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A Jiddis Nyelv Szerkezete BEVEZETÉS A JIDDIS NYELVBE ÉS KULTÚRÁBA 1 HB-N-452, AS/N-282/b, VKN-007.07 2005/2006. őszi félév Komoróczy Szonja Ráhel A jiddis nyelv szerkezete A jiddis nyelv meghatározása • zsidó nyelv • európai nyelv • germán nyelv • devokabularizált szláv nyelv • elrontott német, jüdisch-Deutsch, keveréknyelv, zsargon; • jiddisista szemlélet; • fúzionált nyelv A jiddis nyelv összetétele • szókincs, nyelvtan • hangkészlet • hangsúly Fusion language Max Weinreich: fusion language vs. mixed language Alapnyelvek (Stock Languages) Determináns nyelvek (Determinant Languages) Komponensek (Component Languages) A fúzió jellegzetességei • nem véletlenszerű • inter-komponens produktivitás • intra-komponens produktivitás • szemantikai játéktér több komponenssel • többszörös szóátvétel azonos alapnyelvből (más determináns) • komponens tudatosság • komponens, ill. alapnyelv közötti különbség felismerése A loshn koydesh komponens teljes héber (whole Hebrew) – a determináns nyelv beolvadt héber (merged Hebrew) – a sémi eredetű komponens. • Szövegelmélet (Text Theory) – Max Weinreich • Folyamatos átadás elmélete (Continual Transmission Theory) – Dovid Katz A laaz komponens BEVEZETÉS A JIDDIS NYELVBE ÉS KULTÚRÁBA 2 HB-N-452, AS/N-282/b, VKN-007.07 2005/2006. őszi félév Komoróczy Szonja Ráhel A jiddis nyelv dialektológiája A jiddis dialektológia kezdetei: • Maharil (Yakov ben Moshe haLevi Moellin) (1360-1427) a szokásokról és nyelvi (bney estraykh (bney khes בני עסטרײַך .bney rinus (bney hes), ill ,בני רינוס ;standardről • Isserlin (Yisroel ben Pesakhya) (1390-1460) • Yosselin (Yosef ben Moshe) (1423-1490) dialektus és ethnográfia • Johannes Buxtorf • Carl Wilheim Friedrich: Unterricht in der Judensprache und Schrift, zum Gebrauch für Gelehrte und Ungelehrte (1784), leírja és elemzi a dialektusokat. A modern jiddis dialektológia története: • Germanisták: Lazar Saineanu, Alfred Landau • Jiddisisták, Noyakh Prilutski (1882-1941) • YIVO, Berlin / Vilnius (1925-1939) – dialektológia, ethnográfia, folklór. • Minsk, Mordke Veynger • Uriel Weinreich (1926-1967): Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry. • Atlaszok: Veynger-Vilenkin (Minsk, 1931), Beranek Westjiddischer Sprachatlas (Marburg, 1965), Guggenheim-Grünberg (Zürich, 1973), Weinreich-Herzog (Tübingen, 1992). A dialektusok: אָרן :Nyugati jiddis: észak, közép, dél. Más szokások, pl. kholekrays, más szókincs • .”shnodern] “adakozni] שנודרן ,[sholet] שאָלעט ,[barkhes] באַרכעס ,”orn] “imádkozni] • Keleti jiddis: északi (litván) “o”; dél “u”: közép (lengyel) “ay”, déli (ukrán) “ey”. .(keleten: menader zayn) מנדר זײַן ,[tsholnt] טשאָלנט ,[khale] חלה ,[davenen] דאַווענען • Átmenetek: (pl. magyar és cseh), pl. részleges palatelizáció, ü-zés [shvües]. Magyar: magyar jövevényszavak: narantsh (vs. marants, pomerants), paplan; más ,egyébként kile), kvater (< gefater ,קהל) dialektusoktól eltérő kifejezések: kol egyébként: sandek); - etsen képző, pl: daygetsn, khokhmetsn. • Standard: Mendl Lefin Satanover, 1814. Daytshmerish. Mendele Moykher Sforim Irodalom: Kötelező: Benjamin Harshav: “The Nature of Yiddish”, in: The Meaning of Yiddish (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999), pp. 27-73. Ajánlott: Dovid Katz: “Zur Dialektologie des Jiddischen”, in: Werner Besch et al (eds.): Dialektologie – Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgeimeinen Dialektforschung (Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1983), pp. 1018-1041. Következő órára: Dovid Katz: “The Three Languages of Ashkenaz”, in: Words on Fire (London: Basic Books, 2004), pp. 47-77. .
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