteuilii Pentaschistis thunbergii x in NT Poaceae 5 2 + 5NC in Vic Poaceae 1 + 1 + + pedicellatum unispiculum polystachion airoides viridis Petrorhagia nanteuilii Petrorhagia velutina or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or var. var. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. x asperum domesticum x x Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Pelargonium Species WA SA PelargoniumFamily capitatum Tas Pelargonium Vic fragrans Pelargonium Subspecies Alternate quercifoliumPelargonium NSW PellaeaQld PeniocereusPennisetum Australian serpentinus viridis alopecuroides PennisetumPennisetum Geranium quercifolium Pennisetum glaucum Pennisetum macrourum Pennisetum pedicellatum Pennisetum pedicellatum Nyctocereus serpentinus Pennisetum polystachion Pennisetum purpureum Pennisetum setaceum Pentaglottis thunbergii Pentaschistis villosum Pentaschistis sempervirens airoides Pentaschistis pallida Pentzia thunbergii PeperomiaPereskiaPersea incana pellucida Persicaria aculeata PersicariaPersicaria americana capitataPetasites filiformis maculosa fragrans Polygonum capitatum Polygonum maculosum Pennisetum clandestinum Petrorhagia dubia

166 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management T (mostly new for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic growth) growth) growth) growth) APPENDIX + 4 Naturalised non-native flora + + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS HydrophyllaceaePoaceaePoaceae 1 1 + + +Poaceae + PoaceaePoaceae +PoaceaePoaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae) 5Oleaceae + 3XSPoaceae + +Poaceae + 5 1Poaceae 5Arecaceae +Arecaceae + + 1 +XS + Arecaceae 4 + + Arecaceae 1 +Poaceae 3XS 3 + + 1 Phormiaceae/Agavaceae 5 +Malaceae + +? + +Malaceae 5 + + Verbenaceae 5Verbenaceae + + + 1 + 1 + + 5 + 5c + 5 1 + + + 3 5 2 1 1 5nc + T + 3nc 3 + + T + + + + + + + T + 5 CaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceaeApiaceaeSolanaceae 3 3 1 + 1 3Poaceae 3Poaceae 3 1 3 1 3 3 1 + 1 + + 1 1 1 + 3 + 3 1 + + 1 + + 1 1 + + T (mostly new T (mostly new ‘variegata’ Poaceae + + + T (mostly new nodiflora arundinacea picta Phalaris arundinacea Phalaris arundinacea or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease x var. var. var. var. roebelenii ? PhaceliaPhalarisPhalaris tanacetifolia angusta aquatica PhalarisPhalarisPhalaris canariensis Phalaris coerulescens Phalaris lemmonii Phaseolus minor Phillyrea paradoxa Phleum lunatus Phleum latifolia PhleumPhoenix arenarium Phoenix pratense Phoenix subulatum Phoenix canariensis Pholiurus dactylifera Phormium sylvestris Photinia pannonicus Photinia tenax Phyla glabraPhyla serratifolia canescens nodiflora Crataegus serratifolia Crataegus glabra Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Petrorhagia Species WA SA PetrorhagiaFamily Tas Petroselinum dubia Vic Petunia Alternate Subspecies nanteuilii crispum NSW Qld axillaris Australian PhalarisPhalaris aquatica Petrorhagia velutina Phalaris arundinacea arundinacea

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 167 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic T T? APPENDIX 4 3 3 3 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceae 3Scrophulariaceae 3 3 Scrophulariaceae 1 1Poaceae 1 + PoaceaePoaceae 1 1 1SolanaceaeSolanaceae 3 1 Solanaceae +Solanaceae + +Solanaceae +Solanaceae + 1Solanaceae +? 3 Solanaceae 3nce 3Phytolaccaceae 1 1 +nce Phytolaccaceae +Phytolaccaceae 1 5SPinaceae + + 1 5S 1Pinaceae 1 1 + Asteraceae 2S + 2Urticaceae 1 3 1S + + 1Pinaceae + 1 5SPinaceae + 3 2 5nceSPinaceae + + 1 5Pinaceae + 3?S 5nceS 4 +Pinaceae + 1Pinaceae +Pinaceae + (nursery) 4 2XS + + + + + 2XS + + + + + +S + + 1 5nce + + + + + + T? + + T + 5nc + + T? + + + + amarus misapplied in Qld Solanaceae 5 5 3 2 var. var. (misapplied) heterophylla Polycarena leipoldtii, rarifolia or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Phyllanthus Species WA SA PhyllanthusFamily Tas Phyllanthus amarus Vic Phyllanthus Subspecies Alternate debilis NSW emblicaQld tenellus PhyllopodiumPhyllostachys Australian rarifolia Phyllostachys aurea Phyllostachys bambusoides Physalis nigra Phyllanthus niruri PhysalisPhysalis Diasperus emblica, Emblica officinalis alkekengi Physalis ixocarpaPhysalis lanceifolia Physalis micrantha Physalis peruviana Physalis philadelphica Physalis pubescens Phytolacca virginiana Phytolacca viscosa Phytolacca americana Picea dioica Physalis angulata Picea octandra PicnomonPilea abies Pinus acarna pungens PinusPinus microphylla Pinus brutia Pinus canariensis Pinus caribaea Pinus contorta durangensis elliottii Cirsium acarna halepensis Phyllopodium cordatum Polycarena caudata,

168 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 3 4 Naturalised non-native flora + +T of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS PinaceaePinaceaePinaceaePinaceaePinaceaePinaceae +Pinaceae +Poaceae +Poaceae +Anacardiaceae +Araceae +Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + +Bignoniaceae + 1 +Pittosporaceae + + +Pittosporaceae +? +Pittosporaceae + 3Adiantaceae + + +Adiantaceae + +Boraginaceae +nc 1 + + + Plantaginaceae + + + + +Plantaginaceae + +NCEPlantaginaceae + 3Plantaginaceae + + + + + 1Plantaginaceae + 1Plantaginaceae 1 + + 1Plantaginaceae + + + + + 3Plantaginaceae 1 + + Plantaginaceae + + 5 1 + 5 + + 1 1 0?NC 1 1 1 3NC (native) 1 IT + 1 1 + 3 + 1 + 1 3 + 1 1 3 + 1 5 (turf) + 3 3 + + + 3 1 1 5c PinaceaePinaceaePinaceaePinaceae + + + + + + + + + in SA dubia commutata coronopus myosuros austroamericana calomelanos lanceolata corsicana or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease var. var. var. ssp. ssp. var. & var. ssp. var. var. PinusPinusPinusPinus pinaster Pinus pinea Pinus ponderosa Pinus radiata Piptatherum sabiniana Piptochaetium sylvestris miliaceum Pistacia montevidense taeda PistiaPisumPithecoctenium chinensis Pittosporum cynanchoides stratiotes Pittosporum sativum crassifolium Pittosporum eugenioides Pityrogramma tenuifolium Pityrogramma calomelanos Plagiobothrys calomelanos Plantago canescens PlantagoPlantago albicans Plantago australis Plantago bellardii Plantago coronopus Plantago coronopus cretica Plantago lanceolata Plantago major myosuros Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Pinus Species WA SA PinusFamily Tas Pinus Vic Pinus Alternate Subspecies mugo NSW nigra Qld palustris patula Australian

