DOCSLIB.ORG

Antonio Lopez De Santa Anna ➢ in 1833 Santa Anna Was Elected President of Mexico, After Overthrowing Anastacio Bustamante

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antonio Lopez De Santa Anna ➢ in 1833 Santa Anna Was Elected President of Mexico, After Overthrowing Anastacio Bustamante Road To Revolution PoliticAL uNREST IN TEXAS ➢ Haden Edwards received his Empresario contract from the Mexican Government in 1825. ➢ This contract allowed him to settle 800 families near Nacogdoches. ➢ Upon arrival, Edwards found that there had been families living there already. These “Old Settlers” were made up of Mexicans, Anglos, and Cherokees. ➢ Edwards’s contract required him to respect the property rights of the “old settlers” but he thought some of those titles were fake and demanded that people pay him additional fees for land they had already purchased. Fredonian Rebellion ➢ After Edward’s son-in-law was elected alcalde of the settlement, “old settlers” suspected fraud. ➢ Enraged, the “old settlers” got the Mexican Government to overturn the election and ultimately cancel Edwards’s contract on October 1826. ➢ Benjamin Edwards along with other supporters took action and declared themselves free from Mexican rule. Fredonian Rebellion (cont.) ➢ The Fredonian Decleration of Independance was issued on December 21, 1826 ➢ On January 1827, the Mexican government puts down the Fredonian Rebellion, collapsing the republic of Fredonia. MIer y Teran Report ➢ At this point, Mexican officials fear they are losing control of Texas. ➢ General Manuel de Mier y Teran was sent to examine the resources and indians of Texas & to help determine the formal boundary with Louisiana. Most importantly to determine how many americans lived in Texas and what their attitudes toward Mexico were. ➢ Mier y Teran came up with recommendations to weaken TX ties with the U.S. so Mexico can keep TX based on his report. His Report: His Recommendations: ➢ Mexican influence ➢ To increase trade between decreased as one moved TX & Mexico instead with northward & eastward. the U.S. ➢ Around Nacogdoches, ➢ More Mexican soldiers in settlers from U.S. TX to keep order & increase control over outnumbered Tejanos, 10:1 region. ➢ American influence in East ➢ Encourage more Europeans TX was growing stronger and Mexicans to settle in everyday. TX. Law of April 6, 1830 ➢ Banned immigration from the U.S. ➢ Made it illegal for settlers to bring more slaves. ➢ Suspended unfilled Empresario contracts ○ Only a few American Empresarios, like Stephen F Austin & Dewitt, kept their contracts. ➢ Military bases & Government offices were put along borders ➢ Began to issue Customs Duties/Taxes ○ Raise money for Government ○ Encourage internal trade within Mexico Tension at Anahuac ➢ Colonel Juan Davis Bradburn & troops built a fort in the Fall of 1830 at the mouth of the Trinity River on Galveston Bay, known as Anahuac, where they could enforce new trade and immigration laws. Tension at Anahuac (cont.) ➢ Bradburn clashed with a fellow Mexican official, Francisco Madero who was a general land commissioner but Bradburn believed he was violating national government's authority over land grants and arrested him. ➢ Tensions increased with that arrest, also when George Fisher(new customs official) demanded for ships landing in TX to pay their customs in Anahuac Turtle Bayou Resolutions ➢ Tension between Mexican officials & Texan settlers peaked in Spring 1832 when Williams B Travis & Patrick Jack (2 newly arrived settlers) were arrested by Bradburn. ➢ William rallied people to show support for his brother Patrick and demand the prisoner’s release, some even marched against the fort at Anahuac and exchanged gunfire as well as capture soldiers. ➢ Turtle Bayou Resolutions (cont.) ➢ Bradburn agreed to release the prisoners if the Texans released the captured soldiers but ended up not doing so. ➢ The Turtle Bayou Resolution stated that the events at Anahuac were not a rebellion against Mexico, but a defense for their rights and the constitution. Battle of Velasco ➢ Colonel Jose De Las Piedras arrived from Nacogdoches & blamed Bradburn for the conflict with the U.S. settlers. ➢ Bradburn resigned & the prisoners were released. Peace was restored. ➢ John Austin’s group headed to Anahuac, unaware the conflict had been resolved, and were stopped by Mexican troops. ➢ On June 26, 1832 the Battle of Velasco broke out and three days later, Mexican soldiers surrendered to the colonists. (First time shots were fired between Mexico & TX) Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna ➢ In 1833 Santa Anna was elected President of Mexico, after overthrowing Anastacio Bustamante. ➢ Texans hoped that a new government in Mexico would lead to favorable changes in Texas ➢ Since the law of April 6, Texans had been unhappy with the central government. ➢ They called a convention in San Felipe de Austin to discuss possible reforms... Conventions of 1832 & 1833 ➢ Convention of 1832: ○ allow U.S. immigration ○ make TX a separate state instead of being joined with Coahuila ○ exempt TX from customs duties for 3 years ○ provide land for public schools. ➢ Stephen F Austin realized that in order for reform to take place, Texans had to work together. Something the Convention of 1832 lacked. ➢ Convention of 1833: ○ Similar to 1832 ○ They wrote a constitution for the proposed state (TX) Austin’s Arrest ➢ Stephen F Austin is chosen to travel on April 1833 to Mexico to meet with Santa Anna & present their requests. ➢ Upon arrival, 3 months later, Santa Anna isn’t in town so Austin meets with the V.P., but since Mexico is facing bigger problems, he has to wait for congress to discuss the proposals. ➢ Austin is growing impatient and writes a letter in October to TX leadership to start setting up a separate state government. ➢ The following month, Santa Anna returns & agrees to allow immigration and lower custom duties but then declines after intercepting Austin’s letter. He is then arrested at the capital, Saltillo. MOve toward war... ➢ Santa Anna began to strengthen the central government's power. By doing this, he violated the pledge that gained him his popularity of restoring the federal constitution of 1824. ➢ Santa Anna did legalize immigration from U.S., & removed some custom duties for a while but then sent Captain Tenorio to collect taxes in Texas. ➢ William Travis among other supporters, demanded Tenorio’s surrender. This made Texans fearful that the conflict would cause problems with the Mexican Government. ➢ Surely enough, General Martin Perfecto de Cos ordered the arrest of Travis and other rebels & had more troops move in the region to have better control. War or Peace ➢ Texans began debating how to respond to growing problems with Mexican government. ➢ One group wanted to keep peaceful relations with government, another wanted to go to war, and a smaller fraction wanted to declare independence from Mexico. ➢ When Stephen F Austin returned from prison, his outlook changed. ➢ Rather than to cooperate with the Mexican government, he now believed they must go to war to defend their rights..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “I Go for Independence”: Stephen Austin and Two Wars for Texan Independence
    “I go for Independence”: Stephen Austin and Two Wars for Texan Independence A thesis submitted To Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by James Robert Griffin August 2021 ©Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials Thesis written by James Robert Griffin B.S., Kent State University, 2019 M.A., Kent State University, 2021 Approved by Kim M. Gruenwald , Advisor Kevin Adams , Chair, Department of History Mandy Munro-Stasiuk , Interim Dean, College of Arts and Sciences TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………...……iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………………v INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………..1 CHAPTERS I. Building a Colony: Austin leads the Texans Through the Difficulty of Settling Texas….9 Early Colony……………………………………………………………………………..11 The Fredonian Rebellion…………………………………………………………………19 The Law of April 6, 1830………………………………………………………………..25 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….32 II. Time of Struggle: Austin Negotiates with the Conventions of 1832 and 1833………….35 Civil War of 1832………………………………………………………………………..37 The Convention of 1833…………………………………………………………………47 Austin’s Arrest…………………………………………………………………………...52 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….59 III. Two Wars: Austin Guides the Texans from Rebellion to Independence………………..61 Imprisonment During a Rebellion……………………………………………………….63 War is our Only Resource……………………………………………………………….70 The Second War…………………………………………………………………………78 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….85
    [Show full text]
  • Stephen F. Austin and the Empresarios
