PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
STEPHEN KUMALO'S STRUGGLES TO SOLVE HIS FAMILY PROBLEMS IN ALAN PATON’S CRY, THE BELOVED COUNTRY
A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By Heribertus Martinus Moscati Student Number: 041214135
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2011
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
STEPHEN KUMALO'S STRUGGLES TO SOLVE HIS FAMILY PROBLEMS IN ALAN PATON’S CRY, THE BELOVED COUNTRY
A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By Heribertus Martinus Moscati Student Number: 041214135
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2011
i
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Pope John Paul II
The great danger for family life, in the midst of any society whose idols are pleasure, comfort and independence, lies in the fact that people close their hearts and become selfish.
Oprah Winfrey (1954 - ),
O Magazine, September 2002 The key to realizing a dream is to focus not on success but significance - and then even the small steps and little victories along your path will take on greater meaning.
Friedrich Nietzsche
No price is too high to pay for the privilege of owning yourself.
This thesis is dedicated to:
My mother, father, brothers, lover, and best friends
v
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First, I would like to thank Jesus Christ and Mother Mary for enormous blessing and guidance for me to finish this work.
Then, my gratitude goes to my sponsor, Rm. Lucianus Suharjanto, S.J. who had helped me with patience from the start. My thank is also for Ms. Caecilia Tutyandari, S.Pd. M.Pd., as the chairperson of English Education Study Program, who had accompanied me and other students to finish my study.
For the Head of Faculty of Teachers Training and Education of Sanata Dharma University, Drs. Tarsisius Sarkim, M.ED., Ph.D, I want to say my great thank for controlling me in my struggle to finish my study. For all of the lecturers in English Education Study Program, I want to say thanks for helping me in developing my knowledge and skill in English.
I want to say thanks for my parents, Titus & Maria, and my brothers, Claus & Hedwig. The greatest love has been given to me. Without their advice and support, I cannot finish this thesis. For my lover, Iin, I want to say thanks a lot for supporting me.
A lot of thanks I give for my best friends, Aldo, Tom, Mendra, Rinto, Cecik, Leri, Joden, Tejo, Devi, Jefry, Nanek, Yani, Cici, Layang, Lana, Lil Chrizt, Lale, El Jhozz, Rino, Ito, Kele, Moriz, Rigit, Cepot, Engkozz, Astry, Candra, and etc, who always being beside me all the time in my life.
For all 04 crews in PBI USD, Gregg, Kucel, Yosan, Damar, Friska, Kadal, and etc, Thanks for being together in many struggles.
Last but not least, thanks for all who have their own way to help and support me in finishing this thesis.
Heribertus Martinus Moscati
vi
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………. i
APPROVAL PAGES ……………………………………………. ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ………………… iv
DEDICATION PAGE …………………………………………… v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………….. vii
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………… viii
ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………… ix
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1
A. Background of the Study ……………………………….. 1 B. Problem Formulation …………………………………... 5 C. Objectives of the Study ………………………………… 6 D. Benefits of the Study …………………………………… 6 E. Definition of Terms …………………………………….. 7
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 9
A. Review of Related Studies …………………………….. 9 B. Review of Related Theories …………………………… 12 1. Theories of Family ………………………………… 12 a. Definition of Family …………………………… 12 b. Kind of Family ………………………………… 15 c. Family Functions ……………………………… 18 2. Theories of Conflict ……………………………….. 19 3. Theories of Setting ………………………………… 20 4. Theories of Society and Class ……………………... 21 5. Relation between Society, Culture, and History
vii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
with a Family in the Novel ………………………... 27
C. Theoretical Framework ………………………………. 30
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY 31
A. Object of the Study …………………………………… 31 B. Approach of the Study ………………………………... 33 C. Method of the Study ………………………………….. 36
CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS 39
A. Problems in Stephen Kumalo’s Family ……………….. 38 1. Racial Discrimination ……………………………... 40 2. Shame ……………………………………………… 53 3. Failure in Educating Family Members ……………. 55
B. Stephen Kumalo’s Struggles to Solve His Family Problems …………………………………... 60 1. Rebuilding Good Relationship between White and Black ………………………………….... 60 2. Facing the Feeling of Shame Directly ……………... 61 3. Reuniting and Rebuilding His Family ……………... 64
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 70
A. Conclusions ……………………………………………. 70 B. Suggestions ……………………………………………. 75 1. Suggestions for Future Researchers ……………….. 75 2. Suggestions for English Teaching and Education ……………………………………… 76
REFERENCES 78
APPENDICES 82
Appendix 1 (SUMMARY OF THE STORY) ……………… 82
Appendix 2 (THE BIOGRAPHY OF ALAN PATON) ……. 84
Appendix 3 (THE WORKS OF ALAN PATON) …………. 86
Appendix 4 (THE PICTURE OF ALAN PATON) ………... 87
viii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Appendix 5 (LESSON PLAN) …………………………….. 88
Appendix 6 (TEST) ……………………………………….. 89
ix
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRACT
Moscati, Heribertus Martinus (2011). Stephen Kumalo’s Struggles to Solve His Family Problems in Alan Paton’s Cry, the Beloved Country. Yogyakarta: Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Department of Language and Arts Education, English Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
This thesis discusses family problems in Stephen Kumalo’s family. Alan Paton, as the author of the novel of Cry, the Beloved Country generally portrays social segregation between black and white people in South Africa that also influences Kumalo’s family life. In this thesis, there are two questions on problem formulation related to the topic of this thesis. First is about problems in Kumalo’s family. Second is about his struggles to solve those family problems. To achieve the objectives of the study, the writer applied library research to get data. There were two kinds of sources that were used in this thesis. The first was primary source. It was the novel of Cry, the Beloved Country itself. The second is secondary sources that were obtained from books that are related to the topic. Other secondary sources were from internet source. The sociocultural-historical was used to get understanding about Stephen Kumalo’s family background as black family. The information about social life, culture, and political situation in South Africa were important to reveal the life experience of all characters in the novel. Some information about family through some theories was also very essential to recognize. Those problems are racial discrimination, shame, and failure in educating family members, while Stephen Kumalo’s struggles to solve his family problems are rebuilding good relationship between white and black, facing the feeling of shame directly, and reuniting and rebuilding his family. In the last part, there are conclusions and suggestions. Conclusions contain a brief explanation of analysis section. Then there are two suggestions. The first suggestion is for the future researcher(s) on the Paton’s Cry, the Beloved Country. The second suggestion is to implement Cry, the Beloved Country in teaching English and Education in general.
ix
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
Moscati, Heribertus Martinus (2011). Stephen Kumalo’s Struggles to Solve His Family Problems in Alan Paton’s Cry, the Beloved Country. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini menjelaskan tentang masalah keluarga dalam keluarga Stephen Kumalo. Penulis novel, Alan Paton menjelaskan pemisahan secara sosial antara orang kulit hitam dan putih di Afrika Selatan yang mempengaruhi kehidupan keluarga Kumalo. Dalam skripsi ini, ada dua pertanyaan yang akan dijawab berkaitan dengn topik. Pertama adalah pertanyaan tentang masalah-masalah dalam keluarga Kumalo. Kedua berkaitan dengan usaha-usaha Kumalo untuk menyelesaikan masalah- masalah keluarganya. Untuk mencapai tujuan skripsi ini, metode pustaka diterapkan untuk mengumpulkan data. Ada dua sumber data dalam skripsi ini. Sumber utama adalah novel yang berjudul Cry, the Beloved Country itu sendiri. Sumber kedua berasal dari buku-buku yang berkaitan dengan topik. Sumber-sumber lainnya diambil dari internet. Pendekatan sosial kebudayaan dan sejarah diterapkan untuk mendapatkan pemahaman tentang latar belakang keluarga Kumalo sebagai keluarga kulit hitam. Informasi tentang kehidupan sosial, budaya, dan situasi politik di Afrika Selatan penting untuk mengamati kehidupan setiap karakter dalam novel. Teori-teori tentang keluarga juga perlu diketahui. Hasil dari studi ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat beberapa masalah dalam kekuarga Stephen Kumalo. Masalah-masalah tersebut adalah diskriminasi ras, perasaan malu, dan kegagalan mendidik anggota keluarga, sementara perjuangan Kumalo untuk menyelesaikan masalah keluarganya adalah membangun kembali hubungan baik antara kaum kulit putih dan hitam, menghadapi secara langsung orang yang membuatnya malu, dan mempersatukan dan membangun kembali keluarganya. Bagian terakhir adalah kesimpulan dan saran. Kesimpulan berisi penjelasan singkat berdasarkan analisis. Kenudian terdapat dua saran. Pertama berkaitan dengan peneliti novel Cry, the Beloved Country selanjutnya, dan yang kedua adalah penerapan novel tersebut dalam pengajaran bahasa Inggris dan dunia pendidikan pada umumnya.
x
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Literature becomes an important thing in human life. It has many
contributions in human civilization. The human development from time to
time cannot be separated with literature. With some of its genres, literature
portrays human life in some aspects too. Human experience is an
interesting part in writing a literary work for some authors. According to
Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods in Reading and Writing about
Literature, there are four modern literary genres. They are the short story,
the novel, the poem, and the play/ drama. Each genre has its own form
(1971: 19). By these genres, it’s expected that readers can get some
learning and values in human life, especially positive values. Novel is one
of the literary genres. In this study, novel is the main source to analyze.
Through reading the novel, the readers will focus on human living in
social life.
Living in society and building a social relationship with other
people in society is a part of human life. It is the essence of a human as a
social creature. All members of the society are involved in the social
interaction. A lot of literary works describe the society. Social life is a
basic for some authors in writing their literary work, especially novel.
1
2 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Some aspects of human life in a society, such as birth, death, marriage,
crime, kindness, friendship, love, and etc. become the interesting topic in
writing novel. Graham Little stated in his book, Approach of Literature
that literature functions “as a representation of the situation and thoughts
happening in a certain setting time and place,” (1963: 1).
Elizabeth Langland, in her book of Society in the Novel, gave her
opinion about society.
The way society is structured – how it is depicted, how its elements are organized – defines its formal role. So, when we speak of the formal role of society, we are speaking of the ways in which structural elements of a particular depiction are combined and evaluated to make society itself an integral part of a novel’s form, a significant element in the principles generating a particular work (Langland, 1984: 9).
So literature has an important role in helping us to understand
about the social happenings, how people in society are treated, how they
meet the problem in their life, and what their struggle to solve their
problem.
Based on the discussion about the literature above, this thesis is
going to analyze the novel of Cry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton,
one of the South African writers. Historical background of the writer
became an essential part of this novel. Society in South Africa, especially
the black people’s experience, is the focus in this novel.
Family is told in this novel. Every individual starts their social life
from their family. Relationship and interaction among father, mother, and
children in family are very important for every person. Before making
interaction with other people in society, every person must experience 3 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
living in a family. People can learn a lot of things in their family. So
family is a smaller circumstances in a society in which individuals are able
to learn social life. Family and society are related each other. The way of
social life in family can also influence people’s way in living with other
people in society.
Not only family is told in the novel, but also about family problem.
Every person certainly has problem in their family. Every family also has
their own problem. Family problems occur almost every day. It is
common for every member in a family life. No one can avoid the
problems. These problems can be different based on the age or position in
a family. For example, parents’ problem is definitely different with
children’s problem. Parents’ problem usually relates on their responsibility
to get income for the family, while children problem is about how they get
parents attention. The situation in the family can also be the influence of
the problem in a family.
It is stated by Ross Stagner and Hjalmar Rosen in their book of
Psychology of Union-Management Relations that the first factor
influencing individual's personality is the family situation, namely the
treatment received from parents, in terms of affection, authority, and
discipline (1965: 48). Family problems can be both on the family itself
and with other people from other families. The problem can also disturb a
couple relationships beside parents-child problem. Problem in couple
relationship is usually very complicated. 4 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
There are some family problems that are very difficult or complex
to solve. Sometimes there are multiple problems. While some of those
family problems are not so complicated. Unlike any other social group,
families are able to provide the close emotional support needed to produce
self-confident and well-adjusted children and adults
(http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/350/350-090/350-090.html). Lack of
communications, closeness, sexual problem, or economical problem can
be a problem for a family. The problems can be caused by members of the
family itself, for example, a problem caused by parents or child. It can
disturb and destroy a harmonic situation in family. Family relationship
gets worse because of these family problems. Bad relationship in a family
appears as the effect of the problem either in the family itself or one
family with others. Separation and divorce are the worst risk of family
problem.
There are some problems in this novel, such as racial
discrimination in South Africa. It is a problem about different treatments
between black and white people. It is also the problem that makes Kumalo
separate with his son, brother, and sister. A separation between father and
son, or a brother and sister is told in this story because of the racial
discrimination. Social breakdown and racial injustice are described in this
novel. Social problem in a community happens in the story. Black people
in South Africa are always in bad situation. A big difference appears in
their life. Treatments for black are worse than for white people there. For 5 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
example, blacks are forced to leave their tribal villages, where there is no
work, and go to the city. In cities like Johannesburg, white businesses
depend heavily on black labor, for which they pay little.
There is an ironical thing about Kumalo’s position in his society.
He is a kind, wise, humble, and generous man in his village, but his sister
is a prostitute and his son is a troublemaker and murderer. He is also
called Reverend by people in Ndotsheni. Failure in educating family
members is also a problem for some parents. It is experienced by Kumalo
himself. It is related to the role of parents to teach all good things for their
children.
There are some interesting things for the writer from this novel.
Topic about family problem of Stephen Kumalo's son and sister is chosen
by the writer in the research. Based on the Kumalo’s family problem, the
writer is going to research about what problem that is in Kumalo’s family
and what Kumalo’s struggles to solve his family problems are.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the explanation in background of the study, the problems
are formulated as follows:
1. What are the problems in Stephen Kumalo’s family, as described in
Cry, the Beloved Country?
2. What are Stephen Kumalo’s struggles to solve his family problems
as described in Cry, the Beloved Country? 6 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
C. Objectives of the Study
There is also some interesting learning that is found in this novel
by completely reading it. The writer will state the aims of the study based
on both questions in problem formulation. The first objective of this study
is to find out Stephen Kumalo’s family problems in his family. The writer
is going to explain about what problems that Stephen Kumalo, as a
protagonist character, must face and solve in his family relationship.
While the second objective is to find out Stephen Kumalo’s
struggles to solve his family problems. The writer will find out how
Kumalo struggles to solve his family problem although it is very difficult
for him.
D. Benefits of the Study
1. It has benefit for the readers who are interested in family problems.
Family is an interesting topic to study.
2. The reader can learn many subjects like justice, racial problems,
discrimination, and economic divisions in South Africa, based on
social classes or backgrounds.
3. There are also some subjects like kindness, Christianity, and
reconciliation between two fathers and their son.
4. It has benefit for the next researcher to research other side of the
problem on this novel.
5. For the readers in general, it is expected that they will get some
knowledge about literary work especially in Alan Paton’s Cry, the 7 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Beloved Country.
