DOCSLIB.ORG

The University of Melbourne School of Historical and Philosophical Studies the Politics of Memory and Transitional Justice in Mo

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The University of Melbourne School of Historical and Philosophical Studies the Politics of Memory and Transitional Justice in Mo THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE SCHOOL OF HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES THE POLITICS OF MEMORY AND TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE IN MOROCCO Najwa Belkziz October 2017 A thesis submitted in full fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Melbourne for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History ABSTRACT This thesis examines the process of history and collective memory formation in Morocco by contrasting the narratives of its violent past from two ‘truth-telling’ projects: the official truth and reconciliation commission Instance Equité et Réconciliation (IER), and the unofficial public audiences of human rights victims ‘Testimonies without Chains for the Truth’ organized by a Moroccan non-governmental organization. The research first presents official accounts by the Moroccan regime of its nation’s post-colonial history, with a special focus on victims’ testimonies in IER public audiences in 2004 and 2005. In so doing, the research seeks to understand and measure the implication of the regime in elaborating and framing the official discourse about decades of repression as relayed through the publication of IER final report, historical accounts and through what the state has termed ‘positive preservation of memory’ exemplified in cinema, educational programs, historical publications and memorial sites. Thanks to alternative truth-telling initiatives, including unofficial public hearings, victims’ memoirs and oral histories, the modern history of Morocco is leavened by additions from opposition groups, victims and their families that contest the hegemony exercised by the regime’s master narrative about the past. The thesis concludes that, although the transitional justice experience in Morocco helped shed light on a dark period in its history, the regime, which consolidated itself thanks to transitional justice, controls this truth-telling and history- making, by either imposing its own version of the past, hijacking some independent and alternative stories, or by simply labeling other alternatives as radical and extreme and not in favor of reconciliation and moving forward. Morocco thus presents a unique case of transitional justice whereby two truth-telling projects occurred in parallel and at the same time to provide two narratives about the violent past and whereby the regime implemented transitional justice mechanisms to avoid actual transition, unlike in most historical cases where truth commissions were part of a transition. Keywords: transitional justice, politics of memory, truth-telling, reconciliation, historical narratives, collective memory, historiography, legitimation 2 DECLARATION This is to certify that: I. the thesis comprises only my original work towards the PhD except where indicated, II. due acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other material used, III. the thesis is fewer than 100,000 words in length, exclusive of tables, maps, bibliographies and appendices. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to Professor Richard C. Pennell, whose expertise, guidance and support made this dissertation possible. My sincerest thanks and gratitude to Professor Antonia Finnane for her valuable help and insightful comments. I would also like to thank Professor Peter McPhee for his mentorship, friendship and encouragement. My thanks are due to the School of Historical and Philosophical Studies at The University of Melbourne for the financial support during my fieldwork in Morocco. A grant from the Georg-Eckert-Institut für internationale Schulbuchforschung allowed me to meet mind-linked scholars and practitioners in the field of Peace Education in Braunshweig, Germany. I am particularly thankful to its helpful staff who facilitated my archival research in their very comprehensive textbook library. Their assistance is much appreciated. My gratitude also goes to all my interviewees for their generous help with this research, and for their colossal fight for a better Morocco respectful of human dignity and freedoms. Lastly, I am grateful to my family and friends for their love, encouragement and support. 