Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility maintains heavily ARM Radar Data instrumented fixed and mobile field sites that measure clouds, aerosols, Radar data is inherently complex. ARM radars are developed, operated, and overseen by engineers, scientists, radiation, and precipitation. data analysts, and technicians to ensure common goals of quality, characterization, calibration, data Data from these sites are used by availability, and utility of radars. scientists to improve the computer models that simulate Earth’s climate system.

Storage Process

Data Post- Data Cloud and Management processing Products Precipitation Radars

Mentors Mentors Cloud systems vary with climatic regimes, and observational DQO Translators Data capabilities must account for these differences. Radars are DMF Developers archive Site scientist DMF the only means to obtain both quantitative and qualitative observations of clouds over a large area. At each ARM fixed and mobile site, millimeter and centimeter wavelength radars are used to obtain observations Calibration Configuration of the horizontal and vertical distributions of clouds, as well Scan strategy as the retrieval of geophysical variables to characterize cloud Site operations properties. This unprecedented assortment of 32 radars Radar End provides a unique capability for high-resolution delineation Mentors science users of cloud evolution, morphology, and characteristics. One-of-a-Kind Radar Network Advanced Data Products and Tools All ARM radars, with the exception of three, are equipped with dual- Re ectivity (dBz) • Active Remotely Sensed Cloud Locations (ARSCL) – combines data from active remote sensors with polarization technology. Combined -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 50 60 radar observations to produce an objective determination of hydrometeor height distributions and retrieval with multiple frequencies, this 1 μm 10 μm 100 μm 1 mm 1 cm 10 cm 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 of cloud properties. technology provides improved retrievals of cloud properties, Particle Size (mm) • MicroARSCL – product development and tools for advanced algorithms applied to Doppler spectra data. S-Band (2.7 GHz, 10 cm) including better discrimination of Drizzle, rain, snow, hail 300 km MicroARSCL enables the processing of very large volumes of spectra data for geophysical retrieval. (over longer range)

liquid from ice. C-Band (5.6 GHz, 5.5 cm) • Python ARM Radar Toolkit (Py-ART) – a community-based toolkit for the ingest and processing of Drizzle, rain, snow, hail 120 km (over long range) radar data. Py-ART, through advanced algorithms and the power of PythonTM, facilitates the retrieval of Through scanning strategies X-Band (9.5 GHz, 3.1 cm) developed for these radars, ARM Drizzle, rain, snow, hail 40 km geophysical variables and archives it in widely used file formats. Range is extending its observations of (over short range) Ka-Band (35 GHz, 8.5 mm) clouds and precipitation beyond the Clouds, drizzle, rain, snow 30 km Browse ARM data using the Data Discovery Browser: (over short range) confines of the vertical atmospheric W-Band (95 GHz, 3.1 mm)

ARM Radars Clouds, drizzle, snow 20 km http://www.archive.arm.gov/discovery/ column to include a spatial picture (over short range) for process studies and evaluation of For more information, contact: models. Observations from ARM’s For illustrative purposes only; does not depict actual data. Nitin Bharadwaj scanning cloud radars around the Scanning Radars Zenith Cloud Radars ARM Radar Engineer world will help reduce uncertainties • C-Band • X-Band • Ka-Band (509) 372-4267 in the cloud parameterizations used • Ka-Band • W-Band • W-Band [email protected] in global climate models.

DOE/SC-ARM-13-016 INSTRUMENTATION North Slope of Alaska ARM Mobile Facility High-latitude Arctic observations over both land and sea. Ice and mixed- Scanning ARM Cloud Three separate, fully instrumented facilities phase clouds form the predominant cloud systems most of the year. ARM Cloud Profiling give researchers the flexibility to obtain • KAZR climate observations anywhere in the Radars (SACR) • Ka/W-SACR Radars world. Each mobile facility comes with These systems use pulse compression technology different radars: • X-SAPR: the only dual-polarized weather radar with coverage over land Vertically pointing, these radars provide high- and sea in the Arctic. to improve sensitivity. SACRs use corner reflector • AMF1: Ka/W-SACR, WACR resolution profiles of reflectivity, Doppler velocity, observations for calibration consistency and • AMF2: KAZR, X/Ka-SACR, MWACR and spectral width from near-ground to nearly system monitoring. 20 km. Their co- and cross-polar Doppler spectra • AMF3: KAZR, Ka/W-SACR, C-SAPR. are recorded 24 hours daily for advanced spectral • Ka/W-SACR (Ka- and W-Band, λ ~ 8 mm Southern Great Plains processing, and the systems use pulse compression and 3 mm): Uses a klystron and operates in Wide variability of cloud types technology to improve sensitivity. depolarization mode with horizon-to-horizon and large seasonal variations in scanning capability. The antenna beamwidths temperature and humidity. • KAZR – Ka-Band Zenith Radar (λ ~ 8 mm): are matched (0.3°) to keep nearly identical • KAZR Uses a burst pulse to cover the blind zone. resolutions. • Ka/W-SACR • X-SAPR - Three radars around the SGP central facility Tropical Western Pacific - Separated by 25-30 km (Darwin, Australia; Manus, - Observation of the drizzle and Papua New Guinea) rain over the cloud profiling Observations of deep atmospheric radars Eastern North Atlantic convection in the “Pacific Warm Pool” • C-SAPR: the only operational Observations of low marine cloud systems in subtropical oceans. that drives global climate. radar that provides range height • KAZR indicator scans in the mid- • KAZR latitude, mid-continental regime. • MWACR – Marine W-Band ARM Cloud Radar • X/Ka-SACR • X/Ka-SACR (X- and Ka-Band, λ ~ 3 cm • Ka/W-SACR (λ ~ 3 mm): Operates on a stabilized platform for and 8 mm): Simultaneously sends and • C-SAPR: located on Manus Island, it marine deployments, and on a pedestal for land- • X-SAPR: high-powered and high-resolution system with is the only weather radar deployed in receives horizontal and vertical polarization 0.5˚ beam targeting marine clouds and drizzle. the region. based deployments. signals. X-SACR uses a low-powered traveling wave tube (20 kW) transmitter.

Scanning ARM Precipitation Radars (SAPR) C-SAPR These weather radars make observations of precipitation systems (and certain non-precipitating clouds), simultaneously transmitting and receiving horizontal and vertical polarization signals.

• X-SAPR (X-Band, λ ~ 3 cm) and C-SAPR (C-Band, λ ~ 5 cm): High-powered magnetron systems (200 kW, X-SAPR; X-SAPR 300 kW C-SAPR), pencil beam with horizon-to-horizon scanning capability for X-SAPR, and horizon-to-Zenith for * All of ARM’s cloud profiling radars are C-SAPR. unattended, around-the-clock, operation- al radars that are remotely monitored and operated via the Internet.