DOCSLIB.ORG

Water Resources

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Water Resources CHAPTER 5: WATER RESOURCES CHAPTER 5 Water Resources CHAPTER 5: WATER RESOURCES CHAPTER 5: WATER RESOURCES Integrating Authors P. Hobbs1 and E. Day2 Contributing Authors P. Rosewarne3 S. Esterhuyse4, R. Schulze5, J. Day6, J. Ewart-Smith2,M. Kemp4, N. Rivers-Moore7, H. Coetzee8, D. Hohne9, A. Maherry1 Corresponding Authors M. Mosetsho8 1 Natural Resources and the Environment (NRE), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, 0001 2 Freshwater Consulting Group, Cape Town, 7800 3 Independent Consultant, Cape Town 4 Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300 5 Centre for Water Resources Research, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, 3209 6 Institute for Water Studies, University of Western Cape, Bellville, 7535 7 Rivers-Moore Aquatics, Pietermaritzburg 8 Council for Geoscience, Pretoria, 0184 9 Department of Water and Sanitation, Northern Cape Regional Office, Upington, 8800 Recommended citation: Hobbs, P., Day, E., Rosewarne, P., Esterhuyse, S., Schulze, R., Day, J., Ewart-Smith, J., Kemp, M., Rivers-Moore, N., Coetzee, H., Hohne, D., Maherry, A. and Mosetsho, M. 2016. Water Resources. In Scholes, R., Lochner, P., Schreiner, G., Snyman-Van der Walt, L. and de Jager, M. (eds.). 2016. Shale Gas Development in the Central Karoo: A Scientific Assessment of the Opportunities and Risks. CSIR/IU/021MH/EXP/2016/003/A, ISBN 978-0-7988-5631-7, Pretoria: CSIR. Available at http://seasgd.csir.co.za/scientific-assessment-chapters/ Page 5-1 CHAPTER 5: WATER RESOURCES CONTENTS CHAPTER 5: WATER RESOURCES 5-9 5.1 Introduction and Scope 5-9 5.1.1 What is included in this topic? 5-10 5.2 Characterising features of the Karoo environment 5-13 5.2.1 Geology 5-13 5.2.2 Groundwater 5-15 5.2.2.1 Occurrence 5-15 5.2.2.2 Water quality 5-17 5.2.2.3 Contextual discussion 5-22 5.2.3 Surface water 5-25 5.2.3.1 Occurrence 5-25 5.2.3.2 Water quality 5-31 5.2.3.3 Aquatic ecosystems 5-34 5.2.3.4 Resource condition 5-39 5.2.4 Surface and groundwater interaction 5-41 5.3 Water resources 5-42 5.3.1 Availability and demand 5-42 5.3.2 Inter-catchment water transfers 5-46 5.3.3 Climate change and water resources 5-48 5.3.4 Summary of water resource availability for SGD 5-49 5.4 Relevant legislation, regulation and practice 5-50 5.4.1 International law 5-50 5.4.2 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 5-51 5.4.3 Relevant South African laws 5-51 5.4.3.1 The National Water Act 5-51 5.4.3.2 The Water Services Act 5-53 5.4.3.3 The Mineral Petroleum Resources Development Act 5-53 5.4.3.4 The National Environmental Management Act 5-55 5.4.4 Regulatory water quality guidelines and standards 5-55 5.5 Key potential impacts and their mitigation 5-56 5.5.1 Groundwater issues 5-56 5.5.1.1 Exploration activities 5-60 5.5.1.2 Appraisal activities 5-60 5.5.1.3 Development and production activities 5-61 5.5.1.4 Post-development and -production activities 5-62 Page 5-2 CHAPTER 5: WATER RESOURCES 5.5.2 Indirect groundwater impacts 5-63 5.5.3 Surface water issues 5-63 5.5.3.1 Overview of issues 5-63 5.5.3.2 Assessment of likely impacts resulting from SGD activities 5-66 5.6 Risk Assessment 5-70 5.6.1 Identification of sensitive areas 5-70 5.6.2 How are risks measured? 