4 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 11 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 22 PRELUDE 37 CHAPTER 3: THE HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF VIOLENCE IN MOROCCO 40 CHAPTER 4: WHEN THE OPPRESSOR BECOMES DEFENDER AND ARBITRATOR: THE NEGOTIATED PROCESS OF TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE IN MOROCCO 70 CHAPTER 5: TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE NARRATIVES: THE OFFICIAL DISCOURSE ABOUT MOROCCO’S VIOLENT PAST 96 CHAPTER 6: TESTIMONY AS RESISTANCE - THE CASE OF ‘TESTIMONIES WITHOUT CHAINS FOR THE TRUTH’ 148 CHAPTER 7: LIEUX DE MÉMOIRE AND THE POLITICS OF MEMORY IN MOROCCO 179 CHAPTER 8: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 223 5 NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION This thesis has followed a simplified version of the system of transliteration as recommended by the International Journal of Middle East Studies which avoids diacritical marks apart from the ‘ayn (‘) and the hamza (’). However, Moroccan names and places (in Arabic and Berber) retained the same transcription traditionally used by Moroccans, which uses French forms of transliteration.1 1 On transliteration of Moroccan names and places, see for example C. R. Pennell, Morocco since 1830: A History (London: Hurst & Co., 2000), xxxiii 6 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AI Amnesty International ALM Armée de Liberation Marocaine (Moroccan Army of Liberation) AMDH Association Marocaine des Droits Humains (Moroccan Association for Human Rights) CCDH Conseil Consultatif des Droits de l’Homme (Advisory Council for Human Rights) CDT Confédération Démocratique du Travail (Democratic Confederation of Labor) CNDH Conseil National des Droits de l’Homme (National Council for Human Rights) EU European Union FAR Forces Armées Royales (Royal Armed Forces) FDIC Front pour la Défense des Institutions Constitutionnelles (Front for the Defense of Constitutional Institutions) FIDH Fédération Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l’Homme (International Federation of Human Rights Organizations) FLN Front de Libération Nationale (National Liberation Front – Algeria) FMVJ Forum Marocain pour la Vérite et la Justice (Moroccan Forum for Truth and Justice) FMAS Forum Marocain des Alternatives Sud or Forum des Alternatives Maroc (Alternatives Forum in Morocco) HRW Human Rights Watch IAC Independent Arbitration Commission for Indemnities Caused by Moral and Material Damages to Victims and to those who suffered Disappearance and Arbitrary Imprisonment (Instance d’Arbitrage Indépendante pour l’indemnisation des préjudices matériaux et moraux subis par les victimes de la disparition et de la détention arbitraire et leurs ayants droit) ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross ICC International Criminal Court ICJ International Court of Justice IER Instance Equité et Réconciliation (Equity and Reconciliation Commission) IER 2 Instance Equité et Réconciliation 2 (IER program on history and memory) Istiqlal Istiqlal Party (see PI) MENA Middle East and North Africa MP Mouvement Populaire (Popular Movement) OADP Organisation de l'Action Démocratique Populaire (Organization of Democratic and Popular Action) OCP Office Chérifien des Phosphates OMDH Organisation Marocaine des Droits Humains (Moroccan Organization for Human Rights) PADS Le Parti de l’Avant-garde Démocratique et Socialiste (Party of Democratic Vanguard and Socialism) PAM Parti Authenticité et Modernité (Party of Authenticity and Modernity) PCM Parti Communiste du Maroc (Moroccan Communist Party) PDI Parti Démocratique de l’Indépendance (Democratic Party of Independence) PGSU Parti de la Gauche Socialiste Unifiée (Party of the United Socialist Left) PI Parti Istiqlal – Hizb al-Istiqlal (Istiqlal Party or Istiqlal) PJD Parti de la Justice et du Développement (Party of Justice and Development) PLS Parti de la Libération et du Socialisme (Party of Liberation and Socialism) Polisario Frente Popular de Liberación de Saguía el Hamra y Río de Oro (Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Río de Oro) 7 PPS Parti du Progrès et du Socialisme (Party of Progress and Socialism) RNI Rassemblement National des Indépendants (National Rally of Independents) TJ Transitional Justice TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission UNEM Union Nationale des Etudiants du Maroc (National Union of Moroccan Students) UMT Union Marocaine du Travail (Moroccan Labor Union) UNFP Union Nationale des Forces Populaires (National Union of Popular Forces) USFP Union Socialiste des Forces Populaires (Socialist Union of Popular Forces) 8 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Two approaches to Truth-Telling & One Hegemonic Yet Negotiated Narrative…………..15 Figure 2: Timeline of episodes of repression or events leading to violence in Morocco……………..42 Figure 3: Detention and torture centres cited by victims of repression in the IER hearings.................57 Figure 4: The Radical Left and its Role in the 2004-5 Transitional Justice project………………......83 Figure 5: A mixed audience of men, women, elderly, children, Moroccans and foreigners……….....98 Figure 6: Star witnesses at the IER hearings: Rachid el Manouzi, Ahmed Herzenni, Jamal Ameziane and Ahmad Marzouki sitting behind a Tazmamart victim giving his testimony in Rabat…………....99 Figure 7: Pictures of both Hassan II and Mohammed VI behind the witnesses in IER hearings in Figuig and Errachidia………………………………………………………………………………...100 Figure 8: IER commissioners in tears after hearing the testimony of torture and rape of Khadija el Malki and Fatema Saadine in IER hearings in Figuig and Errachidia…………………………………………………………………………………………….100 Figure 9: An audience
Load more

