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Change in Quality During Ripening of Olive Fruits and Related Oils Extracted from Three Minor Autochthonous Sardinian Cultivars
Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture. 2019. 31(3): 196-205 doi: 10.9755/ejfa.2019.v31.i3.1923 http://www.ejfa.me/ RESEARCH ARTICLE Change in quality during ripening of olive fruits and related oils extracted from three minor autochthonous Sardinian cultivars Paola Conte1, Giacomo Squeo2, Graziana Difonzo2, Francesco Caponio2, Costantino Fadda1, Alessandra Del Caro1, Pietro Paolo Urgeghe1, Luigi Montanari1, Antonio Montinaro3, Antonio Piga1* 1Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy, 2Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Della Pianta e Degli Alimenti, Sezione di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari, Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy, 3LAORE Sardegna, Servizio Sviluppo delle filiere vegetali, Unità organizzativa tematica territoriale Produzioni vegetali ATO 2, Via Baldedda 11, 07100 Sassari, Italy ABSTRACT Ripening stage is one of the key factors in determining quality of olive fruits and related oils. This research, thus, was aimed to study the influence of three different harvesting times on the quality parameters of olives and related oils of three autochthonous Sardinian cultivars, Sivigliana da olio, Semidana, and Corsicana da olio. We evaluated several parameters in olive fruits (dry matter, oil content, total soluble solids, total polyphenol and antioxidant activity) and oils (legal indices, total chlorophylls and tocopherols, single polyphenols and volatile compounds, antioxidant activity). The results obtained in olive fruits showed that all the parameters changed significantly during ripening and seem to confirm that the best harvesting time is that selected by the growers, that is when 70% of olives has just turned dark-colored and the rest is green. -
A Revision of the 2004 Growth Potential of Towns in the Western Cape Study
A revision of the 2004 Growth Potential of Towns in the Western Cape study Discussion document A research study undertaken for the Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning of the Western Cape Provincial Government by Stellenbosch University & CSIR RESEARCH TEAM Dr Adriaan van Niekerk* (Project Manager) Prof Ronnie Donaldson* Mr Danie du Plessis† Mr Manfred Spocter‡ We are thankful to the following persons for their assistance: Ms I Boonzaaier*, Mr Nitesh Poona*, Ms T Smith*, Ms Lodene Willemse* * Centre for Geographical Analysis (CGA), Stellenbosch University † Centre for Regional and Urban Innovation and Statistical Exploration (CRUISE), Stellenbosch University ‡ Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) 17 January 2010 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY One of the objectives of the Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning (DEA&DP) is to undertake spatial planning that promotes and guides the sustainable future development of the Western Cape province and redresses spatial inequalities. This goal led to the development of the Provincial Spatial Development Framework (PSDF), which identifies the areas of growth in the province and the areas where, in terms of the sustainable development paradigm, growth should be emphasised in the future. It also addresses the form that this growth or development should take and further emphasises the restructuring of urban settlements to facilitate their sustainability. To provide guidance and support for implementing the PSDF, a thorough understanding and knowledge of the characteristics and performances of all the settlements in the province is needed. The aim of this study was to revise and update the Growth Potential Study of Towns in the Western Cape (Van der Merwe et al. -
UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works
UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works Title Reducing Phenolics Related to Bitterness in Table Olives Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/66x5590m Authors Johnson, RL Mitchell, AE Publication Date 2018 DOI 10.1155/2018/3193185 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Hindawi Journal of Food Quality Volume 2018, Article ID 3193185, 12 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3193185 Review Article Reducing Phenolics Related to Bitterness in Table Olives Rebecca L. Johnson and Alyson E. Mitchell Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Alyson E. Mitchell; [email protected] Received 21 May 2018; Revised 9 July 2018; Accepted 24 July 2018; Published 13 August 2018 Academic Editor: Amani Taamalli Copyright © 2018 Rebecca L. Johnson and Alyson E. Mitchell. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Olives are one of the oldest food products in human civilization. Over the centuries, numerous methods have been developed to transform olives from a bitter drupe into an edible fruit. Methods of processing table olives rely on the acid, base, and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of bitter phenolic compounds naturally present in the fruit into nonbitter hydrolysis products. Today, there are three primary methods of commercial table olive processing: the Greek, Spanish, and Californian methods, in addition to several Artisanal methods. is review focuses on the technological, microbiological, chemical, and sensory aspects of table olive processing and the inherent benets and drawbacks of each method. -
Details Charges Charges
APPROVED IRRIGATION RAW WATER TARIFFS 2020/21 FY CONSUMPTIVE CONSUMPTIVE DETAILS CHARGES CHARGES APPROVED APPROVED 2019/20 2020/21 Regional Office Scheme Description SMP Description Charges Charges Sector SMP SMP ID Scheme IDScheme (c/m³) (c/m³) Western Cape 6 4 IRR BERG RIVER (VOELVLEI DAM) FROM TWENTY-FOUR RIVERS CANAL TO THE IRRIGATION BOARD 1,52 1,52 Western Cape 6 127 IRR BERG RIVER (VOELVLEI DAM) IRRIGATION FROM BERG RIVER DOWNSTREAM OF THE VOELVLEI DAM 13,22 13,22 Western Cape 9 48 IRR BRAND RIVER (MIERTJIESKRAAL DAM) DAM 11,75 11,75 10 BREEDE RIVER (GREATER BRANDVLEI AND 116 IRR Western Cape BREEDE RIVER CONSERVATION BOARD KWAGGASKLOOF DAMS) 3,46 3,46 Western Cape 10 BREEDE RIVER (GREATER BRANDVLEI AND 417 PURCHASED WATER RIGHTS & OTHER BOARDS (EXCLUDING BREEDE RIVER IRR KWAGGASKLOOF DAMS) CONSERVATION BOARD) 6,24 6,33 Western Cape 12 51 IRR BUFFALO RIVER (FLORISKRAAL-DAM) SCHEME 7,44 7,64 Western Cape 12 420 IRR BUFFALO RIVER (FLORISKRAAL-DAM) C VAN WYK PREFERENTIAL RIGHT 7,44 7,64 Western Cape 13 52 IRR BUFFELJAGTS RIVER (BUFFELJAGTS DAM) FROM THE DAM 7,37 7,60 Western Cape 17 55 IRR CORDIERS RIVER (OUKLOOF DAM) DAM 11,12 11,12 Western Cape 25 62 IRR DUIVENHOKS RIVER (DUIVENHOKS DAM) FROM DUIVENHOKS RIVER (DUIVENHOKS DAM) 7,51 7,72 Western Cape 26 605 IRR ELANDS RIVER (ELANDS-KLOOF DAM) EXISTING DEVELOPMENT FROM THE ELANDS RIVER (ELANDS-KLOOF DAM) 0,76 0,88 26 606 NEW DEVELOPMENT (DAM COSTS INCLUDED) FROM THE ELANDS RIVER IRR Western Cape ELANDS RIVER (ELANDS-KLOOF DAM) (ELANDS-KLOOF DAM) 9,05 9,29 Western Cape 31 68 IRR GAMKA -
GTAC/CBPEP/ EU Project on Employment-Intensive Rural Land Reform in South Africa: Policies, Programmes and Capacities
GTAC/CBPEP/ EU project on employment-intensive rural land reform in South Africa: policies, programmes and capacities Municipal case study Matzikama Local Municipality, Western Cape David Mayson, Rick de Satgé and Ivor Manuel with Bruno Losch Phuhlisani NPC March 2020 Abbreviations and acronyms BEE Black Economic Empowerment CASP Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme CAWH Community Animal Health Worker CEO Chief Executive Officer CPA Communal Property of Association CPAC Commodity Project Allocation Committee DAAC District Agri-Park Advisory Committee DAPOTT District Agri Park Operational Task Team DoA Department of Agriculture DRDLR Department of Rural Development and Land Reform DWS Department of Water and Sanitation ECPA Ebenhaeser CPA FALA Financial Assistance Land FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FPSU Farmer Production Support Unit FTE Full-Time Equivalent GGP Gross Geographic Product GDP Gross Domestic Product GVA Gross Value Added HDI Historically Disadvantaged Individual IDP Integrated Development Plan ILO International Labour Organisation LED Local economic development LORWUA Lower Olifants Water Users Association LSU Large stock units NDP National Development Plan PDOA Provincial Department of Agriculture PGWC Provincial Government of the Western Cape PLAS Proactive Land Acquisition Strategy SDF Spatial Development Framework SLAG Settlement and Land Acquisition Grant SSU Small stock unit SPP Surplus People Project TRANCRAA Transformation of Certain Rural Areas Act WUA Water Users Association ii Table of Contents -
