La Unión Europea Y España En Su Relación Con El Magreb: Los Casos De Marruecos Y Argelia

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La Unión Europea Y España En Su Relación Con El Magreb: Los Casos De Marruecos Y Argelia LA UNIÓN EUROPEA Y ESPAÑA EN SU RELACIÓN CON EL MAGREB: LOS CASOS DE MARRUECOS Y ARGELIA Tesis doctoral AINTZANE ARTETXE LARRABIDE Diciembre 2015 Dirigida por ANTONI SEGURA I MAS KEPA SODUPE CORCUERA (c) 2016 AINTZANE ARTETXE LARRABIDE AGRADECIMIENTOS En estas líneas, me gustaría mostrar mi agradecimiento a todas aquellas personas que han estado a mi lado durante la realización de este trabajo. En primer lugar, querría dar las gracias a mis dos Directores de Tesis, Antoni Segura y Kepa Sodupe por su colaboración y disposición. A Antoni querría agradecerle su generosidad, al haber accedido a dirigir esta tesis. Por su parte, me gustaría agradecer muy especialmente a Kepa el apoyo prestado, sobre todo, durante los últimos meses que, sin duda, han sido los más intensos de todo el proceso. Además, me gustaría desatacar la amabilidad de todo el personal del Centro de Estudios Históricos e Internacionales (CEHI) de la Universidad de Barcelona y de la Cátedra de Estudios Internacionales (CEINIK) de la Universidad del País Vasco, de la cual guardo un recuerdo muy especial, ya que es donde pude realizar mi primer proyecto de investigación Globalización, Identidad y Cultura. Este proyecto fue financiado por UNESCO-Etxea, asociación a la que también quiero hacer mención. Asimismo, me gustaría agradecer al profesor de Ciencias Políticas en la Universidad Hassan II de Casablanca, Mohamed Tozy, por su atención y cordialidad. Querría agradecer también al Dr. Mohammed Reda Boudchar, Jefe de Estudios del Centro Intercultural de Idiomas Dar al-Loghat, por sus magistrales clases de árabe. Doy además las gracias a Laila y a su familia, por acogerme durante mi estancia en Tetuán. Asimismo, doy las gracias a mis amigos saharauis, por hacerme tan agradable mi estancia en los campos de refugiados argelinos. En el plano más personal, me gustaría agradecer a toda mi familia, amigos y a mis hijos, Inas y Anuar, que, a pesar de ser tan pequeños, han demostrado tener una enorme paciencia y compresión. En especial, quería mostrar mi gratitud hacia mi madre, a la que me gustaría dedicar este trabajo. Eskerrik asko guztioi شكرا - 1 - ÍNDICE PARTE INTRODUCTORIA Capítulo 1 – Introducción 1. Presentación p. 14 2. Objeto e interés de la investigación p. 16 3. Objetivos principales p. 17 4. Hipótesis de partida p. 19 5. Metodología de la investigación p. 21 6. Estructura general p. 25 PARTE II - LA POLÍTICA DE LA UE Y ESPAÑA HACIA EL MAGREB Y EL CONJUNTO MEDITERRÁNEO Capítulo 2 – La política mediterránea de la UE 1. Introducción p. 31 2. Los acuerdos de primera generación p. 31 3. La Política Global Mediterránea p. 33 4. La Política Mediterránea Renovada p. 35 5. El Proceso de Barcelona p. 38 5.1. Antecedentes p. 38 5.2. La Declaración de Barcelona p. 45 5.3. Balance del Proceso de Barcelona (1995-2005) p. 52 6. La Política Europea de Vecindad p. 56 6.1. El Plan de Acción UE-Marruecos p. 59 6.2. El rechazo a la PEV en Argelia p. 64 7. La Unión por el Mediterráneo p. 67 7.1. El estatuto avanzado UE-Marruecos p. 71 8. El papel de la UE en el marco de las revueltas árabes p. 73 8.1. ¿Qué es la Primavera Árabe? p. 74 8.2. La política euromediterránea ante la Primavera Árabe p. 76 - 2 - Capítulo 3 – La política exterior española hacia el Magreb 1. Introducción p. 82 2. Reseña histórica p. 83 3. La política magrebí durante el franquismo p. 86 4. La política de equilibrios alternativos p. 88 5. La política global p. 91 6. La presidencialización de la política exterior española p. 96 7. El retorno a la política global p. 99 8. Las relaciones con el Magreb a partir de 2011 p. 104 PARTE II - MARRUECOS, ARGELIA Y EL SÁHARA OCCIDENTAL: UNA HISTORIA DE DESENCUENTROS Capítulo 4 – Marruecos y Argelia: perfil de los países 1. Introducción p. 108 2. El Reino de Marruecos p. 110 3.1. La post-independencia (1956-1962) p. 110 3.2. Los años de plomo (1962-1991) p. 112 3.3. La pre-transición (1992-1999) p. 115 3.4. La transición marroquí: la etapa de Mohamed VI p. 118 3.5. Marruecos tras la Primavera Árabe p. 123 4. La República Árabe Democrática y Popular p. 128 4.1. La etapa de Ben Bella (1962-1965) y Bumedian (1965-1978) p. 118 4.2. La transición de Benyedid (1979-1991) p. 131 4.3. La “guerra civil” argelina (1992-2002) p. 133 4.4. La presidencia de Buteflika p. 136 4.5. Argelia tras la Primavera Árabe p. 138 Capítulo 5 – Evolución histórica de las