Recommended publications
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
    HOW AN ISLAMIC SOLUTION BECAME AN ISLAMIST PROBLEM: EDUCATION, AUTHORITARIANISM AND THE POLITICS OF OPPOSITION IN MOROCCO By ANN MARIE WAINSCOTT A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2013 1 © 2013 Ann Marie Wainscott 2 To Tom and Mary Wainscott 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is hubris to try to acknowledge everyone who contributed to a project of this magnitude; I’m going to try anyway. But first, another sort of acknowledgement is necessary. The parsimonious theories and neat typologies I was taught in graduate school in no way prepared me to understand the tremendous sacrifices and risks of physical and psychological violence that individuals take in authoritarian contexts to participate as members of the political opposition; that is something one learns in the field. I’d like to begin the dissertation by acknowledging my deep respect for those activists, regardless of political persuasion, whose phone calls are recorded and monitored, who are followed every time they leave their homes, who risk their lives and the lives of those they love on behalf of their ideals. For those who have “disappeared,” for those who have endured torture, sometimes for years or decades, for those who are presently in detention, for those whose bodies are dissolved in acid, buried at sea or in mass graves, I acknowledge your sacrifice. I know some of your stories. Although most of my colleagues, interlocutors and friends in Morocco must go unnamed, they ought not go unacknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • State and Future of the Environment in the Oriental Region
    Kingdom of Morocco Ministry of Energy, Mines, Ministry of Interior Water and Environment Region of Oriental Department of Environment Regional Observatory of Environment and Sustainable Development STATE AND FUTURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE ORIENTAL REGION Ministry of Energy, Mines, Water and Environment Department of Environment National Environmental Observatory of Morocco Adress : 9, Al Araar street, Sector 16, Hay Riyad, Rabat Phone : +212 (0) 5 37 57 66 41 Fax : +212 (0) 5 37 57 66 42 www.environnement.gov.ma Regional Observatory of Environment and Sustainable Development of the Oriental Region Adress : Siège du Conseil Régional, Bd, le Prince Héritier Moulay El Hassan , Oujda Phone : +212 (0) 5 36 52 48 70 SYNTHESIS REPORT FOR DECISION MAKERS Fax : +212 (0) 5 36 52 48 64 2013 Table of Contents THE ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT, 06 01 A DECISION-MAKING TOOL 1.1 WHY THE NEED FOR A REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRATED 06 ASSESSMENT? 1.2 A CONSULTATIVE AND PARTICIPATIVE APPROACH 06 A REGION WITH STRONG POTENTIAL, BUT WITH SIGNIFICANT 07 02 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 2.1 A PREDOMINANTLY URBAN REGION 07 2.2 AN EMERGING ECONOMIC REGION 08 2.2.1 INDUSTRY 08 2.2.2 TRADING 09 2.2.3 AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK 09 2.2.4 TOURISM 09 2.2.5 CRAFTMANSHIP 10 2.2.6 MINNING AND QUARRYING ACTIVITIES 10 2.2.7 SEA FISHING 11 2.2.8 TRANSPORTATION 11 03 ENVIRONMENTAL STATE AND TRENDS OF THE REGION 12 3.1 THE WORRYING FATE OF WATER RESSOURCES 12 3.1.1 QUANTITATIVE TERMS 12 3.1.2 QUALITATIVE TERMS 13 3.2 WASTEWATER SANITATION, AN ONGOING MANAGEMENT
    [Show full text]
  • Accéder À L'inventaire (Pdf)
    Archives de la Défense ARCHIVES DES DIRECTIONS ET CHEFFERIES DU GENIE REPERTOIRE NUMERIQUE SOUS-SERIE GR 5 V Archives du commandement et de la direction du génie du Maroc GR 5 V 1-51 Sous la direction du capitaine Valérie CANIART Chef de la section des archives techniques Mis à jour par Clotilde Sablon du Corail Chef de la division des archives techniques et de l’information géographique Vincennes, novembre 2010 INTRODUCTION Le S.H.A.T. a reçu au mois de mars 1989 les archives du Commandement et de la direction du Génie du Maroc ; elles provenaient de la caserne Bernadotte où elles étaient stockées à l'arrondissement des travaux du génie de Pau depuis une date indéterminée. Des portefeuilles renfermant des calques en mauvais état complétaient ce versement. Les documents conservés dans des chemises sans classement apparent n'avaient subi aucun tri préalable et étaient dans le plus grand désordre. L'examen de l'ensemble du fonds n'a pas permis de retrouver trace du cadre de classement propre aux archives du génie ; de plus, les documents recouvrent une période chronologique (1920-1960) durant laquelle l'organisation territoriale du service du génie au Maroc a constamment évolué : c'est ainsi qu'en 1924, il n'existait que deux directions, Casablanca et Fez, puis en 1935, s'ajouta celle de Meknès. Après la guerre, une restructuration vient encore bouleverser l'organisation existante ; une chefferie a pu ainsi dépendre successivement de plusieurs directions et les papiers d'une même affaire se trouvent ainsi dispersés dans différents dossiers. Aussi a-t-il parut plus cohérent d'adopter un classement par place qui permet de suivre l'évolution des problèmes domaniaux propres à une chefferie.