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 169 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS specimens at BRI) Fumariaceae 1PoaceaePoaceaePoaceae 3Poaceae + 1 + 2 3 3 + + 2 + 1 1 + + PlantaginaceaePlantanaceaeLamiaceae 1LamiaceaeLamiaceae +Lamiaceae 1Lamiaceae +Lamiaceae +Lamiaceae 1 +Plumbaginaceae + +Poaceae + 1 + + + +Poaceae + + + Poaceae +Poaceae 5 + + 1 + + Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 (turf) 2 + Caryophyllaceae + 1X 5 (turf) + 3 5 (turf)Polygalaceae 4 + Polygalaceae 5 (in turf) 2 2Polygalaceae (nursery) 4 Polygalaceae + 3 +Polygalaceae + 3Polygonaceae + 1X + + 3 1 + 5 (turf) + + Polygonaceae + +Polygonaceae 3 1 + + + + 5 + 1 (no + 1 + 5 + + 3 + 5 + 3 + 1 + 3 + 5 1 + 5 + 3 + 5 5 + 5 + 3c 4 3X 5 T 3 T ?, Polygalaceae + + Platanus orientalis x Polygala glomerata Platanus occidentalis Coleus amboinicus, aromaticus Polygala densiflora = in Vic Polygalaceae + + + + + + spicata sylvicola trivialis bulbosa vivipara myrtifolia or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. var. var. ssp. ssp. var. acerifolia x Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Plantago Species WA SA Plantanus Family Tas Platycapnos scabra Vic Plectranthus Subspecies Alternate Plectranthus spicatus NSW amboinicus PlectranthusQld caninus Plectranthus ciliatus Plectranthus Australian ecklonii Plectranthus neochilusPlectranthus ornatusPlumbago verticillatus Poa Plantago arenaria, indica Poa auriculata PoaPoa annua Poa bulbosa Poa bulbosa Poa Coleus neochilus compressa Poa Coleus comosus infirma Podalyria pratensis Polycarpon trivialis sericea trivialis tetraphyllum PolygalaPolygalaPolygala duartena Polygala monspeliaca Polygala myrtifolia Polygala paniculata virgata vulgaris PolygonumPolygonum aviculare patulum Polygala chinensis Polygonum arenastrum

170 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS SalicaceaeSalicaceae + + + + LoganiaceaePontederiaceaeSalicaceaeSalicaceae + +Salicaceae + + +NCE +Portulacaceae + +PortulacaceaePotamogetonaceaePotamogetonaceae +Rosaceae + + + 2 +RosaceaeRosaceae + + 2Rosaceae +Asteraceae + + 2 1Martyniaceae 1 + Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) + 3XS +Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) + 5SFabaceae (Mimosoideae) + + 5SFabaceae (Mimosoideae) 3XS 4 5S + 3XNCES 1 5SLamiaceae 1XNCES 3XnceSLamiaceae 2 1XNCES + 5NCS 1 1 + 3 + + + 3 + 3nce + 1 1 + 5NCS 1 4XNCS 2 5NCS + 5NCS 3 4NCE + 5NCS + 5NCS + 3 Martyniaceae 2 2 PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceae + 1 3 3 1 + Salicaceae 3 3 + 3 + + + + + 1 1 3 + 3 + 1 + Populus nigra x misapplied Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) 4XS 4XNCES 3XnceS +XNCES 4XNCS Populus balsamifera x Populus tremula x Populus deltoides clematideum (nom. illeg.) Proboscidea fragrans, Martynia fragrans in NSW Rosaceae 1 1 1 + 1 anserina fragrans louisianica cordata glandulosa juliflora subspathaceus Prosopis velutina or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease var. var. ‘Italica’ssp. Salicaceaessp. ssp. + var. x var. + + + + var. var. canadensiscanescensjackii Populus deltoides alba Populus x x x PolypremumPontederia procumbens PopulusPopulus cordata Populus yunanensis aff. Populus alba Populus nigra Populus tremula Populus PortulacaPortulacaPotamogeton grandiflora Potamogeton pilosa acutifolius Potentilla praelongus PotentillaPotentilla anglica Potentilla anserina Potentilla recta Praxelis reptans supina ProboscideaProboscidea clematidea louisianica Prosopis louisianica ProsopisProsopis glandulosa Prosopis glandulosa Prosopis juliflora Prunella pallidaPrunella velutina Eupatorium Eupatorium catarium, laciniata vulgaris Prosopis limensis Prosopis flexuosa Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Polypogon Species WA SA PolypogonFamily Tas Polypogon chilensis Vic Polypogon Alternate Subspecies maritimus NSW monspeliensis Qld viridis Australian Agrostis viridis

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 171 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic I I I I I APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS AmygdalaceaeAmygdalaceae + +AmygdalaceaeAmygdalaceae + + + +Myrtaceae + + + + + + + + +nc + + I IT? AmygdalaceaeAmygdalaceaeAmygdalaceae + +Amygdalaceae +AmygdalaceaeAmygdalaceaeAmygdalaceae +Amygdalaceae + + + + + + Amygdalaceae + +Amygdalaceae +AmygdalaceaeAsteraceae + + + + + + Pinaceae + + + +Myrtaceae + +MyrtaceaeAizoaceaePoaceae + + + + Fabaceae (Faboideae) +Dennstaedtiaceae + + +Pteridaceae 1 2Pteridaceae +Poaceae 1 + + + + I Poaceae I Poaceae + + + Fabaceae (Faboideae) +Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + 2Punicaceae + + + 1 + T + IT? 1 1 2 + + + + + + + + + 2 + 1 + + + 0 + I 1 1 nectarina var. misapplied Fumariaceae + + + domestica insititia Prunus insititia alba Corydalis lutea nucipersicapersica Prunus persica littorale Psidium littorale or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. ssp. var. var. ssp. var. Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Prunus Species WA SA PrunusFamily Tas Prunus Vic Prunus Subspecies Alternate armeniaca PrunusNSW cerasifera PrunusQld cerasus Prunus domestica Prunus domestica Australian Prunus dulcis Prunus laurocerasus Prunus lusitanica Prunus mahaleb Prunus munsoniana Prunus persica Prunus persica Pseudelephantopus salicina spicatus Pseudofumaria serotina Pseudotsuga spinosa alba Psidium menziesii PsidiumPsidium cattleianum Psilocaulon guajava Psilurus guineense Psoralea granulicaulePteridium incurvus Pteris pinnata Pteris aquilinum PuccinelliaPuccinellia cretica Puccinellia ciliata semipinnata Pueraria distans Psilocaulon tenue Pueraria fasciculata Punica lobata phaseoloides granatum Dolichos phaseoloides Dolcihos lobatus

172 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management D for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic D APPENDIX 2 4 Naturalised non-native flora 1XS 3 of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS MalaceaeBignoniaceaeRosaceaeFagaceaeFagaceaeFagaceae 3 +Fagaceae +Fagaceae 1Combretaceae + +Ranunculaceae +Ranunculaceae + 3 + Ranunculaceae + 2 Ranunculaceae + 1Ranunculaceae +Ranunculaceae +Ranunculaceae + 5Ranunculaceae + 1Ranunculaceae + + +Ranunculaceae 1 5Brassicaceae + 3 +Brassicaceae + 3S +Brassicaceae + 2 3Brassicaceae 1E + Apocynaceae 1 1 + +Asteraceae 5 2 + 3Resedaceae 1 + + Resedaceae + 5 1 + + + 5 5 + 5 1 3 3 5 3 1 + 5nce + 2 5 5 3 + + 5 + 1 5 1 + 1 2 + 1 + 2 +XNES 5 3 + 2 2 3 3 4 + T T 5 + 1 2 5 + 3NC T T? 5c 1 T 5NC 1 T 1 3 + T + AmaranthaceaeMalaceaeMalaceaeMalaceae 3S Malaceae 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 3 3 + + + + D D D formosa, Cotoneaster taitoensis Mespilus crenulata, Crataegus crenulata Mespilus crenulata, flammula scleratus or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease ssp. ssp. PyracanthaPyrostegiaPyrus rogersiana Quercus venusta QuercusQuercus communis canariensis Quercus ilex Quercus palustris Quisqualis robur Ranunculus suber Ranunculus indica Ranunculus acris Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculus flammmula Ranunculus muricatus Ranunculus ophioglossifolius Ranunculus parviflorus Ranunculus repens Ranunculus sardous Raphanus scleratus Raphanus trilobus Raphanus maritimus Rapistrum raphanistrum Rauvolfia sativus Reichardia rugosum Reseda tetraphylla Reseda tingitana alba lutea Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Pupalia Species WA SA PyracanthaFamily Tas Pyracantha Vic Pyracantha Alternate Subspecies lappacea angustifolia PyracanthaNSW crenulata Qld fortuneana koidzumii Australian Photinia fortuneana Cotoneaster koidzumii, Cotoneaster

