Tropical Cyclone Temperature Profiles and Cloud Macro-/Micro-Physical Properties Based on AIRS Data
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Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Typhoon Induced Precipitation Over Northern Japan 〇Sridhara NAYAK , Tetsuya TAKEMI
A06 Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Typhoon Induced Precipitation over Northern Japan 〇Sridhara NAYAK , Tetsuya TAKEMI Introduction: various duration bins. Finally, we calculated the Typhoons are considered as one of the dangerous frequency in each bin. In the similar way, we weather phenomena in the earth that caused investigated the size of the precipitations. widespread flooding to the landfall regions. Over the year, plenty of typhoons have made landfall over Preliminary Results: Japan and some of them have devastated large areas Figure 1 shows the probability of the duration of and impacted millions of people by extreme extreme precipitations for the Typhoon Chanthu. It precipitations (Takemi et al. 2016; Takemi, 2019). In shows the duration of the precipitations exceeding August 2016, three typhoons [Typhoon Chanthu various percentiles of precipitation in the range (T1607), Mindulle (T1609), and Kompasu (T1611)] between 50% and 99.99%. Results indicate that the made landfall over Hokkaido region and one typhoon occurrence of extremely heavy precipitations (higher [Lionrock (T1610)] made landfall over Tohoku region. than 99th percentile) are short-lived and last up to 6 All these typhoons caused widespread damages over hours. The extreme precipitation with intensity below northern Japan with excessive precipitations. However, 90th percentile last at least 9 hours. We also find studies are limited to understand the temporal and long-lived precipitations which last 12 hours and more, spatial structure of precipitation, particularly the although they don’t occur so frequently. precipitation size and duration within individual typhoons. In this study, we analyzed the precipitations induced by these four typhoons to investigate their extreme precipitation spell duration and size. -
Summary of 2014 NW Pacific Typhoon Season and Verification of Authors’ Seasonal Forecasts
Summary of 2014 NW Pacific Typhoon Season and Verification of Authors’ Seasonal Forecasts Issued: 27th January 2015 by Dr Adam Lea and Professor Mark Saunders Dept. of Space and Climate Physics, UCL (University College London), UK. Summary The 2014 NW Pacific typhoon season was characterised by activity slightly below the long-term (1965-2013) norm. The TSR forecasts over-predicted activity but mostly to within the forecast error. The Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) consortium presents a validation of their seasonal forecasts for the NW Pacific basin ACE index, numbers of intense typhoons, numbers of typhoons and numbers of tropical storms in 2014. These forecasts were issued on the 6th May, 3rd July and the 5th August 2014. The 2014 NW Pacific typhoon season ran from 1st January to 31st December. Features of the 2014 NW Pacific Season • Featured 23 tropical storms, 12 typhoons, 8 intense typhoons and a total ACE index of 273. These numbers were respectively 12%, 25%, 0% and 7% below their corresponding long-term norms. Seven out of the last eight years have now had a NW Pacific ACE index below the 1965-2013 climate norm value of 295. • The peak months of August and September were unusually quiet, with only one typhoon forming within the basin (Genevieve formed in the NE Pacific and crossed into the NW Pacific basin as a hurricane). Since 1965 no NW Pacific typhoon season has seen less than two typhoons develop within the NW Pacific basin during August and September. This lack of activity in 2014 was in part caused by an unusually strong and persistent suppressing phase of the Madden-Julian Oscillation. -
The Diurnal Cycle of Clouds in Tropical Cyclones Over the Western North Pacific Basin