    [Show full text]
  • Cadastre Des Autorisations TPV Page 1 De
    Cadastre des autorisations TPV N° N° DATE DE ORIGINE BENEFICIAIRE AUTORISATIO CATEGORIE SERIE ITINERAIRE POINT DEPART POINT DESTINATION DOSSIER SEANCE CT D'AGREMENT N Casablanca - Beni Mellal et retour par Ben Ahmed - Kouribga - Oued Les Héritiers de feu FATHI Mohamed et FATHI Casablanca Beni Mellal 1 V 161 27/04/2006 Transaction 2 A Zem - Boujad Kasbah Tadla Rabia Boujad Casablanca Lundi : Boujaad - Casablanca 1- Oujda - Ahfir - Berkane - Saf Saf - Mellilia Mellilia 2- Oujda - Les Mines de Sidi Sidi Boubker 13 V Les Héritiers de feu MOUMEN Hadj Hmida 902 18/09/2003 Succession 2 A Oujda Boubker Saidia 3- Oujda La plage de Saidia Nador 4- Oujda - Nador 19 V MM. EL IDRISSI Omar et Driss 868 06/07/2005 Transaction 2 et 3 B Casablanca - Souks Casablanca 23 V M. EL HADAD Brahim Ben Mohamed 517 03/07/1974 Succession 2 et 3 A Safi - Souks Safi Mme. Khaddouj Bent Salah 2/24, SALEK Mina 26 V 8/24, et SALEK Jamal Eddine 2/24, EL 55 08/06/1983 Transaction 2 A Casablanca - Settat Casablanca Settat MOUTTAKI Bouchaib et Mustapha 12/24 29 V MM. Les Héritiers de feu EL KAICH Abdelkrim 173 16/02/1988 Succession 3 A Casablanca - Souks Casablanca Fès - Meknès Meknès - Mernissa Meknès - Ghafsai Aouicha Bent Mohamed - LAMBRABET née Fès 30 V 219 27/07/1995 Attribution 2 A Meknès - Sefrou Meknès LABBACI Fatiha et LABBACI Yamina Meknès Meknès - Taza Meknès - Tétouan Meknès - Oujda 31 V M. EL HILALI Abdelahak Ben Mohamed 136 19/09/1972 Attribution A Casablanca - Souks Casablanca 31 V M.