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 173 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic D taints milk APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora + + + 3c of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Fabaceae (Faboideae) + +Iridaceae + IridaceaeIridaceaeIridaceae 3+Brassicaceae 5 3 + + 1 + + 5 5 + 3 3 3+ + 5c + ResedaceaeResedaceaeResedaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae) 5 + + 1Polygonaceae 1PolygonaceaeRhamnaceaeMalaceae 2Grossulariaceae +Grossulariaceae +Rubiaceae + 2ncRubiaceae +Rubiaceae + + 5NCRubiaceae 0?E +Euphorbiaceae + 3 + 2 +Phytolaccaceae + 1 +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2Papaveraceae + 3 3 3 2Asteraceae 3 + 1N + 1 +Papaveraceae 2Papaveraceae 1 3 2 + + + + 1 Iridaceae + 1Iridaceae + 3nce 1 T 3 + + 1 + + 1Brassicaceae 3 5 + + +Rosaceae 1 + 2 + 1 3 T + + + 1 1 2 5 + + + 1NC 2 + T 1 T 2 + + + + trichocalyx misapplied var. var. Genista monosperma Genista monosperma sylvestris minor australis communis reflexa or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or var. var. var. var. var. ssp. Retama raetam raetam, Genista Lygos Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Reseda Species WA SA ResedaFamily Tas Reseda Vic Subspecies Alternate luteola NSW odorata Qld phyteuma Reynoutria Australian ReynoutriaRhamnus japonicaRhaphiolepis sachalinensisRibes alaternus indicaRibesRichardiaRichardia sanguineum Richardia uva-crispa brasiliensis Richardia humistrata Ricinus Polygonum sachalinense scabra Polygonum cuspidatum Rivina stellaris RobiniaRoemeria communis Crataegus indica Roldana humilis Romneya pseudoacacia hybrida Romneya petasitisRomulea coulteri Romulea trichocalyxRomulea flava Romulea minutiflora Romulea obscura Romulea rosea Rorippa rosea Rorippa rosea Rosa Senecio petasitis palustris Romneya coulteri sylvestris bracteata Retama monosperma monosperma, Lygos

174 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora + + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS RosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeLamiaceae +Poaceae +Poaceae 5Lythraceae + + +Rosaceae 1Rosaceae 3 +Rosaceae 2 + + 5nce 1Rosaceae 5 +Rosaceae 5 5ncRosaceae 2 3Rosaceae 5NC + 2 + Rosaceae 2nc 5Rosaceae 2nc 1 3nc +Rosaceae 5nce 1 4SRosaceae + 1Rosaceae + 5nc 5 + 1 + 5NC 3 1nc 5Rosaceae 3Rosaceae 2 5NC 5Rosaceae 4nc + 1 5nc 5 + + +XncS + +nce 4NCS 5 5ncS 5nce 3nc + 4NC 3nc 5NC +nc +nc +nc 4nce 5nc + 1 +nc Rosaceae 5Rosaceae 4 4nce 5nc 4NC 4nce +nc RosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceae 3 + + 1 + 3 + 3 + 3nc + T misapplied used in WA, used in WA, Rosaceae 4 1nc 2 4NC 3 manettii, Rosa sinica in NSW Rosaceae + + + + var. misapplied Rubus radula Rubus chloocladus Rubus velox includes includes Rosa chinensis laciniatus selmeri Rubus selmeri Rosa moschataRosa multiflora rose manetti or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease ssp. ssp. x x R. sp. aff. armeniacus ?? x Rosaceae 5 5NC misapplied pyramidalis RosaRosaRosaRosa laevigata Rosmarinus roxburghii Rostraria rubiginosa Rostraria officinalis wichuraina Rotala cristataRubus pumilaRubusRubus rotundifolia Rubus Purbeckensis Rubus Purbeckensis aff. armeniacusRubus alceifolius Rubus bellobatusRubus cristata Lophochloa cristata, Trisetaria Rubus cissburiensis Lophochloa pumila Rubus cuneifoliusRubus echinatus Rubus Rubus procerus Rubus discolor, ellipticus Rubus erythropsRubus idaeusRubus laciniatus Rubus sp. aff. selmeri Rubus laciniatus Rubus leightonii Rubus Rubus chapmanii leucostachys Rubus loganobaccusRubus phaeocarpus phoenicolasius Rubus rosaceus, Rubus koehleri polyanthemus Rubus loganobaccus, Rubus ursinus Rubus ursinus Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Rosa Species WA SA RosaFamily Tas Rosa Vic Rosa Alternate Subspecies canina NSW chinensis Qld chinensis chinensis Australian

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 175 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora 5c + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Polygonaceae + +Alismataceae 5 4 + 5 1 + 4NC RosaceaeRosaceae 3 + 3 PolygonaceaePolygonaceaePolygonaceae 5 5 5 +nc 5 3Alismataceae 5AlismataceaeAlismataceae 5 5NCSalicaceae 1 5 5 4 5 4 4 5c + 5c 5c 5 5 1 +nc + + + RosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceae +Rosaceae +Rosaceae 4AcanthaceaeAcanthaceaeAcanthaceae 5Polygonaceae 5 +Polygonaceae + Polygonaceae +Polygonaceae 3 + 5 5 + 5 5 5nce + + Ruppiaceae 1 5 5S 4NCAizoaceae 4 +nc Scrophulariaceae +nc 5 4NC Rutaceae 5Arecaceae +Poaceae + 5 +Caryophyllaceae 4nc 5Caryophyllaceae +Caryophyllaceae + + 3 5 + 3 5NC + + 3 4 4 + 4 1 + + + 4 (nursery) 5c 5c 3 (nursery) + + + 3 3 + 1 3 + + 3 T (oxalate?) T (oxalate?) + + 1 + + + 1 + + 1 1 + + 1 platyphylla ssp. Ruellia malacosperma Ruellia brittoniana & Between obtusifolius divaricatus pulcher brevirostrata calycinamontevidensis Sagittaria calycina thwaitsii anoplothrysus alba or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or var. var. var. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. var. pratensis x Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Rubus Species WA SA RubusFamily Tas Rubus Vic Rubus Subspecies Alternate riddelsdelli RubusNSW roribaccus RubusQld rubritinctus Rubus rugosus ulmifolius Australian ulmifolius Ruellia vestitus RuelliaRumexRumex squarrosaRumex tuberosa Rumex bucephalophorus Rumex conglomeratus Rumex crispus Rumex frutescens Rumex obtusifolius Ruppia pulcher Ruschia pulcher Dipteracanthus squarrosa RusseliaRuta maritima tumidula Sabal equisetiformis SaccharumSagina graveolens Sagina officinarum palmetto SaginaSagittaria apetala Sagittaria maritima Sagittaria procumbens engelmanniana Sagittaria montevidensis Salix montevidensis platyphylla alba Sagittaria graminea Ruellia aff. malacosperma