SOLA, 2020, Vol. 16, 109−114, doi:10.2151/sola.2020-019 109 The Diurnal Cycle of Clouds in Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific Basin Kohei Fukuda1, Kazuaki Yasunaga1, Ryo Oyama2, 3, Akiyoshi Wada3, Atsushi Hamada1, and Hironori Fudeyasu4 1Department of Earth Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan 2Forecast Division, Forecast Department, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Tokyo, Japan 3Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Tsukuba, Japan 4Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan for this is not understood. In addition, previous studies by Kossin Abstract (2002) and Dunion et al. (2014) focused exclusively on Atlantic storms or eastern Pacific storms. Our knowledge of the TC diurnal This study examined the diurnal cycles of brightness tempera- cycle over the western North Pacific (WNP) basin is limited, ture (TB) and upper-level horizontal winds associated with tropi- even though the WNP is the area where TCs are most frequently cal cyclones (TCs) over the western North Pacific basin, making generated (e.g., Peduzzi et al. 2012). Furthermore, relationships use of data retrieved from geostationary-satellite (Himawari-8) between cirrus cloud and dynamic fields have not been adequately observations that exhibited unprecedented temporal and spatial documented on the basis of observational data, while changes in resolutions. The results of a spectral analysis revealed that diurnal maximum wind velocity in TCs statistically depend on the local cycles prevail in TB variations over the outer regions of TCs (300− time (e.g., Yaroshevich and Ingel 2013). From a technical point of 500 km from the storm center). The dominance of the diurnal view, previous studies analyzed observations at a relatively lower cycle was also found in variations in the radial wind (Vr) in inten- time interval of three hours, and it is likely that the results were sive TCs, although there was no dominant cycle in tangential wind contaminated by higher-order harmonics due to aliasing. -
Appendix 8: Damages Caused by Natural Disasters
Building Disaster and Climate Resilient Cities in ASEAN Draft Finnal Report APPENDIX 8: DAMAGES CAUSED BY NATURAL DISASTERS A8.1 Flood & Typhoon Table A8.1.1 Record of Flood & Typhoon (Cambodia) Place Date Damage Cambodia Flood Aug 1999 The flash floods, triggered by torrential rains during the first week of August, caused significant damage in the provinces of Sihanoukville, Koh Kong and Kam Pot. As of 10 August, four people were killed, some 8,000 people were left homeless, and 200 meters of railroads were washed away. More than 12,000 hectares of rice paddies were flooded in Kam Pot province alone. Floods Nov 1999 Continued torrential rains during October and early November caused flash floods and affected five southern provinces: Takeo, Kandal, Kampong Speu, Phnom Penh Municipality and Pursat. The report indicates that the floods affected 21,334 families and around 9,900 ha of rice field. IFRC's situation report dated 9 November stated that 3,561 houses are damaged/destroyed. So far, there has been no report of casualties. Flood Aug 2000 The second floods has caused serious damages on provinces in the North, the East and the South, especially in Takeo Province. Three provinces along Mekong River (Stung Treng, Kratie and Kompong Cham) and Municipality of Phnom Penh have declared the state of emergency. 121,000 families have been affected, more than 170 people were killed, and some $10 million in rice crops has been destroyed. Immediate needs include food, shelter, and the repair or replacement of homes, household items, and sanitation facilities as water levels in the Delta continue to fall. -
ESSENTIALS of METEOROLOGY (7Th Ed.) GLOSSARY
ESSENTIALS OF METEOROLOGY (7th ed.) GLOSSARY Chapter 1 Aerosols Tiny suspended solid particles (dust, smoke, etc.) or liquid droplets that enter the atmosphere from either natural or human (anthropogenic) sources, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Sulfur-containing fossil fuels, such as coal, produce sulfate aerosols. Air density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume occupied by it. Air density is usually expressed as g/cm3 or kg/m3. Also See Density. Air pressure The pressure exerted by the mass of air above a given point, usually expressed in millibars (mb), inches of (atmospheric mercury (Hg) or in hectopascals (hPa). pressure) Atmosphere The envelope of gases that surround a planet and are held to it by the planet's gravitational attraction. The earth's atmosphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO2) A colorless, odorless gas whose concentration is about 0.039 percent (390 ppm) in a volume of air near sea level. It is a selective absorber of infrared radiation and, consequently, it is important in the earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect. Solid CO2 is called dry ice. Climate The accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time. Front The transition zone between two distinct air masses. Hurricane A tropical cyclone having winds in excess of 64 knots (74 mi/hr). Ionosphere An electrified region of the upper atmosphere where fairly large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist. Lapse rate The rate at which an atmospheric variable (usually temperature) decreases with height. (See Environmental lapse rate.) Mesosphere The atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere. -
