PERSPECTIVAS Issues in Higher Education Policy and Practice
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PERSPECTIVAS Issues in Higher Education Policy and Practice Spring 2016 A Policy Brief Series sponsored by the AAHHE, ETS & UTSA Issue No. 5 Mexican Americans’ Educational Barriers and Progress: Is the Magic Key Within Reach? progress and engage intersectional also proffer strategies of resistance Executive Summary analytic frameworks. We explore that Mexican Americans employ to This policy brief is based on the how historical events and consequent overcome pernicious stereotypes and edited book The Magic Key: The practices and policies depleted the prejudicial barriers to educational Educational Journey of Mexican accumulation of human capital and achievement. Reaffirming how little Americans from K–12 to College contributed to disinvestments in has changed, we engage in a process and Beyond (Zambrana & Hurtado, Mexican American communities. of recovering dynamic history to 2015a), which focuses on the This scholarship decenters cultural inform Mexican American scholarship experiences of Mexican Americans problem-oriented and ethnic- and future policy and practice. in education. As the largest of the focused deficit arguments and Latino subgroups with the longest provides substantial evidence of history in America, and the lowest structural, institutional and normative AUTHORS levels of educational attainment, racial processes of inequality. New Ruth Enid Zambrana, Ph.D. this community warrants particular findings are introduced that create University of Maryland, College Park attention. Drawing from an more dynamic views of — and Sylvia Hurtado, Ph.D. interdisciplinary corpus of work, the new thinking about — Mexican University of California, Los Angeles authors move beyond the rhetoric of American educational trajectories. We Eugene E. García, Ph.D. Loui Olivas, Ed.D. José A. Vicente, Ph.D. NATIONAL Professor Emeritus, School of Transborder President, American Association of Hispanics President, Wolfson Campus, Studies and Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College, in Higher Education, Professor Emeritus, Miami Dade College EDITORIAL BOARD Arizona State University Entrepreneurial Studies, W.P. Carey School Joel Gómez, Ed.D. of Business, Arizona State University Estela Mara Bensimon, Ed.D. Associate Professor of Educational Leadership, Noé Ortega EDITORS Professor and Co-Director, Center for Urban Graduate School of Education and Human Assistant Director and Senior Research Associate, Education, University of Southern California Development, Director, Institute for Education National Center for Institutional Diversity, Editor: Laura I. Rendón, Ph.D. Studies, The George Washington University University of Michigan Professor and Co-Director, Center for Yvette Donado Research and Policy in Education, Senior Vice President and Chief Administrative Kris D. Gutiérrez, Ph.D. Clara E. Rodríguez, Ph.D. The University of Texas at San Antonio Officer, Educational Testing Service Distinguished Professor, School of Education, Professor, Department of Sociology & University of Colorado at Boulder Anthropology, Fordham University Associate Editor: Vijay Kanagala, Ph.D. Richard P. Durán, Ph.D. Assistant Professor and Program Coordinator, Professor, Gevirtz Graduate School of Education, Sylvia Hurtado, Ph.D. Victor B. Sáenz, Ph.D. Department of Leadership and Developmental University of California, Santa Barbara Professor, Graduate School of Education Associate Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, The University of Vermont and Information Studies, Administration, Executive Director, Project Luis Ricardo Fraga, Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles MALES and Texas Education Consortium Managing Editor: Demeturie Toso-Lafaele Gogue, Arthur Foundation Endowed Professor of for Male Students of Color, Graduate Research Assistant, Higher Education Transformative Latino Studies, Professor of Pedro A. Noguera, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin and Student Affairs Administration, Political Science, University of Notre Dame Distinguished Professor and Director, Center for The University of Vermont the Study of School Transformation, Graduate Gerardo E. de los Santos, Ph.D. School of Education and Information Studies, President and CEO, League for Innovation University of California, Los Angeles in the Community College 1 DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR EQUITY AND EXCELLENCE AT HISPANIC-SERVING INSTITUTIONS & Patten, 2012; U.S. Department of educational challenges in the Introduction Education, 2010). United States. A first-generation, college-bound In the edited book The Magic Mexican American female was Key: The Educational Journey of Locks & Keys: interviewed and was asked about Mexican Americans from K–12 to her inspiration to persist in school