176 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Salicaceae + + + Salicaceae + + SalicaceaeSalicaceae + +SalicaceaeSalicaceae + + + + + + + + + + + + + Salicaceae + +nc + SalicaceaeSalicaceaeSalicaceaeSalicaceae +Salicaceae +Salicaceae + +Salicaceae +Salicaceae +SalicaceaeSalicaceae +nc +Salicaceae + + + +nc + + + + + +nc + +nc + Salicaceae +nce +nc +nc + + +Solanaceae 3 + + + +nc +NC 3 1 T? SalicaceaeSalicaceaeSalicaceae + + + + +nc + + +nc + + + + + + Salix x Salix Salix x x Salix babylonica x Salix fragilis Salix viminalis vitellina x in NSW x ‘Fastigiata’ in Vic. Salicaceae + +nc + Salix cinerea vitellina alba Salix viminalis x var. var. Salix matsudana x fragilis , var. var. var. Salix caprea var. var. oleifolia . fragilis chrysochoma babylonica Possibly atrocinerea var ssp. fragilis x New Zealand hybrid willowNew Zealand hybrid Salicaceae + +nc Salix Salix nigra cv. Tortuosa cv. x x oleifolia cinerea chrysocoma Salix alba sepulcralis Salix alba fragilis fragilis fragilis furcata pyramidalis Salix chilensis vitellina Salix matsudana Salix matsudana var. var. var. or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease ssp. var. var. matsudana var. var. var. Tortuosa cv. x Tortuosa cv. Salicaceae + +nc var. var. x ssp. pendulina Salix babylonica calodendron reichardtiirubrasepulcralis sepulcralis Salix caprea sericans Salix purpurea rubens Salix albens x x x x x x x x Salix SalixSalixSalixSalix cinerea discolor Salix fragilis Salix fragilis SalixSalix fragilis Salix fragilis Salix humboltiana matsudana Salix myricoidesSalix nigra SalixSalix nigra purpurea viminalis Salix Salix glaucophylloides Salix Salix Salix Salix Salpichroa origanifolia Salix Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Salix Species WA SA SalixFamily Tas Salix Vic Salix Alternate Subspecies alba NSW alba Qld babylonica cinerea Australian

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 177 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic T APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Lamiaceae 3 1 1 3 + + + 1 ChenopodiaceaeChenopodiaceae 1 3 3 1 1 1 3RosaceaeRosaceae 1 1 + + + 3Anacardiaceae 1 1 T? T? 3 4Asteraceae + 1 + + 5 3 1 2 3 + 5 1 4 + 3 LamiaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceae +Lamiaceae + + +Salviniaceae 1Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) + 5 +Sambucaceae + 1 Sambucaceae +S + 5Primulaceae + Acanthaceae + + +ncS + 5nce +Dracaenaceae/Agavaceae +NCES + + 5Caryophyllaceae + + +NCESCaryophyllaceaeBignoniaceae + +Dipsacaceae + + + +Apiaceae + + + +NCS +Anacardiaceae + +Poaceae + +NCES 3Poaceae + +NCES 5ncIridaceae + + + + 4 +CyperaceaeCyperaceae + 1 + 3 1 1 + + T + + 4 + 3 + + + + 1 + + + 1 + 1 + + + + 1 + 1 T + + + T Enterolobium saman verbenaca in Vic vernalis pontica tragus magnolii muricata areira Schinus areira, molle abrotanoides or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. ssp. variable sp.; var. & var. ssp. ssp. var. var. Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Salsola Species WA SA SalsolaFamily Tas Salvia Vic Salvia Subspecies Alternate tragus SalviaNSW tragus SalviaQld aethiopis Salvia aurea Salvia Australian coccinea leucantha misellaSalvinia reflexa Sambucus molesta SambucusSamolus canadensis Sanchezia nigra Sanguisorba valerandii Sanguisorba Salvia riparia parvibracteata minor Sansevieria minor SaponariaSaponaria trifasciata Saritaea calabrica Scabiosa officinalis Scandix magnifica Schinus atropurpurea Schinus pecten-veneris Schismus molle Schismus terebinthifolius Schizostylis arabicus Schkuhria barbatus Schoenoplectus coccinea Schoenoplectus californicus pinnata erectus SalviaSamanea verbenaca saman Pithecellobium saman,

178 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 5 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS CyperaceaeCaryophyllaceaePoaceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceae + +ScrophulariaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae)Asteraceae 1 5Asteraceae + 5 3ScrophulariaceaeScrophulariaceae +Lamiaceae + 2 1 3SPoaceae + 1Cucurbitaceae + 1 + 3 + + Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3nc Crassulaceae +Crassulaceae + + 1 5nce +Crassulaceae 1 3SCrassulaceae + + + +Crassulaceae 3 +Crassulaceae + + Crassulaceae 1 1 + + + Selaginellaceae +Selaginellaceae + + + Selaginellaceae + + +Selaginellaceae 1 + + 1 +Selaginellaceae +Selaginaceae + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CyperaceaeFabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) +HyacinthaceaeHyacinthaceae + + + + + + + + + + Crassulaceae + + + + + praealtum ssp. praealtum Sedum dendroideum subvillosuscalcitrapifolialacinata subvillosus Scorpiurus Podospermum resedifolium or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease var. var. var. var. ssp. biformis ? ScirpusScleranthusSclerochloaScolymus annuus pendulus Scolymus dura Scoparia hispanicus Scorpiurus maculatus Scorzonera dulcis Scorzonera muricatus Scrophularia lacinata Scrophularia lacinata auriculataScutellaria nodosa SecaleSechium racemosa SecurigeraSedum cereale edule Sedum variaSedumSedum acre Sedum album Scrophularia aquatica Sedum caespitosum Sedum forsterianum Sedum praealtum Selaginella rupestreSelaginella sediforme Selaginella sexangulare Coronilla varia Selaginella kraussiana Selaginella planaSelago umbrosa willdenovii corymbosa Sedum reflexum planum Lycopodium Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Schoenoplectus Species WA SA Schotia lineolatus Family Tas Scilla Vic Scilla Alternate Subspecies NSW brachypetala Qld hyancinthoides peruviana Australian

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 179 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic T T? APPENDIX 4 5nc T 3 + Naturalised non-native flora +T of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + + +nc SelaginaceaeCactaceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceae +Asteraceae +Asteraceae +Asteraceae +Asteraceae + + Asteraceae +Asteraceae + 5SAsteraceae +Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 5S + 5Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 3S + +Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + + +Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 5ncS 3 + + + +Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 3nce +Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 5nceS + + + + 5Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + 5nce + 3 3S + + + + + 5NC 5nc Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 3 + 2 3Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 3nceS + + 0NEFabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + 5Taxodiaceae 3 1 + 2XncSSapindaceae + + Pedaliaceae + 4nc +SPoaceae 3Poaceae + + Poaceae + T Poaceae + 5Poaceae 0?nc + Poaceae T + + + 3c + 5nc + + + + 3 T + + 5 + + + + T 1 3 + + 0?nc 3 T + + 5 5 + + + + 1 + 5 3 + + misapplied Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) 2 2 + floribunda x glabrata or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or var. var. Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Selago Species WA SA SelenicereusFamily Tas Senecio macdonaldiae Vic Senecio Subspecies Alternate thunbergii SenecioNSW angulatus SenecioQld crassiflorus Senecio elegans Senecio Australian glastifolius Senecio jacobaea Senecio macroglossus Senecio madagascariensis Senecio pterophorus Senna tamoides Senna vulgaris SennaSenna alata Senna corymbosa Senna didymobotrya Senna hirsuta Senna multiglandulosa Senna obtusifolia Senna occidentalis Senna pendula Senna septemtrionalisSequoia siameaSerjania spectabilis Sesamum tora sempervirens Setaria exarata Setaria indicumSetariaSetaria barbata Senna Setaria incrassata Setaria italica Cassia siamea palmifolia parviflora poiretiana Sesamum orientale Setaria gracilis, geniculatus