Cloud and Precipitation Radars
Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility maintains heavily ARM Radar Data instrumented fixed and mobile field sites that measure clouds, aerosols, Radar data is inherently complex. ARM radars are developed, operated, and overseen by engineers, scientists, radiation, and precipitation. data analysts, and technicians to ensure common goals of quality, characterization, calibration, data Data from these sites are used by availability, and utility of radars. scientists to improve the computer models that simulate Earth’s climate system. Storage Process Data Post- Data Cloud and Management processing Products Precipitation Radars Mentors Mentors Cloud systems vary with climatic regimes, and observational DQO Translators Data capabilities must account for these differences. Radars are DMF Developers archive Site scientist DMF the only means to obtain both quantitative and qualitative observations of clouds over a large area. At each ARM fixed and mobile site, millimeter and centimeter wavelength radars are used to obtain observations Calibration Configuration of the horizontal and vertical distributions of clouds, as well Scan strategy as the retrieval of geophysical variables to characterize cloud Site operations properties. This unprecedented assortment of 32 radars Radar End provides a unique capability for high-resolution delineation Mentors science users of cloud evolution, morphology, and characteristics. One-of-a-Kind Radar Network Advanced Data Products and Tools All ARM radars, with the exception of three, are equipped with dual- Reectivity (dBz) • Active Remotely Sensed Cloud Locations (ARSCL) – combines data from active remote sensors with polarization technology. Combined -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 50 60 radar observations to produce an objective determination of hydrometeor height distributions and retrieval with multiple frequencies, this 1 μm 10 μm 100 μm 1 mm 1 cm 10 cm 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 of cloud properties. -
Our Atmosphere Greece Sicily Athens
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Sardinia Italy Turkey Our Atmosphere Greece Sicily Athens he atmosphere is a life-giving blanket of air that surrounds our Crete T Tunisia Earth; it is composed of gases that protect us from the Sun’s intense ultraviolet Gulf of Gables radiation, allowing life to flourish. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, Mediterranean Sea ozone, and methane are steadily increasing from year to year. These gases trap infrared radiation (heat) emitted from Earth’s surface and atmosphere, Gulf of causing the atmosphere to warm. Conversely, clouds as well as many tiny Sidra suspended liquid or solid particles in the air such as dust, smoke, and Egypt Libya pollution—called aerosols—reflect the Sun’s radiative energy, which leads N to cooling. This delicate balance of incoming and reflected solar radiation 200 km and emitted infrared energy is critical in maintaining the Earth’s climate Turkey Greece and sustaining life. Research using computer models and satellite data from NASA’s Earth Sicily Observing System enhances our understanding of the physical processes Athens affecting trends in temperature, humidity, clouds, and aerosols and helps us assess the impact of a changing atmosphere on the global climate. Crete Tunisia Gulf of Gables Mediterranean Sea September 17, 1979 Gulf of Sidra October 6, 1986 September 20, 1993 Egypt Libya September 10, 2000 Aerosol Index low high September 24, 2006 On August 26, 2007, wildfires in southern Greece stretched along the southwest coast of the Peloponnese producing Total Ozone (Dobson Units) plumes of smoke that drifted across the Mediterranean Sea as far as Libya along Africa’s north coast. -
The Cloud Cycle and Acid Rain
