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Evolutionary Ecology of Pollination and Reproduction of Tropical Plants
TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT - Vol. V - Evolutionary Ecology af Pollination and Reproduction of Tropical Plants - M. Quesada, F. Rosas, Y. Herrerias-Diego, R. Aguliar, J.A. Lobo and G. Sanchez-Montoya EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY OF POLLINATION AND REPRODUCTION OF TROPICAL PLANTS M. Quesada and F. Rosas Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México. Y. Herrerias-Diego Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Michoacán, México. R. Aguilar IMBIV - UNC - CONICET, C.C. 495,(5000) Córdoba, Argentina J.A. Lobo Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica G. Sanchez-Montoya Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México. Keywords: Pollination, tropical plants, diversity, mating systems, gender, conservation. Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. The Life Cycle of Angiosperms 1.2. Overview of Angiosperm Diversity 2. Degree of specificity of pollination system 3. Diversity of pollination systems 3.1. Beetle Pollination (Cantharophily) 3.2. Lepidoptera 3.2.1. Butterfly Pollination (Psychophily) 3.2.2. Moth Pollination (Phalaenophily) 3.3. Hymenoptera 3.3.1. Bee PollinationUNESCO (Melittophily) – EOLSS 3.3.2. Wasps 3.4. Fly Pollination (Myophily and Sapromyophily) 3.5. Bird Pollination (Ornitophily) 3.6. Bat PollinationSAMPLE (Chiropterophily) CHAPTERS 3.7. Pollination by No-Flying Mammals 3.8. Wind Pollination (Anemophily) 3.9. Water Pollination (Hydrophily) 4. Reproductive systems of angiosperms 4.1. Strategies that Reduce Selfing and/or Promote Cross-Pollination. 4.2. Self Incompatibility Systems 4.2.1. Incidence of Self Incompatibility in Tropical Forest 4.3. The Evolution of Separated Sexes from Hermaphroditism 4.3.1. From Distyly to Dioecy ©Encyclopedia Of. Life Support Systems (EOLSS) TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT - Vol. -
Acetle Acid on Pollen V, ;. Grain; Germination.»
Artificial germination of Sorghum vulgare Pers. Pollen Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Humphrey, David Ford, 1934- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 25/09/2021 11:53:46 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/551560 MLTIF.IGIkL GERBOZATIGE . op v; . '■ ■■ SOHGHUM WLGAEE BES» POHEN fey ' ' . David Ford Hwaphrey & ffeesis Submitted t®. the Fasti.ty ©f the . DEPARTMENT 0F PEAIMT BREEDING In Partial Fulfillment ®f the. Eequirements , _ ... For the Degree of ; MSTER OF'SCIENCE In the Graduate College .SHE UNIVERSITY CF-ARIZCEA STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re quirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in The University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library* Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made* Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in their judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship* In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author* SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: o -j? Professor of Plant Breeding > e ' ii ; ■ : . -
Pollination and Evolution of Plant and Insect Interaction JPP 2017; 6(3): 304-311 Received: 03-03-2017 Accepted: 04-04-2017 Showket a Dar, Gh
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2017; 6(3): 304-311 E-ISSN: 2278-4136 P-ISSN: 2349-8234 Pollination and evolution of plant and insect interaction JPP 2017; 6(3): 304-311 Received: 03-03-2017 Accepted: 04-04-2017 Showket A Dar, Gh. I Hassan, Bilal A Padder, Ab R Wani and Sajad H Showket A Dar Parey Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology, Shalimar, Jammu Abstract and Kashmir-India Flowers exploit insects to achieve pollination; at the same time insects exploit flowers for food. Insects and flowers are a partnership. Each insect group has evolved different sets of mouthparts to exploit the Gh. I Hassan food that flowers provide. From the insects' point of view collecting nectar or pollen is rather like fitting Sher-e-Kashmir University of a key into a lock; the mouthparts of each species can only exploit flowers of a certain size and shape. Agricultural Science and This is why, to support insect diversity in our gardens, we need to plant a diversity of suitable flowers. It Technology, Shalimar, Jammu is definitely not a case of 'one size fits all'. While some insects are generalists and can exploit a wide and Kashmir-India range of flowers, others are specialists and are quite particular in their needs. In flowering plants, pollen grains germinate to form pollen tubes that transport male gametes (sperm cells) to the egg cell in the Bilal A Padder embryo sac during sexual reproduction. Pollen tube biology is complex, presenting parallels with axon Sher-e-Kashmir University of guidance and moving cell systems in animals. -
Pollination of Cultivated Plants in the Tropics 111 Rrun.-Co Lcfcnow!Cdgmencle