5-71 5.6.3 Results of Risk Assessment 5-82 5.7 Best practice and mitigation guidelines 5-87 5.7.1 Overview of Best Practice Guidelines 5-87 5.7.2 Technologies and practices to mitigate SGD impacts on water resources 5-92 5.7.3 Potential setbacks 5-94 5.8 Monitoring framework and requirements 5-105 5.8.1 Monitoring frameworks 5-106 5.8.2 Water quality analyses 5-108 5.8.3 Quality assurance and quality control during water quality sampling 5-109 5.8.4 Data management 5-110 5.9 Gaps in knowledge 5-111 5.10 References 5-114 5.11 Digital Addenda 5A – 5F 5-123 Tables Table 5.1: Water requirement estimates for fracking in four Texas shale gas resources (from Cooley and Donnelly, 2012). 5-12 Table 5.2: Disposal of effluent from waste water treatment works in the study area 5-33 Table 5.3: Summary of water use by shale gas well type. 5-58 Table 5.4: Summary of water use per drill rig by type of shale gas campaign. 5-60 Table 5.5: Consequence levels developed for use in assignment of risk to water resources. 5-76 Table 5.6: Target water quality ranges for surface water use, with values taken from DWAF (1996a, b and c) unless otherwise specified. Concentrations are of dissolved, usually ionic, species of the elements listed. [ ] = concentration. 5-79 Table 5.7: Groundwater risk assessment 5-82 Table 5.8a: Surface water risk assessment of direct impacts. 5-85 Table 5.8b: Surface water risk assessment of indirect impacts. 5-87 Page 5-3 CHAPTER 5: WATER RESOURCES Table 5.9: Candidate technologies and practices to reduce the impacts of SGD on water resources (data from Mauter et al., 2013). Scale of benefit: scale(s) at which environmental benefits of technology are most applicable; Adoption: prevalence of technology (legally required in some places, widely used and/or emerging); Type: T = discrete technologies, M = shifts in management decisions, R = feasible regulatory intervention points. 5-89 Table 5.10: Recommended setback distances which were used to develop the sensitivity map. Specified separately for (1) stimulation well activities and (2) ancillary activities including stratigraphic wells, horizontal wells and the establishment of roads, wellpads, waste stores and other activities. 5-97 Table 5.11: Important water chemistry constituents to be measured in SGD monitoring programmes. Note: analytes indicated in bold (Murray et al., 2015, Miller et al., 2015) have been identified in South African shales; analytes indicated in italics have been identified in produced water from gas shales internationally (Orem et al., 2014). 5-109 Figures Figure 5.1: Co-efficient of variation (CV) as % of annual rainfall in the study area. The figure illustrates year-to-year rainfall assurance, as follows: the CV is a relative index of variability, expressed as a percentage (Std Dev/Mean*100), allowing a comparison of rainfall CV to streamflow CV. The higher the CV; the more variable and unreliable the year-to-year rainfall. The study area has amongst the highest CV’s in SA, particularly in the western two- thirds of the site. Original data sources: Schulze et al. (2010) and Schulze (2012). 5-11 Figure 5.2: Utilisable Groundwater Exploitation Potential. The figure shows the subdivision of the study area into four subareas identified as W (western), C (central), E (eastern) and S (southern) distinguished on the basis of lithological, hydrogeological and morphological factors; boundaries are gradational (adapted from Rosewarne et al., 2013): base map shows the utilisable groundwater exploitation potential in the study area with inset map for national context (after DWAF, 2005). 5-14 Figure 5.3: Groundwater occurrence in the study area (after RSA, 1997a; 2002a and 2002b). 