relaciones entre Marruecos y Argelia 1. Introducción p. 141 2. La independencia p. 142 - 3 - 3. La Guerra de las Arenas (1963) p. 143 3.1. Precedentes: la colonización francesa p. 144 3.2. El primer conflicto argelino-marroquí p. 148 4. La Batalla de Amgala (1974) p. 150 5. La Unión del Magreb Árabe (1989) p. 151 5.1. Antecedentes p. 151 5.2. El acercamiento argelino-marroquí p. 153 6. La ruptura y el cierre de fronteras en 1994 p. 155 7. Mohamed VI vs. Buteflika p. 157 8. Las relaciones argelino-marroquíes durante los últimos años p. 159 Capítulo 6 – El Sáhara Occidental 1. Introducción p.162 2. Antecedentes: la colonización del Sáhara Occidental p. 165 3. Marruecos y el Sáhara Occidental p. 165 3.2. La guerra de Ifni-Sáhara (1957-1958) p. 165 3.3. La descolonización del Sáhara Occidental p. 166 4. La República Árabe Democrática Saharaui p. 168 5. El Plan de Arreglo de 1991 p. 171 6. El Plan Baker I (2001) y II (2003) p. 175 7. El Sáhara Occidental desde 2005 p. 176 8. La Unión Europea ante el conflicto del Sáhara Occidental p. 180 PARTE III - LAS RELACIONES ECONÓMICAS ENTRE ESPAÑA Y LA UE CON MARRUECOS Y ARGELIA Capítulo 7 – Comercio e inversiones 1. Introducción p. 187 2. El marco institucional del comercio de la UE y España con Marruecos y Argelia p. 188 2.1. Los primeros acuerdos europeos con Marruecos y Argelia p. 188 2.2. Los primeros acuerdos de España con Marruecos y Argelia p. 191 - 4 - 2.3. Los Acuerdos Euromediterráneos de Asociación p. 193 2.3.1. Los aspectos comerciales del AEA UE-Marruecos p. 194 2.3.2. Los aspectos comerciales del AEA UE –Argelia p. 196 3. Los regímenes comerciales de Marruecos y Argelia p. 199 3.1. La liberalización del comercio en Marruecos p. 199 3.2. El sector exterior argelino p. 201 4. Las características del comercio entre la UE y España con Marruecos y Argelia p. 205 4.1. La complementariedad en las relaciones comerciales con Marruecos p. 207 4.2. La (inter)dependencia en las relaciones comerciales con Argelia p. 209 5. La marginalidad del comercio intermagrebí p. 211 6. La Inversión Extranjera Directa de la UE y España en el Magreb p. 213 6.1 La inversión en Marruecos p. 213 6.2. La inversión en Argelia p. 216 Capítulo 8 – La energía 1. Introducción p. 219 2. La política energética de la UE p. 220 2.1. Antecedentes p. 220 2.2. La política energética europea en la actualidad p. 222 3. La política energética española p. 225 3.1. Los primeros Planes Energéticos Nacionales p. 225 3.2. El marco regulador actual p. 227 4. Los sectores energéticos argelino y marroquí p. 229 4.1. Las energías renovables en Marruecos p. 229 4.2. Los hidrocarburos en Argelia p. 231 - 5 - 5. La energía en el espacio euromediterráneo p. 232 5.1. Los corredores de gas euromediterráneos p. 235 5.1.1. Argelia y el corredor del Mediterráneo Occidental p. 236 5.1.2. Libia y el corredor central p. 239 5.1.3. Egipto y el corredor meridional p. 240 5.2. El anillo mediterráneo de energía eléctrica p. 242 Capítulo 9 – Sectores estratégicos en conflicto: agricultura, pesca y gas natural 1. Introducción p. 246 2. El apartado agrícola en las relaciones con Marruecos p. 247 2.1. “Primeros acuerdos, primeras decepciones” p. 247 2.2. El capítulo agrario en el Acuerdo de Asociación Euromediterráneo p. 248 2.3. Intereses contrapuestos entre los países europeos del sur y centro-norte p. 250 3. Los conflictos pesqueros p. 252 3.1. Los primeros acuerdos pesqueros hispano-marroquíes p. 253 3.2. Los primeros acuerdos euro-marroquíes p. 254 3.3. La pesca en el marco del Acuerdo de Asociación UE-Marruecos p. 254 4. El gas natural argelino p. 264 4.1. Primeros conflictos hispano-argelinos sobre el suministro de gas natural p. 264 4.2. El segundo contencioso del gas p. 266 4.3. Los conflictos energéticos en el marco de la UE p. 269 PARTE V: LAS RELACIONES EN MATERIA POLÍTICA Y DE SEGURIDAD Capítulo 10 – Inmigración irregular y delincuencia organizada 1. Introducción p. 275 2. La política migratoria de la UE p. 275 2.1. El Sistema Schengen p. 276 2.2. ¿Hacia una política migratoria? p. 277 - 6 - 3. Las leyes de extranjería en España p. 279 3.1. La primera Ley de Extranjería (1985) p. 282 3.2. La vigente Ley de Extranjería p. 285 4. El problema de la inmigración en el espacio euromediterráneo: el caso magrebí p. 285 4.1. El papel de Marruecos en materia de inmigración p. 287 4.2. El papel argelino ante la inmigración irregular p. 292 5. Los ámbitos multilaterales de cooperación en materia de inmigración: el Proceso de Rabat p. 293 Capítulo 11 – La lucha contra el terrorismo 1. Introducción p.
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