    [Show full text]
  • Liste Des Guichets Des Banques Marocaines Par Localite Et Par Region
    Programme Intégré d’Appui et de Financement des Entreprises LISTE DES GUICHETS DES BANQUES MAROCAINES PAR LOCALITE ET PAR REGION Février 2020 Programme Intégré d’Appui et de Financement des Entreprises LISTE DES GUICHETS DES BANQUES MAROCAINES PAR LOCALITE ET PAR REGION Février 2020 4 LISTE DES GUICHETS DES BANQUES MAROCAINES PAR LOCALITE ET PAR REGION TANGER – TÉTOUAN – AL HOCEIMA 5 L’ORIENTAL 13 FÈS - MEKNÈS 21 RABAT - SALÉ- KÉNITRA 29 BÉNI MELLAL- KHÉNIFRA 39 CASABLANCA- SETTAT 45 MARRAKECH - SAFI 65 DARÂA - TAFILALET 73 SOUSS - MASSA 77 GUELMIM - OUED NOUN 85 ​ LAÂYOUNE - SAKIA EL HAMRA 87 DAKHLA-OUED EDDAHAB 89 LISTE DES GUICHETS DES BANQUES MAROCAINES PAR LOCALITE ET PAR REGION 5 TANGER – TÉTOUAN – AL HOCEIMA 6 RÉGION TANGER-TÉTOUAN-AL HOCEÏMA BANQUE LOCALITES GUICHET TELEPHONE AL BARID BANK AIT YOUSSEF OU ALI AIT YOUSSEF OU ALI CENTRE 0539802032 AJDIR CENTRE RURALE AJDIR 35052 TAZA 0535207082 AL AOUAMRA CENTRE AL AOUAMRA 92050 AL AOUAMRA 0539901881 AL HOCEIMA AVENUE MOULAY DRISS AL AKBAR AL HOCEIMA 0539982466 BV TARIK BNOU ZIAD AL HOCEIMA 0539982857 ARBAA TAOURIRT ARBAA TAOURIRT CENTRE 0539804716 ASILAH 1 PLACE DES NATIONS UNIES 90055 ASILAH 0539417314 ASMATEN CENTRE ASMATEN EN FACE EL KIADA AL HAMRA 93250 ASMATEN 0539707686 BAB BERRET CENTRE BAB BERRET 91100 BAB BERRET 0539892722 BAB TAZA CENTRE BAB TAZA 91002 BAB TAZA 0539896059 BENI BOUAYACHE BENI BOUAYACHE CENTRE 0539804020 BENI KARRICH FOUKI CENTRE BENI KARRICH FOUKI 93050 BENI KARRICH FOUKI 0539712787 BNI AHMED CENTRE BNI AHMED CHAMALIA 91100 BNI AHMED 0539881578 BNI AMMART
    [Show full text]
  • Leishmaniasis in Northern Morocco: Predominance of Leishmania Infantum Compared to Leishmania Tropica
    Hindawi BioMed Research International Volume 2019, Article ID 5327287, 14 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5327287 Research Article Leishmaniasis in Northern Morocco: Predominance of Leishmania infantum Compared to Leishmania tropica Maryam Hakkour ,1,2,3 Mohamed Mahmoud El Alem ,1,2 Asmae Hmamouch,2,4 Abdelkebir Rhalem,3 Bouchra Delouane,2 Khalid Habbari,5 Hajiba Fellah ,1,2 Abderrahim Sadak ,1 and Faiza Sebti 2 1 Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco 2National Reference Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco 3Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco 4Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Sciences and Techniques Faculty, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco 5Faculty of Sciences and Technics, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal, Morocco Correspondence should be addressed to Maryam Hakkour; [email protected] Received 24 April 2019; Revised 17 June 2019; Accepted 1 July 2019; Published 8 August 2019 Academic Editor: Elena Pariani Copyright © 2019 Maryam Hakkour et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In Morocco, Leishmania infantum species is the main causative agents of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). However, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to L. infantum has been reported sporadically. Moreover, the recent geographical expansion of L. infantum in the Mediterranean subregion leads us to suggest whether the nonsporadic cases of CL due to this species are present. In this context, this review is written to establish a retrospective study of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in northern Morocco between 1997 and 2018 and also to conduct a molecular study to identify the circulating species responsible for the recent cases of leishmaniases in this region.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural and Hydrogeological Features of a Lias Carbonate Aquifer in the Triffa Plain, NE Morocco ⇑ J
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repositório Científico da Universidade de Évora Journal of African Earth Sciences 73–74 (2012) 24–32 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of African Earth Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jafrearsci Structural and hydrogeological features of a Lias carbonate aquifer in the Triffa Plain, NE Morocco ⇑ J. Sardinha a, J.F. Carneiro a, , Y. Zarhloule b, A. Barkaoui b, A. Correia c, M. Boughriba b, A. Rimi d, B. El Houadi e a Geophysical Centre of Évora, Department of Geosciences, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal b Laboratory of Hydrogeology-Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Oujda, Morocco c Geophysical Centre of Évora, Department of Physics, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal d Institut Scientifique, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Rabat, Morocco e Hydraulic Basin Agency of Moulouya, Oujda, Morocco article info abstract Article history: The rising demand for water and the contamination of shallow water table aquifers has led authorities in Received 11 January 2012 NE Morocco to look for deeper groundwater resources in the Triffa Plain, namely in Lower Jurassic (Lias) Received in revised form 19 June 2012 dolomitic limestones. The liassic aquifer is of strategic importance for the development of the region, Accepted 22 June 2012 however, its hydrodynamic behaviour is poorly understood due to lack of hydrogeological data and block Available online 17 July 2012 structure. This article presents a first effort towards understanding the structure and hydraulic behaviour of the Keywords: aquifer. Exploration borehole data and results from geophysical campaigns were integrated into a GIS Lias carbonate aquifer environment to build a preliminary model of the aquifer structure.