ISSN 1010-1365 0 AGRICULTURAL Pollination of SERVICES cultivated plants BUL IN in the tropics 118 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO 6-lina AGRICULTUTZ4U. ionof SERNES cultivated plans in tetropics Edited by David W. Roubik Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa, Panama Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations F'Ø Rome, 1995 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-11 ISBN 92-5-103659-4 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. FAO 1995 PlELi. uion are ted PlauAr David W. Roubilli (edita Footli-anal ISgt-iieulture Organization of the Untled Nations Contributors Marco Accorti Makhdzir Mardan Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Cascine del Ricci° Malaysian Bee Research Development Team 50125 Firenze, Italy 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Stephen L. Buchmann John K. S. Mbaya United States Department of Agriculture National Beekeeping Station Carl Hayden Bee Research Center P. -
Lecture 4: ROLE of HONEY BEES in CROSS POLLINATION - THEIR EXPLOITATION - CASE STUDIES with SELECTED CROPS
Lecture 4: ROLE OF HONEY BEES IN CROSS POLLINATION - THEIR EXPLOITATION - CASE STUDIES WITH SELECTED CROPS For SEXUAL reproduction in flowering plants transfer of anther to stigma is essential - Pollination Self pollination Transfer to sligma of same plant No external agents are involved Cross pollination Transfer pollen from one plant to stigma of another plant External agents are involved External agents involved in pollination A. Abiotic agents a. Wind (Anemophily) Wind carries pollen from one plant to another Flowers are small, inconspicuous, unattractive Pollen are dry and light in weight Stigma feathery with large surface area eg: Maize, barley, wheat, sugarcane b. Water (Hydrophily) Water carries pollen from one plant to other B. Biotic agents Bird, bat and insects are important biotic agents Among insects honey bees play major role Honey bees and flowering plants have coevolved In insect pollinated plants, flowers are large, brightly colour, distinct fragrance, presence of nectar and sticky pollen True honeybees (Apis spp.) - Most valuable pollinators of commercial crop Qualities of honeybees which make them good pollinators 1. Body covered with hairs and have structural adaptation for carrying nectar and pollen. 2. Bees - Not injurious to plants 3. Adult and larva feed on nectar and pollen - Available in plenty 4. Superior pollinators - Since store pollen and nectar for future use 5. No diapause - Need pollen throughout year 6. Body size and probascis length - Suitable for many crops 7. Pollinate wide variety of crops 8. Forage -
Aerobiological Investigation and in Vitro Studies of Pollen Grains From
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Aerobiological Investigation and In Vitro Studies of Pollen Grains From 2 Dominant Avenue Trees in Kolkata, India J Mandal,1 I Roy,2 S Chatterjee,2 S Gupta-Bhattacharya1 1Division of Palynology and Environmental Biology, Department of Botany, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India 2Allergy Department, Institute of Child Health, Kolkata, India ■ Abstract Background: Peltophorum pterocarpum and Delonix regia are dominant avenue trees in the city of Kolkata in India. They are well adapted to the humid tropical climate and also grow commonly in different parts of the country. Their pollen grains are reported to be airborne. Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct an aerobiological survey in Kolkata to determine the concentration and seasonal periodicity of pollen grains from P pterocarpum and D regia and to analyze the meteorological factors responsible for their levels in the atmosphere. In addition, we analyzed the prevalence of sensitization due to these grains among patients with seasonal respiratory allergy. Methods: An aerobiological survey was conducted with a volumetric Burkard sampler from 2004 to 2006. Correlations between meteorological parameters and pollen grain concentrations were assessed by Spearman correlation test. The protein profi le of the pollen extracts was studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Finally, the allergenic potential of the pollen extracts was evaluated in patients with respiratory allergy by skin prick test, immunoglobulin (Ig) E enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and IgE immunoblotting. Results: P pterocarpum and D regia pollen grains occur from March to June and April to July, respectively. The pollen concentrations showed statistically signifi cant positive correlations with maximum temperature and wind speed. -
Pollen Limitation and Flower Abortion in a Wind-Pollinated, Masting Tree