gX^\[`i\Zk\em`ifed\ekXc`dgXZkjf]d`e`e^Xkc`_`i_`^_jZ_ffcYffbc\k(+ ( K_\Zcfl[ZpZc\Xe[XZ`[iX`e m the mine ke fro smo uld rain on Lihir? Co e acid caus /P 5IJTCPPLMFUXJMM FYQMBJOXIZ K_\i\Xjfe]fik_`jYffbc\k K_\i\`jefXZ`[iX`efeC`_`i% `jk_Xkk_\i\_XjY\\ejfd\ K_`jYffbc\k\ogcX`ejk_\jZ`\eZ\ d`jle[\ijkXe[`e^XYflkk_\ Xe[Z_\d`jkipY\_`e[XZ`[iX`e% \o`jk\eZ\f]XZ`[iX`efeC`_`i% I\X[fekfÔe[flkn_pk_\i\`jef XZ`[iX`efeC`_`i55 page Normal rain cycle and acid rain To understand why there is no acid rain on Lihir we will look at: 1 How normal rain is formed 2 2 How humidity effects rain formation 3 3 What causes acid rain? 4 4 How much smoke pollution makes acid rain? 5 5 Comparing pollution on Lihir with Sydney and China 6 6 Where acid rain does occur 8–9 7 Could acid rain fall on Lihir? 10–11 8 The effect of acid rain on the environment 12 9 Time to check what you’ve learnt 13 Glossary back page Read the smaller text in the blue bar at the bottom of each page if you want to understand the detailed scientific explanations. > > gX^\) ( ?fnefidXciX`e`j]fid\[ K_\eXkliXcnXk\iZpZc\ :cfl[jXi\]fid\[n_\e_\Xk]ifdk_\jleZXlj\jk_\nXk\i`e k_\fZ\Xekf\mXgfiXk\Xe[Y\Zfd\Xe`em`j`Yc\^Xj% K_`j^Xji`j\j_`^_`ekfk_\X`in_\i\Zffc\ik\dg\iXkli\jZXlj\ `kkfZfe[\ej\Xe[Y\Zfd\k`epnXk\i[ifgc\kj%N_\edXepf] k_\j\nXk\i[ifgc\kjZfcc`[\kf^\k_\ik_\pdXb\Y`^^\inXk\i [ifgj#n_`Z_Xi\kff_\XmpkfÕfXkXifle[`ek_\X`iXe[jfk_\p ]Xcc[fneXjiX`e%K_`jgifZ\jj`jZXcc\[gi\Z`g`kXk`fe% K_\eXkliXcnXk\iZpZc\ _\Xk]ifd k_\jle nXk\imXgflijZfe[\ej\ kfZi\Xk\Zcfl[j gi\Z`g`kXk`fe \mXgfiXk`fe K_\jZ`\eZ\Y\_`e[iX`e K_\_\Xk]ifdk_\jleZXlj\jnXk\i`ek_\ -
Economic Analysis of Disaster Management Investment Effectiveness in Korea
sustainability Article Economic Analysis of Disaster Management Investment Effectiveness in Korea Bo-Young Heo 1 and Won-Ho Heo 2,* 1 National Disaster Management Research Institute, Ulsan 44538, Korea; [email protected] 2 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-52-928-8112 Received: 12 March 2019; Accepted: 21 May 2019; Published: 28 May 2019 Abstract: Governments have been investing in extensive operations to minimize economic losses and casualties from natural disasters such as floods and storms. A suitable verification process is required to guarantee maximum effectiveness and efficiency of investments while ensuring sustained funding. Active investment can be expected by verifying the effectiveness of disaster prevention spending. However, the results of the budget invested in disaster-safety-related projects are not immediate but evident only over a period of time. Additionally, their effects should be verified in terms of the state or society overall, not from an individualistic perspective because of the nature of public projects. In this study, an economic analysis of the short- and long-term effects of investment in a disaster-safety-related project was performed and the effects of damage reduction before and after project implementation were analyzed to evaluate the short-term effects and a cost–benefit analysis was conducted to assess the long-term effects. The results show that disaster prevention projects reduce damages over both the short and long term. Therefore, investing in preventive projects to cope with disasters effectively is important to maximize the return on investment. -
Philippines: 106 Dead* China
Creation date: 20 Feb 2015 Philippines, China: Typhoon RAMMASUN, Flood and landslide Philippines, China Country Philippines: Northern and central parts of the country Philippines: 106 dead* and China: Southern part District China: 62 dead* Duration 15 Jul 2014- Typhoon Rammasun that landed on the eastern part of Philippines: 5 missing* Philippines on 15 Jul, moved across Luzon Island and made Outline final landfall in southern China. Rammasun was the most powerful typhoon that hit southern China in 40 years. 106 China: 21 missing* people in Philippines, and 62 in China were killed. *Philippines: Reported on 16 Sep 2014 *China: Reported on 27 Jul 2014 Photo 1 A man gathering bamboos that drifted to the bridge due to the Typhoon Rammasun, in Batangas in the southwest of Manila (17 Jul 2014) Source http://www.afpbb.com/articles/-/3020815 Copyright © 1956 Infrastructure Development Institute – Japan. All Rights Reserved. The reproduction or republication of this material is strictly prohibited without the prior written permission of IDI. 一般社団法人 国際建設技術協会 Infrastructure Development Institute – Japan Photo 2 Residents heading to an evacuation shelter in the strong wind and heavy rain caused by the typhoon in Manila (16 Jul 2014) Source http://www.afpbb.com/articles/-/3020815?pid=14054270 Photo 3 A resident climbs on a bridge destroyed during the onslaught of Typhoon Rammasun, (locally named Glenda) in Batangas city south of Manila, July 17, 2014. Source http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/17/us-philippines-typhoon-idUSKBN0FM01320140717 Photo 4 A person taking photos of storm-swept sea in Hainan province (18 Jul 2014) Source http://www.afpbb.com/articles/-/3021050?pid=14066126 Copyright © 1956 Infrastructure Development Institute – Japan. -