5-18 Figure 5.4: Characterisation of shallow groundwater chemical composition between the four subareas recognised in the study area compared to ‘deep’ groundwater as reflected in a Piper diagram; southern subarea analysis excludes groundwater from the basal Dwyka Group, which varies considerably from fresh to brack. 5-21 Figure 5.5: Shallow groundwater vulnerability rating (from Esterhuyse et al., 2014). 5-24 Figure 5.6: Intermediate and deep groundwater vulnerability rating (Rosewarne, 2015). 5-25 Figure 5.7: Catchment context of the study area, with Primary and Secondary catchments and Water Management Areas (WMAs) indicated: river data from Nel et al. (2011). 5-26 Figure 5.8: Mean annual accumulated streamflow. Data at quinary level. Daily runoff values were generated with the ACRU daily time-step physical-conceptual, multi-soil level and multi- purpose hydrological model (Schulze, 1995 and updates). Streamflow at Quinary exit is the runoff generated within that specific Quinary plus the accumulated runoff of all upstream Quinaries. Note that from the darker coloration one can clearly see how, for the bigger rivers, the streamflow gets larger and larger as one cascades downstream. Original data source Schulze (2012). 5-27 Page 5-4 CHAPTER 5: WATER RESOURCES Figure 5.9: Coefficient of variation (CV) of annual accumulated streamflows CVs in the range 50‒ 250% show high inter-annual variability in streamflows. Original data source Schulze (2012). 5-28 Figure 5.10: Spate conditions in the ephemeral (seasonal) Theekloof River north-east of Beaufort West in January 2016 (photo courtesy D. Hohne, source unknown). 5-29 Figure 5.11: Aerial view showing wide spread of flows in the episodic Renoster River in the north- western part of the study area (Orange River WMA) in April 2016 (photo courtesy D. van Rooyen). 5-29 Figure 5.12: Ratio of the 1:50 to 1:10 year extreme 3 day streamflow. These data indicate areas prone to rare but highly damaging floods. Original data source Schulze (2012). 5-30 Figure 5.13: Areas of perennial, ephemeral (or seasonal) and episodic flows. Data shown as effective runoff (i.e. runoff generated minus channel flow losses to evaporation) from individual Quinaries. Information source new unpublished research by Schulze and Schütte (2016).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa The
    This article was downloaded by: On: 12 May 2010 Access details: Access Details: Free Access Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37- 41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t917447442 The geomorphic provinces of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland: A physiographic subdivision for earth and environmental scientists T. C. Partridge a; E. S. J. Dollar b; J. Moolman c;L. H. Dollar b a Climatology Research Group, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS, South Africa b CSIR, Natural Resources and Environment, Stellenbosch, South Africa c Directorate: Resource Quality Services, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa Online publication date: 23 March 2010 To cite this Article Partridge, T. C. , Dollar, E. S. J. , Moolman, J. andDollar, L. H.(2010) 'The geomorphic provinces of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland: A physiographic subdivision for earth and environmental scientists', Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 65: 1, 1 — 47 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/00359191003652033 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359191003652033 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date.