180 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX + + 4 Naturalised non-native flora +5 +5 +0 of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS PoaceaePoaceaeRutaceaeRubiaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceae 5Malvaceae 3 + 1Malvaceae 1 5Malvaceae 1 +Malvaceae + + +?Malvaceae 4nc 4Malvaceae 3 5 + Malvaceae 1 5 5 + Malvaceae 1 5Poaceae 3 4 5 Asteraceae + 1 + Caryophyllaceae 4 3Caryophyllaceae + 1 + + 4Caryophyllaceae + 5 5 3 2 2Caryophyllaceae 1Caryophyllaceae 1 3Caryophyllaceae 1 3 3 + 3 Caryophyllaceae 1Caryophyllaceae 1 5 1Caryophyllaceae 3 3 1Caryophyllaceae 5nc 3Caryophyllaceae 3 5NC 1 1 5 + 1 + 5nc 3 + 1 + + + 1 5NC + + 3 1 1 + 5 NC 1 + + 1 1 2 3 1 + + 1 3 1 + 1 3 1 + 1 1 + 3 1 + 1 + 1 PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaePoaceae + 3 + + 2 1 + + 2 3 + 3 2 + + acuta mutica var. var. var. var. misapplied Caryophyllaceae 1 1 Sida carpinifolia Sida cordifolia (in WA) atherophora magnifica Sida magnifica, Sida dallachyi, occidentalis rohlenae pallidefusca pumila carpinifolia gallica quinquevulnera sericea splendida or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. var. var. ssp. ssp. var. var. SetariaSetariaSeveriniaSherardia verticillata Sida viridis buxifolia Sida arvensis Sida acuta Sida atherophora Sida atherophora SidaSida cordifolia Sida pusillaSida rhombifolia Sida rohlenae Sieglingia rohlenae Sigesbeckia spinosaSilene decumbens subcordata Silene orientalis SileneSilene apetala Silene armeria Sida parvifolia Silene atocioidesSilene conica Silene dichotoma Silene Danthonia decumbens dioica Malvinda spinosa Silene gallica Silene gallica Silene latifolia longicaulis noctiflora Silene shafta nocturna Silene pratensis, Silene alba Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Setaria Species WA SA SetariaFamily Tas Setaria Vic Setaria Alternate Subspecies pumila NSW pumila Qld sphacelata sphacelata Australian

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 181 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS CaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceae + 5 1 + 3 5 2 4NC + CaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceaeCaryophyllaceae 1 1Asteraceae 1BrassicaceaeBrassicaceaeFabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) +Brassicaceae 5Brassicaceae 5Brassicaceae 5 + +? Brassicaceae 4Brassicaceae 1 +Brassicaceae 2 3Brassicaceae 5 5Iridaceae 1 5 5 1 5 5 + 5nc + 4 1 5 + 3 3 5 1 5NCSolanaceae 1 5 + 2 5 5Solanaceae 5 3 5 3Solanaceae 5 +Solanaceae + 5 + 1Solanaceae 5nc 5Solanaceae 1 + +Solanaceae 5 5 + 2 5Solanaceae 3 1 3 1Solanaceae + + + 1 T 2 1 1Solanaceae + 1 5S + 5c + + 1 5 T + + 5c T 1 2S 3 1 + + + 1 + 5nceS 1 + + + 5nceS T + + T? 5NCS 3S 3S 1 T 1 T J. H. Willis Solanaceae + + + exile in WA Iridaceae + + + + T? Sisyrinchium (in Qld) Solanaceae 3 3 + + + 3 uniflora vulgaris nodiflorum G. Carr has specimen, Hussey spec. – possibly P. Iridaceae + + + or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. ssp. not the same species ssp. . sp. A sp Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Silene Species WA SA SileneFamily Tas Silene Vic Silene Subspecies Alternate pendula SileneNSW pseudo-atocion SilybumQld tridentata Sinapis uniflora Sinapis Australian vulgaris marianum SindoraSisymbrium alba Sisymbrium arvensis Sisymbrium altissimum supa Sisymbrium erysimoides Sisymbrium irio Sisymbrium officinale Sisymbrium orientale Sisyrinchium runcinatum thellungii iridifolium Sisyrinchium SolanumSolanumSolanum abutiloides Solanum americanum Solanum betaceumSolanum capsicoides Solanum chenopodioides Solanum dimidiatum Solanum dulcamara Solanum elaeagnifolium Solanum erianthum Solanum ferox furcatum Cyphomandra betacea hispidum Solanum douglasii sensu Sisyrinchium

182 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management T T (cyanide?) for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 5T? 4 Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS SolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceae 3Solanaceae 3Solanaceae 2Solanaceae 1 3SolanaceaeSolanaceae +Urticaceae 3 2 +Asteraceae 5 3 Asteraceae + 5SAsteraceae 3nce 3 + 2Asteraceae 2 +Asteraceae 1 + 3nce +Asteraceae + + + 5Asteraceae 5Asteraceae 5 + 1Asteraceae 2 5 (turf) 0?Malaceae 5 (turf) 5 2 +Malaceae 3 5 (turf) + 2Poaceae 1 5 (turf) 2 5 1Poaceae 1 1 + 0XES 1Poaceae + 2 1Poaceae + 5 2 + + + 5 1 1 T? 3 5 + + 2 + + + 1 T 5 5 + 5 1 1 5 + + + + 3 1 + + 5 3 3 T 0? 1 3nce 1 1 + 3 1 + 5 + + + 1 1 T 3 5 1 T (cyanide?), ID T (cyanide), ID SolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceae + 5 2 + 3 1 + 3 3 + 3 3nce 1 + +NC 4 2 + 5nc T T T misapplied, Solanaceae 3 1 3 1 + 1 arundinaceum bicolor ssp. ssp. Solanum nitidibaccatum correctly applied name Solanaceae + + asper glaucescens nitidibaccatum Solanum sarrachioides scabra Solidago altissima or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease very variable species var. Solanaceaevar. 5 5ssp. ssp. 5 5 5 2 3+ 1 T? SolanumSolanum nigrum Solanum physalifolium SolanumSolanum pseudocapsicumSolanum radicansSolanum retroflexum Solanum rostratum Solanum sarrachoides Solanum seaforthianum Solanum sisymbriifolium Solanum Solanum capsicastrum torvum Soleirolia triflorum Solidago villosum Soliva Solanum palitans soleirolii Soliva canadensis SolivaSonchus anthemifolia Sonchus sessilisSonchus stolonifera arvensis Sonchus asper Sonchus asper Sorbus oleraceus Sorbus tenerrimus SorghumSorghum aucupariaSorghum domestica arundinaceumSorghum Soliva pterosperma bicolor brevicarinatum halepense Pyrus aucuparia Sorghum bicolor Sorghum bicolor Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Solanum Species WA SA SolanumFamily Tas Solanum jasminoides Vic Solanum Alternate Subspecies linnaeanumNSW marginatum Qld mauritianum Australian Solanum hermannii

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 183 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Poaceae + + + +Malaceae T (cyanide?) + + Poaceae 5S 1 3S 5S + 3S 4S 1 PoaceaePoaceaeIridaceae +Iridaceae 5Iridaceae + 4Poaceae +Poaceae + Fabaceae (Faboideae) +nceBignoniaceae +Caryophyllaceae +Caryophyllaceae +Caryophyllaceae + +Caryophyllaceae + 5Caryophyllaceae 2Caryophyllaceae + 1Caryophyllaceae + 1 1 +Caryophyllaceae + +Rubiaceae + 1Rubiaceae 1 + 1 +Rubiaceae 1 + + +Asteraceae + +Hypoxidaceae + 1 5 1 + 1Malaceae + + 2 + +Malaceae 1 + + +XS 5 1 T (cyanide) 1 + 3 1 + + +XS + 1Poaceae + 1 1 2 + 1 1 + 5c + 1 3 + 3 1 1 + + + 1 + 1 + + + T + 3 capensis, drummondii, . plena var. var. Spartina maritima according to GRIN Spergula villosa var x ssp. misapplied Iridaceae + + + + + Sorghum halepense x sp. 2, Sorghum arundinaceum x Sorghum sudanense, Sorghum halepense Sorghum bicolor bicolor Spartina alterniflora Spiraea prunifolia Sporobolus capensis in Qld Sparganiaceae + + + + stoloniferum or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. Plena cv. almum townsendii billardii drummondii Sorghum bicolor x x x x Sporobolus africanus Sporobolus indicus Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Sorghum Species WA SA Sorghum Family Tas miliaceum Vic Subspecies Alternate NSW SparaxisQld SparaxisSparaxis Australian bulbifera Sparaxis grandiflora Sparganium pillansiiSpartina villosa Spartina erectum Spartium anglica SpathodeaSpergula junceum Spergula campanulata Spergularia arvensis Spergularia pentandra Spergularia bocconii Sparaxis tricolor Spergularia diandra Spergularia levisSpergularia media Spermacoce rubra Spermacoce villosa assurgens Spermacoce mauritiana Sphagneticola verticillata Spiloxene trilobataSpiraeaSpiraea capensis Spiraea Spergula levis cantoniensis prunifolia Sporobolus Spergularia coromandelianus trilobata Wedelia Sorghum