E. Definition of Terms
1. Family
In his book of Structure, Sound, and Sense, Justin Pikuna
states that family is an enduring social group based on marriage and
blood relationship. As a primary group, the family with children is
bound together by kinship and intimate relations marked by care,
affection, and support, as well as mutual sharing in various activities
and concerns (1974: 58).
2. Family problem
In this story, Stephen Kumalo, as a main protagonist
character, is told to have a problem in his family about separating
with some of his family members. They are a part together as an
influence of the situation in South Africa.
3. Racism
It is experienced by black people in South Africa. They get
some discrimination in many aspects of life. There is a big difference
with black and white people in this novel. Stratification and
inequality in social life of the characters in the novel show how
racism happens in the novel and it is experienced by the characters.
4. Corruption
It is also stated in this story. It appears in how some people
influence the judge in court, and Absalom Kumalo becomes the 8 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
victim. Stephen’s brother, John Kumalo, is involved in the corruption.
Corruption is one the crimes that are told in the novel of Cry, the
Beloved Country.
5. Christianity
Much of Stephen Kumalo’s time is spent in prayer. Symbol of
church and the use of word reverend show it. He is also called
reverend from people in Ndotsheni. Amiram Gonen, in The
Encyclopedia of the Peoples of the World (1993), stated that:
The Afrikaners are Christians, the majority of whom are members of one of the three Dutch Reformed Churches in South Africa; the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk (c.70 percent of Afrikaners); the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk (c.16 percent); and the Gereformeerde Kerk (c.6 percent). The last is the most conservative of the three, and is also called the Dopper Church in analogy with the inverted cup (dopper) used to extinguish candles (1993: 22).
In the same book, it is also stated the Zulu are predominately
Christian: about three-quarters of them have specific church
affiliations (1993: 673)
6. Kindness
In this novel, kindness is shown by Stephen Kumalo, James
Jarvis, Teophilus Msimangu, and Mrs. Lithebe. Stephen Kumalo is
humble and generous man. Although James Jarvis’ son is murdered by
Stephen Kumalo’s son, he is not angry about it; Msimangu helps
Stephen Kumalo in looking for Kumalo’s son and sister. While Mrs.
Lithebe provides accommodation to Stephen Kumalo in his struggle to
look for his lost family.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this Review of Related Literature, there are four main parts.
They are review of related studies, review of related theories, review of
social condition of South Africa, and theoretical framework. In the first
part, review of related studies, the writer will attach what other researchers
or writers have said about Alan Paton’s Cry, the Beloved Country and
about his novels’ style. In almost all of his novels and writings, the racial
inequalities become an important aspect. He was interested in writing
about social experiences of South African, especially black people. In
review of related theories, readers can read some theories about family and
society, especially in South Africa.
This study applies sociocultural-historical approach, so it is
important to provide review about social condition in South Africa, as the
setting of the novel. The last part, theoretical framework, will explain the
contribution and why those theories and reviews are needed and applied in
the analysis.
A. Review of Related Studies
Alan Stewart Paton is one of the South Africa’s greatest writers.
He was born on January 11, 1903 in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
Author Alan Paton was a white man in a country of oppressed blacks who
9
10 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
fought for their freedom and believed in their worth. Meet the man who
brought the world face-to-face and heart-to-heart with the problem of race
relations in South Africa (http://www.oprah.com/oprahsbookclub/Basic-
information-about-the-cultural-and-political-history-o).
Nelson Mandela, president of South Africa (1994-1999), had a
comment about the film of Cry, the Beloved Country based on Alan
Paton’s novel. He said:
Cry, the Beloved Country, however, is also a monument to the future. One of South Africa’s leading humanists, Alan Paton, vividly captured his eloquent faith in the essential goodness of people in his epic work. A goodness that helped manage this small miracle of our transition, and arrested attempts by the disciples to turn our country into a wasteland.
(http://www.obs-us.com/obs/english/films/mx/cry/speech4m.htm) - Nelson Mandela commenting on the film Cry, the Beloved Country based on Alan Paton’s novel
In Dominic Head’s The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English
(2006), it is stated that:
Alan Paton is South African novelist and short-story writer. Born in Pietermaritzburg, he became principal of Diepkloof Reformatory, Johannesburg (1935-48) and gained the insights into segregated black living conditions which illumine his first novel, Cry, the Beloved Country (1948) and Debbie Go Home: Stories (1961; as Tales from a Trouble Land in USA, 1965). The novel pricked white South African Christian consciences and alerted world opinion to the country’s long-established racial inequalities. Altogether more accomplished, Too Late the Phalarope (1953) explores the tragedy of Afrikaner racial and political inflexibility. Other publications include: two substantial biographies, Hofmeyr (1964) and Apartheid and the Archbishop (1973); Knocking on the Door: Shorter Writings (1975); Towards the Mountain (1981), an autobiography; and Ah, But Your Land is Beautiful (1981), an uneasy combination of ‘experimental’ fiction and 1950s history. He was president of the Liberal Party in 1958-68 (2006: 855). 11 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Cry, the Beloved Country was published in February of 1948. This
novel was written by Alan Paton when he studied in penal institutions in
Europe, the United States, and Canada. Racial themes concerned Paton in
almost all of his novels and short stories. Social and political situation in
South Africa influenced his literary works very much. It contributed much
to Paton’s literary works. Paton used society's experiences as the basis for
writing his novels. Meriam Webster said in her Encyclopedia of Literature
that after it was published, Cry, the Beloved Country (1948) brought
international attention to the issue of apartheid (1995: 864).
It is stated in the novel that before writing this book, Alan Paton
wrote numerous articles on South African problems for national
periodicals which he continues to do. In Cry, the Beloved Country, Alan
Paton wanted to show the figure of Stephen Kumalo with the problem of
his family. The system applied in South Africa influenced his family
problem very much. Cry, the Beloved Country is set in South Africa in the
1940s. Its story unfolds against a backdrop of economic and political
tensions that have a lengthy, complicated history
(http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/cry/context.html).
Some statements or comments about the novel and its author, Alan
Paton are also said on cover page of the novel.
‘Cry, the Beloved Country approaches the racial problems of South Africa with an intelligence, a simplicity and a compassionate sincerity which make its reading an absorbing and deeply and impartially and has put his heart into his subject, but he has made it bigger than argument or emotion; I don’t think you will soon 12 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
forget the resigned sorrow of its closing pages’ – Observer
‘Mr Paton’s record of a simple Zulu parson’s search for his delinquent son in the maelstrom of Johannesburg is as moving in the biblical simplicity of its style and drama as it is imaginatively disinterested as an account of the problems of race relations. This is as remarkable a novel for its facts as for its truth’ - Guardian
By reviewing the studies on Alan Paton’s Cry, the Beloved
Country, the writer saw that the relation between the historical
backgrounds in South Africa with the characters’ experience in this novel
of Cry, the Beloved Country was described by the author of this novel.
In this novel, it is told about family life in South Africa in their
daily social life. Ross, in her book of The Support Network of Black
Families in Southern Africa, stated:
Family life must thus also be seen against the background of cultural diversity and extreme socioeconomic differences. Most families—primarily nonwhites—are poor and struggle to satisfy their daily needs. Contributing in complex ways to different types of family structures are traditional practices, historical events— especially the racially discriminatory and disruptive effect of apartheid laws, which placed restrictions on movement, provided inferior education and limited employment opportunities, and enforced compulsory shifting of families—and the demands of modern society (Ross, 1995)
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theories of Family
a. Definition of Family
David Cheal, in his book of Sociology of Family Life, wrote his
opinions about family. Many definitions of ‘family’ have been proposed in
the social sciences, but there is not complete agreement about any of them. 13 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
There are challenging arguments to be made against each approach and
social scientists will continue to debate how to define family (Cheal, 2002:
9). There are some definitions of family and family life. Cheal also states
that a family is a group consisting of people who have close personal
relationships which are believed to endure over time and across
generations. Family relationships involve careful social construction of
links between persons in the past, the present and the future (2002: 155).
Family life is a way of living in which individuals seek to achieve
personal goals they believe are important for their happiness and sense of
well-being by actively participating in family relationships (2002: 156).
Arlene S. Skolnick and Jerome H. Skolnick, in their book of Family in
Transition, state that the family is a human institution, not found in its
totality in any prehuman species. It required language, planning,
cooperation, self-control, foresight, and cultural learning and probably
developed along with these (1983: 40).
In Paul B. Horton and Chester L. Hunt’s Sociology, it is stated that
family is the basic social institution from which other institutions have
grown as increasing cultural complexity made the necessary. Therefore,
family is very important in forming society in which it is the basic
institution, which develops the society. Further, they say that family is
very important in children rearing and to fulfill human needs. “Family is a
kinship grouping which provides for the rearing of children and for certain
other human needs.” Family must carry a lot of functions such as 14 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
conceiving and raising the children, caring for the ill and aged, etc.
Besides, the members of a family have certain responsibilities toward one
another (1980: 216).
While Edward Byron Reuter, in his book of Sociology, stated that a
family is not a man and woman and their children, but the members and
the set of relations that bind them into a unique unity (1941: 19). It is also
said that the family as a social unity, as a reality apart from the legally
enforced family coherence, and its part in the development of human
nature and personality are receiving increased attention in the sociological
literature (Reuter, 1941: 210). Wahlroos ever said that the greatest
happiness and the deepest satisfaction in life, the most intense enthusiasm
and the most profound inner peace, all come from being a member of a
loving family (Wahlroos, 1983, p. xi). In William Haviland’s Cultural
Anthropology, it is stated that although the word family means different
things to different people, in anthropological terms it is a group composed
of a woman, her dependent children, and at least one adult man joined
through marriage or blood relationship (1993: 243).
In book of Bungai Rampai Sosiologi Keluarga, by T.O. Irhomi,
there are three types of relationship in a family life. The first type is
spouse relationship. It is a relationship between a husband and a wife. The
second type is parents-child relationship, and the last one is sibling
relationship. From the problem told in the story, the writer does not focus
the analysis on the spouse relationship, but on the parent-child (son) 15 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
problem, and sibling relationship between Stephen Kumalo with his sister,
Gertrude Kumalo, and his brother, John Kumalo.
b. Kind of Family
According to Elizabeth Hurlock’s Personality Development, there
are many kinds of family compositions. There are nuclear family and
extended family. Nuclear family is composed of two parents and their
children, whereas extended family consists of a nuclear family plus
relatives who live under the same roof. The family members may all be
singletons, or some may be singletons while others are multiple births
twins either identical or nonidentical, triples, etc (1974: 365).
Peter N. Stearns, in Encyclopedia of Social History, stated that the
inclusion of the family in social history research has meant that historians
have had to find concepts to refer to familial groupings larger than the
family household (1994: 333). It is also stated that social historians have
generally used relatively few terms, such as “extended family” and
“lineage” (1994: 333). Kinship or lineage can also determine very much in
building a good relation and facing the problem in a family.
Based on the Henry Pratt Fairchild’s Dictionary of Sociology,
nuclear family is the social group consisting of a married man and woman
with their children, while extended family is a social group consisting of
several related individual families, especially those of a man and his sons
or a woman and her daughters, residing in a single large dwelling or a
cluster of smaller ones (1975: 114). According to David Sills’ 16 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, it is stated that the term
“nuclear family” (or “elementary,” “simple,” or “basic”) is most
frequently used to refer to a group consisting of a man, woman, and their
socially recognized children (1968: 303)
There are two other kinds of family based on Fairchild’s
Dictionary of Sociology. Those are paternal family and maternal family.
Paternal family is the type of family in which authority is formally vested
in the father, or male head, with the relative subordination of the female
spouse and offspring; while maternal family is the type of family in which
the authority is formally vested in the mother, or female head, with some
degree of subordination of the male to his wife’s kinsmen (1975: 114).
Stephen Kumalo’s family in the novel is an appropriate sample of paternal
family. He is a leader for his family. He has a bigger influence and
responsibility than other members in his family. Most parts of the novel
describe his fatherhood in building relationship in his family or solving his
family problem.
In Encyclopedia of Social History, Stearns stated approximately 75
percent of African societies are patrilineal, 90 percent of which are
virilocal with a general tendency to patriarchal organization. Women,
however, have a great deal of initiative, particularly with regard to the
family, and their importance is widely recognized. Further, in the give and
take of life, rules and customs may be ignored; even though a society may 17 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
practice virilocal marital residence, if there is good reason for a man to
move to his wife’s village, he may do so (2006: 16).
There is a term of family structure. In Noller and Fitzpatrick’s
Communication in Family Relationships, it is stated that:
The first class of definitions is based on family structure. Most of us use the term family in at least two ways: (a) when we mean partners and children (family of procreation) and (b) when we mean relatives by blood or marriage such as parents and siblings, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins (family of origin). Many singles and childless couples have families of origin, even when they do not have families of procreation, but they would be unlikely to live with other members of their family. A family of origin, then, is the extended family or any group of individuals that has established biological or sociolegal legitimacy by virtue of shared genetics, marriage, or adoption. A family of procreation, usually called the nuclear family, is further restricted to those living in the same house. Family structure definitions remind us about membership criteria and hierarchies based on sex and age (1993: 2-3).
Family life must thus also be seen against the background of
cultural diversity and extreme socioeconomic differences. Most families—
primarily nonwhites—are poor and struggle to satisfy their daily needs.
Contributing in complex ways to different types of family structures are
traditional practices, historical events—especially the racially
discriminatory and disruptive effect of apartheid laws, which placed
restrictions on movement, provided inferior education and limited
employment opportunities, and enforced compulsory shifting of
families—and the demands of modern society (Ross, 1995).
In the novel, Kumalo’s family that is told in the story is extended
family. It is told not only about his relationship with his wife and son, 18 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Absalom Kumalo, but also with her sister, Gertrude Kumalo and his
brother, John Kumalo. Sibling relationship is portrayed here. So Stephen
Kumalo, considered as a leader of their family, has responsibility for all of
them in the story.
c. Family Functions
Cheal, in Sociology of Family Life, said that the structure of a
family consists of a set of positions, or roles, within the family, and the
patterned interactions between them (2002: 7). It is also stated that
functional definitions of families focus on what people do together, and
especially on what they do to support each other (2002: 7). One such
definition states that a family is a group of people who assume
responsibility for some of the following functions (Zimmerman, 1988;
Vanier Institute of the Family, 1994):
1. physical maintenance and care of group members;
2. addition of new members through procreation or adoption;
3. socialization of children;
4. social controls over members;
5. production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services;
and,
6. maintenance of motivation and morale through love.
Kingsley Davis, in his book of Human Society, states we may
characterize the main social functions of the family, then, as falling in four
closely related divisions: reproduction, maintenance, placement, and 19 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
socialization of the young (1948: 395). In the same book, it is also said
that the family, like any other institutional complex, therefore performs
individual functions by helping to meet the organic and acquired needs of
the persons in the society (1948: 395). From a sociological point of view
we are mainly concerned with the social functions, and consequently we
stress the four functions mentioned – reproduction, maintenance,
placement, and socialization – as being the core functions with which the
family is always and every where concerned (1948: 395).