Notes Ecology, 96(2), 2015, pp. 587–593 Ó 2015 by the Ecological Society of America Pollen limitation and flower abortion in a wind-pollinated, masting tree 1,2,5 1,3 4 1 IAN S. PEARSE, WALTER D. KOENIG, KYLE A. FUNK, AND MARIO B. PESENDORFER 1Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York 14850 USA 2Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 S. Oaks Street, Champaign, Illinois 61820 USA 3Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA 4School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 USA Abstract. Pollen limitation is a key assumption of theories that explain mast seeding, which is common among wind-pollinated and woody plants. In particular, the pollen coupling hypothesis and pollination Moran effect hypothesis assume pollen limitation as a factor that synchronizes seed crops across individuals. The existence of pollen limitation has not, however, been unambiguously demonstrated in wind-pollinated, masting trees. We conducted a two-year pollen supplementation experiment on a masting oak species, Quercus lobata. Supplemental pollen increased acorn set in one year but not in the other, supporting the importance of pollen coupling and pollination Moran effect models of mast seeding. We also tracked the fate of female flowers over five years and found that the vast majority of flowers were aborted for reasons unrelated to pollination, even in the presence of excess pollen. Pollen limitation can reduce annual seed set in a wind-pollinated tree, but factors other than pollen limitation cause the majority of flower abortion. Key words: anemophily; flower abortion; perennial plants; pollen; seed set; wind pollination. -
Pollination in Brazilian Syngonanthus (Eriocaulaceae) Species: Evidence for Entomophily Instead of Anemophily
Annals of Botany 96: 387–397, 2005 doi:10.1093/aob/mci191, available online at www.aob.oupjournals.org Pollination in Brazilian Syngonanthus (Eriocaulaceae) Species: Evidence for Entomophily Instead of Anemophily CARLIANNE O. C. RAMOS*, EDUARDO L. BORBA* and LI´GIA S. FUNCH Departamento de Cieˆncias Biolo´gicas, Laborato´rio de Taxonomia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Rodovia BR 116, km 03, Feira de Santana, BA, 44031-460, Brazil Received: 17 February 2005 Returned for revision: 1 April 2005 Accepted: 7 May 2005 Published electronically: 20 June 2005 Background and Aims The reproductive biology of Syngonanthus mucugensis and S. curralensis (Eriocaulaceae) was studied in areas of ‘campo rupestre’ vegetation in the Chapada Diamantina, north-eastern Brazil. These species are herbaceous and the individuals have a grouped distribution. Their leaves are united in a rosette, and their inflorescence is monoecious, of the capitulum type. The staminate and pistillate rings mature in a centripetal manner on the capitulum. Methods A field study was conducted, including observations concerning the morphology and biology of the flowers, fruit development, insect visits and anemophily, in both S. mucugensis and S. curralensis. Experimental pollinations were also carried out to study the mating systems of S. mucugensis. Key Results Both species flower from June to August. The staminate cycle lasts approx. 7 d, and the pistillate cycle from 3 to 4 d, with no temporal overlap between them on the same capitulum. The pollen viability of S. mucugensis was 88Á6 %, and 92Á5 % for S. curralensis. The inflorescences of both species demonstrated ultraviolet absorbance, and a sweet odour was detected during both the staminate and pistillate phases. -
Agents for Pollination by Durgeshwer Singh
AGENTS FOR POLLINATION Durgeshwer Singh Department of Botany Mahatma Gandhi Central University Agents for Pollination As the pollen is not capable of locomotion, pollination involves some agents for transfer of pollen grains especially in case of cross pollination. Cross Pollination Abiotic Agents Biotic Agents Entomophily Anemophily Ornithophily Hydrophily Cheiropteriphily Malacophily ABIOTIC AGENTS Anemophily (Pollination by air/ wind) Adaptation • Flowers- inconspicuous, usually not brightly coloured or scented • Petals are either small and green or absent • Male flowers are more numerous than female • Anther are versatile so that they swing freely by air currents • Pollen grains are smooth walled, relatively light, small and dry so they can be easily blown away by wind. • In grasses, pollen grains are relatively heavy and hence are not suitable for transport by wind. To overcome this problem, the male flowers are borne in the upper part of the inflorescence and the female in the lower part. • Examples; Most cereals and palms, Member of Salicaceae (Poplar, willow), Betulaceae (Alder, hazel, birch), Fagaceae (Oak, beech), Ulmaceae (Elm), Urticaceae (Urtica) etc. Hydrophily (Pollination by water) Hydrophilous flower are small and inconspicuous like anemophilous Hypo-hydrophily Epi-hydrophily • Pollination takes place completely under • Pollination of flower at the surface of water. water • More common • Example - Vallisneria • Pollination of flower below water level • Whole male flower break and float on the and is found in submerged plants like surface. Najas, Ceratophyllum and Zostera • Female flower are raised to the surface by • Aerenchyma present in anther- float a long spiral stalk. BIOTIC AGENTS Most important agent for pollination • Entomophily: pollination by Insects • Ornithophily: pollination by birds • Chiropteriphily: pollination by bats • Malacophily: pollination by slug and snail Entomophily (Pollination by insects) • Most frequent in Angiosperms. -
Pollination in Jacaranda Rugosa (Bignoniaceae): Euglossine Pollinators, Nectar Robbers and Low Fruit Set P
