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1 Supplementary Information for Invasive Grasses Increase Supplementary Information For Invasive grasses increase fire occurrence and frequency across U.S. ecoregions Emily J. Fusco1*, John T. Finn2, Jennifer K. Balch3,4, R. Chelsea Nagy3, Bethany A. Bradley1,2 Affiliations: 1 Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts- Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, USA 2 Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts- Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, USA 3 Earth Lab, University of Colorado- Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA 4 Department of Geography, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA Correspondence to: [email protected] This PDF file includes: Figure S1 Tables S1 to S4 SI References 1 www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1908253116 Supplemental Table S1: A list of 176 non-native invasive grass and other graminoid species as listed by the Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States (1). For each species, we conducted a Web of Science (WOS) search and recorded whether there was literature suggesting the species altered fire regimes (Yes/No). For each fire promoting species in WOS, we supplemented our determination of whether that species was a fire promoter using the Fire Effects Information System (FEIS; 2). For each species designated as a fire promoter, we searched for available spatial data, and kept only species that were both fire-promoting with spatial data for our analysis. Final species used are highlighted in yellow. WOS FEIS Fire Data Keep for Scientific Name Common Name(s) Search Database Promoter Available Analysis Achnatherum punagrass No - No - No brachychaetum Godr. Barkworth Aegilops cylindrica Host jointed goatgrass No - No - No Aegilops ovate goatgrass No - No - No geniculata Roth Aegilops triuncialis L. barb goatgrass No - No - No Agropyron cristatum L. crested wheatgrass No - No - No Gaertn. Agropyron desert wheatgrass Yes Yes Yes No No desertorum Fisch. ex Link J.A. Schultes Agropyron fragile Roth Siberian wheatgrass No - No - No P. Candargy Agrostis avenacea J.F. Pacific bentgrass No - No - No Gmel. Agrostis capillaris L. colonial bentgrass No - No - No Agrostis gigantea Roth redtop No - No - No Agrostis stolonifera L. creeping bentgrass No - No - No Aira caryophyllea L. silver hairgrass No - No - No Alopecurus creeping meadow No - No - No arundinaceus Poir. foxtail Alopecurus water foxtail No - No - No geniculatus L. Alopecurus slender meadow No - No - No myosuroides Huds. foxtail Alopecurus pratensis L. meadow foxtail No - No - No Ammophila arenaria L. European No - No - No Link beachgrass Anthoxanthum sweet vernalgrass Yes No No - No odoratum L. Arrhenatherum tall oatgrass Yes No No - No elatius L. Beauv. ex J.& K. Presl 2 Arthraxon small carpetgrass, No - No - No hispidus Thunb. Makino joint-head grass Arundo donax L. giant reed Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Avena barbata Pott ex slender oat No - No - No Link Avena fatua L. wild oat No - No - No Avena sativa L. oat No - No - No Bambusa common bamboo Yes No Yes No No vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl. Brachypodium annual false-brome No - No - No distachyon L. Beauv. Brachypodium perennial false- Yes No No - No sylvaticum Huds. brome Beauv. Briza maxima L. big quakinggrass No - No - No Briza minor L. little quakinggrass No - No - No Bromus arvensis L. field brome No - No - No Bromus rattlesnake brome No - No - No briziformis Fisch. & C.A. Mey. Bromus rescuegrass No - No - No catharticus Vahl Bromus diandrus Roth ripgut brome No - No - No Bromus hordeaceus L. soft brome No - No - No Bromus inermis Leyss. smooth brome No - No - No Bromus Japanese brome No - No - No japonicus Thunb. Bromus racemosus L. bald brome No - No - No Bromus rubens L. red brome Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Bromus secalinus L. rye brome No - No - No Bromus sterilis L. poverty brome No - No - No Bromus tectorum L. cheatgrass Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Carex kobomugi Ohwi Japanese sedge No - No - No Carex pendula Huds. hanging sedge No - No - No Cenchrus crimson No - No - No setaceus Forssk. fountaingrass Morrone Coix lacryma-jobi L. Job's tears No - No - No Cortaderia jubata Lem. purple pampasgrass No - No - No Stapf Cortaderia Uruguayan pampas No - No - No selloana Schult. & grass 3 Schult. f. Asch. & Graebn. Cynodon dactylon L. bermudagrass No - No - No Pers Cynosurus echinatus L. hedgehog Yes No Yes No No dogtailgrass Cyperus deeprooted sedge No - No - No entrerianus Boeckl. Cyperus esculentus L. yellow nutsedge No - No - No Cyperus umbrella plant No - No - No involucratus Rottb Cyperus prolifer Lam miniature flatsedge No - No - No Cyperus rotundus L. purple nutsedge No - No - No Dactylis glomerata L. orchardgrass No - No - No Dactyloctenium crowfootgrass No - No - No aegyptium L. Willd Digitaria eriantha Steud. pangolagrass No - No - No Digitaria smooth crabgrass No - No - No ischaemum