2. Theories of Conflict
Randall Collins, in his book of Sociology of Marriage and the
Family, stated that:
An entirely different type of theory sees the family as an institution of power, domination, and conflict. Conflict theories generally criticize the traditional theories of the family. They argue that these theories simply accept the status quo in the family as an inevitable part of society. Conflict theories, on the other hand, believe that the family is full of internal conflicts of interest and upheld by unequal resources for domination, and hence is an institutional arrangement that can and should be changed in the direction of greater equality (1941: 18).
He says further in this book that one conflict approach derives
from Marxian theory. The radical economic theories see the basic
dynamics of society as deriving from the economic division between
property owners and nonowning workers and the class conflict that takes
place between them (Collins, 1941: 19).
Patricia Noller and Mary Anne Fitzpatrick, in their book titled
Communication in Family Relationships, wrote about conflict in a family. 20 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
It is stated that conflict is an inevitable part of family life. Family
members have frequent and intense close contact, often leading to irritably
and annoyance (1993: 99). They also say that:
Conflict occurs when family members do not agree about the events and situations in their lives. They may not agree about what is appropriate behavior in a given situation, who should perform particular family tasks, how resources should be shared, or how decisions should be made. In other words, conflict arises because family members perceive a difference between them (1993: 99).
So, based on the explanation about conflict theory, different social
classes are the key concepts in this conflict theory. It can cause class
conflict in a society. Then, this class conflict is also potential to cause a
problem or conflict in a family. So the family problem and class conflict in
a society influence each other.
3. Theories of Setting
A setting from a story has many definitions. According to M.H.
Abrams in his book of Glossary of Literary Terms, the definition of setting
is the general locale, historical time, and social circumstances (1981: 175).
There is another theory that relates on these three elements. C. Hugh
Holman and William Harmon, in their book entitled A Handbook to
Literature state that general locale or simplified as setting of place refers
to the actual geographical location, its topography, scenery, such as
physical arrangements (1986: 465). Historical time or setting of time
refers to time or period when the actions take place for example epoch in
history or season of the year (Holman and Harmon, 1986: 465). 21 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Referring to Holman and Harmon, social setting can refer to
general environment of the character for example religious, mental, moral,
social, emotional conditions, through which the people in the story move.
It also might reveal the occupations and daily manner of the living of the
character (1986: 465).
In this novel, it is also told about rural and urban community. Both
of them are setting of the story. Stephen Kumalo, as a main character,
lived in rural area in Ndotsheni, Natal. He started his family life from this
rural community. Another setting of place was the city of Johannesburg,
where some members of Kumalo’s family went to. They went and got
some problems there. So the social life and situation in city or urban
community is definitely different from social life in rural community. In
Stearns’ Encyclopedia of Social History, it is stated that cities create
distinctive societies (2006: 176).
In book of Human Society, it is said that
In modern society one of the great distinctions is that between rural and urban, between country and city. It is a distinction that has little to do with the primitive communities just discussed because the village or hamlet in our society, no matter how small, is still subjected to countless urban influences. Whereas the strictly primitive society is a completely rural society, free from any urban influence, the civilized society is always partially urbanized. The rural-urban differential is therefore a gradient (albeit an important one), with the rural end of the scale never even approaching absolute rurality (Davis, 1948: 315).
4. Theories of Society and Class
There are some definitions of society. Society, according to 22 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Fairchild in Dictionary of Sociology, is a group of human beings
cooperating in the pursuit of several of their major interests, invariably
including self-maintenance and self-perpetuation. The concept of society
includes continuity, complex associational relationships, and a
composition including representatives of fundamental human types,
specifically men, women, and children (1970: 300).
It is also stated in the same book that society is a functioning
group, so much so as to be frequently defined in terms of relationships or
processes. While a functional society is a group of people associated
together, within and partly supported by, a more extensive society, for the
purpose of carrying on, facilitating or enjoying a particular social function.
Examples of such functional groups: literary, fraternal, religious, research,
athletic, economic, or political societies (1970: 300).
Society and culture always have relationship in many aspects of
life. Human life cannot be separated from both of them. In Encyclopedia
of Race and Ethnic Studies, Ellis Cashmore states if society is taken to be
an organized set of individuals with a given way of life, culture is the way
of life. Society is taken to be an aggregate of social relations, then culture
is the content of those relations. Society emphasizes the human
component, the aggregate of people and the relations between them.
Culture emphasizes the component of accumulated resources, immaterial
as well as material (2004: 98). Arlene and Jerome Skolnick, in Family in
Transition, state that culture is also a process or a strategy of behaviors 23 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
involving communications, beliefs, and values (1992: 472).
In Daniel Bell’s The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism, it is
stated that culture, for a society, a group, or a person, is a continual
process of sustaining an identity through the coherence gained by a
consistent aesthetic point of view, a moral conception of self, and a style
of life which exhibits those conceptions in the objects that adorn one’s
home and oneself and in the taste which expresses those points of view.
Culture is thus the realm of sensibility, of emotion and moral temper, and
of the intelligence, which seeks to order these feelings (1976: 36).
Davis, in Human Society, writes that if there is any single factor
explaining man’s uniqueness, it is this: He, and he alone, has culture.
From this all other differences flow. His intelligence, for example, is
multiplied a thousandfold by the possession of culture. His speech,
important as it may be, is merely a part of culture. His social life is
governed by culture. Culture is therefore a profound possession that
ramifies throughout human life and accounts for all of man’s truly unique
qualities. It adds an extra dimension to existence, and makes human what
would otherwise by merely animal (1948: 3).
Thomas Sowell, in his book of Race and Culture, wrote that:
Racial, ethnic, and cultural differences among peoples play a major role in the events of our times, in countries around the world, and have played a major role in the long history of the human race. Both intergroup socioeconomic differences within a given country and larger differences on a world stage between nations or whole civilizations reflect large cultural differences that have pervaded history. The history of cultural differences among peoples enables us to understand not only how particular peoples differ but also 24 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
how cultural patterns in general affect the economic and social advancement of the human race (1994: 1).
Elizabeth Langland, in her book of Society in the Novel, wrote if
society is a concept and construct in art, it is also a concept and construct
in life. Society in novels does not depend on points of absolute fidelity to
an outside world in details of costume, setting, and locality because a
novel’s society does not aim at a faithful mirror of any concrete, existent
thing (1984: 5).
Class and community are two words that have a relationship each
other. There can be various kinds of class in a community or society in a
larger scale. In Reinhard Bendix and Seymour Lipset’s Class, Status, and
Power, the term “class” refers to any group of people that is found in the
same class situation (1966: 21). Class is also related to the term “race”.
Racial stratification can determine the class difference. Class difference
tends to be in an area in which there is a plurality of people.
According to Encyclopedia of World Cultures by John Middleton
and Amal Rassam,
The peoples of Africa may be classified according to several criteria, probably the oldest of which is race. Africa is occupied by members of the Negroid race, the most numerous; then by members of the Caucasoid race, mainly in northern and southern Africa; the Mongoloid race (in Madagascar); and by the so-called Bushmanoid and Pygmoid races or subraces. Previous work in this field has shown the difficulties and contradictions that result from using the concept of “race,” and it is clear that this criterion does not contribute to an understanding of the cultures and identities of African societies (1995: xxiii).
In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences vol. 13, David 25 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
L. Sills states that “Social races” are composed of socially defined and
significant groups; the study of social race thus is a fundamental aspect of
the study of social structure, especially in stratified state societies (1968:
263). Haviland’s Cultural Anthropology states that stratification is the
division of society into two or more classes of people that do not share
equally in basic resources, influence, or prestige (1993: 297).
There are a lot of theories which are related to the class. Some
sociologists propose their theory about social class in the society. Social
theory of Karl Marx is one of theories for the class difference. In Andrew
Edgar and Peter Sedgwick’s Cultural Theory the Key Concepts, it is stated
that according to Marxism theory, societies are understood as being
structured according to the exploitation of subordinate classes by a
dominant class (2002: 221). Marxists traditionally view society in terms of
the history of economic and institutional relationships (the economic base-
structure and ideological superstructure) which have exerted a determinant
effect on class interests and differences, and would likewise oppose the
liberal conception (Edgar and Sedgwick, 2002: 368). Based on the
Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies by Ellis Cashmore, Marxist
discusses of the interrelationship of class relations and forms of social
differentiation based on racial and ethnic categories (2004: 259).
Social mobility also happens in the story, especially in black
people life and experiences. Social mobility refers to the movement of
individuals between hierarchical social groups, most typically between 26 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
classes. Study of social mobility is an important complement to studies of
social stratification, because a hierarchical society may not be considered
undesirable if there is free movement between the different levels of the
hierarchy (Edgar and Sedgwick, 2002: 365).
Another theory is Max Weber’s theory of class. In the book of
Class, Status, and Power by Bendix and Lipset, there is a statement about
classes in a community or in a society.
In our terminology, “classes” are not communities; they merely represent possible, and frequent, bases for a communal action. We may speak of a “class” when 1) a number of people have in common a specific causal component of their life chances, in so far as 2) this component is represented exclusively by economic interests in the possession of goods and opportunities for income, and 3) is represented under the conditions of the commodity or labor markets (1966:21).
All communities are arranged in a manner that goods, tangible and
intangible, symbolic and material are distributed. Such a distribution is
always unequal and necessarily involves power. ''Classes, status groups
and parties are phenomena of the distribution of power within a
community.'' Status groups makes up the social order, classes the
economic order, and parties the legal/political order. Each order affects
and is affected by the other
(http://ssr1.uchicago.edu/PRELIMS/Theory/weber.html).
Stratification and inequality become an essential part in the novel
of Cry, the Beloved Country. In many aspects of social life, there are some
kinds of stratification and inequality. Stearns, in Encyclopedia of Social
History, states inequality consists of the uneven distribution of attributes 27 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
among a set of social units: individuals, categories, groups, regions, or
something else (2006: 943).
5. Relationship between Society, Culture, and History with a Family
in the Novel
In Cheal’s Sociology of Family Life, it is stated that families do not
exist in isolation. They are connected to a number of groups, because they
depend upon them. Families cannot meet all of their needs unaided, in any
society, and they must therefore turn to other groups for support and for
resources (2002: 13). In Sills’ International Encyclopedia of the Social
Sciences vol. 5, it is stated about disorganization and dissolution in family
life.
Likewise in every society some of the familial groups are imperfect in their functioning and deserving of the label “disorganized.” Generally there is some relationship between disorganization and a more climactic, terminal situation called “dissolution.” Family groups are eventually dissolved by death or some form of separation, insofar as these groups are organized around the matings of men and women (Sills, 1968: 313).
Life is started from a family. Learning to build relationship in a
family helps people in building a relationship in social life or in a society.
Social structure in a society has relationship with family life. Relationship
between family and society becomes an important thing for every
individual. In the book of Sociology of Marriage and the Family, social
class also has effect in family life. Collins (1941) stated that one of the
most important facts about families is that they are not all alike. There are
considerable differences in family lifestyles, and among the most 28 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
important of these are differences due to social class (1941: 60).
Family in the novel experiences how treatment in social structure
influences their life. In this social structure, there are some actions
determined by a social differences or class. In the book of Cultural Theory
the Key Concepts, Edgar and Sedgwick state that there is a social mobility
in a society.
Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals between hierarchical social groups, most typically between classes. Study of social mobility is an important complement to studies of social stratification, because a hierarchical society may not be considered undesirable if there is a free movement between the different levels of the hierarchy. (Edgar and Sedgwick, 1999: 365)
Noller and Fitzpatrick, in their book of Communication in Family
Relationships, illustrate that how we communicate within our family units
often dictates how we will interact with society as a whole. They also
illustrate how the most current definition of the family directly implicates
communication and symbolic processes, and argue that modes of family
functioning always include communication as a central enabling process.
Societies live longer than either individuals or families, but societies exist
only through the patterned interaction of individuals who share common
understanding (Sills, 1968: 302). According to the standard model of the
family life, the family is a task-performing unit which mediates between
the individual and society (Hill, 1971). Cultural differences in defining
who is included within the circle of family life are expressed in different
rules about how people should make decisions involving other people
(Cheal, 2002: 39-40). 29 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
In Cashmore’s Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies, it is
stated that the stable conception that a subject has of him- or herself as an
individual is an identity. Cultural identity defines a junction between how
a culture defines subjects and how they imagine themselves (2004: 95).
Sills, in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences vol. 5, states the
significance of familial disorganization and dissolution depends upon the
institutional arrangements for family life in a particular culture (1968:
313).
History gives much contribution in the development of human life
and culture. Sowell, in book of Race and Culture, stated a history which
spans thousands of years, encompassing the rise and fall of empires and of
peoples, makes it difficult—if not impossible—to believe in the permanent
superiority of any race or culture (1994: 225). Cultural competition has
been an integral part of the history of racial and ethnic groups around
world (1994: 226). Amiram Gonen, in The Encyclopedia of the Peoples of
the World, stated Afrikaners are scattered throughout South Africa, with
the largest concentrations in the urban areas in the Transvaal, in the
Orange Free States, and in the northern Cape. The province of Natal
probably has the smallest concentration of Afrikaner settlement (1993:
22).
In Encyclopedia of Social History, Stearns said that family history
has become a central aspect of social history (2006: 337). It is also stated
that the family is one of the most complex social institutions. It is affected 30 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
by biological processes; psychological dynamics; cultural values; market
conditions; demographic changes; the institutions of industrial capitalism,
churches, government, and welfare agencies; and long-term historical
changes (2006: 338).
C. Theoretical Framework
The theories above are going to help the writer in analyzing two
questions in problem formulation which become the main analysis in this
study. To know the social background of Stephen Kumalo’s family, the
meaning of family and understanding about social class variations of
people in South Africa are very important for the writer. Social
background of people, especially black people is the focus to help the
writer answer the question about what problem in Stephen Kumalo’s
family is. To understand relationship between family and society is very
important too. Theories about family and society are the help for analyzing
and answering the questions in problem formulation.
To know the struggle of Stephen Kumalo in solving his family
problem is essential to do. The writer attempts to know how the situation
of the city of Johannesburg is described, such as its political situation, race
differences, and gaping of economic. Rural and urban communities also
determine individual’s social behavior and also their problem too.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter consists of three parts, namely the object of the study,
the approach of the study, and the method of the study. The object of the
study talks about the novel being studied; the approach talks about the
approach used in this study and the method of the study talks about the
steps taken in analyzing the problem formulation.
A. Object of the Study
The type of work that is going to be analyzed by the writer is a
novel. The topic of this analysis is sourced from the novel of Cry, the
Beloved Country. It was written by Alan Paton, a South African writer.
The novel was published first in New York in 1948 by Charles Scribner's
Sons and in London by Jonathan Cape. The novel is narrated in third
person point of view. It contains about 256 pages with three big parts.
Book I consists of chapter 1 to chapter 17. Book II is from chapter 18 to
29, while book III is from chapter 30 to 36. Two cinema adaptations of the
book have been made, the first in 1951 and the second in 1995
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry,_the_Beloved_Country).
