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The Northern Most Venezuelan Territory FITOPLANCTON DEL REFUGI

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The Northern Most Venezuelan Territory FITOPLANCTON DEL REFUGI Ciencia, Ambiente y Clima, Vol. 1, No. 1, julio-diciembre, 2018 • ISSN: 2636-2317 (impreso) | 2636-2333 (en línea) DOI: https://doi.org/10.22206/cac.2018.v1i1.pp45-59 FITOPLANCTON DEL REFUGIO DE FAUNA SILVESTRE ISLA DE AVES: EL TERRITORIO VENEZOLANO MÁS SEPTENTRIONAL Phytoplankton of the Wildlife Refuge Isla de Aves: the northern most Venezuelan territory Carlos Pereira Vanessa Hernández Dirección Ejecutiva de Ambiente, Petróleos de Dirección Ejecutiva de Ambiente, Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A., Caracas. Venezuela Venezuela, S.A., Caracas. Venezuela Rubén Quiñones Servicio de Hidrografía y Navegación, Armada Bolivariana de Venezuela, Caracas. Venezuela Recibido: Agosto 20, 2018 Aprobado: Septiembre 24, 2018 Cómo citar: Pereira, C., Quiñones, R., & Hernández, V. (2018). Fitoplancton del Refugio de Fauna Silvestre Isla de Aves: el territorio venezolano más septentrional. Ciencia, Ambiente Y Clima, 1(1), 45-59. https://doi.org/10.22206/ cac.2018.v1i1.pp45-59 Resumen Abstract Como parte de una estrategia de conservación del Refugio As part of a conservation strategy for the Wildlife Refuge de Fauna Silvestre Isla de Aves, el cual representa una zona “Isla de Aves”, which represents a geostrategic zone for geoestratégica para la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, several research las instituciones de investigación del país realizan cam- institutions conduct studies every year to learn about the pañas anuales para conocer la biodiversidad de la isla. island’s biodiversity. One of the most important biological Uno de los componentes biológicos más importantes es components is phytoplankton, since although it sustains el fitoplancton, ya que, a pesar de que sustenta las redes marine pelagic trophic networks and is an essential part of tróficas pelágicas marinas y es parte esencial del ciclo de the nutrient cycles; it has not been studied in this area, so los nutrientes, no ha sido estudiado en esta zona, por lo an inventory of marine phytoplankton was accomplished. que se presenta en este documento, un inventario del Here, we carried out several trawls with a conical phyto- fitoplancton marino. Para ello, se realizaron arrastres con plankton net in July 2011 and July 2012. In the labora- una red cónica de fitoplancton en julio de 2011 y 2012. tory, abundance was estimated by the Utermölh method, En laboratorio, se estimó la abundancia por el método with an inverted microscope and specialized bibliography. de Utermölh, con un microscopio invertido y claves ta- The community was represented by 191 species distribu- xonómicas. La comunidad estuvo representada por 191 ted in 121 diatoms, 58 dinoflagellates, 6 cyanobacteria, especies distribuidas en 121 diatomeas, 58 dinoflagela- 3 eugleophytes and 3 silicoflagellates. The coastal marine dos, 6 cianobacterias, 3 euglenofitas y 3 silicoflagelados. zone of the island is characterized by a diverse phyto- Finalmente, destacamos que la zona marino costera de plankton community, with characteristic abundances of la isla se caracteriza por una comunidad fitoplanctónica oligotrophic waters of coral ecosystems and processes of diversa, con abundancias características de aguas oligotró- mixing the water column. ficas de ecosistemas coralinos y procesos de mezcla de la columna de agua. Keywords: Venezuelan Caribbean, marine ecology, phytoplankton, Island of birds, microalgae. Palabras clave: Caribe venezolano, ecología marina, fito- plancton, Isla de Aves, microalgas. | 45 Esta obra está bajo la licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional Carlos Pereira, Rubén Quiñones y Vanessa Hernández 1. Introducción con una cobertura promedio de coral vivo estima- da de 22,30%. El Refugio de Fauna Silvestre Isla de Aves es consi- derado un bastión geoestratégico de gran importan- Una de las comunidades que sustenta la alta bio- cia para la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, ya diversidad de este ecosistema marino es el fito- que representa la porción de tierra sobre el nivel de plancton, del cual no se han publicado estudios. mar más septentrional del país, de la cual se derivan Las comunidades fitoplanctónicas incluyen a las más de 130.000 Km2 de mar territorial, platafor- microalgas suspendidas en la columna de agua que ma continental y zona económica exclusiva. Está están a la merced de la dinámica costera. Este gru- ubicada en el Mar Caribe (15° 40′ 23,7” N 63° 36′ po de organismos fotosintetizadores constituye la 59,9” W), a 435 Km al norte de la Blanquilla, 650 base de la trama alimentaria en la mayor parte de Km al noreste del Puerto de La Guaira, 520 Km las comunidades marinas, ya que además de utilizar al Norte de la Isla de Margarita, 200 Km al oeste los nutrientes elementales del agua y transformar- de Dominica y 350 Km al sureste de Puerto Rico los en materia orgánica (Yilmaz, Yardimci, Elhag & (Hubschmann et al., 1988). Dumitrache, 2018), es responsable en gran propor- ción de la productividad primaria oceánica (Arrigo Isla de Aves pertenece a una formación