Plant Biology ISSN 1435-8603 RESEARCH PAPER Pollination in Jacaranda rugosa (Bignoniaceae): euglossine pollinators, nectar robbers and low fruit set P. Milet-Pinheiro1 & C. Schlindwein2 1 Programa de Po´ s-Graduac¸a˜ o em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil 2 Departamento de Botaˆ nica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil Keywords ABSTRACT Apidae; bees; Brazil; Euglossini; Jacaranda rugosa; National Park of Catimbau; nectar Nectar robbers access floral nectar in illegitimate flower visits without, in robbers; pollination. general, performing a pollination service. Nevertheless, their effect on fruit set can be indirectly positive if the nectar removal causes an incremental Correspondence increase in the frequency of legitimate flower visits of effective pollinators, P. Milet-Pinheiro, Programa de Po´ s-Graduac¸a˜ o especially in obligate outcrossers. We studied pollination and the effect of em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de nectar robbers on the reproductive fitness of Jacaranda rugosa, an endemic Pernambuco. Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s ⁄ n, shrub of the National Park of Catimbau, in the Caatinga of Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE Brazil. Brazil. Xenogamous J. rugosa flowers continuously produced nectar during ) E-mail: [email protected] the day at a rate of 1 llÆh 1. Female and male Euglossa melanotricha were the main pollinators. Early morning flower visits substantially contributed Editor to fruit set because stigmas with open lobes were almost absent in the after- J. Arroyo noon. Ninety-nine per cent of the flowers showed damage caused by nectar robbers. Artificial addition of sugar water prolonged the duration of flower Received: 3 September 2007; Accepted: 6 visits of legitimate flower visitors. -
Comparing Pollination Bag Types for Micro-Environmental Parameters Influencing Seed Production in Oil Palm
RESEARCH ARTICLES RESEARCH ARTICLES JOURNALJournal ofOF OilOIL PalmPALM RESEARCH Research 29 Vol. (2) (JUNE29 (2) 2017) June 2017 p. 168 – 179 DOI:JOURNALJournal https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2017.2902.02 ofOF OilOIL PalmPALM RESEARCH Research 29 Vol. (2) (JUNE29 (2) 2017) June 2017 p. 168 – 179 COMPARING POLLINATION BAG TYPES FOR MICRO-ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS INFLUENCING SEED PRODUCTION IN OIL PALM LUC BONNEAU*; DEBORAH ELI*; PHILLIP VOVOLA* and DALJIT SINGH VIRK** LUC BONNEAU*; DEBORAH ELI*; PHILLIP VOVOLA* and DALJIT SINGH VIRK** ABSTRACT ABSTRACT For oil palm seed production, the pollination bag must prevent contamination by unintended pollen to For oil palm seed production, the pollination bag must prevent contamination by unintended pollen to ensure the genetic integrity. An investigation was undertaken by the seed production unit of Dami Oil Palm ensure the genetic integrity. An investigation was undertaken by the seed production unit of Dami Oil Palm Research Station (DAMI OPRS) in Papua New Guinea to compare the impact of the type of pollination Research Station (DAMI OPRS) in Papua New Guinea to compare the impact of the type of pollination bags on both the genetic integrity and seed yield in the commercial seed production environment. Three bags on both the genetic integrity and seed yield in the commercial seed production environment. Three pollination bag types [canvas, high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyester] were compared during pollination bag types [canvas, high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyester] were -
The Microenvironment Within and Pollen Transmission Through Polyethylene Sorghum Pollination Bags
American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2015, 6, 265-274 Published Online February 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ajps http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2015.62030 The Microenvironment within and Pollen Transmission through Polyethylene Sorghum Pollination Bags Dennis C. Gitz1*, Jeffrey T. Baker2, Zhanguo Xin3, John J. Burke3, Robert J. Lascano1 1United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service#, Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Unit, Lubbock, Texas, USA 2United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Unit, Big Spring, Texas, USA 3United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Lubbock, Texas, USA Email: *[email protected] Received 13 January 2015; accepted 27 January 2015; published 30 January 2015 Copyright © 2015 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract Bird damage is a problem in sorghum breeding and germplasm maintenance operations. Paper pollination bags are damaged by rain and provide minimal deterrent to birds. Earlier we reported upon bird resistance of spun polyethylene pollination bags. Herein, we report the potential for pollen transmission through, and the microenvironment within, hard form (HfT) and soft form (SfT) spun polyethylene pollination bags as compared to traditional Paper pollination bags. With- in Paper pollination bags morning temperatures were 10˚C - 15˚C above ambient and high temper- ature excursions as high as 45˚C were measured. Heating in Sft and HfT was 25% and 50% that of Paper, respectively.