Set in Ixopo (Ndotsheni) and Johannesburg, South Africa, Cry, the
Beloved Country talks about racial discrimination that influences the
family of Stephen Kumalo. He has a big family problem about separation
31
32 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
with some of his family members. His family is destructed by social
segregation. Stephen Kumalo is known as a kind and generous man. He is
also considered a pastor, and called Reverend in his village, Ixopo. An
ironical thing in this story is how Stephen Kumalo who has good image
and reputation in his village must face the fact that his son, Absalom
Kumalo, is a murderer. He is involved in a crime in city of Johannesburg.
While Stephen Kumalo’s younger sister is a prostitute and liquor seller. So
Stephen Kumalo becomes ashamed of Gertrude and Absalom’s cases. He
worries about his son and sister’s condition because they do not also write
letter anymore. There is no information about them in very long time.
Lack of communication happens to Stephen Kumalo, whose responsibility
to keep his family in better life.
His sister, Gertrude Kumalo, goes to Johannesburg to look for her
husband, who is recruited to work in mine. While Stephen Kumalo’s son,
Absalom Kumalo, goes to look for her aunt, Gertrude, and never comes
back. This condition forces Stephen Kumalo, as a leader of their family, to
overcome this problem. So Stephen Kumalo takes a decision to look for
his “lost” family to Johannesburg, where they go from Ixopo. His struggle
to solve his family problem is to reunite all of his families, who goes to
Johannesburg and never come back. Although it is difficult, he struggles
hard to look for them and take them back to Ixopo.
In this novel, family and social life are told. Paton tells how
difficult for black people in South Africa in getting some treatments in 33 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
their life. He tells a lot of about life of black people in South Africa. The
system applied in South Africa influenced their daily life in some aspects,
such as injustice treatment and discrimination by white people. The big
influence of this system came to Stephen Kumalo's family. Stratification,
injustice, and inequality are most described in the novel. By this injustice
treatment, Stephen Kumalo, as a main protagonist character, was a part
with his some members of his family, like his son, his sister, and his
brother. Stephen Kumalo's struggle to solve his family his family problem
also faces some obstacles because of the bad system of social life and
government in South Africa.
So the objective of the study is to know the problems of Stephen
Kumalo’s family, such as racial discrimination, shame, failure in
educating family members. Stephen’s struggles that he takes to solve his
family problems are rebuilding good relationship between black and
white, facing the feeling of shame directly, and reuniting and rebuilding
his family.
B. Approach of the Study
The approach used in this study is socio-cultural-historical
approach. The writer focuses on Stephen Kumalo, as a main protagonist
character, with his family problem in their family life in Ixopo, South
Africa. Their family life as black people was influenced by the system of
government in South Africa, where the discrimination and injustice
happened. This approach finds out what happens in a society and reflects 34 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
it in a literary work. Important social issues in a society are described in a
literary work. Guerin stated that this approach is to deal with content for in
content it is found literature’s importance in the movement of the history
and social condition (1982: 92).
In Warren and Wellek’s Theory of Literature, literature is
considered as a social institution. This view sees a literature as a “social
creation” (1956: 64). The social-cultural-historical approach relates
literature to the social institution, to an economic, social and political
system. Social class is very different in this novel. Class divisions are
typically seen as fundamental to the stratification of society, and as such
may be associated with differences in power and culture (Sedgwick, 1999:
64). Culture and class in social life cannot be separated. Sedgwick, in
Cultural Theory the Key Concepts, also says “Culture thereby comes to be
seen as fundamentally structured in terms of class inequalitie (1999: 66).”
In Rohrberger and Woods' Reading and Writing about Literature,
they say that the work of literature put in the sociocultural-historical
approach as a product of civilization. It is also stated that critics whose
major interest is the sociocultural-historical approach insist that the only way to
locate the real work is in reference to the civilization that produced it (1971: 9).
It means that the critics of this approach believe that the only way
to analyze and interpret the content of literary work is by evaluating the
attitudes and actions of a specific group of people that created it (1971: 9).
Furthermore, Rohrberger also states about the relation between historical 35 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
approach and socioculural approach that fusion in sociocultural-historical
approach. She says “the traditional historical approach to literature usually
takes as its basis some aspects of the sociocultural frame of reference,
combining it with an interest in the biographical as well as knowledge of
and interest in literary history (1971: 9).”
In Guerin’s A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature, it is
stated that this approach sees a literary work chiefly, if not exclusively, as
a reflection of its author’s life and times or the life and times of the
characters in the work (1999: 22). Applying socio cultural-historical
approach in this research helps the writer to analyze the relation of the
novel and the social, cultural, and historical background in which the
novel is written. In Cultural Theory the Key Concepts, Andrew and Edgar
wrote that cultural theory, then, starts from the self – proclaimed assertion
of a plurality of meanings associated with the world ‘culture’ (2002: 3).
Social background of the novel is how social diversity in happens
in South Africa and influences the society and family life. African culture
and history also appear in the novel in many aspects, such as the
characters’ language, habit, Christianity, and treatments to the society that
is experienced by the characters of the novel of Cry, the Beloved Country.
Historically, the culture of Christianity also influences the characters in
their daily life very much, especially Stephen Kumalo and his wife, Mrs.
Kumalo. It is told that Stephen Kumalo always spends his time in pray.
So the sociocultural-historical approach is the most appropriate to 36 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
apply in this analysis since this thesis analyzes the literary work from its
social, cultural, and historical aspects through the attitudes and actions of
the characters in the novel.
C. Method of the Study
The method used in conducting this analysis is library research.
Library research meant that the data used in this analysis are obtained
from some books and other written references that are available in library.
Sources from internet were also used in supporting this study. There are
two sources in analyzing this story. Those are a primary source and
secondary source. The primary source is Alan Paton’s Cry, the Beloved
Country, and the secondary source is the other books that can be used in
supporting this analysis.
To support the analysis, Rene Wellek and Austin Warren’s Theory
of Literature, Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods’ Reading and
Writing about Literature, Richard Gill’s Mastering English Literature, E.
M. Foster’s Aspects of the Novel, Ali A. Mazrui’s The Africans, Andrew
Edgar and Peter Sedgwick’s Cultural Theory the Key concepts, Elizabeth
Langland’s Society in the Novel, Chris Baldick’s The Concise Oxford
Dictionary of Literary Terms, Daniel Bell’s The Cultural Contradictions
of Capitalism, David Cheal’s Sociology of Family Life, David Levinson &
Melvin Ember’s Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, F.C. Ross’ The
Support Network of Black Families in Southern Africa, A. S. Skolnick and J.
H. Skolnick’s Family in Transition, Amiram Gonen’s The Encyclopedia of 37 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
the Peoples of the World, Elizabeth Hurlock’s Personality Development,
Paul B. Horton and Chester L. Hunt’s Sociology, Graham Little’s
Approach of Literature, H. P. Fairchild’s Dictionary of Sociology,
Kingsley Davis’ Human Society, . Meriam Webster’s Encyclopedia of
Literature, Middleton and Rassam’s Encyclopedia of World Cultures,
Judith Ferster’s Arguing through Literature, Justin Pikuna’s Structure,
Sound, and Sense, Leonard Thompson’s A History of South Africa Third
Edition, S. Wahlroos’ Family Communication, R. Hills’ Modern Systems
and the Family, Tom Hopkinson’s Life World Library South Africa, C.
Hugh Holman and William Harmon’s A Handbook to Literature, Thomas
Sowell’s Race and Culture, T.O. Irhomi’s Bungai Rampai Sosiologi
Keluarga, Patricia Noller and Mary Anne Fitzpatrick’s Communication in
Family Relationships, Peter N. Searns’ Encyclopedia of Social History,
Nancy L. Clark and William H. Worger’s South Africa: The Rise and Fall
of Apartheid, Randall Collins’ Sociology of Marriage and the Family,
William A. Haviland’s Cultural Anthropology, Reinhard Bendix and
Seymour Martin Lipset’s Class, Status, and Power, and Guerins’ A
Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature were used.
These books were provided to help the writer in understanding the
relationship between some theories and the problem in the novel. These
books were chosen as addition information about the situation whenever
or wherever the setting took place, and whatever the characters acted in
the story. Another source like internet source was also used to support the 38 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
explanation from books.
In analyzing the novel, the first step done by the writer was reading
a novel of Cry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton, as the main source,
more and more to understand it well and to get the idea about the topic to
research. Then the writer found out the topic about Stephen Kumalo’s
family, as a main protagonist character, with his family problem and his
struggle to solve it.
The next step was to analyze the family problem of Stephen
Kumalo, as a main protagonist character in this novel, and what struggle
he took in solving his family problem. Then the problems found by the
writer are formulated to some questions in problem formulation. The
influence of the government system in South Africa toward Stephen
Kumalo’s family is also important to analyze in this part.
The writer also attempts to analyze Stephen Kumalo’s family
based on some theories about family and social condition in wherever or
whenever the setting took place and its influence to the Stephen Kumalo’s
family. Stephen Kumalo’s struggle to solve his family problem is the next
analysis based on the questions in problem formulation. After answering
all the problems, the writer finally tries to conclude all of the analysis in to
a conclusion. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
The analysis of the study will focus on Stephen Kumalo’s family
problem. There are two questions in problem formulation to answer in this
section. The first is to find out the problem in Stephen Kumalo’s family as
described in the novel. The second question is to find out Stephen
Kumalo's struggle to solve his family problem.
A. Problems in Stephen Kumalo’s Family
There is some tragedy in the novel. Based on title, it cries out for
suffering parents, justice, an end to the justice, segregation, the dying land,
a young man, a lady, and starving people. The tragedy of the young man
and the lady is going to be told in this chapter. It becomes the part of
Kumalo’s family problem. Suffering parents who work hard to look for
their son is also told. In this part, problem in Stephen Kumalo’s family is
going to be analyzed. Social background of Kumalo’s family is important
to analyze. Structure of Stephen Kumalo’s family and his family members
that are told in the story are also important to be recognized. Roles of each
member in a family can influence the family life itself, such as father,
mother, and children. Kinship or lineage can also determine very much in
building a good relation and facing the problem in a family. Family also
has its own ways or steps in facing and solving its problems.
39
40 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Conflict always happens in a family life. Every family has their
own problem. As a family that is told mostly in the novel of Cry, the
Beloved Country, Kumalo’s family may indeed have its own conflict. In
Noller and Fitzpatrick’s Communication in Family Relationships, it is
stated that
Conflict is an inevitable part of family life. Family members have frequent and intense close contact, often leading to irritability and annoyance. Family resources are not inexhaustible and therefore have to be shared. Often family members have disagreements about who has the right to tell other family members what to do (1993: 99).
1. Racial Discrimination
Stephen Kumalo’s family is the origin family of Zulu people in
Ndotsheni, Province of Natal, South Africa. According to Oxford
Children’s Encyclopedia, it is stated that the Zulus are the largest of the 10
main groups of black Africans in South Africa. Of the 5,680,000 Zulus,
nearly two-thirds live in KwaZulu, which was once called Zululand
(Oxford University Press, 1991: 192).
Kumalo’s family background comes from black family, as like the
other black families that are told in the story. He lives together with his
wife, and his son, Absalom Kumalo. They live in a small and simple
house. His sibling relationship is also portrayed in the novel, such as his
relation with his younger sister, Gertrude Kumalo, and his brother, John
Kumalo. In the story, he is told to be a kind, wise, simple, and generous
man. In Paul B. Horton and Chester L. Hunt’s Sociology, it is stated that
family is the basic social institution from which other institutions have 41 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
grown as increasing cultural complexity made the necessary. Therefore,
family is important in forming society in which it is the basic institution,
which develops the society (1980: 216). So biologically the Kumalo
family has includes one father, one mother, and one son.
Cultural background in South Africa also influences his family.
The fact that white people has broken the tribal structure causes any
difference in social life. The segregation in many aspects of life in South
Africa is experienced by black people. Massive social injustice and
inequalities appears in their daily life. Clear difference of black and white
happens in many situations.
He put the paper into his wallet, and together they watched the train. As all country trains in South Africa are, it was full of black travellers. On this train indeed there were not many others, for the Europeans of this district all have their cars, and hardly travel by train any more.
Kumalo climbed into the carriage for non-Europeans, already full of the humbler people of his race, some with strange assortments of European garments, some with blanket over their strange assortment, some with blankets over the semi-nudity of their primitive dress, though these were all women. Men travelled no longer in primitive dress (Paton, 1948: 14-15).
From this sentence, it is described clear that Stephen Kumalo’s
background is from black people. It is different with white people in many
cases. Martin N. Marger, in a book of Social Inequality, states that:
The South African system of inequality was essentially “whites at the top and nonwhites at the bottom.” More accurately, however, the society was divided into four officially designated categories, based on perceptions of racial difference: whites, Coloreds, Asians (mostly Indians), and Africans. The allocation of justice, health care, jobs, education, living quarters, and so on all depended, to some degree, on one’s racial classification. Whites received the 42 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
bulk of the society’s resources; Africans the least. The distance between the whites and the other three racial categories was so great, however, that the hierarchy was in effect a dichotomy— whites over nonwhites (2005: 178).
In the novel, there is another contrast happens in farms. White farms
are symbolically located at the tops of the hills, where the land is green
and fruitful. Black South Africans, however, are forced to tend their
settlements at the bottom of the hills, in the unforgiving land of the valley
(http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/cry/section1.rhtml). Many other situations
in the novel describe the difference of black and white people, such as
their right to be a landowner and to have farm in different certain places.
Because black South Africans are allowed to own only limited
quantities of land, the natural resources of these areas are sorely taxed.
The soil of Ndotsheni turns on its inhabitants—exhausted by over-planting
and over-grazing, the land becomes sharp and hostile. For this reason,
most young people leave the villages to seek work in the cities. Both
Gertrude and Absalom find themselves caught up in this wave of
emigration, but the economic lure of Johannesburg leads to danger. Facing
limited opportunities and disconnected from their family and tribal
traditions, both Gertrude and Absalom turn to crime
(http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/cry/themes.html).
Stephen Kumalo is the head of a black family that live in
Ndotsheni, Province of Natal, South Africa. His house is near the St. Mark
Church, Natal. Living as a good Christian becomes a part of his life and
his family. He has responsibility to his family. With his wife too, he has 43 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
responsibility to their only son. Actually his blood relationship with his
siblings is also told in the story. As a father, he plays a dominant role in
their daily life. In his society, he is honored by community. He is called a
Reverend or a priest. A lot of aspects of Christianity are in his family. A
lot of times in his life he spends in pray. Being respected by his neighbors,
he is very famous because of his kindness too.
Reuter, in his book of Sociology, states that the person’s status and
role are in part determined by such facts as age, sex, race, personal
appearance, deformities, and other items of physical character; they are
determined in part by education, family connections, religious affiliation,
occupation, and other facts resulting from the accident of birth (1941: 45).
Having any influence in his village, Stephen Kumalo is respected by his
neighbors there. Silent condition in rural area of Ndotsheni influences his
social life very much. They live their life in comfortable situation.