Schreb. Schreb. ex Muhl. Digitaria sanguinalis L. large crabgrass No - No - No Scop Digitaria setigera Roth East Indian No - No - No ex Roemer & J.A. crabgrass Schultes Digitaria violascens Link violet crabgrass No - No - No Echinochloa colona L. junglerice No - No - No Link Echinochloa crus- barnyardgrass No - No - No galli L. Beauv Ehrharta calycina Sm. perennial veldtgrass Yes No Yes No No Ehrharta erecta Lam. panic veldtgrass No - No - No Ehrharta longiflora Sm. longflowered No - No - No veldtgrass Eleusine indica L. goosegrass No - No - No Gaertn. Elymus repens L. Gould quackgrass No - No - No Elymus sibiricus L. Siberian wildrye No - No - No Eragrostis stinkgrass No - No - No cilianensis All. Vign. ex Janchen Eragrostis Cuming's lovegrass No - No - No cumingii Steud. Eragrostis weeping lovegrass Yes Yes Yes No No curvula Schrad. Nees 4 Eragrostis Lehmann lovegrass Yes Yes No - No lehmanniana Nees Eriochloa tropical cupgrass No - No - No fatmensis Hochst. & Steud. W.D. Clayton Festuca tall fescue No - No - No arundinacea Schreb. Festuca hard fescue No - No - No brevipila Tracey Festuca meadow fescue No - No - No pratensis Huds. Festuca sheep fescue No - No - No trachyphylla Hack. Krajina nom. illeg. Festuca Volga fescue No - No - No valesiaca Schleich. ex Gaudin Garnotia stricta Brongn. blue lawngrass No - No - No Gastridium nit grass No - No - No phleoides Nees & Meyen C.E. Hubbard Glyceria waxy mannagrass No - No - No declinata Brébiss. Glyceria rough mannagrass No - No - No maxima Hartman Holmb. Hemarthria limpograss No - No - No altissima Poir. Stapf & C.E. Hubbard Holcus lanatus L. common velvetgrass No - No - No Holcus mollis L. German velvetgrass No - No - No Hordeum smooth barley, No - No - No marinum Huds. leporinum barley, mouse barley, hare barley, foxtail barley Hordeum vulgare L. barley No - No - No Hymenachne West Indian marsh No - No - No amplexicaulis Rudge grass Nees Hyparrhenia hirta L. thatching grass No - No - No Stapf Hyparrhenia rufa Nees jaraguagrass No - No - No Stapf Imperata cylindrica L. cogongrass Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Beauv. Juncus planifolius R. Br. broadleaf rush No - No - No 5 Kyllinga nemoralis J.R. white kyllinga No - No - No Forst. & G. Forst. Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel Leymus angustus Trin. Altai wildrye No - No - No Pilg. Lolium multiflorum Lam. annual ryegrass No - No - No Lolium perenne L. perennial ryegrass No - No - No Lolium temulentum Darnel ryegrass No - No - No Luziola watergrass No - No - No subintegra Swallen Luzula luzuloides Lam. oakforest woodrush No - No - No Dandy & Wilmott Megathyrsus guineagrass Yes* - No - No maximus Jacq. R. Webster, Panicum maximum Melinis molassesgrass Yes Yes Yes No No minutiflora Beauv. Melinis repens Willd. natalgrass No - No - No Zizka Microlaena weeping grass No - No - No stipoides Labill. Microstegium Japanese stiltgrass Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes vimineum Trin. A. Camus Miscanthus Chinese silvergrass Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes sinensis Anderss. Nardus stricta L. matgrass No - No - No Nassella manicata E. No - No - No Desv. Barkworth Neyraudia burmareed Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes reynaudiana Kunth Keng ex A.S. Hitchc. Oplismenus wavyleaf No - No - No undulatifolius Ard. basketgrass Roem. & Schult. Panicum blue panicum No - No - No antidotale Retz. Panicum miliaceum L. wild-proso millet No - No - No Panicum repens L. torpedograss No - No - No Paspalum dallisgrass No - No - No dilatatum Poir. Paspalum tussock paspalum No - No - No quadrifarium Lam. 6 Paspalum ricegrass paspalum No - No - No scrobiculatum Linnaeus Paspalum urvillei Steud. vaseygrass No - No - No Pennisetum kikuyugrass No - No - No clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov. Pennisetum glaucum L. pearl millet No - No - No R. Br. Pennisetum mission grass No - No - No polystachion L. Schultes Pennisetum No - No - No purpureum Schumacher Pennisetum ciliare, buffelgrass Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Cenchrus ciliaris Pennisetum setaceum crimson Yes* - No - No Forssk. Chiov. fountaingrass Pennisetum villosum R. feathertop No - No - No Br. ex Fresen. Phalaris aquatica L. bulbous canarygrass No - No - No Phalaris arundinacea L. reed canarygrass No - No - No Phalaris canariensis L. canarygrass No - No - No Phalaris minor Retz. littleseed No - No - No canarygrass Phleum pratense L. timothy No - No - No Phragmites common reed Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes australis Cavanilles Trinius ex Steudel Phyllostachys golden bamboo No - No - No aurea Carr. ex A.& C. Rivière Phyllostachys yellow groove No - No - No aureosulcata McClure bamboo Phyllostachys black bamboo No - No - No nigra Lodd. Munro Poa annua L. annual bluegrass No - No - No Poa compressa L. Canada bluegrass No - No - No Poa pratensis Lindm. H. spreading No - No - No Lindb. bluegrass, kentucky bluegrass Poa trivialis L. roughstalk bluegrass No
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