    169 11/18/02 9:24 AM Page 174 Stephen F. Austin Why It Matters Now 2 Stephen F. Austin’s colony laid the foundation for thousands of people and the Empresarios to later move to Texas. TERMS & NAMES OBJECTIVES MAIN IDEA Moses Austin, petition, 1. Identify the contributions of Moses Anglo American colonization of Stephen F. Austin, Austin to the colonization of Texas. Texas began when Stephen F. Austin land title, San Felipe de 2. Identify the contributions of Stephen F. was given permission to establish Austin, Green DeWitt Austin to the colonization of Texas. a colony of 300 American families 3. Explain the major change that took on Texas soil. Soon other colonists place in Texas during 1821. followed Austin’s lead, and Texas’s population expanded rapidly. WHAT Would You Do? Stephen F. Austin gave up his home and his career to fulfill Write your response his father’s dream of establishing a colony in Texas. to Interact with History Imagine that a loved one has asked you to leave in your Texas Notebook. your current life behind to go to a foreign country to carry out his or her wishes. Would you drop everything and leave, Stephen F. Austin’s hatchet or would you try to talk the person into staying here? Moses Austin Begins Colonization in Texas Moses Austin was born in Connecticut in 1761. During his business dealings, he developed a keen interest in lead mining. After learning of George Morgan’s colony in what is now Missouri, Austin moved there to operate a lead mine.
    [Show full text]
  • LOTS of LAND PD Books PD Commons
    PD Commons From the collection of the n ^z m PrelingerTi I a JjibraryJj San Francisco, California 2006 PD Books PD Commons LOTS OF LAND PD Books PD Commons Lotg or ^ 4 I / . FROM MATERIAL COMPILED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE OF TEXAS BASCOM GILES WRITTEN BY CURTIS BISHOP DECORATIONS BY WARREN HUNTER The Steck Company Austin Copyright 1949 by THE STECK COMPANY, AUSTIN, TEXAS All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in a magazine or newspaper. PRINTED AND BOUND IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA PD Books PD Commons Contents \ I THE EXPLORER 1 II THE EMPRESARIO 23 Ml THE SETTLER 111 IV THE FOREIGNER 151 V THE COWBOY 201 VI THE SPECULATOR 245 . VII THE OILMAN 277 . BASCOM GILES PD Books PD Commons Pref<ace I'VE THOUGHT about this book a long time. The subject is one naturally very dear to me, for I have spent all of my adult life in the study of land history, in the interpretation of land laws, and in the direction of the state's land business. It has been a happy and interesting existence. Seldom a day has passed in these thirty years in which I have not experienced a new thrill as the files of the General Land Office revealed still another appealing incident out of the history of the Texas Public Domain.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 9 Define 1. States' Rights
    Chapter 9 Define 1. States’ rights – Theory that a _________ could choose whether to obey or enforce federal laws. 2. Nationalist – a person who __________ policies that _________ national interests. 3. Provision – A specific ___________________ set by a law. 4. Customs duty – a ______ that is collected on ________ that are taken into our out of a country. 5. Allegiance - ________________ 6. Centralist – a supporter of ___________ national government and _______ state power. 7. Resolution – a formal statement of a __________, ____________ or course of action by an official group. 8. Delegate – a person who ____________ others. 9. Faction – a group of ____________ who share a viewpoint on an issue. 10. Siege- a lengthy military __________ on a fortified place. 11. Provisional government – a group of ________ who make laws and provide services on a ____________ basis. Identify Section 1 1. Haden Edwards – received empresarial _________, but the grant was taken away 2. Fredonian Rebellion – Clash between___________ colonists and the Mexican government 3. Manuel Mier y Teran – a commander sent to investigate the ___________ in Texas. 4. Law of April 6, 1830 – outlawed ______________ from the US to Texas and cancelled all empresarial grants that had not been fulfilled. Section 2 12. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna – launched a revolution in _______ against President Bustamante. 13. John Davis Bradburn – Mexican official that was directed to __________ laws 14. Anahuac – location of the customs house on _____________ Bay 15. Turtle Bayou Resolutions – resolutions where colonist pledged their _________ to Mexico and support for Santa Anna 16. Battle of Velasco – first battle where __________ and Mexican soldiers shot at each other 17.