184 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 5nc 3nc 5S 5nc 4 Naturalised non-native flora + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS VerbenaceaeVerbenaceae + + + + LamiaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceaeLamiaceae 5 +Verbenaceae 0?Verbenaceae 4 +Verbenaceae + 5 5Caryophyllaceae 5Caryophyllaceae 3Caryophyllaceae 2 5Poaceae + +Acanthaceae + 5Amaryllidaceae 5 3AsteraceaeFabaceae (Faboideae) + 4Fabaceae (Faboideae) + 1 + +Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + 3+ 3 + 2Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 + 0? + 5 3Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + +Chenopodiaceae 3+ 5Chenopodiaceae + + 3+ 2Chenopodiaceae + +Chenopodiaceae 5 + 2 + +Brassicaceae T + 3 + + 1 + + 1 5nc + 5 1 + + 1 + + + T + + 3+ 3+ 3 3+ + 5 + 3+ 3 3 + Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 + 3+ 5 PoaceaePoaceaePoaceae 5S 5S 5S 5S Verbenaceae 5ncS 5ncS 1 4XnceS 5 2 5S 3S Poaceae 5S 5S 5nceS + . Willd misapplied jacquemontii pyramidalis major var. var. var. var. Stachytarpheta cayennensis Stylosanthes mucronata auct. non Sporobolus pyramidalis Sporobolus pyramidalis Sporobolus pyramidalis maritima intermedia or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease var. var. ssp. adulterina trimenii x x StachysStachysStachys arvensis Stachys byzantina Stachys germanica Stachytarpheta palustris Stachytarpheta australis sylvatica Stachytarpheta cayennensisStachytarpheta jamaicensis Stachytarpheta mutabilis Stachytarpheta StellariaStellariaStellaria graminea Stenotaphrum Stachytarpheta urticifolia media Stephanophysum secundatum longifolium pallida SternbergiaSteviaStylosanthes lutea Stylosanthes guianensis Stylosanthes eupatoria guianensis Stylosanthes hamata Stylosanthes humilis Stylosanthes Ruellia brevifolia, Ruellia graecizans scabra Suaeda viscosa SuaedaSuaedaSuaeda aegyptyaca Succowia baccifera linifolia maritima balearica Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Sporobolus Species WA SA SporobolusFamily Tas Sporobolus fertilis Vic Sporobolus Alternate Subspecies jacquemontii NSW natalensis Qld pyramidalis Australian Sporobolus indicus

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 185 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic & butter APPENDIX 4 + Naturalised non-native flora of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Asteraceae 1Asteraceae 1 1 1 1 Asteraceae + + Fabaceae (Faboideae)ArecaceaeCaprifoliaceae 1Boraginaceae +Euphorbiaceae +Asteraceae +Asteraceae + + Araceae +OleaceaeMyrtaceae + 3Myrtaceae + + PoaceaeAsteraceae + 3 0? + + +Portulacaceae + +Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) + 1 +Tamaricaceae 1 3 + Tamaricaceae + Tamaricaceae + + +Asteraceae 2Asteraceae 5S +Asteraceae +Asteraceae + 3 2XSAsteraceae + + + + Asteraceae 3 +S + 3Asteraceae 1 +Asteraceae + + 0? 3Asteraceae T + + + + + 1 3 (turf) 1 1 + 3 + 3 + 3 + + 1 + + + 3+S + 5ncS + 3 + + + + + milk Taints 1 2 + 3 2 (turf) T x Boraginaceae + + T? Symphytum officinale or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or uplandicum Symphytum asperum species 1 x Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Sutherlandia Species WA SA SyagrusFamily Tas frutescens Symphoricarpos Vic Symphytum Subspecies Alternate orbiculatus romanzoffiana NSW officinale Qld SynadeniumSynedrella Australian grantii SynedrellopsisSyngonium nodiflora grisebachii SyringaSyzygium podophyllum SyzygiumTaeniatherum vulgaris cumini jambos caput-medusae TalinumTamarindusTamarix paniculatum Tamarix indica Tamarix aphylla Tanacetum indica Tanacetum Eugenia cumini ramosissimaTanacetum boreale Eugenia jambos Taraxacum parthenium Taraxacum vulgare Taraxacum bracteatum Taraxacum kok-saghyz Taraxacum officinale Taraxacum pseudo-calocephalum Taraxacum Sect. Celtica pentandra Tamarix Taraxacum Sect. Erythrosperma Taraxacum Sect. Hamata Sect. Ruderalia Symphytum Tagetes minuta

186 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 2 4 Naturalised non-native flora + + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS BignoniaceaeBrassicaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 +Fabaceae (Faboideae) + +Fabaceae (Faboideae) +Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + +Fabaceae (Faboideae) + +Fabaceae (Faboideae) + 2 +Fabaceae (Faboideae) + +Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Aizoaceae + + + +Aizoaceae + + + + Araliaceae + + LamiaceaePoaceae +ApocynaceaePoaceae + 3 + + 1 5S + 2 + Brassicaceae 4S +Acanthaceae + + T Acanthaceae 3S + + 2 + 2 2 + + 2nce + + + + 5NCS 1 T AsteraceaeBignoniaceaeBignoniaceae 1 + + + + 1 + + - Poaceae 1 + + 1 borealis Elytrigia ), E.juncea ssp. ssp. -us or (or junceiformis boreali-atlantica, Agropyron misapplied in NSW name was misapplied in NSW, is it misapplied in WA? Aizoaceae + junceiforme, Thinopyrum junceum atlanticum Bignonia guarume microptera or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease var. var. TecomaTeesdaliaTephrosia stansTephrosia nudicaulis Tephrosia candida Tephrosia elegansTephrosia glomerulifloraTephrosia grandiflora Tephrosia inandensis Tephrosia nanaTephrosia noctifloraTeramnus tinctoriaTetragonia stans Tecomaria vogelii labialis Cracca glomeruliflora Tetragonia Cracca elegans decumbensTetragonia microptera Tetrapanax nigrescens TeucriumThemeda Cracca noctiflora Cracca nana papyrifer Thevetia Cracca tinctoria scorodonia Thinopyrum quadrivalvis Cracca vogelii Thinopyrum nigrescens Tetragonia Glycine labialis peruviana distichum junceiformeThlaspiThunbergiaThunbergia arvense alata grandiflora Cascabela thevetia Agropyron distichum Elymus farctus Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Taraxacum Species WA SA TecomaFamily Tas species group 1 Vic Tecoma Alternate Subspecies alataNSW Qld capensis Australian guarume, alata, Tecoma Tecomaria capensis Tecomaria