    [Show full text]
  • Maroc Les Officiers De Sa Majeste
    1 MAROC LES OFFICIERS DE SA MAJESTE Préface : page 2 Introduction : page 5 Ch I : Enfance et formation : page 8 Ch II : Ma guerre en Syrie : page 23 Ch III : Palais royaux et paillettes : page 38 Ch IV : Ma guerre au Sahara : page 45 Ch V : Sous les ordres de Dlimi : page 87 Ch VI : Les hommes de Dlimi : page 99 Ch VII : Les méthodes de Dlimi : page 115 Ch VIII : La mort de Dlimi : page 130 Ch IX : Mon arrestation : page 135 Ch X : Evasion et séjour en France : page 150 Ch XI : Retour au Maroc : page 162 Ch XII : Hosni Benslimane, successeur de Dlimi : page 174 Ch XIII : L’armée marocaine aujourd’hui : page 200 Conclusion : page 209 Je dédie ce livre à tous les cadres de l’Etat marocain et, en particulier, aux officiers, qui, malgré des traitements ou des soldes de misère et des tentations de tous les instants, continuent à exercer leur métier dans la dignité et dans l’honneur. Mahjoub Tobji PREFACE Il est certes généreux de pardonner les souffrances qu’on a subies soi-même dans sa chair, mais c’est se faire une belle âme à bon compte que d’absoudre les bourreaux des autres sans y être mandaté et pour cause par la mort en martyrs. Il y a à pardonner au nom de ceux qui ne peuvent témoigner une sorte d’usurpation intolérable. Saïd Medjkane (écrivain algérien) 2 Depuis près de trente-cinq ans, depuis que, jeune officier en garnison à Rabat, j’ai entendu Hassan II déclarer devant plusieurs centaines de cadres de l’armée marocaine : « Si j’ai un bon conseil à vous donner, c’est dorénavant de faire de l’argent et de vous éloigner de la politique », je m’interroge sur mon métier et ma carrière de militaire.
    [Show full text]
  • L'emprise De La Monarchie Marocaine Entre
    L'Année du Maghreb III (2007) Dossier : Justice, politique et société ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Thierry Desrues L’emprise de la monarchie marocaine entre fin du droit d’inventaire et déploiement de la « technocratie palatiale » ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Avertissement Le contenu de ce site relève de la législation française sur la propriété intellectuelle et est la propriété exclusive de l'éditeur. Les œuvres figurant sur ce site peuvent être consultées et reproduites sur un support papier ou numérique sous réserve qu'elles soient strictement réservées à un usage soit personnel, soit scientifique ou pédagogique excluant toute exploitation commerciale. La reproduction devra obligatoirement mentionner l'éditeur, le nom de la revue, l'auteur et la référence du document. Toute autre reproduction est interdite sauf accord préalable de l'éditeur, en dehors des cas prévus par la législation en vigueur en France. Revues.org est un portail de revues en sciences humaines et sociales développé par le Cléo, Centre pour l'édition électronique
    [Show full text]
  • Definitional Struggles, Field Assemblages, and Capital Flows: A
    博士学位論文（東京外国語大学） Doctoral Thesis (Tokyo University of Foreign Studies) 氏 名 カリール ダフビー 学位の種類 博士（学術） 学位記番号 博甲第 301 号 学位授与の日付 2020 年 9 月 15 日 学位授与大学 東京外国語大学 博士学位論文題目 定義を巡る闘争、界群、および資本の流れ―独立後のモロッコとチュニ ジアの国家の比較社会生成分析― Name Dahbi, Khalil Name of Degree Doctor of Philosophy (Humanities) Degree Number Ko-no. 301 Date September 15, 2020 Grantor Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, JAPAN Title of Doctoral Definitional Struggles, Field Assemblages, and Capital Flows: Thesis A Comparative Sociogenesis of Post-Independence States in Morocco and Tunisia Definitional Struggles, Field Assemblages, and Capital Flows: A Comparative Sociogenesis of Post-Independence States in Morocco and Tunisia A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Khalil Dahbi June 2020 Tokyo University of Foreign Studies © Khalil Dahbi All Right Reserved, 2020 Table of Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................. i Abstract ............................................................................ ii Note on Transliteration and Translation: ....................... iii Key Abbreviations: ......................................................... iv Part I: Introduction ............................................................... 1 1. Aims and Goals: ....................................................... 6 2. Literature Review: .................................................. 15 a) Approaches to the State and Authoritarianism…15 b) Bourdieusian Field Theory and the State………19