    [Show full text]
  • Key Experiences of Land Reform in the Northern Cape Province of South
    PR cov no. 1 1/18/05 4:09 PM Page c POLICY & RESEARCH SERIES Key Experiences 1 of Land Reform in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa Alastair Bradstock January 2005 PR book no. 1 1/18/05 4:01 PM Page i POLICY & RESEARCH SERIES Key Experiences 1 of Land Reform in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa Alastair Bradstock January 2005 PR book no. 1 1/18/05 4:01 PM Page ii Editors: Jacqueline Saunders and Lynne Slowey Photographs: Pieter Roos Designer: Eileen Higgins E [email protected] Printers: Waterside Press T +44 (0) 1707 275555 Copies of this publication are available from: FARM-Africa, 9-10 Southampton Place London,WC1A 2EA, UK T + 44 (0) 20 7430 0440 F + 44 (0) 20 7430 0460 E [email protected] W www.farmafrica.org.uk FARM-Africa (South Africa), 4th Floor,Trust Bank Building, Jones Street PO Box 2410, Kimberley 8300, Northern Cape, South Africa T + 27 (0) 53 831 8330 F + 27 (0) 53 831 8333 E [email protected] ISBN: 1 904029 02 7 Registered Charity No. 326901 Copyright: FARM-Africa, 2005 Registered Company No. 1926828 PR book no. 1 1/18/05 4:01 PM Page iii FARM-Africa’s Policy and Research Series encapsulates project experiences and research findings from its grassroots programmes in Eastern and Southern Africa.Aimed at national and international policy makers, national government staff, research institutions, NGOs and the international donor community, the series makes specific policy recommendations to enhance the productivity of the smallholder agricultural sector in Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Details Charges Charges
    APPROVED IRRIGATION RAW WATER TARIFFS 2020/21 FY CONSUMPTIVE CONSUMPTIVE DETAILS CHARGES CHARGES APPROVED APPROVED 2019/20 2020/21 Regional Office Scheme Description SMP Description Charges Charges Sector SMP SMP ID Scheme IDScheme (c/m³) (c/m³) Western Cape 6 4 IRR BERG RIVER (VOELVLEI DAM) FROM TWENTY-FOUR RIVERS CANAL TO THE IRRIGATION BOARD 1,52 1,52 Western Cape 6 127 IRR BERG RIVER (VOELVLEI DAM) IRRIGATION FROM BERG RIVER DOWNSTREAM OF THE VOELVLEI DAM 13,22 13,22 Western Cape 9 48 IRR BRAND RIVER (MIERTJIESKRAAL DAM) DAM 11,75 11,75 10 BREEDE RIVER (GREATER BRANDVLEI AND 116 IRR Western Cape BREEDE RIVER CONSERVATION BOARD KWAGGASKLOOF DAMS) 3,46 3,46 Western Cape 10 BREEDE RIVER (GREATER BRANDVLEI AND 417 PURCHASED WATER RIGHTS & OTHER BOARDS (EXCLUDING BREEDE RIVER IRR KWAGGASKLOOF DAMS) CONSERVATION BOARD) 6,24 6,33 Western Cape 12 51 IRR BUFFALO RIVER (FLORISKRAAL-DAM) SCHEME 7,44 7,64 Western Cape 12 420 IRR BUFFALO RIVER (FLORISKRAAL-DAM) C VAN WYK PREFERENTIAL RIGHT 7,44 7,64 Western Cape 13 52 IRR BUFFELJAGTS RIVER (BUFFELJAGTS DAM) FROM THE DAM 7,37 7,60 Western Cape 17 55 IRR CORDIERS RIVER (OUKLOOF DAM) DAM 11,12 11,12 Western Cape 25 62 IRR DUIVENHOKS RIVER (DUIVENHOKS DAM) FROM DUIVENHOKS RIVER (DUIVENHOKS DAM) 7,51 7,72 Western Cape 26 605 IRR ELANDS RIVER (ELANDS-KLOOF DAM) EXISTING DEVELOPMENT FROM THE ELANDS RIVER (ELANDS-KLOOF DAM) 0,76 0,88 26 606 NEW DEVELOPMENT (DAM COSTS INCLUDED) FROM THE ELANDS RIVER IRR Western Cape ELANDS RIVER (ELANDS-KLOOF DAM) (ELANDS-KLOOF DAM) 9,05 9,29 Western Cape 31 68 IRR GAMKA
    [Show full text]
  • The Free State, South Africa
    Higher Education in Regional and City Development Higher Education in Regional and City Higher Education in Regional and City Development Development THE FREE STATE, SOUTH AFRICA The third largest of South Africa’s nine provinces, the Free State suffers from The Free State, unemployment, poverty and low skills. Only one-third of its working age adults are employed. 150 000 unemployed youth are outside of training and education. South Africa Centrally located and landlocked, the Free State lacks obvious regional assets and features a declining economy. Jaana Puukka, Patrick Dubarle, Holly McKiernan, How can the Free State develop a more inclusive labour market and education Jairam Reddy and Philip Wade. system? How can it address the long-term challenges of poverty, inequity and poor health? How can it turn the potential of its universities and FET-colleges into an active asset for regional development? This publication explores a range of helpful policy measures and institutional reforms to mobilise higher education for regional development. It is part of the series of the OECD reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development. These reviews help mobilise higher education institutions for economic, social and cultural development of cities and regions. They analyse how the higher education system T impacts upon regional and local development and bring together universities, other he Free State, South Africa higher education institutions and public and private agencies to identify strategic goals and to work towards them. CONTENTS Chapter 1. The Free State in context Chapter 2. Human capital and skills development in the Free State Chapter 3.