    [Show full text]
  • A Bitter Division Evolves of 1832 and 1833 Established the Foundations of an Independent Texas
    TXSE_3_09_p190-209 11/26/02 2:55 PM Page 196 Why It Matters Now Early battles and the Conventions 2 A Bitter Division Evolves of 1832 and 1833 established the foundations of an independent Texas. TERMS & NAMES OBJECTIVES MAIN IDEA Antonio López de Santa Anna, 1. Describe the controversy surrounding Clashes between Texas colonists and allegiance, centralist, the Constitution of 1824. Mexican leaders over states’ rights John Davis Bradburn, Anahuac, 2. Explain the significance of the Turtle led Texans to petition for a separate Turtle Bayou Resolutions, Bayou Resolutions. state. resolution, Battle of Velasco, 3. Identify the events that led to the delegate, Convention of 1832, arrest of Stephen F. Austin. Convention of 1833 WHAT Would You Do? Imagine that you are a Texas colonist. You are unhappy with some Write your response of the changes that the Mexican government has made. You and to Interact with History the other colonists want to let the Mexican leaders know that you in your Texas Notebook. are upset, but you do not want to appear as if you are rebelling against the government. You decide to write a letter to the government officials. What would you include in your letter? Unrest in Texas The Law of April 6, 1830, marked a turning point in the relation- ship between the Texas colonists and the Mexican government. The most obvious sign of this strained relationship was the sending of Mexican soldiers into Texas. The soldiers were assigned the task of collecting the customs duties. Although military forces were already stationed at Nacogdoches, Bexar, San Antonio, and Goliad, additional troops arrived at these locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Texas As a Province and Republic 1795-1845 Reel Listing
    Texas as a Province and Republic 1795-1845 Reel Listing Advocate of the People's Rights, Brazoria. Alsbury, Horace A., d. 1847. Extra. Brazoria, Wednesday, March 27, 1834. To the People of Texas. [Brazoria: Printed at the Office of the Advocate of [Brazoria: Printed by F.C. Gray]. [1835] the People's Rights]. [1834] 53; [Text begins:] Arriving this day from Monterray 42; [Published "for the sole purpose of laying before [sic] ... [continues with] information which I possess the public" a letter from Stephen F. Austin to the in regard to the designs of the Mexican Government Ayuntamiento of San Felipe de Austin dated towards the people of Texas ... [Signed and dated at "Monterry [sic], Jan. 17, 1834.", but including a end:] Horatio A. Alsberry [sic]. Columbia, August number of other items. Text begins:] The present 28th, 1835.; Broadside in two columns. 19.3 x 15.4 Extra closes the career of the "Advocate," until the cm.; This handbill, from which Dr. Barker in Johnson return of Oliver H. Allen, the Editor, who is now and Barker, Texas and Texans, quotes at considerable absent in the U.S. of the North ...; Broadsheet, both length in Vol. I, p. 243, gives a report from Alsbury, sides in three columns. 45.5 x 30 cm.; This is one of just back from Mexico, that the Mexican government the letters written by Austin after his arrest at Saltillo plans to establish an "arbitrary despotism" in Texas, on January 3, 1834, when on his way back to Texas "drive from the country a number of our principal from his mission to Mexico City.
    [Show full text]
  • Columbia-Brazoria HISTORICAL ARCHIVES
    Columbia-Brazoria HISTORICAL ARCHIVES Table of Contents Page Topic 1 Table of Contents 2 Brazoria 3 Brazoria Residents in History 4 Columbia & Brazoria Schools Unite 5 East Columbia 6 Historical Points of Interest in Brazoria County 10 The Masonic Oak 11 Sofie Herzog, 1st Woman Surgeon in Texas 12 Superintendents/Head Coaches of CBISD 13 Varner Hogg Plantation 15 West Columbia, 1st Capitol of Texas 16 Where the Texas Revolution Began 18 Wild Peach 19 References Public Relations 1 Columbia-Brazoria ISD Columbia-Brazoria HISTORICAL ARCHIVES sulfur field nearby and the building of a traffic Brazoria bridge began to revive the town. Its population reached 1,291 by 1962 and 3,025 by 1987, when Brazoria had some fifty businesses. The Clemens “Brazoria, “I know of no other like it in the world” Unit, a prison where inmates raise livestock and Stephen F. Austin crops, is on 8,116 acres of land just south of the townsite. Each October Brazoria hosts a Bluegrass “Brother James lives in a new town we laid off on and Gospel Fall Festival, and its old town area is of the Brazos river, 15 miles from its mouth, called historic interest. In 1990 the community reported a Brassoria – a name I gave it for the single reason population of 2,717. In 2000 the population was that I know of no other like it in the world,” wrote 2,787. Stephen F. Austin to W. C. Carr on March 4, 1829. Brazoria’s place in Texas history is as unique as its name. Brazoria, more than any other place, was the “hotbed of discontent” from which the Texas Revolution was born.