Munisipaliteit Bergrivier Municipality
MUNISIPALITEIT BERGRIVIER MUNICIPALITY General Valuation for 20170701 (Piketberg RD - Valuation Roll) In accordance with Section 30 of the Municipal Property Rates Act 6 of 2004 Kragtens Artikel 30 van die Munisipale Eiendomsbelastingwet 6 van 2004 Date of valuation : 20170701 © 2010 PenSoft CC (Mass Appraisal Software Solution) 2018-01-30 02:22:46 PM Valuation Roll MUNISIPALITEIT BERGRIVIER MUNICIPALITY General Valuation for 20170701 Page 2 of 63 Categories Reference Category Description AGRI Agricultural COMM Commercial INDUS Industrial INSTIT Institute MUN Municipal RES Residential PSi Public Service Infrastructure © 2010 PenSoft CC (Mass Appraisal Software Solution) 2018-01-30 02:22:46 PM Valuation Roll MUNISIPALITEIT BERGRIVIER MUNICIPALITY General Valuation for 20170701 Page 3 of 63 Geographical Area : Piketberg RD Erf No Portion Owner/s Category Address Extent Value Other Particulars 4 1 Ned Ged Kerk-Redelinghuys AGRI REDELINGHUYS 4,0000 Ha 400 000 Address :- , , , , , 4 4 Gysbert Mathys Theunis van Lill, AGRI WITTEDRIFT 1 197,1338 Ha 5 750 000 Address :- , , , , , Lill Gysbert Mathys Theunis Van 4* 5 R J F Boerdery Pty Ltd AGRI WITTEDRIFT 1 112,6351 Ha 8 345 000 Including :- Piketberg RD 4/5, Piketberg RD 4/11. Address :- , , , , , 4 5 R J F Boerdery Pty Ltd AGRI WITTEDRIFT 602,1420 Ha 0 See :- Piketberg RD 4*/5. Address :- , , , , , 4 6 Catwalk Inv 46 Pty Ltd AGRI WITTEDRIFT 1 225,6973 Ha 2 535 000 Address :- , , , , , 4 7 Villiers Philip George De AGRI WITTEDRIFT 37,1764 Ha 770 000 Address :- , , , , , 4 8 Zyl Martha Jacomina Elizabeth AGRI WITTEDRIFT 1 157,8471 Ha 4 425 000 Address :- , , , , , Van, Martha Jacomina Elizabeth van Zyl 4 9 R J F Boerdery Pty Ltd, Horsthuis AGRI WITTEDRIFT 860,5692 Ha 3 415 000 Address :- , , , , , Prop C C and other 4 10 Quick Co 14 Pty Ltd AGRI WITTEDRIFT 13,7302 Ha 840 000 Address :- , , , , , 4 11 R J F Boerdery Pty Ltd AGRI WITTEDRIFT 0 510,4931 Ha 0 See :- Piketberg RD 4*/5. -
Happy Hunting Grounds for Ghost Stories
JOHAN DE SMIDT PHOTOGRAPHS Happy hunting grounds for ghost stories Once you’ve looked past the 1-Stops and the motels, the Great Karoo is more than a featureless highway between Joeys and Cape Town. Johan de Smidt found some great back roads and 4x4 tracks in the Nuweveld Mountains near Beaufort West. f you ask a Karoo sprawling sheep farms and beard Louis Alberts, over sheep farm 80 km west of farmer for a story, make the hunters have returned to nothing stronger than a cup Beaufort West. sure you don’t have far base camp, a ghost story is of coffee, mind you. We’re Flip has just unpacked to walk to your cottage probably what you’ll get. at Louis’ friends, Flip and his new jackal-foxing acqui- Iin the dark. Because once the Like the one we hear from Marge Vivier, on Rooiheuwel sition to show Louis. The winter sun has set over the the straight-shooting grey- Holiday Farm, a holiday and conflict between Karoo 28 DRIVE OUT NOVEMBER 2010 LONG WEEKEND GREAT KAROO The Karoo has mountains. A steep track at Badshoek leads to the base of Sneeukop, in the background. Afterwards, it’s straight down again. sheep farmer and jackal is “A group of hunters were previous Land Cruiser really An introduction at centuries old, with no end staying in the house some burnt out at the same house. Ko-Ka Tsara in sight. Out of the box time ago,” tells Louis. “One “It was about two or three Once you’ve realised how came a sound system featur- night, we were hunting on the in the morning; the same many diverse 4x4 trails and ing the latest in sound clips hills above the farm when we time a ghost would shake good gravel roads Beaufort to attract the sly sheep slay- saw the house burning. -