    [Show full text]
  • South Africa Yearbook 2012/13
    SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2012/13 Land and its p Land and its people Situated at the southern tip of Africa, South Africa boasts an amazing variety of natural beauty and an abundance of wildlife, birds, Land and its p plant species and mineral wealth. In addi- tion, its population comprises a unique diversity of people and cultures. The southern tip of Africa is also where archaeologists discovered 2,5-million-year- old fossils of man’s earliest ancestors, as well as 100 000-year-old remains of modern man. The land Stretching latitudinally from 22°S to 35°S and longitudinally from 17°E to 33°E, South Africa’s surface area covers 1 219 602 km2. According to Census 2011, the shift of the national boundary over the Indian Ocean in the north-east corner of KwaZulu-Natal to cater for the Isimangaliso Wetland Park led to the increase in South Africa’s land area. Physical features range from bushveld, grasslands, forests, deserts and majestic mountain peaks, to wide unspoilt beaches and coastal wetlands. The country shares common bound- aries with Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Swaziland, while the Mountain Kingdom of Lesotho is landlocked by South African territory in the south-east. The 3 000-km shoreline stretching from the Mozambican border in the east to the Namibian border in the west is surrounded by the Atlantic and Indian oceans, which meet at Cape Point in the continent’s south- western corner. Prince Edward and Marion islands, annexed by South Africa in 1947, lie some 1 920 km south-east of Cape Town.
    [Show full text]
  • Knowledge Relativity: Carnarvon Residents' and SKA Personnel's
    Knowledge relativity: Carnarvon residents’ and SKA personnel’s conceptions of the SKA’s scientific and development endeavours by Suné Sonia Butler Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof Cherryl Walker March 2018 The financial assistance of the National Research Foundation (NRF) is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF. i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. March 2018 Copyright © 2018 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract Carnarvon, a small and isolated town in the Northern Cape, is the South African host-town of an international radio astronomy project, the Square Kilometre Array (SKA). The notion of pushing the boundaries of knowledge lies at the heart of this multibillion-rand, big-science project, but this desire stands in stark contrast to many Carnarvon residents’ lived realities which are characterised by poverty, low levels of education and high levels of drug and alcohol misuse. The SKA justifies this massive expenditure through a specific development discourse that sees science and development to be in a causal relationship and promises that the SKA will benefit all of society.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Cape Provincial Government
    NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT Northern Cape Provincial Treasury 9th Floor, Metlife Towers Market Square Private Bag X5054, Kimberley, 8300 Telephone: 053 830 8358 Fax: 053 831 5836 PR67/2018 ISBN: 978-0-621-46190-9 SOCIO-ECONOMIC REVIEW AND OUTLOOK 2018 Red Apple Media Northern Cape Provincial Treasury SOCIO-ECONOMIC REVIEW AND OUTLOOK 2018 Northern Cape Provincial Government Provincial Treasury Socio-Economic Review and Outlook 2018 7 March 2018 i SOCIO-ECONOMIC REVIEW AND OUTLOOK 2018 PR67/2018 ISBN: 978-0-621-46190-9 Socio-Economic Review and Outlook 2018 The Northern Cape Socio-Economic Review and Outlook 2018 is compiled using the latest available information from departmental and other sources. Some of this information is unaudited or subject to revision. For further information and to obtain additional copies of this document, please contact: Northern Cape Provincial Treasury Directorate: Economic Analysis Private Bag X 5054 Kimberley 8300 South Africa Tel: +27 53 830-8358 Fax: +27 53 832-2220 ii ii SOCIO-ECONOMIC REVIEW AND OUTLOOK 2018 Foreword At the time of publishing the Northern CapeSocio-Economic Review and Outlook, growth in world output for 2017 is estimated at 3.7 percent. The higher projections are largely due to unexpected growth upswings in Europe and Asia. The faster pace of growth experienced in 2017 is expected to continue into 2018 and 2019, with global growth projected at 3.9 percent for both years. In 2018, Advanced Economies are projected to grow at 2.3 per cent and Emerging and Developing Economies are projected to grow at 4.9 per cent.
