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Dovid Katz Phd Thesis University College London Submitted October' 1982 Dovid Katz PhD Thesis University College London Submitted October' 1982 Explorations in the History of the Semitic Component in Yiddish Vol. 1 I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I entered the field of Yiddish Linguistics during the years I was privileged to study wider Professor Mikhl Herzog at Columbia University. I am profoundly grateful to Professor Herzog f or his continuous help, guidance and inspiration, during both my undergraduate enrolment at Columbia University in New York arid my postgraduate residence at University College London. I would ask Professor Herzog to regard this thesis as a provisional progress report and outline for further research. I have been fortunate to benefit from the intellectual environment of University College London while preparing the work reported In the thesis, and. most especially from the dedicated help, expert criticism and warm hospitality of my three supervisors, Professor Chimen Abrainsky and Professor Raphael Loewe of the Department of Hebrew and Jewish Studies, and. Dr. Richard A. Hudson of the Department of Phonetics and. Linguistics. Professor Loewe and Dr. Hudson generously gave of their time to spend many hours discussing with me the issues and problems of the thesis. They both read the entire manuscript and made many valuable suggestions f or Improvement. Most have been incorporated into the text as submitted to the University of London. I hope to elaborate upon the remainder ii in future work. Professor Abramsky provided superb guidance in the fields of literary history and bibliography and generously made available to me numerous rare volumes from his magnificent private library. Needless to say, full responsibility for the proposals herein and. for errors and shortcomings lies squarely with the author. I am indebted to my friend, Mr. David Djanogly, founder of the Arenski Gallery, London, f or his invaluable advice auring the preparation of the thesis. I have had the honour and good fortune to benefit from active correspondence with a number of the greatest living Yiddish linguists, including Solomon A. Birnbaum (Toronto), Hartog Beem (Hilversum, later The Hague), Jechiel Bin-Nun (Jerusalem) and Florence Guggenheim-Griinberg (Zurich). My friends and, colleagues Mr. Hermann Sass (Munich) and Mr. Ruben Rosenfeld (FIrth) photocopied on my behalf a huge number of rare texts to be found in German collections. I am deeply thankful to both of them for their selfless help. Mr. Sass very kindly allowed. me to quote from Meelfflhrer's (1607) description of Yiddish, which he discovered, and which I am happy to say is now published in Süss (1982). Mg . Terry McGoldrick Rackal, in charge of reprography at University College London, with great kind.ness and patience assisted in the photocopying of hundreds of items. Mr. Reg IDenham, Chief Binder at University College and his staff iii - Christine Walker, Brian Anderson arid Rose Hutton - were always prepared to arrange for the swift binding of many of these materials. This work was supported, in part, by grants from the Natjol Foundation for Jewish Culture (New York) and. the Nemoria]. Foundation for Jewish Culture (New York). My parents, Menke and. Rivke, have provided unending inspiratl on. iv ABSTRACT Yiddish arose in Central Europe. Nevertheless, the language includes a Semitic Component comprising thousands of lexical items that is synchronically fused with the Germanic Component within Yiddish. Theories from the sixteenth century to the present have contended that Seniitisms entered a previously (nearly) wholly Germanic language from sacred Hebrew and. Aramaic texts used in the traditional Yiddish speaking civilization known as Ashkenaz. The thesis challenges the text tbeor. The alternative proposed is the cntiuua]. tcn tbeor claiming that the Semitic Component entered Europe in the vernacular of the original settlers who were, retroactively speaking, the first Ashkenazim. ' Questions concerning the origin of the Semitic Component are also relevant to the determination of the relative age of Yiddish and to the contested status of the protolanguage within historical linguistics. The Semitic Component of all known Yiddish dialects is characterized by a system of long and short vowels in open syllables, reduced to a system of short vowels only in closed syllabic position. The resulting morphophonemic alternations and unique segmental distribution are shared V neither by the Germanic Component nor the relevant varieties of traditional Hebrew and Aramaic. Nearly all nineteenth and twentieth century theories submit that an erstwhile system of five short vowels expanded in consequence of open syllable lengthening, a sound change triggered by the analogous German development. The standard theories are challenged by internal aM comparative reconstruction as well as the results of transcomponent reconstruction, a method proposed for use with fusion languages such as Yiddish. Phonological proofs put forward, demonstrate that the Semitic Component entered Yiddish with its unique vocalism, including the later attested morphophonemic alternations, and can derive exclusively from a prelanguage. Moreover, Yiddish provides evidence f or the recovery of a lost Northwest Semitic vowel system midway between the known Tiberian arid Palestinian varieties. vi CONTENTS 1. Fusion Languages and Historical Linguistics.......1 1 .1. Need for a Model. ........... ............. 