A Life Cycle Perspective to Assess the Environmental and Economic Impacts of Innovative Technologies in Extra Virgin Olive Oil Extraction
foods Article A Life Cycle Perspective to Assess the Environmental and Economic Impacts of Innovative Technologies in Extra Virgin Olive Oil Extraction Teodora Stillitano 1, Giacomo Falcone 1 , Anna Irene De Luca 1,* , Antonio Piga 2, Paola Conte 2, Alfio Strano 1 and Giovanni Gulisano 1 1 Department of Agriculture, Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy; [email protected] (T.S.); [email protected] (G.F.); [email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (G.G.) 2 Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy; [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (P.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 24 May 2019; Accepted: 11 June 2019; Published: 13 June 2019 Abstract: Advances in the adoption of technological innovations represent a great driver to improve the competitiveness of the Italian extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) industry. This work assesses the efficiency of an innovative extraction plant (with low oxidative impact, heating of paste before malaxation and a special decanter that avoids the final vertical centrifugation) in terms of oil yield and quality, and economic and environmental impacts. Economic and environmental impacts were evaluated by using both life cycle costing and life cycle assessment methodologies. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to highlight the uncertain factors that may strongly affect the results. Findings showed that olive milling with the innovative plant resulted in olive oil with a significant increase in quality, although the extraction yield was significantly higher when using conventional technology. In terms of environmental results, an average growth of 4.5% of the impacts in all categories was reached. -
In the Little Karoo, South Africa
ASPECTS OF THE ECOLOGY OF LEOPARDS (PANTHERA PARDUS) IN THE LITTLE KAROO, SOUTH AFRICA A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF RHODES UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY BY GARETH MANN FEBRUARY 2014 i ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Leopards (Panthera pardus) are the most common large predators, free roaming outside of protected areas across most of South Africa. Leopard persistence is attributed to their tolerance of rugged terrain that is subject to less development pressure, as well as their cryptic behaviour. Nevertheless, existing leopard populations are threatened indirectly by ongoing transformation of natural habitat and directly through hunting and conflict with livestock farmers. Together these threats may further isolate leopards to fragmented areas of core natural habitat. I studied leopard habitat preferences, population density, diet and the attitudes of landowners towards leopards in the Little Karoo, Western Cape, South Africa, an area of mixed land-use that contains elements of three overlapping global biodiversity hotspots. Data were gathered between 2010 and 2012 using camera traps set up at 141 sites over an area of ~3100km2, GPS tracking collars fitted to three male leopards, scat samples (n=76), interviews with landowners (n=53) analysed in combination with geographical information system (GIS) layers. My results reveal that leopards preferred rugged, mountainous terrain of intermediate elevation, avoiding low-lying, open areas where human disturbance was generally greater. Despite relatively un-fragmented habitat within my study area, the leopard population density (0.75 leopards/100km2) was one of the lowest yet recorded in South Africa. This may reflect low prey densities in mountain refuges in addition to historical human persecution in the area. -
7. Water Quality