    [Show full text]
  • An Anthropological Study of Itinerancy and Domestic Fluidity Amongst the Karretjie People of the South African Karoo
    CHILDHOOD: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY OF ITINERANCY AND DOMESTIC FLUIDITY AMONGST THE KARRETJIE PEOPLE OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN KAROO by SARAH ADRIANA STEYN submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the subject ANTHROPOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR M. DE JONGH MARCH 2009 Dedicated to my children, Luke and Sarah-Anne In memory of my siblings, Doria and Francois I declare that Childhood: An Anthropological Study of Itinerancy and Domestic Fluidity Amongst the Karretjie People of the South African Karoo is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. S A Steyn 2009.03.05 “The only difference between them and us is that we are ready to learn from them but they are not ready to learn from us ... in everyday life they must come to recognise us, respect us, value us ... for what we are. Only then will each one of us be able to discover the other”. (Words of a Roma delegate at a Conference organised by the Centre for Gypsy Research at the Université René Descartes, Paris, 1993) ABSTRACT The Karretjie People, or Cart People are a peripatetic community and are descendants of the KhoeKhoen and San, the earliest inhabitants of the Karoo region in South Africa. As a landless and disempowered community they are dependent upon others for food and other basic necessities specifically, and other resources generally. Compared to children in South Africa generally, the Karretjie children are in every sense of the most severely deprived.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment
    Study Name: Orange River Integrated Water Resources Management Plan Report Title: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Submitted By: WRP Consulting Engineers, Jeffares and Green, Sechaba Consulting, WCE Pty Ltd, Water Surveys Botswana (Pty) Ltd Authors: A Jeleni, H Mare Date of Issue: November 2007 Distribution: Botswana: DWA: 2 copies (Katai, Setloboko) Lesotho: Commissioner of Water: 2 copies (Ramosoeu, Nthathakane) Namibia: MAWRD: 2 copies (Amakali) South Africa: DWAF: 2 copies (Pyke, van Niekerk) GTZ: 2 copies (Vogel, Mpho) Reports: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Review of Surface Hydrology in the Orange River Catchment Flood Management Evaluation of the Orange River Review of Groundwater Resources in the Orange River Catchment Environmental Considerations Pertaining to the Orange River Summary of Water Requirements from the Orange River Water Quality in the Orange River Demographic and Economic Activity in the four Orange Basin States Current Analytical Methods and Technical Capacity of the four Orange Basin States Institutional Structures in the four Orange Basin States Legislation and Legal Issues Surrounding the Orange River Catchment Summary Report TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Objective of the study ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Shakati Private Game Reserve in Malaria-Free Waterberg/Vaalwater -Only 2 Hours from Pretoria
    Shakati Private Game Reserve in Malaria-free Waterberg/Vaalwater -only 2 hours from Pretoria Waterberg. There is so much to see and do…. Waterberg is the area of magnificent views, panoramic savannah and bush landscapes, spectacular mountains and cliffs, crystal clear streams and an unbelievable abundance of wild animals, trees and flowers. Game viewing in the Waterberg area is absolutely fantastic and recognised among the best in the country –hence the Waterberg is one of the preferred eco-tourism destination in South Africa. Furthermore Waterberg with its unspoilt nature has been designated as UNESCO “Savannah Biosphere Reserve” –the first in Southern Africa. And Waterberg is MALARIA-free… Marakele National Park Shakati Private Game Reserve is hidden away on the lush banks of the Mokolo river in the deep heart of the untamed Waterberg bushveld paradise. Near Vaalwater and only 2 hours drive from Pretoria. Time spent at Shakati Game Reserve is about getting away from city life, work, traffic and stress. It is about peace and tranquillity, clean fresh air and clear skies with the brightest stars you have probably ever seen. It is about being quiet and listen to the jackal calling at night, to the paradise flycatcher singing in the morning. It is about seeing and walking with the animals, touching the fruits of the bush willow -and wonder about nature. It is about quietly sitting at the water hole watching game and taking life easy Its time to leave the city sounds, the hustle, the bustle and find some place that speaks to you who you really are inside.
