Interaksi Simbolik Organisasi Masyarakat Dalam Pembangunan Desa

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Interaksi Simbolik Organisasi Masyarakat Dalam Pembangunan Desa Muhammad Luthfie, dkk, Interaksi Simbolik Organisasi Masyarakat dalam Pembangunan Desa INTERAKSI SIMBOLIK ORGANISASI MASYARAKAT DALAM PEMBANGUNAN DESA Muhammad Luthfie Fisip Universitas Djuanda [email protected] Aida Viyala S Hubeis, Amiruddin Saleh, Basita Ginting Fema Institut Pertanian Bogor Abstract This research analyze the symbolic interaction of Muhammadiyah as a community organization in order to anticipate conflict due to different religious views to be able to participate in rural development. Symbolic interaction as the role of communication is done to influence society to accept Muhammadiyah and give opportunity to run its organization program. The purpose of the research is to analyze the symbolic interaction of Muhammadiyah to realize the trust and support of the community in rural development. Through qualitative methods, research results show that symbolic interactions made through interpersonal communication, dialogical communication and group communication can achieve consensus and can reduce conflict, from organizations that were initially rejected until they became accepted organizations and subsequently succeeded in becoming pioneers in rural development. Abstrak Penelitian ini menganalisis interaksi simbolik Muhammadiyah sebagai organisasi masyarakat dalam rangka mengantisipasi konflik akibat perbedaan pandangan keagamaan untuk dapat berpartisipasi dalam pembangunan desa. Interaksi simbolik sebagai peranan komunikasi tersebut dilakukan untuk mempengaruhi masyarakat agar dapat menerima Muhammadiyah dan memberikan kesempatan untuk menjalankan program-program organisasinya. Tujuan penelitian, adalah menganalisis interaksi simbolik Muhammadiyah untuk mewujudkan kepercayaan dan dukungan masyarakat dalam pembangunan desa. Melalui metode kualitatif, hasil penelitian menunjukkan interaksi simbolik yang dilakukan melalui komunikasi interpersonal, komunikasi dialogis dan komunikasi kelompok dapat mewujudkan konsensus dan dapat meredam konflik, dari organisasi yang awalnya ditolak sampai menjadi organisasi yang diterima dan selanjutnya berhasil menjadi pelopor dalam pembangunan desa. Keywords: Communication Actions, Muhammadiyah, Symbolic Interaction. 19 INFORMASI Kajian Ilmu Komunikasi Volume 47. Nomor 1. Juni 2017 PENDAHULUAN salah satu prespektif teori yang baru Pada beberapa kasus, partisipasi dalam muncul setelah adanya teori aksi (action pembangunan desa tidak selalu mudah theory) yang dipelopori dan dikembangkan dilakukan oleh anggota masyarakat atau oleh Max Weber. Ciri khas dari interaksi organisasi masyarakat, terutama bagi yang simbolik yang essensinyaadalah komunikasi memiliki perbedaan dengan masyarakat atau pertukaran simbol yang diberi makna desa seperti perbedaan visi dan misi atau terletak pada pemahaman makna yang keyakinan dalam menjalankan ibadah diberikan terhadap tindakan orang lain keagamaan. Namun sebagai sebuah feno- melalui penggunaan simbol-simbol, inter- mena, keadaan bisa berbalik jika peran pre tasi, dan pada akhirnya tiap individu komunikasi dikembangkan dengan baik, tersebut akan berusaha saling memahami seperti yang terjadi dalam pembangunan maksud dan tindakan masing-masing untuk di Desa Plompong, Kecamatan Sirampog, mencapai kesepakatan bersama.Kusumastuti Kabupaten Brebes. (2006), melalui penelitiannya melihat proses interaksi dapat ditandai dengan munculnya Realitas seperti itu ditunjukkan oleh simbol-simbol tertentu, misalnya muncul Muhammadiyah sebagai organisasi masya- dan tersirat dalam dupa lengkap dengan rakat yang memiliki perbedaan keyakinan sesaji, nyanyian, gerak tari dan tranceyang keagamaan dengan masyarakat desa tetapi dimaknai. berhasil mengembangkan peran komunikasi yang tepat sehingga dapat mengantisipasi Menurut Mead (Ritzer & Douglas 2010), konflik, dapat melakukan kerjasama dengan simbol atau tanda yang diberikan oleh semua pihak, dapat eksis dan berhasil manusia dalam melakukan interaksi mem- melaksanakan program-programnya tanpa punyai makna-makna tertentu sehingga ada masalah yang berarti. Padahal banyak dapat menimbulkan komunikasi, dan ko- penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan mu­­nikasi secara murni baru terjadi bila karakteristik akan mempersulit gerakan masing-masing pihak tidak saja memberikan sebuah organisasi masyarakat. Hasil pene li- makna pada perilaku mereka sendiri, tetapi tian Gandasari (2015), Rahardjo (2007) dan memahami atau berusaha memahami makna Nashir (2001) menunjukkan bahwa kesulitan yang diberikan oleh pihak lain. Selanjutnya organisasi masyarakat dalam berinteraksi Herbert Blumer, yang mempopulerkan teori atau berkomunikasi dengan warga desa interaksi simbolik pada tahun 1939 memberi akibat adanya perbedaan. julukan pemikiran Mead itu sebagai teori Interaksionisme Simbolik (Poloma, 2007). Sebagai sebuah fakta sosial, situasi ini sangat menarik untuk diteliti. Tujuannya Prinsip metodologi interaksionisme adalah untuk menganalisis interaksi sim- simbolik adalah simbol dan interaksi itu bolik Muhammadiyah guna meminimalisir menyatu, tidak cukup bila hanya merekam perbedaan dengan masyarakat desa serta fakta dan harus mencari yang lebih jauh dari mewujudkan kepercayaan dan dukungan itu, yakni mencari konteks sehingga dapat masyarakat dalam pembangunan desa. Se- ditangkap simbol dan makna sebenarnya. mua analisis diarahkan untuk melihat proses Untuk memahami prinsip interaksionisme terwujudnya komunikasi yang dapat diper- simbolik Jones (1979) tertarik pada (1) caya yang menghasilkan kesamaan makna cara manusia menggunakan simbol untuk di antara komunikator dan komunikan, mengungkapkan apa yang mereka maksud, kompromi,dan menghasilkan efektivitas ko- dan untuk berkomunikasi satu sama lain, dan munikasi. (2) akibat interpretasi atas simbol-simbol terhadap kelakuan pihak-pihak yang terlibat selama interaksi sosial berlangsung. KAJIAN PUSTAKA Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan Interaksi simbolik atau populer dengan bahwa pemaknaan yang sama dalam teori interaksionisme simbolik merupakan interaksi simbolik sangat dibutuhkan 20 Muhammad Luthfie, dkk, Interaksi Simbolik Organisasi Masyarakat dalam Pembangunan Desa dalam mewujudkan pemahaman bersama dari informan penelitian, yaitu pimpinan dan harmonisasi. Penelitian-penelitian Muhammadiyah, kepala desa, dan tokoh or- itu antara lain melihat tentang proses ganisasi masyarakat lainnya di Desa Plompong terjadinya interaksi simbolik antara pemain tentang interaksi simbolik. Sementara data dan penonton, serta simbol-simbol yang sekunder diperoleh dari catatan organisasi ada dan digunakan untuk membentuk in- atau dokumen. Pengumpulan data dalam teraksi simbolik antara pemain dan pe non- penelitian dilakukan dengan teknik ob- ton (Kusumastut, i2006), pemaknaan da lam servasi, wawancara mendalam (indepth mengaktualisasikan nilai leluhur di ling- interview), Focus Group Discussion (FGD), kungan etnis Tionghoa pada jaringan ko- dan studi dokumen. munikasi perdagangan (Anugrahani, 2014), Teknik pemeriksaan keabsahan data ciri khas interaksi simbolik yang terletak yang digunakan adalah triangulasi, yaitu pada penekanan manusia dalam proses saling sebuah teknik pemeriksaan keabsahan menterjemahkan, dan saling mendefinisikan data yang memanfaatkan sesuatu yang tindakannya, tidak dibuat secara langsung lain di luar data itu untuk keperluan antara stimulus-response, tetapi didasari pengecekan atau perbandingan terhadap pada pemahaman makna yang diberikan data itu sendiri.Analisis data dilakukan terhadap tindakan orang lain melalui melalui proses mengatur urutan data, penggunaan simbol-simbol, interpretasi, dan mengorganisasikannya ke dalam suatu pola, pada akhirnya tiap individu tersebut akan kategori, dan satuan uraian data dengan berusaha saling memahami maksud dan cara memilah data menjadi satuan-satuan, tindakan masing-masing, untuk mencapai mengkategorisasikan berdasarkan tema- kesepakatan bersama (Siregar, 2011). tema yang muncul, menemukan pola yang sesuai dengan obyek studi, menafsirkan METODE dan merefleksikannya, serta memutuskan apa yang penting disajikan dalam hasil Penelitian, menggunakan pendekatan penelitian. kualitatif yang berorientasi pada penjelasan data deskriptif dari obyek yang diteliti, membangun gambaran yang kompleks dan HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN menyeluruh, menganalisis kata-kata, me- Desa Plompong, tempat Muhammadiyah laporkan pandangan informan dan me- beraktivitas di dalamnya, masuk ke dalam la kukan penelitian dalam setting ilmiah wilayah Kecamatan Sirampog, yang loka- (Somantri, 2005). Pendekatan kualitatif sinya terletak di daerah terpencil, di atas didasarkan pada paradigma konstruktivisme perbukitan bagian dari lereng Gunung yang menjadikan peneliti sebagai instrumen Slamet, sekitar 29 Km arah tenggara dari penelitian dengan unit analisis tindak ibukota Kabupaten Brebes, berjarak 10 Km komunikasi organisasi yang memiliki per be- dari ibukota Kecamatan Sirampog serta daan dengan masyarakat desa dalam me wu- 703 Km dari Ibukota Propinsi Jawa Tengah jud kan interaksi simbolik yang positif. (Semarang). Subyek penelitian adalah Muham- Dari data lapangan yang berhasil madiyah dengan wilayah penelitian di Desa dihimpun, Muhammadiyah adalah organisasi Plompong, Kecamatan Sirampog, Kabupaten masyarakat yang berpartisipasi aktif dalam Brebes. Penelitian pendahuluan dilakukan pembangunan di Desa Plompong dan pada bulan Mei-Juni tahun 2014, dan memiliki visi dan misi untuk mencerahkan pengambilan data kualitatif secara lengkap umat Islam dan terhindar dari tahyul, dilakukan pada bulan Oktober-Desember bid’ah dan churafat. Melalui dinamika yang 2015. pasang surut dan peranan komunikasi
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