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Typhoon Effects on the South China Sea Wave Characteristics During Winter Monsoon

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Typhoon Effects on the South China Sea Wave Characteristics During Winter Monsoon Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2006-03 Typhoon effects on the South China Sea wave characteristics during winter monsoon Cheng, Kuo-Feng Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2885 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS TYPHOON EFFECTS ON THE SOUTH CHINA SEA WAVE CHARACTERISTICS DURING WINTER MONSOON by CHENG, Kuo-Feng March 2006 Thesis Advisor: Peter C. Chu Second Reader: Timour Radko Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED March 2006 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: Typhoon Effects on the South China Sea Wave 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Characteristics during Winter Monsoon 6. AUTHOR(S) Kuo-Feng Cheng 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING Naval Postgraduate School ORGANIZATION REPORT Monterey, CA 93943-5000 NUMBER 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) Ocean wave characteristics in the western Atlantic Ocean (Hurricane Region) to tropical cyclones have been well identified, but not the regional seas in the western Pacific, e.g., the South China Sea (Typhoon Region). This is due to the lack of observational and modeling studies in the regional seas of the western Pacific. To fill this gap, Wavewatch-III (WW3) is used to study the response of the South China Sea (SCS) to Typhoon Muifa (2004). The major purposes are to find the similarity and dissimilarity of wave characteristics between the two regions, and to evaluate the WW3 capability to typhoon forcing. The WW3 model is integrated from the JONSWAP wave spectra with a tropical cyclone wind profile model, simulating Typhoon Muifa, from 16 to 25 November 2004. This study shows strong similarities in the responses between Hurricane and Typhoon Regions, including strong asymmetry in the significant wave height (Hs) along the typhoon translation track with the maximum Hs in the right-front quadrant of the typhoon center, and asymmetry in the directional wave spectra at different locations (frontward, backward, rightward, and leftward) around the typhoon center. The unique features of the SCS wave characteristics to Muifa are also discussed. 14. SUBJECT TERMS South China Sea, sea surface wave, numerical simulation, WAVEWATCH- 15. NUMBER OF III, Typhoon Muifa (2004), winter monsoon, Tropical Cyclone Wind Profile Model PAGES 115 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UL NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. TYPHOON EFFECTS ON THE SOUTH CHINA SEA WAVE CHARACTERISTICS DURING WINTER MONSOON Kuo-Feng CHENG Lieutenant, Taiwan Navy B.S., National Cheng Kung University, 1999 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL March 2006 Author: CHENG, Kuo-Feng Approved by: Peter C. Chu Thesis Advisor Timour Radko Second Reader Mary L. Batteen Chairperson, Department of Oceanography Donald P. Brutzman Chair, Undersea Warfare Academic Committee iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT Ocean wave characteristics in the western Atlantic Ocean (Hurricane Region) to tropical cyclones have been well identified, but not the regional seas in the western Pacific such as the South China Sea (Typhoon Region). This is due to the lack of observational and modeling studies in the regional seas of the western Pacific. To fill this gap, Wavewatch-III (WW3) is used to study the response of the South China Sea (SCS) to Typhoon Muifa (2004). The major purposes are to find the similarity and dissimilarity of wave characteristics between the two regions, and to evaluate the WW3 capability to typhoon forcing. The WW3 model is integrated from the JONSWAP wave spectra with a tropical cyclone wind profile model, simulating Typhoon Muifa, from 0000UTC 16 November to 1200UTC 25 November 2004. Since TY Muifa entered the SCS as late as 19 November, the model computation of the first three days, from 16 November to 18 November, could be considered as the ‘spin up’ period of WW3 model. This study shows strong similarities in the responses between Hurricane and Typhoon Regions, including strong asymmetry in the significant wave height ( H s ) along the typhoon translation track with the maximum H s in the right-front quadrant of the typhoon center, and asymmetry in the directional wave spectra at different locations (frontward, backward, rightward, and leftward) around the typhoon center. The unique features of the SCS wave characteristics to Muifa are also discussed. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 II. SOUTH CHINA SEA ..................................................................................................5 A. GEOGRAPHY .................................................................................................5 B. CLIMATOLOGY ............................................................................................5 1. Monsoon Winds....................................................................................6 2. Summer Monsoon ................................................................................6 3. Winter Monsoon...................................................................................6 III. TROPICAL CYCLONES ...........................................................................................9 A. BACKGROUND ..............................................................................................9 B. TYPHOON MUIFA (2004) .............................................................................9 1. Forming over the Western Pacific......................................................9 2. Entering the SCS................................................................................10 3. Weakening ..........................................................................................10 IV. TYPHOON WINDS...................................................................................................15 A. TROPICAL CYCLONE WIND PROFILE MODEL ................................15 1. Tangential Wind Distribution...........................................................15 2. Determination of Model Parameters................................................17 B. TCWPM APPLICATION ON TY MUIFA (2004).....................................18 1. QuikSCAT Satellite ...........................................................................18 2. Combination of QSCAT and TCWPM Winds................................18 3. Ideal Typhoon Winds without Monsoon..........................................19 V. WAVEWATCH-III MODEL ...................................................................................29 A. MODEL DESCRIPTION..............................................................................29 B. MODEL EQUATIONS .................................................................................29 1. Governing Equation...........................................................................29 2. Wave Propagation..............................................................................30 3. Source Terms......................................................................................31 a. Tolman and Chalikov (1996) Input Term..............................31 b. Tolman and Chalikov (1996) Dissipation Term ....................34 c. Nonlinear Interaction Term ...................................................36 d. JONSWAP Bottom Friction Term .........................................37 C. MODEL VERIFICATION ...........................................................................38 VI. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WAVES AND WINDS .......................................41 A. GENERAL RESPONSES .............................................................................41 1. Wind Speed.........................................................................................41 2. Wind Direction...................................................................................42
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