    [Show full text]
  • Statistical Based Regional Flood Frequency Estimation Study For
    Statistical Based Regional Flood Frequency Estimation Study for South Africa Using Systematic, Historical and Palaeoflood Data Pilot Study – Catchment Management Area 15 by D van Bladeren, P K Zawada and D Mahlangu SRK Consulting & Council for Geoscience Report to the Water Research Commission on the project “Statistical Based Regional Flood Frequency Estimation Study for South Africa using Systematic, Historical and Palaeoflood Data” WRC Report No 1260/1/07 ISBN 078-1-77005-537-7 March 2007 DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the WRC, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION During the past 10 years South Africa has experienced several devastating flood events that highlighted the need for more accurate and reasonable flood estimation. The most notable events were those of 1995/96 in KwaZulu-Natal and north eastern areas, the November 1996 floods in the Southern Cape Region, the floods of February to March 2000 in the Limpopo, Mpumalanga and Eastern Cape provinces and the recent floods in March 2003 in Montagu in the Western Cape. These events emphasized the need for a standard approach to estimate flood probabilities before developments are initiated or existing developments evaluated for flood hazards. The flood peak magnitudes and probabilities of occurrence or return period required for flood lines are often overlooked, ignored or dealt with in a casual way with devastating effects. The National Disaster and new Water Act and the rapid rate at which developments are being planned will require the near mass production of flood peak probabilities across the country that should be consistent, realistic and reliable.
    [Show full text]
  • 14 Northern Cape Province
    Section B:Section Profile B:Northern District HealthCape Province Profiles 14 Northern Cape Province John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality (DC45) Overview of the district The John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipalitya (previously Kgalagadi) is a Category C municipality located in the north of the Northern Cape Province, bordering Botswana in the west. It comprises the three local municipalities of Gamagara, Ga- Segonyana and Joe Morolong, and 186 towns and settlements, of which the majority (80%) are villages. The boundaries of this district were demarcated in 2006 to include the once north-western part of Joe Morolong and Olifantshoek, along with its surrounds, into the Gamagara Local Municipality. It has an established rail network from Sishen South and between Black Rock and Dibeng. It is characterised by a mixture of land uses, of which agriculture and mining are dominant. The district holds potential as a viable tourist destination and has numerous growth opportunities in the industrial sector. Area: 27 322km² Population (2016)b: 238 306 Population density (2016): 8.7 persons per km2 Estimated medical scheme coverage: 14.5% Cities/Towns: Bankhara-Bodulong, Deben, Hotazel, Kathu, Kuruman, Mothibistad, Olifantshoek, Santoy, Van Zylsrus. Main Economic Sectors: Agriculture, mining, retail. Population distribution, local municipality boundaries and health facility locations Source: Mid-Year Population Estimates 2016, Stats SA. a The Local Government Handbook South Africa 2017. A complete guide to municipalities in South Africa. Seventh
    [Show full text]