    [Show full text]
  • John Sprowl & the Failed Fredonian Rebellion
    East Texas Historical Journal Volume 48 Issue 2 Article 6 10-2010 The Road from Nacogdoches to Natchitoches: John Sprowl & the Failed Fredonian Rebellion Rick Sherrod Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj Part of the United States History Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Recommended Citation Sherrod, Rick (2010) "The Road from Nacogdoches to Natchitoches: John Sprowl & the Failed Fredonian Rebellion," East Texas Historical Journal: Vol. 48 : Iss. 2 , Article 6. Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj/vol48/iss2/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in East Texas Historical Journal by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Road/rom Nacogdoches to Natchitoches: John Sprowl & the Failed Fredonian Rebellion By RICK SHERROD bit more than one hundred miles ofthe old EI Camino Real separated Natchitoches, the most important Aninetccnth century town in northwest Louisiana, from Nacogdoches, the oldest continuously inhabited city within the currcnt borders ofTexas. The story ofeach city's founding is rooted in a fascinating (iffanciful) Caddo legend about twin brothers. To forestall any future conflict between the families of his two sons, a Caddo chief instructed the twins to depart their tribal home on the Sabine. The brother "Natchitoches" traveled three days toward the rising sun while the other twin, HNacogdoches," journeyed three days to the west. In each respective location, both men raised their families and developed settlements. With sufficient insulation to prevent frictions over rights to hunting grounds, "the two brothers remained friendly and the road between the two communities was well traveled."1 Regular nlovement between the two settlements continued long after the Indian population of the area had vanished.
    [Show full text]
  • Nicholas Trammell's Difficulties in Mexican Texas
    East Texas Historical Journal Volume 38 Issue 2 Article 7 10-2000 Nicholas Trammell's Difficulties in Mexicanexas T Jack Jackson Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj Part of the United States History Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Recommended Citation Jackson, Jack (2000) "Nicholas Trammell's Difficulties in Mexicanexas, T " East Texas Historical Journal: Vol. 38 : Iss. 2 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj/vol38/iss2/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in East Texas Historical Journal by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 15 NICHOLAS TRAMMELL'S DIFFICULTIES IN MEXICAN TEXAS by Jack Jackson BLAZING TRAMMELL'S TRACE Nick Trammell's "difficulties" on the western frontier preceded his arrival in Mexican Texas and began in the settlements along the White River of Arkansas_ Concerning the Indians of the region, the historical record is contradictory as to Nick's role among them. The Cherokees, a number of whom had moved westward from their Tennessee homes and relocated on the White River, complained to the governor of Missouri Territory in 1813 that bad white men were stealing horses from them and trying to get the tribe to stir up trouble with "honest" whites. At the top of their list were Nick Trammell and his half-brother Morton "Mote" Askins, specifically charged with the theft of twenty Indian ponies, which they intended to se)) in Nacogdoches, Texas.