In Life World Library South Africa by Tom Hopkinson, it is stated
that the life of the black man in South Africa, especially in the cities, is
beset by appalling difficulties. Segregation in its most extreme form—
under the name of apartheid—rules every aspect of his existence (1964:
97). So it is a description of social condition in South Africa for black
people. The life difference of rural and urban area also influences it very
much. When some members of Kumalo’s family go to Johannesburg, they
experience what happen in the city and how the condition affects their life
very much. The clear difference between Ndotsheni and Johannesburg 44 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
represents the social life and situation in both places. So the pattern of
behavior is also different too. Each society of both rural and urban area
has their own way to solve their problem.
Racial discrimination is the bad thing that happens to Stephen
Kumalo’s family members in Johannesburg. Racial discrimination
influences the social life of black and white people. It is the big problem
that destructs his family. There is a problem about influence of social life
of South Africa towards Stephen Kumalo’s family too. As a black family,
Kumalo’s family experiences this injustice very much. So it brings some
problem in some members of the family. It is virtually the responsibility of
all members of the family to solve it. But an important role must be taken
by Stephen Kumalo in solving it. Gertrude and Absalom Kumalo are
victims of the fact that black people always have different treatment in
many cases. They are victim of an injustice that happens in South Africa,
especially in Johannesburg. Social segregation in South Africa brings a
negative effect for them in their life in Johannesburg.
Here are three members of Kumalo’s family that are in trouble
condition as told in the novel and are being searched by Stephen Kumalo.
They have their own problem in Johannesburg. It is related to the family
because Stephen Kumalo, as the head of their family, has responsibility to
maintain the family and solve their problem. Stephen and his wife think of
this condition and consider it a problem in their family life that must be
solved. 45 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
The first is his sister, Gertrude Kumalo. Gertrude is Reverend
Stephen Kumalo’s sister as told in the novel. Both characters in the novel
are in blood relationship. She is twenty-five years younger than Stephen
Kumalo. As an older brother, Stephen does not want bad thing to happen
to his younger sister. As a relationship in siblings, Stephen and Gertrude
are certainly close, but because of the large difference of their age, they
are not so close each other. It is also told in the novel,
While Kumalo was waiting for Msimangu to take him to Shanty Town, he spent the time with Gertrude and her child. But it was rather to the child, the small serious boy, that he turned for his enjoyment; for he had been a young man in the twenties when his sister was born, and there had never been great intimacy between them. After all he was a parson, sober and rather dull no doubt, and his hair was turning white, and she was a young woman still (Paton, 1948: 55).
Gertrude is told to be sick in a letter from Theophilus Msimangu to
Stephen Kumalo. It’s not a kind of illness. Her illness is a kind of society
illness, and urban societies tend to have this sick. She becomes a liquor
seller, a prostitute, and has been in prison more than once. She experiences
these illnesses in the city of Johannesburg. A lot of problems come to
black people, and Gertrude Kumalo has her own problem too. Because of
his great love, great expectation comes to Stephen Kumalo to aid his sister
in her trouble in Johannesburg.
In the novel, it is told that Gertrude’s husband is recruited to work
in mines by white people. So she separates with her husband, and she lives
with her only child. The separation with a husband and a wife happens
here. It is very difficult for Gertrude. In the novel, Paton always writes 46 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
how difficult for a woman to live alone in a big city like Johannesburg.
Sometimes this statement is spoken by some certain characters. Separation
with her husband causes some other difficulties to her in her small family.
So she decides to take her baby and go to Johannesburg to look for her
husband. Paton also wrote about problems that came to black people who
work in mines in Johannesburg. They separate with their wife and children
and other relatives. The mines, they cry, the mines. For many of them are
going to work in mines (Paton, 1948: 16).
South Africa has great mines. It is very important field in South
Africa. In the novel, Stephen’s brother, John Kumalo, has also said about
the fate of black people and the mines when they meet firstly in
Johannesburg. John Kumalo also says that Johannesburg is the mines
because all big and interesting buildings are made from the gold in mines.
It is very difficult for black people who work in the mines to get a better
life.
Go to our hospitals, he said, and see our people lying on the floors. They lay so close you cannot step over them. But it is they who dig the gold. For three shillings a day. We come from Transkei, and from Basutoland, and from Bechuanaland, and from Swaziland, and from Zululand. And from Ndotsheni also. We live in the compounds, we must leave our wives and families behind. And when the new gold is found, it is not we who will get more for our labour. It is the white man’s shares that will rise, you will read it in all the papers. They go mad when new gold is found. They bring more of us to live in the compounds, to dig under the ground for three shillings a day. They do not think, here is a chance to pay more for our labour. They think only, here is a chance to build a bigger house and buy a bigger car. It is important to find gold, they ay, for all South Africa is built on the mines (Paton, 1948: 35).
So what happen to Gertrude’s husband, no one knows. There are 47 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
no people who can insure that a black man who works in mine can live in
better condition. Although she has struggled very much to look for her
husband, she does it in vain. It causes Gertrude get sad and depressed. It
also makes her fall in a lot of problems. She becomes a liquor seller, a
prostitute, and has been in prison. She is drinking heavily in Johannesburg.
She lives alone with her child but she has a lot of ‘husbands’ too. She
becomes a victim of how African family is broken up by housing only
black workers but not their families. It seems that there is an ironical
thing; she is a sister of a good and wise priest. It is also a problem for
Stephen because she does not write anymore to his brother, Stephen
Kumalo, in Ndotsheni. So it makes him anxious when he gets a letter from
Msimangu about Gertrude’s sickness.
The second is Stephen’s son, Absalom Kumalo. Absalom is the
only son of the couple of Stephen and Margareth Kumalo. As the only one
child, he is loved very much by his parents. In his very young age, he must
be a part with his parents. The first thing that causes separation is to
follow his aunt, Gertrude, to Johannesburg. It is not considered a problem
at the first time, but it is a problem when Stephen and his wife do not
know about their son’s condition in such a large city like Johannesburg.
Loving their son makes them take a hard struggle to look for him.
Kumalo’s large anxiety appears very much to his son, Absalom, in
his struggle to search his “lost” family members. Stephen Kumalo and his
wife are suffering about thinking of their son. As the parents of such a 48 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
boy, Stephen and his wife are covered by fear and anxiety. They live in
sorrow in their house in Ndotsheni. The situation of the big city like
Johannesburg makes them afraid. They think how a young boy can live
alone in such a city. In his travel to Johannesburg, some people tell him
about what situation in Johannesburg. So he can recognize the difference
between the life of rural, Ndotsheni and the urban area, such as
Johannesburg. Stephen Kumalo learns so many crimes there that he thinks
of his son whether he is involved in it or not. Fear of losing control comes
to Stephen about his son. Living far away from his son makes him not
understand about how his son lives his own life in Johannesburg. Noller
and Fitzpatrick also states that anxiety can also be related to fear of losing
control of either one’s own life (an autonomy issue) or the direction of the
relationship (1993: 97).
Absalom has a lot of problems in his very young age. His decision
in moving to Johannesburg is a trend of young black people leaving their
villages, as a rural area to the city, as an urban area. Coming to
Johannesburg also to look for her aunt, they have never been met yet
there. Noller and Fitzpatrick states in their book, Communication in
Family Relationships, that adolescents from close families, for example,
may have difficulty separating from the family and leaving home, or in
being allowed to make their own decisions about their present or future
lifestyle (1993: 96). It seems difficult for Absalom who is very young to
live in a complex city. In his very young age, it is easy for him to involve 49 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
in a life style of a big city both positive and negative things. He works in
many places, but he often moves from one to other places. He has
experienced living amongst the squatters in Shanty Town, Johannesburg.
He has ever spent his time in reformatory. Some say he is a good boy and
has good behaviour, some says he is a senior in his workplace. There is
also a young girl that is pregnant by him. And the problem is that he
leaves the pregnant girl alone, and he never comes back until he is arrested
by police. He leaves without any information about him.
Absalom is also engaged even in any crime. He is one of the
troublemakers in Johannesburg. The crime of black against white happens,
and Absalom is involved in it. White people are afraid of any crime by
black people. An example of the crime to white is an attack on an elderly
white couple. White people have become afraid because of a rise in crime.
All of the crimes are related to the native people anymore. Young white
man in the reformatory has said to Stephen and Msimangu about this
terrible situation when they fail to meet Absalom. They ask the girl who is
pregnant by him. Because of the failure, the young white man gives an
advice to Stephen and Msimangu. He says that he will try continuously to
help tem in searching for Absalom. He wants to help Stephen in his
uncertain fear. “Let us not give up all hope, he said. It has happened
sometimes that a boy is arrested, or is injured and taken to hospital, and
we do not know. Do not give up hope, umfundisi. I will not give up the
search (Paton, 1948: 63).” 50 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
There is also other crime to native. There is an African girl who
was robbed and almost raped. Then he becomes a burglar. In some cases,
he robs in white people’s house. He commits theft with his friends. One of
his friends is his own cousin, the son of his uncle, John Kumalo. They
steal some goods in white’s house, such as watches, clothes, food in
bottles, and money. They do it so frequently that makes the situation get
worse in Johannesburg. Burglary is a usual crime of black people as their
protest to white people. So becoming a burglar is a part of Absalom’s
youth. It is such a difficult life he must walk on that he always in
dangerous situation. The crime committed by Absalom and his friends
becomes a part of life in urban area. The different life of rural and urban
influences this case very much.
Murder is the worst crime that they commit. With his two friends,
he makes a big mistake in using his revolver when they plan to rob in
white people’s house. Although he does not intend to kill, he uses his gun
to kill a white man. Arthur Jarvis becomes the victim of it. He is very
famous in Johannesburg. He is a white man who struggles hard for the
rights of black people too. He is killed and shot dead in his house. For this
case, Absalom must be responsible about it although he admits that there
is a misuse of a gun and he has no intention to kill Arthur Jarvis. Black
crime is a thing which Absalom is involved in.
Arthur is a son of James Jarvis, a landowner in Carisbrooke,
Ndotsheni. Stephen knows James well because he is famous white man in 51 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Ndotsheni. In the novel, two of the priests at the Mission House talks
about it:
“This is a terrible loss for South Africa, said the white priest. For this Arthur Jarvis was a courageous young man, and a great fighter for a justice. And it is a terrible loss for the Church too. He was one of the finest of all our young laymen” “Jarvis? It is indeed a terrible thing, said Msimangu. He was the president of the African Boys’ Club, here in Claremont, in Gladiolus Street (Paton, 1948: 65).”
This part of conversation shows that Arthur Jarvis has a big and
important influence in his struggle for justice in Johannesburg. He
commits lofty things for people in Johannesburg. An ironical thing
happens because Arthur is killed by people whose rights he struggle to
fight for. He is the man who cares about the segregation of black and
white in Johannesburg. Paton also writes in the novel that the dead man
was well known for his interest in social problems, and for his efforts for
the welfare of the non-European sections of the community (1948: 66).
Arthur has also written in his manuscript just before he dead about
native crime in South Africa.
The old tribal system was, for all its violence and savagery, for all its superstition and witchcraft, a moral system. Our natives today produce criminals and prostitutes and drunkards, not because it is their nature to do so, but because their simple system of order and tradition and convention has been destroyed. It was destroyed by the impact of our own civilization. Our civilization has therefore an inescapable duty to set up another system of order and tradition and convention (Paton, 1948: 127).
According to Evening Star, a newspaper that writes about what
happens to Arthur Jarvis, he is shot dead in his house by an intruder, 52 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
thought to be a native. Stephen Kumalo’s great suspiciousness is about
Absalom’s involvement in the murder. He spends his time thinking of his
son. The great fear comes to him. The great fear of how a boy is killed in
the street. The great fear of how a young boy can live alone in the great
city, with its thousands people. The great fear of how native crime is usual
thing in a big city. All of parents certainly do not want bad things to come
to their child. So Stephen worries about this situation. In his mind, there is
always an inquiry about his son’s involvement in this case.
Finally the police arrest them and a big dilemma comes to Stephen
about the justice and his son. A positive learning from this case is how
Absalom is very honest to speak all about the truth to the police. He tells
the police the real fact of Arthur murder. Being slandered by his own
brother, John Kumalo, in court, the capital punishment is taken by
Absalom because of the crime. It is easy for John who has a lawyer in the
process of their case.
The third is Stephen Kumalo’s younger brother, John Kumalo. In
the early times in Johannesburg, he works as a carpenter, but because of
his luck, then he becomes a politician in Johannesburg. He is a
businessman too and has some influence and importance in Johannesburg.
He becomes very famous as a figure who struggles for the rights of black
people in South Africa, especially in the city of Johannesburg. He is one
of the three black men who have big influence in Johannesburg, and white
people are afraid of their action. Among some family members of Stephen 53 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Kumalo who are in Johannesburg, John is the one who has good fate. He
is different with his sister, Gertrude and his nephew, Absalom. His journey
is better than them. He lives in comfortable situation. He enjoys what is
called a rich man. He lives in welfare in Johannesburg.
So, racial discrimanition is the biggest problem in that influences
Stephen Kumalo’s family. Three members of his family live their own and
different life in Johannesburg by the racial discrimination. It can destroy
all of black families in South Africa, especially in a big city like
Johannesburg.
2. Shame
It is a problem that is only felt by Stephen Kumalo. As a leader of
the family, he is a responsible figure. He is very well known in Ndotsheni
as a priest. The problem that happens to Gertrude causes an emotional
thing to Stephen Kumalo. He is ashamed of Gertude and Absalom’s bad
habit. An ironical thing happens here. Stephen Kumalo is a priest while his
sister, Gertrude is liquor seller, a prostitute, and a prisoner. Absalom is a
robber and a murderer that causes Stephen ashamed of. In his searching
for Gertrude, Stephen is helped by Theophilus Msimangu.
When Stephen firstly meets Gertrude in Johannesburg, he is
anxious and then expresses his emotional feeling to his sister. He gets
angry and certainly he is ashamed of it. “You have shamed us, he says in a
low voice, not wishing to make it known to the world. A liquor seller, a
prostitute with a child and you do not know where it is. Your brother a 54 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
priest. How could you do this to us?” (Paton, 1948: 29)
In this statement, Stephen Kumalo gets angry to Gertrude because
in his mind, Gertrude has brought bad image to him. Some people who
hear about Gertrude tell Kumalo about Gertrude’s social sickness.
Theophilus Msimangu sends Stephen a letter to solve her problem in
Johannesburg. After receiving this letter, he thinks of his position in his
society, and in his travel to look for his family members, he realizes that
they have caused bad image for him. So he is certainly ashamed. Shame is
an internal conflict in Stephen’s mind. Every parent certainly has the same
feeling if facing the same condition or situation.
Shame is one of the hardest emotions to overcome. It can be the
result of a person's action towards you, or a wrong choice that was made.
When a person experiences shame, they not only have to deal with the
internal struggle of dealing with it, but also the difficult task of facing
other people again (http://www.ehow.com/how_2105051_deal-
shame.html).