1 1.2. Language Mixture and the Nontransferability Hypothesis. ... .. .3 1.3. Mixed Languages and the Neogramrnarian Controversy........ ... ...7 Language Mixture as a Key Factor in The on e s of Cha.nge . ........ 9 1.5. TwentiethCenturyModels................1li. 2. YiddishasaFusionLanguage......... ......... 2.1. Approaches to Yiddish as a F1ti sion I.arigua.ge .............. 18 2.2. Fusion and the Sociology of Yiddish.....214. 2 . 3 . Interest for General Linguistics....... .26 2i4.. TheComponentsofYiddish.............,27 3. ¶r}ie Issues ............... ......... •. .32 3.1. Origins of the Semitic Component Ix,. Yiddish. 32 3 .2. TheAgeofYidd.ish......................39 3.3. The Viability of Proto Yiddish.... ..... L1.9 Zi. An Outline of Pan Yiddish Vocalisrn..... ..........52 11.1. The Systematization of Pan Yiddish Vocaljsm.......,..,... ... ........... 11. 2. Phonological Criteria for the Classification of Yiddish Dialects. .....62 k.3 . Phonological Criteria for the Periodization of the History of Yiddish. .. .75 vii 5. Synchronio Evidence. 86 5.1. The Synchronic Semitic Component........86 5.2. 5.3. Word. Classes. .. ..... • 1 • . 1.1.88 5.11.. Morohological Specificities. ........... .89 5,5. Semantic Characteristics.... ............93 5.6.. Phonological Specificities..............9k 5.6.1. Stress Assignment.............911. 5.6.2. Posttonic Reduction... ...... .98 5.6.3. Systematic Vocalic Alteation. .99 5.6.11. Segmental Distribution. .. .10k 5.7. Historicallnferences.... .............108 6. The Semitic Component and Ashkeriazic............111 6.1. TheNotionAshkenazic..................111 6.2. AshkenazicasaContinuum..............113 6.3. TheReadingSystem.....................11i1. 6.11. The Semitic Component i Ashkenazic.. .. .120 6.k:i. Stress Assigrirnent...........121 6. 11,2. Posttonic Reduction. .......121 6.k.T3. Systematic Vocalic Alteaton. 121 6.11.11.. Segmental Distribution... .1.126 6.5. Historical Inferences. •1• •, ... .131 7. The Semitic Component and Germanic Impact. .. 135 7.1. The Notion of Transcomponent Reconstruction. 135 7.2. German and Germanic Component Impact. ........... • ... .136 7 . 3 . Stress Assignment. ... .. .... ... .111.0 7.11. Posttonic Reduction.... II • •,.•. .. .. 111.6 7.5. Systematic Vocalic Alternation and Segmental Distribution....11.11.1 ..... .111.7 vi. ii 8. Major Theories of Semitic Component Vocalism. •... •. • • • • • • , , • • • • • 1k9 8.1. Theoretical Frainework............. ... 1J.9 8.2. Premodern Notes and Comments...........151 8.3. Data Base........ •.......... •......... .155 8.Li.. Development of Standard Theory.........171 8.Zi..1. The Preconfiguration rFieor'r. •.......... •...... .171 8.4. 2. The Lebensolmian Theory.. .. .171 8.L1..3. Corroborative Germanic Evidence.....,..............175 8.11.4. Corroborative Hebrew Manuscript Evidence..... ....177 8.4.5. Proposed Scenarios......... .178 9. Reconstruction of Semitic Component Vocalism. .182 9 . 1 . Methodology. 182 9.2. Internal Reconstruction...... ...,...... 183 9.2.1. Vowels 41 aM Li.2............186 9.2.2. Vowels2land22............191 9.2.3. Vowe].sllandl2............198 9.2.4. The High Vowels (31/32; 51/52)...... .. .207 9.2.41. Vowels 31 and. 32. .211 9.2. 11.2. Vowels 51 and 52..... ......... ... .........2111. 9.2.5. Results of Internal Reconstruction.. ......... .218 9.3. Limited Comparative Reconstruction.. .. .221 9.3.1. Correctives to Internal Reconstruction... ...... .222 9.3.2. Vowelslflandk2............235 9.3.3. Vowels 21, 22 and 25........236 9.3.11.. Vowels 11, 12 and 13b.......211.8 9.3.5. Vowels3land32............259 9.3.6. Vowels5land52............,260 9.3.7. Results of Limited Comparative Reconstruction....... .... .. .261 ix 9. 11. Transcornponent Reconstruction..... .. .263 9.Li..1. Stress as a Conditioning and Causative Factor........263 9.11.2. Lengthening-Blocking Consonants . 267 9. Li. 3 . Fusion of Germanic and Semitic Component Vowels. .270 9.5. Interd.ialectal Reconstruction and the Viability of Proto Yiddish.........283 9.5 .1. Interd.ialecta]. Reconstruction.... ......... .283 9.5.2. Parallel Fusion........ .. .. .2811. 9.5.3. DisparIty of
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