    [Show full text]
  • The Story of the Holland House
    East Texas Historical Journal Volume 9 | Issue 2 Article 5 10-1971 Home of Heroes: The tS ory of the Holland House Cecil E. Burney Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj Part of the United States History Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Recommended Citation Burney, Cecil E. (1971) "Home of Heroes: The tS ory of the Holland House," East Texas Historical Journal: Vol. 9: Iss. 2, Article 5. Available at: http://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj/vol9/iss2/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in East Texas Historical Journal by an authorized administrator of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. , EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL JOURNAL 109 HOME OF HEROES The Story of the Holland House CECIL E. BURNEY About three and one-half miles out of Anderson on the Anderson-Navasota Highway is what is believed to be one of the oldest Anglo houses in Texas-the Francis Holland House. Dating from the earliest days of Stephen F. Austin's Old Three Hundred, the house has been the scene of more tragedy than triumph. Stra­ tegically located on the early immigrant trails, the dwelling was a place of hospi­ • tality for early colonists as they headed toward the La Bahia cros..'ling of the Brazos River and down to San Felipe de Austin. It was a gathering place for colonists as they came to cast their votes for officers in the Austin Colony. During the spring of 1834, as dreaded cholera crept up the Brazos, disease almost wiped out all of the residents of the house.
    [Show full text]
  • Spring 2012 Calendar of Events March 2
    Journal of the TEXAS SUPREME COURT HISTORICAL SOCIETY Spring 2012 Vol. 1, No. 3 “The Separation of Texas from the Republic of Mexico was the Division of an Empire”: The Continuing Influence of Castilian Law on Texas and the Texas Supreme Court, Part II: 1821-1836, Out of Many, One by David A. Furlow he Castilian legal system evolved most rapidly in Texas from 1821 to 1845, in the quarter century when Mexico won its independence from Spain and Texas achieved its Tfreedom as the Lone Star Republic. Of many contributions Castilian law brought to Texas, the Texas Supreme Court, and American law, the most important was the creation of a unified jurisprudence that ended traditional distinctions between equity and common law jurisprudence first in the Lone Star Republic, then in other states, and, eventually, throughout the United States. In an autumn 2011 article in the HOUSTON LAWYER, ‘Preserved from the Wreck’: Lingering Traces of Hispanic Law in Texas, attorney/historian James W. Paulsen observed that, Spain and Mexico were civil law jurisdictions, so the English distinction between law and equity was unknown. Pleadings also were simple—petitions and answers. A fair number of Anglo settlers had acquired some experience with, and appreciation for, Mexican courtroom procedures before the [1836] Revolution. So, just two weeks after the Republic adopted the common law, lawmakers provided that “the proceedings in all civil suits shall, as heretofore, be conducted by petition and answer,” and that legal and equitable claims could be raised and decided in a single lawsuit. Click on a title below to link to the article.
    [Show full text]
  • 6901 Crimm / DE LEON, a TEJANO FAMILY HISTORY
    HISTORY / sheet 1 of 327 De León A TEJANO FAMILY HISTORY 6901 Crimm / DE LEON, A TEJANO FAMILY Tseng 2003.10.21 08:06 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK HISTORY / sheet 3 of 327 De León A TEJANO FAMILY HISTORY 6901 Crimm / DE LEON, A TEJANO FAMILY ANA CAROLINA CASTILLO CRIMM UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PRESS, AUSTIN Tseng 2003.10.21 08:06 HISTORY / sheet 4 of 327 To m y m o t h e r Dr. Martha Lou Castillo Andtomymentor ThelateDr.NettieLeeBenson Copyright © 2003 by the University of Texas Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First edition, 2003 6901 Crimm / DE LEON, A TEJANO FAMILY Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to Permissions, University of Texas Press, P.O. Box 7819, Austin, TX 78713-7819. The paper used in this book meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R1997) (Permanence of Paper). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Crimm, A. Carolina Castillo, 1946– De León, a Tejano family history / Ana Carolina Castillo Crimm.— 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-292-70216-7 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-292-70220-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. León, Martín de, 1765–1833. 2. León family. 3. Mexican Americans—Texas—Victoria—Biography. 4. Pioneers—Texas—Victoria—Biography 5. Victoria (Tex.)—Biography. 6. Frontier and pioneer life—Texas— Victoria. 7. Victoria (Tex.)—History. 8. Victoria (Tex.)— Ethnic relations. 9. Escandón, José de, 1700–1770. 10. Frontier and pioneer life—Mexico, North. I. Title. F394.
    [Show full text]