Shame is very usual in social life. There are a lot of reactions
toward a problem in society. Various opinions from each other in society
can influence one’s life very much. Human cannot be separated with each
other. So the shame always happens in human life in society. The shame is
not only the struggle in one person him or herself but also how his or her
struggle to face other people in society. 55 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3. Failure in Educating Family Members
In Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology of David Levinson and
Melvin Ember, it is said that the fundamental relationships of human
family organization are marriage, parenthood, and shared descent, which
are based on the social identities of spouse, parent, child, and sibling.
These social identities are defined differently from society to society and
have associated with them characteristics sets of rights and duties which
also differ (1996: 479). So, all of the members in a family have function to
show good character to others in a family.
In this part, one of the problems in Stephen Kumalo’s family is
going to be told. The problem is about how Stephen feels that he has
failure in teach his family members so they cannot live better in
Johannesburg. It is told in the novel that Stephen Kumalo has a son, a
sister, and a brother in his family. Stephen Kumalo breaks up with those
family members. He, and his wife, has a bad experience of being apart
with their son. It is told that they only have one son. The type of nuclear
family is portrayed here. They not only have a problem about separation
with their only son, but also the problem about lack of communication
with their young son.
His thoughts turned to the girl, and to the unborn babe that would be his grandchild. Pity that he a priest should have a grandchild born in such a fashion. Yet that could be repaired. If they were married, then he could try to rebuild what had been broken. Perhaps his son and the girl would go back with him to Ndotsheni, perhaps he and his wife could give to the child what they had failed to give to their own. Yet where had they failed? What had they done, or left undone, that their son had become a thief, 56 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
moving like a vagabond from place to place, living with a girl who was herself no more than a child, father of a child who would have had no name? Yet, he comforted himself, that was Johannesburg. And yet again, and the fear smote him as grievously as ever, his son had left the girl and the unborn child, left the work that the young white man had got for him, and was vagabond again. And what did vagabonds do? Did they not live without law or custom, without faith or purpose, might they not then lift their hand against any other, any man who stood between them and the pitiful gain that they were seeking (Paton, 1948: 78).
It is the indication of how Stephen thinks of his failure in educating
his son. It is in his mind that he has given no more useful thing to his son.
So he regrets and promises good future for Gertrude’s son and the unborn
baby of Absalom and his girlfriend.
Traditionally, parents are supposed to be in control of families and
responsible for their children’s behavior (Noller and Fitzpatrick, 1993:
134). Children’s behavior is determined by how the parents’ way to teach
them. Parents have big responsibility to teach their children and prepare
them to live in society. In Cheal’s Sociology of Family Life, it is stated that
families do not exist in isolation. They are connected to a number of
groups, because they depend upon them. Families cannot meet all of their
needs unaided, in any society, and they must therefore turn to other groups
for support and for resources (2002: 13). It is also shown in Kumalo’s
sentence to his wife about his anger to his “lost” family members.
“Hurting myself? hurting myself? I do not hurt myself, it is they who are hurting me. My own son, my own sister, my own brother. They go away and they do not write any more. Perhaps it does not seem to them that we suffer. Perhaps they do not care for it (Paton, 1948: 11).”
It is a part of what Kumalo say to his wife about his anxiety to his 57 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
own son, sister, and brother. Kumalo is very disappointed of his own
families in Johannesburg. In this case, he is very responsible because he
has sent letters many times. He and his wife do it because of their love for
that son too. So Kumalo cannot control or recognize about his family
members’ condition. They cannot communicate each other. Kumalo’s
letters to them always come back to him and his wife. So he and his wife
become worry about it. Anxiety, sorrow, and fear appear to disturb this
spouse. Their only son is not known on what condition he is. It is the
biggest anxiety of parents for their son who is in trouble. Stephen Kumalo
shows his fear about the condition of his son. He is angry when his wife
says that if people go to Johannesburg, they do not come back.
“We had a son, he said harshly. Zulus have many children, but we had only one son. He went to Johannesburg, and as you said – when people go to Johannesburg, they do not come back. They do not even write anymore. They do not go to St. Chad’s, to learn that knowledge without which no black man can live. They go to Johannesburg, and they are lost, and no one hears of them at all. And this money … (Paton, 1948: 11).”
His big attention to his family is shown in most part on the novel.
As a father and an old brother, he is considered to be a wise person beside
a leader in their family. He takes big responsibility in his family. Playing
an important role of the head of the family makes him think of the best
things to his family. He is anxious about his sister’s health, the potential
costs of treating her illness, and the chaos of Johannesburg, where there
are many buses and one can be killed just by crossing the street, as
happened to a twelve-year-old boy who was an acquaintance of Kumalo’s. 58 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
His gravest concern is his son
(http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/cry/section1.rhtml).
A lot of problems become the usual things in a big city, such as
Johannesburg. Crime tends to happen in the urban area which has many
complex problems and various kinds of people with their own cultural and
social background. Almost every day, there are various kinds of crime
there, such as thievery, robbery, or even murder. Black people are
potential very much to be involved in those crimes, and the black is native.
The big anxiety and fear come to white people. They cannot live their life
in comfortable and safe situation. The threat of native crime always comes
in their mind all the time. It is an example of chaos in such a large city. In
his novel, Paton also writes do much about how fear is the one thing in a
great city where there are thousands upon thousands of people to describe
Stephen Kumalo’s feeling. Stephen Kumalo feels that his family members
in Johannesburg cannot avoid these negative aspects of a big city. He
worries them very much. It is the usual feeling of one member of a family
to another.
Stephen’s feeling of failure in educating family members is also by
lack of communication. Stephen becomes anxious and realizes that his
family members do not live their life well but he cannot know it because
they have no communication. Lack of communications with their son
make Stephen and his wife worry about it. As we know that good
communication can help a family in building a closer relationship or 59 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
solving some problems. Family and communication are two terms that
have a relationship each other. The effectiveness of communication in a
family can determine some things in a family. Noller and Fitzpatrick state
in their book of Communication in Family Relationships about the term of
communication and family. It said that:
We begin by defining the terms “family” and “communication.” Why do we devote an entire chapter to defining terms as simple as “the family” and “communication?” There are many reasons for spending time on this explication. First, as practicing researchers, we know that how we define our terms limits what we study and how we study it. If we define the family as a unit including a mother, father, and at least one minor child, then that is exactly the type of group we will seek out. If we define communication as the accurate transmission of a message, then we will probably study accuracy. Second, it is difficult to come up with a definition of either term that is simultaneously intellectually and politically acceptable. Traditional definitions of communication as a process of sharing meaning through the use of verbal and nonverbal messages come under attack from postmodernist theories (1993: 1- 2).
So it is the relationship between the communication and the
family. Family and communication cannot be separated because family is
a social institution that needs relationship of each member in it. Good
communication in a family can help the family to solve its problem. Each
member of a family can play their own role better and better by good
communication. They can convey what they mean by a good
communication. No communication in a family can cause the problem in a
family. Lack of communication between Gertrude, Absalom, and John
Kumalo with Stephen Kumalo and his wife causes some problem in their
family, such as fear and anxiety. Further, it causes lack of control too. And 60 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
lack of control is more dangerous thing for a young boy or girl who lives
alone in very big city with its complicated business. Communication
becomes more and more essential if there are some members of a family
who live in other places, or they separate from their family because of any
certain purposes, such as for working.
B. Stephen Kumalo’s Struggles to Solve His Family Problems
Based on some cases that are considered problems by Stephen
Kumalo in previous section, here are some struggles of Stephen Kumalo to
solve his family problems.
1. Rebuilding Good Relationship between White and Black
After Stephen Kumalo goes back to Ndotsheni from Johannesburg,
he plans some positive things against the injustice system in South Africa.
He thinks that the tribal system that has been destroyed must be built
again. The destruction of social life has made his family destroyed too. He
does it with James Jarvis whose son is murdered by Absalom Kumalo.
James Jarvis is a white man while Stephen Kumalo is a black man. They
learn from what happens to their family because of social segregation. In
fact, they have the same opinion about how to build the society. They try
together to develop the village of Ndotsheni in many cases. They are
pioneers in rebuilding good relationship between white and black people
in Ndotsheni. Starting with praying to Ndotsheni, Kumalo struggles to
develop his village again. 61 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Kumalo began to pray regularly in his church for the restoration of Ndotsheni. But he knew that was not enough. Somewhere down here upon the earth men must come together, think something, do something. And looking round the hills of his country he could find only two men, the chief and the headmaster. Now the chief was a great stout man in riding-breeches, and he wore a fur cap such as they wear in cold countries, and he rode about with counsellors, though what they counselled him to, it was understand. The headmaster was a small smiling man in great round spectacles, and his office was filled with notices in blue and red and green. For reasons of diplomacy Kumalo decided first to go to the chief (Paton, 1948: 195).
They work hard to avoid injustice that has happened before they go
to Johannesburg. The first, James Jarvis has an important role in
contributing milk for children in Ndotsheni. It is a good sample of
kindness of whites to blacks. They also start to make an improvement in
farming system. Rebuilding good relationship between white and black
people in social life is Stephen’s struggle to solve his family problem
because of racial discrimination.
2. Facing the Feeling of Shame Directly
The separation with his son, sister, and brother forces Kumalo take
a decision to search them. His family members are the reason of this
search. The sorrow of thievery and murder also forces him to face and
overcome some obstacles in his struggle. Fortunately, he is helped by
Theophilus Msimangu, a good priest from Sophiatown, Johannesburg. He
is accompanied by Msimangu in his journey to solve his family problem.
After receiving a letter from Theophilus Msimangu about Gertrude’s
sickness, he decides to look for his family members in Johannesburg. It 62 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
seems that it will be difficult for his struggle if thinking about how the
situation in great city like Johannesburg is. As a brother of a girl who is in
terrible situation, Stephen certainly cannot calm down facing this
situation. As a father of a young boy in the same situation, he is also
anxious because there is no information about his son. As a father too, he
must be able to give protect to his child or son. He is a man who has great
concern to his son and his young sister and brother. So he tries hard to
look for them although he must take an uneasy and sorrowful journey. He
has ever been cheated when he wants to go by train in Carisbrooke. He
also continuously asks many places in Johannesburg about Absalom with
Theophilus Msimangu but they are always late.
Stephen Kumalo and his wife have tried anymore by sending a
letter again and again to know their family’s condition in Johannesburg.
But it is not replied anymore. Communication becomes important in this
case. Noller and Fitzpatrick state in Communication in Family
Relationships that once a problem has been identified, it is important for
the problem be communicated to the appropriate person. The person
should be told that their behaviour is causing a problem for one or other
family members, but it is important that he or she be told in a way that
maximizes the chance of their responding positively and being willing to
do something to resolve the situation (1993: 155). Stephen realizes that it
is very important to meet Gertrude and Absalom directly because their 63 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
business is very urgent. It is an appropriate decision and struggle to follow
them to Johannesburg.
Every time Kumalo thinks of the city and its potential danger.
There is only anxiety in their mind to read a letter from Msimangu. In his
effort to search for his son, sister, and brother, Stephen must overcome his
anxiety first. Then he must take good decision too if there are some
obstacles in his struggle. A change of emotion happens to him in his
journey to look for his son. He cannot deny it. He tells Father Vincent
about this thing at the .Mission House after a young man offered him to
have a lawyer before.
“At first it was a search. I was anxious at first, but as the search went on, step by step, so did the anxiety turn to fear, and this fear grew deeper step by step. It was at Alexandra that I first grew afraid, but it was here in your House, when he heard of the murder, that my fear grew into something too great to be borne (Paton, 1948: 94).”
So, direct communication is very important. In this case, Stephen
must overcome the feeling of shame to meet Gertrude and Absalom
directly. By eliminating all of his shame to meet Gertrude, Stephen has
saved his family. He must speak with them about their problem. In the
novel, it is written that Stephen struggles hard to meet them directly
although he is always tired because of his old age. Facing the feeling of
shame directly is very essential for Stephen to help his family members
who are in trouble. So he can do better for Gertrude’s small family by
taking back her son to his village although Gertrude is finally lost. 64 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Directly meeting with his “lost” family members is Kumalo’s big
expectation. It is successful for Gertrude’s case although is very difficult
in Absalom’s case. It is rather different with quick finding of Gertrude.
Looking for Absalom is more difficult because he always moves from one
to other places. But his fatherhood appears in this case although he feels
that he has made failure in teaching his son to live in social life. He also
leaves one place with making sorrow and anxiety for person whom he
leaves. So communication is very essential for Stephen and his “lost”
family members. Directly communication enables a better solution for a
problem. It is very effective if is talked to the person or family member
who is in a bad situation by a certain problem. Stephen’s struggle to
communicate with all his family members shows how the social control
function of a family is applied.
To confront the cause of the shame directly is one of Stephen’s
ways to remove his shame. So directly facing needs good communication
too. Besides his anger to his sister and son, Stephen also gives a good
influence for them because of his kindness. So they can regret and
apologize. Gertrude’s intend to come back to Ndotsheni is Stephen’s first
success for his family problems.
3. Reuniting and Rebuilding His Family
The feeling of failure to educate family members, forces Kumalo
to reunite and rebuild his family again. Reuniting and rebuilding his
family members in Johannesburg are Stephen’s struggles to pay his failure 65 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
in educating family members. So he struggles hard to take Gertrude and
her son to Ndotsheni. He focuses on how to build a better family life in
future. If he cannot take Gertrude and Absalom back to Ndotsheni, he
prepares good condition in his village to their children.
As the leader of the family, Stephen Kumalo is responsible to
rebuild his family. His large expectation for an amendment in life both for
Gertrude and Absalom Kumalo is an important thing that portrays his
fatherhood. His willingness to take his nephew, Gertrude’s child, to
Ndotsheni is his great concern to give the child better life in comfortable
situation in Ndotsheni. He also wants the child to be in school. Paton
writes in the novel that if he cannot save the mother, he cannot save the
baby. When he is successful to take Gertrude and her child to Mrs.
Lithebe’s house, Kumalo cares about their condition by buying them
better clothes.
Gertrude’s dress, for all that she might once have been rich, was dirty, and the black greasy knitted cap that she wore on her head made him ashamed. Although his money was little, he bought her a red dress and a white thing that they called a turban for her head. Also a shirt, a pair of short trousers, and a jersey for the boy; and a couple of stout handkerchiefs for his mother to use on his nose (Paton, 1948: 31).
Another example of rebuilding the family is how he tries to search
a priest to marry his son and the pregnant girl, although his son still in
prison. Because of his great concern to the family, he wants the pregnant
girl to be his daughter-in-law. So the unborn child will be he and his
wife’s first grandchild. They certainly will be happy of it. The child will 66 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
be born in a descent and quiet place in Ndotsheni, not in a noisy city of
Johannesburg. Preparing a better future to the child and the unborn baby is
a good plan from Stephen Kumalo. Ensuring a good future for the two
children is his obligation as the head of their big family besides the
mothers of the children. The idea of rebuilding the family is a proof of his
care to the family.