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 187 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic T T APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS AcanthaceaeThymelaeaceaeLamiaceaeBromeliaceaeFabaceae (Faboideae) + +AsteraceaeAsteraceae + +Asteraceae + +NCE ApiaceaeApiaceae + +Apiaceae + +Anacardiaceae 2Campanulaceae + + Asphodelaceae + + +Arecaceae + 1 +Boraginaceae + + +Commelinaceae + 3Commelinaceae 1Commelinaceae + +Asteraceae + + + Asteraceae 2 + + +NCE Asteraceae +Euphorbiaceae + + +Cyperaceae + + + 1 +Aizoaceae + 1Poaceae +nc 1 +Poaceae +Poaceae + + +Poaceae + + 1 + + 5Zygophyllaceae + + + 1 Asteraceae 1 + + + 1 + 5Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + 5 + + + 1 3 + 3 5 + + 2 5 + 1 + 1 + T 3nce + + + 1 5NC + + 3 4 5NC + T + T 3 Tolpis umbellata Tolpis includes discolor Rhoeo spathacea, Tradescantia pendula, Zebrina pendula Tradescantia in Q Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + + serotinum or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or var. var. Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Thunbergia Species WA SA ThymelaeaFamily Tas Thymus laurifolia Vic Tillandsia Subspecies Alternate passerina TipuanaNSW vulgaris TithoniaQld usneoides Tithonia tipu Tolpis Australian diversifolia Tordylium rotundifolia TorilisTorilis barbata apulum ToxicodendronTrachelium succedaneum arvensis Trachyandra nodosa Trachycarpus caeruleum divaricata Trachystemon fortunei Tradescantia orientalis Tradescantia fluminensisTradescantia spathacea Tragopogon zebrina TragopogonTragopogon dubius Triadica hybridus Trianoptiles porrifolius TrianthemaTribolium sebifera solitaria albiflora Tradescantia Tribolium portulacastrum Tribolium acutiflorum Tribolium echinatum Tribulus obliterum Tridax uniolae Trifolium terrestris Trifolium procumbens Sapium sebiferum, Croton sebiferum alexandrinum ambiguum

188 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic & with fungus) & bloat) APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora 3+ 3+ 3+ of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 + +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 3+Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 3+ + 1Fabaceae (Faboideae) + 3+ +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 3+ + + 1 1Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + +Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ 1 + 3 +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ 1 + 1 3+ 3+ + 1 + 3 + 3+ 3c +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 1 + 3cFabaceae (Faboideae) 1Fabaceae (Faboideae) + 3 + + Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1 3+ Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 + + 3+ Fabaceae (Faboideae) + 3+ 1 3+ Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 3+ 3+ T (oestrogenic) + + 3 + 3 3c + T (oestrogenic) 1 + 1 + 3 3 3+ 1 1 3+ + + 3+ 3c + + 1 + 1 + 1 1 + 3c T (oestrogenic 3+ 1 3c Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 + 1 3 1 + 3 1 1 3 1 3 + 3 + 1 + 1 3+ 1 3c 3c in Qld & Vic (Faboideae) Fabaceae 5 (turf) 5 3 3 + 1 3c T (oestrogenic sativum burchellianum fragiferum pulchellum hybridum incarnatum lappaceum majus resupinatum stellatum angustifolium arvense campestre repens or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease var. var. var. var. var. var. mostly var. var. var. var. var. var. var. ssp. var. var. TrifoliumTrifoliumTrifolium cernuum Trifolium cherleri Trifolium dubium Trifolium fragiferum Trifolium fragiferum Trifolium globosum Trifolium glomeratum Trifolium hirtum Trifolium hybridum Trifolium incarnatum Trifolium lappaceum Trifolium ligusticum Trifolium medium Trifolium michelianum Trifolium micranthum Trifolium microdon Trifolium ornithopodioides pilulare pratense TrifoliumTrifoliumTrifolium resupinatum Trifolium resupinatum Trifolium rubens Trifolium scabrum Trifolium spumosum squamosum stellatum Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Trifolium Species WA SA TrifoliumFamily Tas Trifolium angustifolium Vic Trifolium Alternate Subspecies arvense NSW burchellianum Qld campestre Australian Trifolium repens

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 189 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora +5 of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ 1 + 3 + 2 3+ Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ 1Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) +Campanulaceae 3+ +Scrophulariaceae 1PoaceaeMelastomataceae + + +Poaceae +Iridaceae +Iridaceae + + +Iridaceae +Tiliaceae + 1Tiliaceae + 3 1 + Tiliaceae +Tropaeolaceae + 1 + + 3+ + 5 + + Alliaceae + + 3+ Convolvulaceae + 1 + 5 +Turneraceae + 1 + Brassicaceae + 3+ + 2 +Typhaceae +Fabaceae (Faboideae) + +Ulmaceae + 5 2 + +Ulmaceae + 5S +Ulmaceae + + + 1Poaceae + + + 3c (in following crop) + 5nceS + + + D + + 5nceS + 5 5NCS + + + + + 4NCS 4 + 5 + 3NCS +NC 1 5 + + + 5 T T Tropaeolum Tropaeolum minor Tropaeolum & (native of Ecuador & Peru) corymbosus, Rivea corymbosa hybrid between ferreyrae (in Tas) Ulmaceae + + + + + hollandica tomentosum var. var. or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or many cultivars and forms var. Fabaceae (Faboideae) 5 1 1 5 + 1 3c T (oestrogenic) hollandica x Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Trifolium Species WA SA TrifoliumFamily Tas Trifolium striatum Vic Trifolium Subspecies Alternate subterraneum TrifoliumNSW suffocatum TrifoliumQld tomentosum Trigonella uniflorum Triodanis Australian vesiculosum Triphysaria monspeliaca Trisetum perfoliata Tristemma pusilla Triticum flavescens Tritonia mauritianum Tritonia aestivum TritoniaTriumfetta crocata Triumfetta lineata Triumfetta squalida pentandra pilosa rhomboidea Tulbaghia violacea TurneraTurritisTyphaUlex ulmifolia Ulmus glabra Ulmus latifolia Ulmus europaeus Ulmus minor Urochloa parviflora procera mosambicensis Tropaeolum majus Turbina corymbosa Ipomoea corymbosa, Convolvulus

190 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora 3 + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS AsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceaeAsteraceaeUrticaceae 1Urticaceae 3 Lentibulariaceae +Caryophyllaceae 1 + Valerianaceae +Valerianaceae + 3Valerianaceae + 3ValerianaceaeValerianaceae 1 + 2Asteraceae 1 1 1Scrophulariaceae + +Scrophulariaceae 1 3Scrophulariaceae + 1Scrophulariaceae 2 3 + Scrophulariaceae 1 3 + Verbenaceae 1 3 1 5Verbenaceae 3 1Verbenaceae + 1 +Verbenaceae 4 1 1 + +Verbenaceae 1 1Verbenaceae 1 3 + 1 Verbenaceae 3S 3 + 4 2 1Verbenaceae 3 3 3 1 1 Verbenaceae 1 1 3 3 + 1S 3 3 5nce + 1 3 1 1 3 + 1 1 3 1 3 3 3S + 3 5 1 3 + T + + T 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 1 + + + 3 3c 3 5 + 3c 1 1 1 + 1 + + T? + T? 1 T? T? PoaceaePoaceaePoaceaeAsteraceae + 5 + + + 5 + 3 1 + 1 + in the USA aristigera thapsus panicoides pubescens or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease ssp. var. var. var. UrospermumUrsinia picroides UrsiniaUrsiniaUrtica anthemoidesUrtica chrysanthemoides Utricularia speciosa Vaccaria dioica Valerianella urens gibba Valerianella hispanicaValerianella discoidea Valerianella eroicarpa Arctotis anthemoides Valerianella locusta Vellereophyton muricata Verbascum rimosa dealbatum VerbascumVerbascum blattaria Verbascum creticum Verbascum pyramidata Vaccaria sinuatum Verbena thapsus virgatum Verbena aristigeraVerbenaVerbena bonariensis Verbena caracasana Verbena hispida Verbena incompta Verbena litoralis Verbena officinalis quadrangularis tenuisecta, Glandularia Verbena rigida Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Urochloa Species WA SA UrochloaFamily Tas Urochloa oligotricha Vic Urospermum Alternate Subspecies panicoides NSW dalechampii panicoides Qld Australian