College and Beyond (Zambrana The Educational Journey and meet challenges. She told the & Hurtado, 2015a), we highlight following story: how Mexican American families Mexican American educational progress My father took me to the fields and institutional agents in schools is difficult to assess where he worked and told me and colleges motivate students to because research and interpretations “that I would not have to work obtain an education as the pathway of their lived experiences are in the fields if I stayed in school beyond their current economic often presented as ahistorical and and studied hard. He said, circumstances. From this book we neglect the continuing forces of ‘You will have the Magic Key, offer a set of lessons learned, which structural inequality. which is your education’ … My are expressed in the form of “locks” (barriers) and “keys” (solutions) father’s story made me want to Understanding the unique patterns that summarize chapter findings. study more. and processes of educational Book chapters are written through trajectories demands an examination The story of the Magic“ Key reveals the collaborative efforts of senior of historical features and the ways a culture of resilience and resistance and early career scholars who focus that empirical data are collected and provides insights into how their attention on Mexican American and used to explain patterns of Mexican Americans1 manage to education. This scholarship brings educational underperformance. overcome barriers to success to light and resists suppression of Mexican Americans’ educational (Zambrana & Hurtado, 2015b). Not vital knowledge that helps provide a progress tells a harrowing story of foretold in this interaction are the realistic assessment of progress and the historical practices of exclusion continuing challenges that students affirms and supports the voices of and denial of basic rights to encounter in their journeys that Mexican American students in the education under the Spanish and require critical strategies of resistance challenges encountered along their American rule until the mid-20th on their part to contend with educational journey. century (MacDonald & Rivera, obstacles associated with incremental 2015). A history of exclusion progress and common practices Purpose yields a legacy of segregation, across changing sociohistorical stereotypic representations of This brief seeks to improve the contexts. Mexican Americans are the inferior intelligence, and resistance understanding of structural inequality largest (64.6%) Hispanic subgroup to learning that continue to shape in educational pathways for Mexican nationally, but the most starkly how Mexican American students are Americans; challenge the deficit underrepresented (Gonzalez-Barrera viewed and treated in many public model approach as an explanatory & Lopez, 2013). They are a much school systems. research paradigm; and call for neglected population group in terms ways to institutionalize effective While investigators offer a variety of of research and policy, with lower educational policies and practices. different paradigms and theoretical rates of retention in P–12 and in Most importantly, we encourage explanations that discuss why college than other populations. These more research using an intersectional, enrollment and retention in higher realities pose critical challenges historical and life-course lens on education remain low for Mexican for educational administrators and Mexican Americans, who not only American men and women, the personnel and, consequently, for the compose the largest Latino ethnic historical and social contexts reveal progress of their communities (Motel group, but also face the most the larger structural forces associated 1 Mexican American/Chicano/Chicana is used throughout this brief interchangeably. Chicano is a term that many speculate has multiple origins, but many agree the term was adopted by Mexican American activists that emerged with a political movement (el movimiento, in the 1960s–1970s) for social justice and self-determination. It is also important to note that identity is fluid and varies by geographic region. In the five states that were originally northern Mexico (California, Colorado, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona), Mexican-origin people have extensive generational roots and perceive their identity as Hispanos, Americans of Mexican heritage or descent, Mexicanos, Americans, Tejanos, etc. The term Hispanic is used typically when referencing U.S. government data, since that is the category used in U.S. Census and National Center for Education Statistics data collection and reports. 2 PERSPECTIVAS: Issues in Higher Education Policy and Practice with these realities. All researchers perspective is warranted to formulate Mexican American economic, social conduct their studies within contexts a broader theorizing