He turned with relief to the thought of rebuilding, to the home that they would fashion, he and his wife, in the evening of their lives, for Gertrude and her son, and for his son and the girl and the child. After seeing Johannesburg he would return with a deeper understanding to Ndotsheni. Yes, and with a greater humility, for had his own sister not been a prostitute? And his son a thief? And might not he himself be grandfather to a child that would have no name? This he thought without bitterness, thought with pain. One could go back knowing better the things that one fought against, knowing better the kind of thing that one must build. He would go back with a new and quickened interest in the school, not as a place where children learned to read and write and count only, but as a place where they must be prepared for life in any place to which they might go. Oh for education for his people, foe schools up and down the land, where something might be built that would serve them when they went away to the towns, something that would take the place of the tribal law and custom. For a moment he was caught up in a vision, as man so often is when he sits in a place of ashes and destruction (Paton, 1948: 79).
Loving his family is a reason for Kumalo to solve his family
problem. He also wants them not to be in trouble situation. It is the biggest
hope for all parents to teach their children in order that they might be
accepted in a society later. They always want the best for their children
because of love. Love, affection and intimacy are basic things in building
a good situation in family life. The relationship among members of a
family should be based on those three things. Almost each member of a 67 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
family wants to be in a warm or intimate relationship. It is related to the
function of the family about socialization of children, social controls over
members, and maintenance of motivation and morale through love
((Zimmerman, 1988; Vanier Institute of the Family, 1994). So the
communication is very important to support the functions of the family.
Struggle for reconciliation with Gertrude and Absalom is a mission
of Stephen Kumalo. He has a responsibility as a father and older brother.
Reconciliation by good and effective communication can help solving the
family problems. Stephen’s success to take Gertrude and her child to Mrs.
Lithebe’s house is the success of his struggle to overcome his feeling of
shame. It is a good start of his effort to maintain his family. He works hard
to save his family. His promise to provide a better future for Gertrude’s
and Absalom’s child is an obligation for whoever person that is considered
a head of a family to do. Effort to marry Absalom and his girl is also
another example of Stephen’s struggle to reunite and rebuild his family
that has broken.
The problem comes to Gertrude and Absalom forces Stephen to
take an appropriate decision in solving it. Love in each family member can
maintain the family life. How one member pays attention much to another,
or how they care each other, makes the family happy. By this love,
Stephen decides to look for his family members in Johannesburg. Taking a
difficult and expensive journey to Johannesburg must be done by Stephen.
In his travel, his big fear and anxiety always come in his mind. Bad 68 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
experience of being cheated also happens to him. He is suffering because
he cannot find his son easily, but his friend Theophilus Msimangu works
hard too to help him. Msimangu has an intention to help Kumalo from his
heart. They do the search together. They also face some difficulties
together too. They ask many places to get information about Absalom.
Stephen does it with afraid and anxious. As a father, he certainly wants to
find Absalom as soon as possible. He always thinks of the crime in
Johannesburg, the native troublemaker, and the fear of white people to the
crime. His son’s involvement in the crime is his big suspicion.
As a father, Stephen Kumalo has shown his influence to his family
and his care about the problems of family members. Randal Collins in
Sociology of Marriage and the Family states that fatherhood is a central
feature of every family system, linking every child to a male parent. The
mother-child relationship is not enough to constitute a family (1941: 52).
So most part of the novel tells how Stephen, as a father of a boy, takes a
big responsibility and important role in looking for his son. His wife is
told only in the first part of the novel. So he is the leader in their family
and an important figure to solve his family problem in such a condition
that Gertrude and Absalom experience.
The first intention for Stephen Kumalo to go to Johannesburg is to
search his family members whom he and his wife consider lost in
Johannesburg. Whatever their problems in Johannesburg, Stephen Kumalo
has a responsibility to solve it. His way to take a difficult and expensive 69 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
journey to Johannesburg describes his big hope to love his “lost” family
members although he must experiences some difficult things, such as
being cheated and being tired of asking and walking to look for his son in
many places. An uneasy journey in his very old age shows his care to his
family. It is an urgent thing for him to do. It is his struggle to reunite his
family. It is known by his willingness to take them back to Ndotsheni.
Stephen Kumalo has proven how he struggles to save his family.
He also plans to avoid his family members from some problems in a big
city like Johannesburg, such as crime and social illness. He wants to take
them back to Ndotsheni and promise a better life and work for them in
Ndotsheni. His way to speak with Gertrude when they meet first in
Johannesburg shows that he is a wise man and a forgiver. He does not give
a punishment for his young sister who has made him ashamed. By his
kindness, he is successful to take Gertrude and her child out of the
dirtiness and shabbiness of a slum of Claremont.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter contains two subchapters. The first is conclusions and
the second is suggestions. In the first part, two questions in problem
formulation are going to be answered. The suggestions part consists of two
sections. They are the suggestion for future researchers and suggestion for
teaching and learning activities.
A. Conclusions
In this section, the writer is going to conclude all the analysis in
previous chapter based on the questions in problem formulation. The first
is about Stephen Kumalo’s family problem. It is said that Kumalo’s family
problem is about separation between a man who is a father of a family or a
brother of his younger brother and sister. Broken family happens to this
family. There is lack of communication among them. As a unity of a
family, each family member must be involved in a communication system
in a family. Good communication in a family has an important role to
maintain good relationship.
The first problem is about racial discrimination in South Africa. It
is experienced by Stephen Kumalo. There is a problem about the influence
of social condition of South Africa, especially in Johannesburg towards
Stephen Kumalo’s family. Stephen feels that this injustice happens to his
70
71 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
family. It is considered to destroy his family. Because of this bad
condition, he is apart with some of his family members. Separation with
his sister, brother, and son must be experienced by Stephen. Because they
are black family, there are some different things that happen to them. It is
very different with white family. Racial discrimination causes his son,
Absalom involves in crime and murder in South Africa. It is because of
system in South Africa about whites over nonwhites. Social segregation
and politic of apartheid that is applied in South Africa always places
whites on the top and blacks on the bottom. So because of this condition,
Absalom commits crime with other black young men toward white people.
They always make white people anxious.
Another case that Stephen considers a problem is about Gertrude’s
case. Gertrude goes to Johannesburg to look for her husband that works in
mine. As a black man, Gertrude’s husband works to white people. It is not
good for him because after the recruitment, Gertrude does not know his
condition. She does not whether her husband is still alive or not. She has
done some struggles to search him but she cannot. Because of this
condition too, Stephen feels that it is a serious problem in his family. His
separation with his sister, Gertrude, is an indication of how his family is
going to be broken. He is considered as a leader in their family. So he has
a big responsibility to solve this problem. Gertrude’s problem is Stephen’s
problem too because he has big responsibility to his sister. Gertrude
becomes a prostitute, a liquor seller, and a prisoner in Johannesburg. She 72 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
has been in prison many times. Effect of bad treatment toward blacks
forces Gertrude to live a difficult and hard life in Johannesburg. She lives
only with her child in dirty and shabby place. Stephen feels that it is very
dangerous for her and it can destroy her child’s future. It is very difficult
for her to live alone in such a big city like Johannesburg. These bad
experiences must be faced by Gertrude to survive. As a black woman, she
has certainly treated very differently with whites.
So Stephen is forced by such a bad condition to save his family
members in Johannesburg. He must go to Johannesburg to search Gertrude
and plan to take them back to their village Ndotsheni. It is his big
expectation to reunite and rebuild his family again. He loves his family
very much and he tries to help his family members who have problem to
go out from their own problem.
The second problem is about the shame. As a man who has big
influence in his village, Stephen feels ashamed because of Gertrude and
Absalom’s action. It is an ironical thing that Stephen Kumalo is a wise,
kind, humble, and generous man, but hid family members in Johannesburg
are involved in crime. On the contrary, he is a priest in his village,
Ndotsheni. It is very usual in a family life that every parent feel ashamed
about their child’s. It happens to Stephen Kumalo. It is not only a shame
of his son, but also of his sister. Shame is the usual emotion because of
some mistakes. Stephen Kumalo experiences it as a father of a son and an
older brother of a sister. 73 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
The third problem is about failure in educating family member.
Stephen Kumalo, as a father, or generally parents of Absalom Kumalo
feels that he has made some failures in educating his son. He has big
responsibility to educate his son to be a good person. Actually, he must
teach his son to have good character. This failure is felt by Stephen
because his son is involved in crime in Johannesburg. He feels that he has
made such a big mistake that his son is involved in a crime in
Johannesburg.
The last problem is about failure in adopting family status. It
happens in John Kumalo’s case. John has background from a family with
strong sense of Christianity. He is from Ndotsheni and he is a younger
brother of a priest. The first time he comes to Johannesburg, he is a
humble carpenter, but then he is very famous. He becomes a great
businessman and politician in Johannesburg. Because of his good position
in Johannesburg, he becomes an opposite for the church. He has a problem
with his brother, Stephen Kumalo. He compares his brother’s religion and
his own politics as a result of their own son case in court.
The struggles of Stephen Kumalo to solve his family problems are
about how he tries hard to rebuild a better relationship with white people
in many cases. It is done by Stephen Kumalo because his family has been
destroyed by racial discrimination. Racial discrimination makes him break
up with some of his family members. They commit any crime in
Johannesburg because of the different treatment that they receive. His 74 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
struggles are rebuilding a better condition of relationship between blacks
and whites, praying for a better village of Ndotsheni, developing the
village of Ndotsheni in many aspects with the help of James Jarvis, and
avoiding injustice that tend to happen in South Africa. Doing some useful
things against racial problem helps Stephen Kumalo in rebuilding better
relationship with white people.
Another struggle is facing the feeling of shame directly. It can help
Stephen to overcome the feeling of shame by his family members’ bad
habits. Directly meeting and communicating are the effective ways to
solve the problem of shame. Although he is ashamed because the ironical
thing that he is a priest, while his family members are always involved in
crimes, Stephen tries hard to save them and plan to take them back to
Ndotsheni for the improvement of their life. This struggle is the part of
parents’ role and responsibility.
Then, another struggle is to reunite and rebuild his family. In this
case, this struggle is done by Stephen Kumalo to pay his failure in
educating family members. He realizes that what happen to Absalom and
Gertrude is not merely their mistakes. It is also Stephen’s responsibility.
So he wants to improve the quality of educating family members to the
children. Good future for his nephew and the unborn baby that will be his
grandchild is Stephen’s focus to rebuild his family. He promises that what
he cannot do for his son, Absalom, he can do it better for those two
children. It is the struggle of a leader of a family. 75 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
So there are always problems in every family in our life. Kumalo’s
family also experiences it. Stephen Kumalo feels that some problems
happen in his family that break him up from some of his family members.
Social problems become the main thing that makes his family in
destruction. Because of the problems, he decides to take a decision in
solving it. Some steps are walked through by him to solve his family
problems. Those steps are described by his struggles to solve his family
problems.
B. Suggestions
In this part, there are two points that will be discussed. The first
section presents the suggestion for the future researchers and the second is
the suggestion for teaching and learning activities.
1. Suggestion for Future Researchers
Cry, the Beloved Country is an interesting novel written by Alan
Paton with has some tragedy. It tells a family life in South Africa with its
problems. Focus of the story is the character of Stephen Kumalo, who is
also a leader of the family. He is a humble and kind man. He is also a
priest whom his society put respect to him. An ironical thing appears in
this novel about Stephen’s family members who are always involved in
problem in such a big city like Johannesburg.
In this thesis, I try to analyze the problems in Stephen Kumalo’s
family by discussing the social background of Stephen Kumalo’s family.
In this analysis, I use socio-cultural historical approach to limit the 76 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
discussion on family problems and social background of black family,
especially Stephen Kumalo’s family. I suggests for the future researchers
to analyze about social discrimination because it is told almost of this
novel. Topic about racial discrimination is an interesting one to be
analyzed. Therefore, for those who are interested to take Cry, the Beloved
Country as the subject of their research, this thesis can be a reference. It
can help to provide some information about the novel.
2. Suggestion for English Teaching and Education
Literature is an interesting field to discuss and analyze. Reading
literary works gives some benefits for students as readers. Besides that,
readers can enjoy reading the literary works. Alan Paton’s Cry, the
Beloved Country is a novel that gives a lot of topics or themes that can be
explored. Some new terms of the novel are also interesting to discuss in
linguistic field. The family problem and social values can be learned by
reading this novel completely. Some social values are kindness, honesty,
compassion, and sacrifice. All of the values can be applied in our daily
life.
Some ideas can be got from this novel, and it can be prepared for
teaching learning materials. Readers can be more creative by reading more
literary works besides to read as pleasure. This novel will help with some
information for the source of the teaching and learning material.
Moral education is also stressed in this novel. The experience of
shame and failure in daily life should be motivator to develop. 77 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Improvement to be better must be the target. Shame is very important for
each element of education, such as teacher and student. It is important for
them to focus on their own duty in totality. It is also to avoid half intention
in playing their role. Best preparation for teacher and student before doing
their own duty is necessary. Any learning from the novel is useful to be
implemented in education, such as kindness, humility, and spirit to revive
from the failure in the past. These good values should be elements for
process of humanism beside the academic aspect of the novel as the slogan
of university. The values are expected to motivate the developing of
affective domain of learning in education beside cognitive and
psychomotor domains.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
REFERENCES
Abrams, Meyer Howard. 1981. Glossary of Literary Terms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Bell, Daniel. 1976. The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. New York: Basic Books.
Bendix, Reinhard and Seymour Martin Lipset. 1966. Class, Status, and Power. New York: The Free Press.
Cashmore, Ellis. 2004. Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies. London and New York: Routledge.
Cheal, David. 2002. Sociology of Family Life. New York: Palgrave.
Collins, Randall. 1941. Sociology of Marriage and the Family. Chicago: Nelson-Hall Inc.
Davis, Kingsley. 1948. Human Society. New York: The Macmillan Company.
Edgar, Andrew and Peter Sedgwick. 2002. Cultural Theory the Key Concepts. London and New York: Routledge.
Fairchild, Henry Pratt. 1975. Dictionary of Sociology. Totowa, New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co.
Gonen, Amiram. 1993. The Encyclopedia of the Peoples of the World. New York: Henry Holt and Company, Inc.
Guerin, Wilfred L., Earle Labor, Lee Morgan, Jeanne C. Reesman, and John R. Willingham. 1979. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. 2nd Edition. New York: Harper & Row.
Haviland, William A. 1993. Cultural Anthropology. Florida: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2Inc.
Head, Dominic. 2006. The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English. London: Cambridge University Press.
Holman, C. Hugh and William Harmon. 1986. A Handbook to Literature. 78
79 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
New York: MacMillan.
Hopkinson, Tom. 1964. Life World Library South Africa. New York: Time Incorporated.
Horton, Paul B. and Chester L. Hunt. 1980. Sociology. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Hurlock, Elizabeth. 1974. Personality Development. New York: McGraw- Hill Book Company.
Irhomi, Tapi Omas. 1999. Bungai Rampai Sosiologi Keluarga. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Langland, Elizabeth. 1984. Society in the Novel. London: The University of North Carolina Press.