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 191 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora + of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Verbenaceae + + Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2 3 3 1 + 3 3 + 3 2 3c 1 3c Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3Fabaceae (Faboideae) 2Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 3+Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 2 3 3Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 + 3 3+ 1 + 3 + + 3 3 3 + 2 + 1 3+ 1 3+ VerbenaceaeVerbenaceae 3 + EuphorbiaceaeScrophulariaceaeScrophulariaceaeScrophulariaceae +Scrophulariaceae 1 3Scrophulariaceae 3Scrophulariaceae + +?Scrophulariaceae 1 3Scrophulariaceae 1 +Scrophulariaceae + 1Caprifoliaceae 3 +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 +Fabaceae (Faboideae) + +Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3 1 + + 2 Fabaceae (Faboideae) + 3 1 + + + + 3 + 3 1 + + + 1 3 + 1 1 1Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + + 3 1 + 2 1 Fabaceae (Faboideae) + + Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 + + 2Fabaceae (Faboideae) 1 1 + + + 1 + + + + + 1 + 2 + 3c 3 + 2 T V. littoralis V. monantha angustifolia Verbena & ssp. ssp. hybrid between quadrangularis in Asteraceae 5 2 5 1 1 3+ 3 T encelioides monanthatriflora cordata villosa Vicia nigrasativa eriocarpa Vicia sativa villosa radiata Phaseolus radiatus or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or ssp. & NSW Vic ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. ssp. var. brasiliensis x Verbena Verbesina encelioides Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Verbena Species WA SA VerbenaFamily Tas supina Vic Subspecies Alternate urticifolia NSW Qld VerniciaVeronica Australian Veronica fordii Veronica anagallis-aquatica Veronica arvensis Veronica catenata Veronica hederifolia Veronica officinalis Veronica peregrina Veronica persica Viburnum scutellata Vicia serpyllifolia Vicia tinus ViciaVicia benghalensis Vicia cracca Vicia disperma Vicia hirsuta Vicia monantha Vicia monantha Vicia sativa Vicia sativa Vicia sativaVigna tetrasperma Vigna villosa Vigna villosa ssp. Vigna adenantha hosei mungo radiata Phaseolus adenanthus Dolichos hosei Phaseolus mungo

192 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management T (nitrate) for Insect Pests (I) for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora 0? 3 + +T 3+ of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Apocynaceae +Apocynaceae +ViolaceaeViolaceae + Violaceae 3 + Poaceae +Poaceae + 1Poaceae +Poaceae + 2Poaceae 5Haemodoraceae 3Haemodoraceae 2Campanulaceae + 2 5Arecaceae + 5 0? + Arecaceae + 5 + 3Iridaceae + 5 1 3 + 1 3 + 1 + + +Iridaceae 5 5 + Iridaceae 3 1 5 + + 5 5Iridaceae + 3Asteraceae + 5Hydrophyllaceae 3 + 5Hydrophyllaceae + + 3 5 T? 3c + 1 3 + + 1 3 + 3 + 1XS 3+ + 5c T 5c 5ncS + + + + 1 + + + 3ncS + + + 3S + 1 + + Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae)Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+Fabaceae (Faboideae) 3+ + + + + + + Poaceae 5 3+ + (native) 3 3 + 5 3+ in WA sp. A in Cooke, Iridaceaesp. B in Cooke, Iridaceae + + + + + + + + Vulpia membranacea includes D.A. (1986) Fl. Australia 46: 42. D.A. (1986) Fl. Australia 46: 42. megaluramyuros megalura Vulpia dekindtianaunguiculata dekindtiana Vigna Dolichos unguiculatus cylindrica Phaseolus cylindrica bulbillifera merianaalba Watsonia caracasana Wigandia caracasana setulosa Phaseolus setulosus or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating (D) or Disease ssp. ssp. form form var. var. var. var. var. var. ssp. VignaVignaVincaVinca unguiculata Viola unguiculata Viola major Viola minor Vulpia arvensis Vulpia odorata Vulpia riviniana Vulpia bromoides Vulpia ciliata Vulpia fasciculata Wachendorfia muralis Wachendorfia myuros paniculata Wahlenbergia myuros thyrsiflora Washingtonia capensis Washingtonia filifera Watsonia robusta Watsonia aletroides Watsonia borbonicaWatsoniaWatsonia marginata meriana Watsonia meriana WedeliaWigandia versfeldii Wigandia glauca urens Watsonia urens Hydrolea urens Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for for GenusHarbour NT names Vigna Species WA SA VignaFamily Tas Vigna Vic Vigna Alternate Subspecies radiata NSW trilobataQld umbellata unguiculata Australian Dolichos trilobatus Dolichos umbellatus

Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management 193 for Insect Pests (I) (T) or Toxic T? T T (nitrate) T APPENDIX 4 Naturalised non-native flora +T of Australia

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS Poaceae 2 1 1 1 + 2 Poaceae + + Fabaceae (Faboideae)Solanaceae 0?Asteraceae + 5 + 5nce AsteraceaeAgavaceae 0? AgavaceaeAgavaceaeScrophulariaceae 5 + Araceae +Poaceae + 3+ 5NC 0?Amaryllidaceae + 5nceAmaryllidaceae 5Zingiberaceae + + + 5nceZingiberaceaeAsteraceae + 2NCEAsteraceae +Rhamnaceae + 5NC + 1 + + + + + + 5NC 1 + 5 + 5NC + 1 3 4NC T? 1 0? + 1 + 3+ 5nc T T 3nc 5nce , ; Asteraceae 5, Asteraceae 5 5nce 5NC 5nce 5nce 4NC 5NC 5NC T , Asteraceae 5 1 5nce italicum cavanillesii cavanillesii Xanthium in USA Amaryllidaceae + + ssp. ssp. var. , Part of Asteraceae 5 5nce 5nce 0 T Polypogon , x strumarium mexicana ssp. ssp. Xanthium strumarium Xanthium strumarium Xanthium strumarium italicum italicum, Xanthium pungens Part of Xanthium strumarium Part of Xanthium strumarium monspieliensis, Polypogon littoralis Xanthium strumarium Xanthium strumarium ssp. x ssp. Xanthium strumarium strumarium Part of or variety and notes rating rating rating rating rating rating rating rating Disease (D) or Agropogon littoralis Agrostis stolonifera Xanthium cavanillesii Xanthium occidentale Genus Species Subspecies Alternate names Family Australian Qld NSW Vic Tas SA WA NT Harbour for GenusHarbour NT names Wisteria Species WA SA WithaniaFamily Tas sinensis Vic Subspecies Alternate somnifera XanthiumNSW Qld ambrosioides Australian Glycine sinensis XanthiumYuccaYucca spinosum YuccaZaluzianskya aloifolia Zantedeschia filamentosa divaricata Zea gloriosa aethiopica ZeaZephyranthesZephyranthes candida mays Zephyranthes drummondii mexicanaZingiber grandiflora ZingiberZinnia officinale Zinnia zerumbet Ziziphus elegans peruviana mauritiana Cooperia pedunculata Zea mays Zinnia violacea x Xanthium orientale Xanthium californicum Xanthium italicum

194 Weed Categories for Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Management Weeds currently cost Australia billions of dollars each year in lost agricultural production. They also cause untold damage to Australian native species and ecosystems. Many introduced plants are waiting in the wings with the potential to become future weeds. This book brings together the current knowledge on the 2700 non-native plants that have naturalised in Australia. Each species is assessed for its impact or potential impact as a weed of natural and agricultural ecosystems. The authors recommend some species as targets for eradication programs. Eradication at relatively low cost is feasible for some species if action is taken before they become invasive and spread widely. Such action could save Australia from huge future losses. The authors are drawn from all of the States and Territories of Australia and are scientific experts on weeds and the Australian flora. The information they present here will be invaluable for weed managers, other decision makers and researchers concerned with natural resource management at a local, regional or national level.