Cold Season Cloud Seeding
Weather Modification UNDERSTANDING Cloud seeding—a form of weather modification— ALBERTA CANADA COLD SEASON is a safe, scientific, time-tested, and proven set of Cloud Seeding technologies used to enhance rain and snow, re- ND duce hail damage, and alleviate fog. The benefits ID of cloud seeding can be measured in additional WY water for cities and agriculture, as well as the re- NV UT duction of damage from severe weather. CA CO KS TX Target area—Cold-season cloud-seeding Target area—Warm-season cloud-seeding A ground-based generator is used to burn a silver iodide solution to release microscopic silver-iodide particles which can create additional ice crystals, then snow, in winter clouds. Research has shown that placing equipment at high elevations increases cloud seeding effectiveness. NAWMC Members Cold Season Seeding California Department of Water Resources When moist air flows over the mountains, water vapor Colorado Water Conservation Board condenses and forms clouds composed of water droplets. These droplets become “super cooled” and have the unique Desert Research Institute quality to remain liquid even at temperatures below freez- North Dakota Atmospheric Resource Board ing. Given enough time and mixing with surrounding air, many of the droplets will evaporate, but under the correct Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation conditions some will eventually become ice crystals, grow Utah Division of Water Resources into snowflakes and precipitate to the ground. Cloud seed- Wyoming Water Development Office ing provides an opportunity to increase the number of ice crystals that can become snowflakes. NAWMC Associate Members Who Conducts Cloud Seeding? Central Arizona Water Conservation District In North America, cloud-seeding programs are conducted in Metropolitan Water District of Southern California California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, Kansas, Santa Barbara County Water Agency North Dakota, and Texas, as well as Alberta, Canada. -
CFK Team Completes Fourth Visit for 2016 Observation of Emergency
December 2016 “Rejoice always, pray without ceasing; in everything give thanks: for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus for you.” 1 Thessalonians 5:16–18 CFK Team Completes Fourth Visit for 2016 team of 17 people from the United States, Norway, A Australia, and New Zealand completed a 27-day visit to the DPRK with CFK on November 22nd. The purpose of this visit was wide-ranging, including flood relief confirming visits to the far northernmost cities of Musan and Yonsa; confirming visits to 18 CFK supported hospitals and rest homes; the completion of renovations at the Kaesong #2 Hepatitis Hospital Lab; the extension of a water distribution system at Kaesong #3 TB Hospital; presentation of advanced TB diagnostics training workshops at the National TB Reference Lab; running over 10,000 diagnostic lab tests at the newly renovated Pyongyang #2 Hepatitis Hospital Laboratory on blood samples from nearly 500 hepatitis patients; and starting Øyvind Dovland overlooking temporary shelters in the flood ravaged town of Musan 385 more patients on hepatitis B antiviral treatment. Musan. Beginning near the top of the high pass and winding Observation of Emergency Flood Activities down to Musan, there was clear evidence along the way of rom October 28–November 1, a small team including the devastation caused by the torrential rains that poured into Frepresentatives from CFK, the Mennonite Central these narrow mountain valleys. The road we traveled down Committee, and Evangelisk Orientmisjon, traveled the narrow hugs the mountains and largely parallels a small stream that mountain roads from Chongjin to the northeastern cities of had swelled enormously from the downpour in late August Musan and Yonsa; both cities were among the hardest hit areas into a raging torrent, sweeping away homes, trees, the road, during the late August flooding from Typhoon Lionrock.