Levinson, David and Melvin Ember. 1996. Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology. vol. 2. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Little, Graham. 1963. Approach of Literature. Sydney [N.S.W.]: Science Press.
Marger, Martin N. 2005. Social Inequality: Patterns and Processes. New York: Michigan State University.
Marsiglio, William. 1995. Fatherhood. California: Sage Publications, Inc.
Mazrui, Ali A. 1986. The Africans: A Triple Heritage. Washington DC: Greater Washington Educational Telecommunications Association.
Middleton, John and Amal Rassam. 1995. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Boston: Macmillan.
Noller, Patricia and Mary Anne Fitzpatrick. 1993. Communication in Family Relationships. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Paton, Alan. 1948. Cry, the Beloved Country. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Pikuna, Justin. 1974. Structure, Sound, and Sense. New York: Harcourt Brace Javaniavich, Inc.
Reuter, Edward Byron. 1941. Sociology. New York: The Dryden Press, Inc. 80 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Rohrberger, Mary and Samuel H. Woods. 1971. Reading and Writing about Literature. New York: Random House.
Ross, Fiona C. 1995. The Support Network of Black Families in Southern Africa. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council Publishers.
Skolnick, Arlene S. and Jerome H. Skolnick. 1992. Family in Transition. 7th Edition. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc.
Sills, David L. 1968. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. vol 5 & 13. New York: The Macmillan Company & The Free Press.
Sowell, Thomas. 1994. Race and Culture. New York: BasicBooks.
Stagner, Ross and Hjalmar Rosen. 1965. Psychology of Union- Management Relations. California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc. Belmont.
Stearns, Peter N. 1994. Encyclopedia of Social History. New York & London: Garland Publishing, Inc.
Warren, Austin and Rene Wellek. 1956. Theory of Literature. 3rd Edition. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.
Webster, Merriam. 1995. Encyclopedia of Literature. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, Publishers.
Worrall, Mary. 1991. Oxford Children’s Encyclopedia. Great Clarendon Street, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sources from the internet:
Analysis of Cry, the Beloved Country. section1. 23 July 2011
Basic Information about the Cultural and Political History. Oprah's Book Club. September 29, 2003. 23 July 2011.
Biography of Alan Paton. 23 July 2011.
81 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Context of Cry, the Beloved Country. 23 July 2011.
Families First-Keys to Successful Family Functioning: An Introduction. Novella Ruffin. Virginia State University. 23 July 2011. < http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/350/350-090/350-090.html>
How to Deal with Shame | eHow.com eHow Contributor. 21 April 2011
Nelson Mandela’s comment about Cry, the Beloved Country. October 23, 1995 at the Zeigfield Theatre in New York City. 23 July 2011.
Picture of Alan Paton. 23 July 2011.
Summary of Cry, the Beloved Country. 23 July 2011.
The Fundamental Concepts of Sociology. Max Weber. Basic Terms. 23 July2011.
Themes of Cry, the Beloved Country. 23 July 2011.
82 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Appendix 1
SUMMARY OF THE STORY
The novel opens in a small village in Ixopo (Ndotsheni), where the black pastor Stephen Kumalo receives a letter from the priest Theophilus Msimangu in Johannesburg. Msimangu urges Kumalo to come to the city to help his sister Gertrude, because she is ill. Kumalo goes to Johannesburg to help Gertrude and to find his son Absalom, who had gone to the city to look for Gertrude but never came home. When he gets to the city, Kumalo learns that Gertrude has taken up a life of prostitution and beer brewing, and is now drinking heavily. She agrees to return to the village with her young son. Assured, Kumalo embarks on the search for his son, first seeing his brother John, a carpenter who has become involved in the politics of South Africa. Kumalo and Msimangu follow Absalom's trail only to learn that Absalom has been in a reformatory and impregnated a young woman. Shortly thereafter, Kumalo learns that his son has been arrested for the murder during a burglary of Arthur Jarvis (who was an engineer), a white activist for racial justice and son of Kumalo's neighbour James Jarvis. Jarvis learns of his son's death and comes with his family to Johannesburg. Jarvis and his son had been distant, and now the father begins to know his son through his writings. Through reading his son's essays, Jarvis decides to take up his son's work on behalf of South Africa's black population. Absalom is sentenced to death for the murder of Arthur Jarvis. Before his father returns to Ndotsheni, Absalom marries the girl who is carrying his child, and she joins Kumalo's family. Kumalo returns to his village with his daughter-in-law and nephew, having found that Gertrude ran away on the night before their departure. Back in Ixopo, Kumalo makes a futile visit to the tribe's chief in order to discuss changes that must be made to help the barren village. Help 83 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
arrives, however, when James Jarvis becomes involved in the work. He arranges to have a dam built and hires a native agricultural demonstrator to implement new farming methods. The novel ends on the morning (the sun rise) after Absalom's execution.
Taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry,_the_Beloved_Country
84 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Appendix 2
THE BIOGRAPHY OF ALAN PATON (1903-1988)
Alan Paton was born on January 11, 1903 in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. After graduating from Maritzburg College in 1918, he studied at the University of Natal, where he graduated with distinction in physics. After leaving school, Paton became a science teacher in 1925. For three years he taught at Ixopo High School, then moved to Pietermaritzburg to teach at Maritzburg College. In 1928 Paton married Doris Olive Francis, and two years later they had their first son, David. A second son, Jonathan, was born in 1936. Even early in his career Paton took a strong interest in race relations, joining the South African Institute of Race Relations in 1930. In 1935 he left his teaching position to become the principal of the Diepkloof Reformatory for delinquent urban African boys near Johannesburg. During this period, Paton continued to work on behalf of race relations: in 1942 he is nominated to the Anglican Diocesan Commission to inquire into church and race relations in South Africa, while he also wrote a series of articles concerning crime and punishment and penal reform for Forum. Paton wrote Cry, the Beloved Country, which was published in February of 1948, during a time in which he studied penal institutions in Europe, the United States and Canada. Several months after the publication of the novel, the National Party came to power in South Africa and instituted apartheid. The publication of this novel, which was a great success, allowed Paton to resign as principal of the reformatory to devote himself fully to his writing. Cry, the Beloved Country was soon adapted into a musical, "Lost in the Stars," by composer Kurt Weill and a film directed by Zoltan Korda on whose screenplay Paton contributed. His second novel, Too Late the Pharalope, was published in 1953 while Paton worked at a tuberculosis settlement. During this time, Paton 85 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
began to take a more active interest in politics, becoming the vice- president of the Liberal Party and, in 1956, the party chairman. Paton eventually became National President of the Liberal Party until 1968, when the government forces the Liberal Party to disband under the Prohibition of Interference Act that prohibited non-racial political parties. During his term with the Liberal Party, Paton gave evidence to mitigate the treason sentence for Nelson Mandela during his 1964 trial. Paton also published several other non-fiction works, including The Land and the People of South Africa (1955), Hope for South Africa (1958) and The People Wept (1958). In 1959 he wrote "The Last Journey," a play about the missionary David Livingston, as well as The Christian Approach to Racial Problems in the Modern World. In 1967 Doris Olive Paton died, and two years later Alan Paton married Anne Margaret Hopkins. Paton continued to write throughout his life, publishing a third novel, Ah, but Your Land is Beautiful, in 1981 and two of a projected three volumes of his autobiography in 1980 and, posthumously, in 1988. Paton died in April of 1988 at Lintrose, Botha's Hill in Natal.
Taken from: http://www.gradesaver.com/author/alan-paton/
86 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Appendix 3
THE WORKS OF ALAN PATON
The Novel: 1. Cry, the Beloved Country (1948) 2. Lost in the Stars (1950) with Maxwell Anderson 3. The To Late the Phalarope (1953) 4. Land and People of South Africa (1955) 5. South Africa in Transition (1956) 6. Debbie Go Home (1960) 7. Tales from a Trouble Land (1961) 8. Hofmeyr (1964) 9. South African Tragedy (1965) 10. Spono (1965) with Krishna Shah 11. The Long View (1967) 12. Instrument of Thy Peace (1968) 13. Kontakio For You Departed (1969) 14. Case History of a Pinky (1972) 15. Apartheid and the Archbishop: the Life and Times of Geoffrey Clayton, Archbishop of Cape Town (1973) 16. Knocking on the Door (1975) 17. Towards the Mountain (1980) 18. Ah, but Your Land is Beautiful (1981) 19. Journey Continued: An Autobiography (1988) 20. Save the Beloved Country (1989) 21. The Hero of Currie Road: the complete short pieces (2008)
Cry, the Beloved Country has been filmed twice (in 1951 and 1995) and was the basis for the Broadway musical Lost in the Stars (adaptation by Maxwell Anderson, music by Kurt Weill).
The Alan Paton Award for non-fiction is conferred annually in his honour.
Taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Paton
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Appendix 4
THE PICTURE OF ALAN PATON
Taken from: http://rwrant.co.za/wpcontent/uploads/2009/07/AlanPaton.jpg
87
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Appendix 5
LESSON PLAN TO TEACH INTENSIVE READING II
Subject : Intensive Reading II
Skill : Reading
Level of the Students: 2nd semester students of English Education Study Program
Topic : Kindness
Material : Book I, Chapter 4 (p. 16-21)
Time Allocation : 2 x 50 minutes
Basic Achievement Learning Material Form of Competence Indicators Experiences Evaluation Reading - The students are - The students skim Book I, - Discussion At the end of able to identify the passage Chapter 4 - Students’ the discussion, the main idea of - The students answers (p. 16- participati the students are each paragraph the questions given by 21) on and expected to be - The students are the teacher presentatio able to able to determine - The students read the n improve their the meaning of passage for detail reading skills, words - The students answer apply reading - The students are the comprehensive strategies able to answer the questions in their through questions based group various types on the passage - Each group presents of texts and - The students to the other groups the develop their give opinions result of the English concerning the discussion. The other vocabulary passage groups give comment or disagree about the answers presented
Source
Paton, Alan. 1948. Cry, the Beloved Country. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons
88
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Appendix 6
Pre-Reading Questions Instruction: Discuss with your partners
1. What do you think about kindness? 2. Have you ever been cheated? 3. In what way you show your kindness for other people?
Reading Activity Read the following text carefully!
KINDNESS
A young man came to Stephen Kumalo and spoke to him in a language that he did not understand. “I do not understand, “ Kumalo said. “You are a Xosa, then, umfundisi?” “A Zulu,” Kumalo said. “Where do you want to go, umfundisi?” a young man said. “To Sophiatown, young man.” “Come with me then I shall show you.” a man said. Kumalo was grateful for this kindness, but half of him was afraid. He was glad the young man did not offer to carry his bag, but he spoke courteously, though in a strange Zulu. The lights turned green, and his guide started across the street. Another car swung across the path, but the guide did not falter, and the car came to stop. It made one feel confidence. He could not follow the turnings that they made under the high buildings, but at last, his arm tired beyond endurance by the bag, they came to a place of many buses. Then a man said. “You must stand in the line, umfundisi. Have you your money for the ticket?” Quickly, eagerly, as though he must show this young man that he appreciated his kindness, he put down his bag and took out his purse. He was nervous to ask how much it was, and too a pound from the purse. “Shall I get your ticket for you, umfundisi? Then you need not lose your place in the line, while I go to the ticket office.”the young man said. “Thank you,” Kumalo said. The young man took the pound and walked a short distance to the corner. As he turned it, Kumalo was afraid. The line moved forward and he with it, clutching his bag. And again forward, and again forward, and soon he must enter a bus, but still he had no ticket. As though he had
89
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
suddenly thought of something he left the line, and walked to the corner, but there was no sign of the young man. He sought courage to speak to someone, and went to an elderly man, decently and cleanly dressed. “Where is the ticket office, my friend?” Kumalo said. “What ticket office, umfundisi?” “For the ticket for the bus.” “You get your ticket on the bus. There is no ticket office.” Kumalo looked a decent man, and the parson spoke to him humbly. “I gave pound to a young man, he said, and he told me he would get my ticket at the ticket office. “You have been cheated, umfundisi. Can you see the young man? No, you will not see him again. Look, come with me. Where are you going, Sophiatown?” an elderly man said. “Yas, Sophiatown. To the Mission House. “Oh, yes. I too am an Anglican. I was waiting for someone, but I shall wait no longer. I shall come with you myself. Do you know the Reverend Msimangu?” said an elderly man. “Indeed, I have a letter from him. Kumalo said. They again took the last place in the line, and in due time they took their places in the bus. And it in is turn swung out into the confusion of the streets. The driver smoked carelessly, and it was impossible not to admire such courage. Street after street, light after light, as though they would never end, at times at such speed that the bus swayed from side to side, and the engine roared in the ears. They alighted at a small street, and there were still thousands of people about. They walked a great distance, through streets crowded with people. His new friend helped to carry his bag, but he felt confidence in him. At last they stopped before a lighted house, and knocked. The door opened and a young tall man in clerical dress opened to them. “Mr. Msimangu, I bring a friend to you, the Reverend Kumalo from Ndotsheni,” the man said. “Come in, come in, my friends. Mr. Kumalo, I am glad to greet you. Is this your first visit to Johannesburg?” Kumalo could not boast anymore. He had been safely guided and warmly welcomed. He spoke humbly, “I am much confused, he said. I owe much to our friend.” “You fell into good hands. This is Mr. Mafolo, one of our big business men, and a good son of the Church,” Mr Msimangu said. “But not before he had been robbed,” said the business man. So the story had to be told, and there was much sympathy and much advice. “And you are no doubt hungry, Mr. Kumalo. Mr. Mafolo, will you stay for some food?” But Mr. Mafolo would not wait. The doctor shut after him, and Kumalo settled himself in a big chair, and accepted a cigarette though it
90
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
was not his custom to smoke. The room was light, and the great bewildering town shut out. He had to puff like a child at his smoke, and was thankful. The long journey to Johannesburg was over, and he had taken a liking to this young confident man. In good time no doubt they would come to discuss the reason for this pilgrimage safely at an end. For the moment it was enough to feel welcome and secure.
Taken from the novel of Alan Paton’s Cry, the Beloved Country (1948, p. 16-21)
List of terms 1. Umfundisi: parson, priest, but is also a title used with respect 2. Reverend: parson, priest
Matching vocabularies Find the synonym of the words in column A in the list of words in column B
A B 1. Courteously a. clothes for priest 2. Endurance b. confusing 3. Path c. suck 4. Falter d. priest 5. Sought e. decorously 6. Parson f. get confused 7. Bewildering g. tenacity 8. Confusion h. looked for 9. Clerical dress i. trail 10. Puff j. chaos
Comprehensive Questions Answer these questions in with your friends in your group! 1. Which character shows a lie? 2. Is Kumalo suspicious to the new people he meets? Explain! 3. Why is it easy for Kumalo to believe in new people he meets? 4. What kind of kindness is it shown by the characters in the novel? 5. Does Kumalo still feel such a kindness in Msimangu’s house? How is it described? 6. Give your opinion about Msimangu’s personality! 7. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
91