    [Show full text]
  • Conflict Trends, Issue 1 (2012)
    IS S U E 1 , 2 0 1 2 20 YEARS OF CONTRIBUTING TO PEACE ct1|2012 contents EDITORIAL 2 by Vasu Gounden FEATURES 3 Assessing the African Union’s Response to the Libyan Crisis by Sadiki Koko and Martha Bakwesegha-Osula 11 Emergent Conflict Resolution at Sea off Africa by Francois Vreÿ 19 Morocco’s Equity and Reconciliation Commission: A New Paradigm for Transitional Justice by Catherine Skroch 27 Crowdsourcing as a Tool in Conflict Prevention by Anne Kahl, Christy McConnell and William Tsuma 35 The Boko Haram Uprising and Insecurity in Nigeria: Intelligence Failure or Bad Governance? by Odomovo S. Afeno 42 Unclear Criteria for Statehood and its Implications for Peace and Stability In Africa by Abebe Aynete 49 A Critical Analysis of Cultural Explanations for the Violence in Jonglei State, South Sudan by Øystein H. Rolandsen and Ingrid Marie Breidlid conflict trends I 1 editorial By vasu gounden The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of their respective peace negotiations as well as several of Disputes (ACCORD) was established in 1992. In that year the government delegations which have participated in we set as our mission: “ACCORD seeks to encourage and the peace negotiations. We have assisted mediators and promote the constructive resolution of disputes by the facilitators with mediation process strategies and thematic peoples of Africa and so assist in achieving political stability, knowledge, trained election observers in conflict resolution economic recovery and peaceful co-existence within just and skills, prepared peacekeepers in the civilian dimensions democratic societies”. To achieve this mission, over the 20 of peacekeeping, and established and implemented years of its existence ACCORD has employed some 200 full- reconciliation and post-conflict reconstruction initiatives.
    [Show full text]
  • Carduncellus-Carthamus Complex (Asteraceae) Based on ITS Sequences
    Plant Syst. Evol. 221:89-105 (2000) Plant Systematics and Evolution © Springer-Verlag 2000 Printed in Austria Generic delimitation and phylogeny of the Carduncellus-Carthamus complex (Asteraceae) based on ITS sequences R. Vilatersana, A. Susanna, N. Garcia-Jacas, and T. Garnatje Institut Botfinic de Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain Received August 18, 1999 Accepted October 21, 1999 Abstract. Within the Mediterranean complex 50 species (Dittrich 1977). These two genera Carduncellus-Carthamus, taxonomic classification share a native distribution ranging from the has proven problematic. Numerous attempts to Iberian Peninsula and Morocco to West Asia, clarify the relative systematic boundaries have but the core of Carduncellus centers in the included splitting Carduncellus and Cartharnus western Mediterranean (Iberian Peninsula and into several genera, but none of these proposed North Africa, eastward to Greece and Egypt), classifications have been generally accepted. For a comprehensive resolution of the relationships while Carthamus centers in the eastern Medi- within this group, we used sequences of the terranean Basin, except for a small section Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) of nuclear endemic to southern Spain and Morocco ribosomal DNA. The results indicate that the (Fig. 1). complex should be classified into four genera: In addition, some species such as Car- Carduncellus, Carthamus, Ferneniasia and Phonus. tharnus lanatus L., probably of hybrid origin, The relationship between the western group and Carthamus leucocaulos Sibth. & Sm. are (Carduncellus, Femeniasia and Phonus) and the widely naturalized as noxious weeds in the eastern genus Carthamus are not resolved by western Mediterranean region, as well as in analysis of ITS sequences, but the two groups Mediterranean climatic regions of Argentina, are probably not close relatives.
    [Show full text]