geológica et al., 1999; Luz y Barkan, 2000). Asimismo, el consolidada que se denomina Promontorio de Aves, fitoplancton es capaz de responder rápidamente el cual, cubre un área extensa que se proyecta al ante las fluctuaciones hidrográficas, explicando la norte del territorio insular venezolano. Esta cadena mayoría de los procesos oceánicos y es considera- submarina está asociada a la subducción, sobreco- do, el principal regulador de oxígeno y dióxido de rrimiento y desplazamiento de la Placa del Caribe o carbono de la atmósfera (Troccoli, 2001). Son estas Caribia, la cual, ha sufrido una evolución histórica las razones por lo que se planteó hacer un inventa- a partir de un levantamiento inicial y rápido de la rio de las especies de microalgas que constituyen tierra, producido por actividad volcánica, seguido la comunidad fitoplanctónica del refugio de fauna de erosión gradual y subsidencia. A pesar de esto, silvestre Isla de Aves. diversos investigadores afirman que el crecimiento de arrecifes coralinos supera a la subsidencia geo- lógica de la zona, por lo menos en un orden de 2. Materiales y Métodos magnitud (Gruber, 2003). 2.1 Área de estudio Debido a su alta diversidad biológica, incluyendo la de aves migratorias, y por ser el sitio de anida- Isla de Aves es una Dependencia Federal Venezolana ción de la tortuga verde (Chelonia mydas) más im- de forma alargada en sentido norte-sur, con su par- portante del país, y el segundo en el mar Caribe, te central más angosta. Posee 600 m de longitud luego del Parque Nacional de Tortuguero en Costa en sentido norte-sur y 130 m en sentido este-oeste Rica (Guada y Solé, 2000, p. 22); en 1972 fue de- con una superficie de 42.000 m2 (ver figura 1). Es cretada Refugio de Fauna Silvestre. Sin embargo, se un área afectada por el paso de tormentas y huraca- han realizado pocos estudios sobre sus comunida- nes, y ha sido considerada de bajo impacto antro- des marinas, destacándose el de Yranzo, Villamizar, pogénico, debido a que no tiene presión de pesca y Romero y Boadas (2014), en el que se identificaron turismo, con un desarrollo de actividades humanas 36 especies de corales pétreos y cuatro de hidroco- muy bajo, ya que la población residente en la isla rales, siendo Porites astreoides, Pseudodiploria strigo- es de 15 personas aproximadamente (Yranzo et al., sa y Siderastrea siderea las especies más abundantes, 2014). 46 | Ciencia, Ambiente y Clima 2018; 1(1): 45-59 Fitoplancton del Refugio de Fauna Silvestre Isla de Aves: el territorio venezolano más septentrional Figura N.° 1. Mapa del refugio deFuente: fauna Yranzosilvestre deet al.,Isla 2014de Aves, p. 116. Fuente: Yranzo et al., 2014, p. 116. 2.22.2 ObtenciónObtención de dedatos datos un microscopio invertido marca Leica. La identi- ficación taxonómica de las especies de microalgas Para la captura del fitoplancton, se realizaron 16 se realizó utilizando los trabajos de Cupp (1943), Para la captura del fitoplancton, se realizaron 16 arrastres entre 200 y 300 m alrededor de la isla, arrastres entre 200 y 300 m alrededor de la isla, con Peragallo (1965), Ferguson (1968), Saunders y unacon red una cónica red decónica plancton de plancton con diámetro con diámetro de malla de mallaGlenn de (1969),60 µm, enSournia julio de (1986), 2011 y Balechen julio (1988), de de 60 µm, en julio de 2011 y en julio de 2012. Cada 2012. Cada arrastre tuvo una duración de 10 minutosRound, aproximadamente Crawford y Manny mediante (1990), el empleo Chretiennot- de arrastre tuvo una duración de 10 minutos aproxima- Dinet Sournia, Ricard y Billard (1993), Tomas damenteuna embarcación y mediante elinflable empleo con de motoruna embarcación fuera de borda, (1996), a una velocidadYamaji (1996), promedio Berárd-Therriault, de 5 km/h. La red Poulin inflablese arrastró con motoren la fuerazona desuperficial borda, a deuna la velocidad columna dey Bosséagua en(1999), horas Soler,de la Pérezmañana. y Aguilar Las muestras (2003), Al- promedio de 5 km/h. La red se arrastró en la zona fueron recolectadas en envases de 500 ml y fijadasYamani in situ cony Saburova una solución (2011), de lugol Siqueiros-Beltrones, y formalina superficial de la columna de agua en horas de la ma- Valenzuela, Hernández, Argumedo & López, ñana.neutralizada Las muestras al 5%fueron v/v. recolectadas en envases de (2004), Siqueiros-Beltrones y Hernández (2006), 500 ml y fijadasin situ con una solución de lugol y entre otros. La revisión y actualización de los formalina neutralizada al 5% v/v. nombres científicos se realizó en la página web de En el laboratorio, se estimó la abundancia de las microalgas por el método de Utermölh (1958), En el laboratorio, se estimó la abundancia de las Algaebase.org (Guiry & Guiry, 2018). mediante el uso de cámaras de sedimentación y un microscopio invertido marca Leica. La microalgas por el método de Utermölh (1958), Con los resultados obtenidos, se elaboró una ma- medianteidentificación el uso detaxonómica cámaras dede sedimentaciónlas especies de y microalgastriz de lasse especiesrealizó utilizandodel fitoplancton, los trabajos en la decual se Ciencia, Ambiente y Clima 2018; 1(1): 45-59 | 47 Carlos Pereira, Rubén Quiñones y Vanessa Hernández incluye su abundancia y riqueza.
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