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NOTE: This version of the entry for Yiddish contains a moderate number of revisions made too late for inclusion in the printed version, which appears in vol. 1, pp. 979-987 of the Yivo Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe . Some of these changes were made in response to helpful comments by Dr. Alexander Beider of Paris to a previous online version posted on the YIVO website.
Sincerest thanks to the Yivo Encyclopedia’s project director, Jeffrey P. Edelstein, for his generous assistance, wise advice and boundless patience during the preparation of this article. Naturally the responsibility for opinions and shortcomings rests with the author alone.
— Dovid Katz (Nov. 2008)