Western Cape IWRM Action Plan: Status Quo Report Final Draft 7. WATER QUALITY 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.1.1 What is water quality? “Water quality” is a term used to express the suitability of water to sustain various uses, such as agricultural, domestic, recreational, and industrial, or aquatic ecosystem processes. A particular use or process will have certain requirements for the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of water; for example limits on the concentrations of toxic substances for drinking water use, or restrictions on temperature and pH ranges for water supporting invertebrate communities. Consequently, water quality can be defined by a range of variables which limit water use by comparing the physical and chemical characteristics of a water sample with water quality guidelines or standards. Although many uses have some common requirements for certain variables, each use will have its own demands and influences on water quality. Water quality is neither a static condition of a system, nor can it be defined by the measurement of only one parameter. Rather, it is variable in both time and space and requires routine monitoring to detect spatial patterns and changes over time. The composition of surface and groundwater is dependent on natural factors (geological, topographical, meteorological, hydrological, and biological) in the drainage basin and varies with seasonal differences in runoff volumes, weather conditions, and water levels. Large natural variations in water quality may, therefore, be observed even where only a single water resource is involved. Human intervention also has significant effects on water quality. Some of these effects are the result of hydrological changes, such as the building of dams, draining of wetlands, and diversion of flow. -
History of the Oudtshoorn Research Farm 50 Years
Oudtshoorn Research Farm: Oudtshoorn Research Oudtshoorn Research Farm: Celebrating 50 years of the world’s firstOstrich Research Farm (1964 – 2014) Celebrating 50 years (1964 – 2014) ISBN: 978-0-9922409-2-9 PRINT | DIGITAL | MOBILE | RADIO | EVENTS | BRANDED CONTENT Your communications partner in the agricultural industry Oudtshoorn Research Farm: Celebrating 50 years of the world’s first Ostrich Research Farm (1964 – 2014) Editors: Schalk Cloete, Anel Engelbrecht, Pavarni Jorgensen List of contributors: Minnie Abrahams Ters Brand Zanell Brand Willem Burger Schalk Cloete Anel Engelbrecht Derick Engelbrecht Attie Erasmus Ernst Guder Samuel Jelander Pavarni Jorgensen Kobus Nel Phyllis Pienaar Andre Roux Piet Roux Ansie Scholtz Jan Smit Charnine Sobey Derick Swart Jan Theron Johan van der Merwe Koot van Schalkwyk Bennie Visser Toni Xaba Oudtshoorn Research Farm: Celebrating 50 years of the world’s first Ostrich Research Farm (1964 – 2014) Limited print run of 250 copies. Copyright © 2014 – Western Cape Department of Agriculture [email protected] www.elsenburg.com Private Bag X1 Elsenburg 7607 Oudtshoorn Research Farm Old Kammanassie Road Rooiheuwel Oudtshoorn 6620 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any other information storage or retrieval system, without the written permission from the author. Reproduction: Agri Connect (Pty) Ltd PO Box 1284 Pretoria, 0001 South Africa www.agriconnect.co.za Publisher Leza Putter Executive editor Pavarni Jorgensen Copy editor Milton Webber Creative design Michélle van der Walt ISBN: 978-0-9922409-2-9 Printed and bound by Fishwicks Printers, Durban, South Africa. -
South Africa Motorcycle Tour
+49 (0)40 468 992 48 Mo-Fr. 10:00h to 19.00h Good Hope: South Africa Motorcycle Tour (M-ID: 2658) https://www.motourismo.com/en/listings/2658-good-hope-south-africa-motorcycle-tour from €4,890.00 Dates and duration (days) On request 16 days 01/28/2022 - 02/11/2022 15 days Pure Cape region - a pure South Africa tour to enjoy: 2,500 kilometres with fantastic passes between coastal, nature and wine-growing landscapes. Starting with the world famous "Chapmans Peak" it takes as a start or end point on our other South Africa tours. It is us past the "Cape of Good Hope" along the beautiful bays situated directly on Beach Road in Sea Point. Today it is and beaches around Cape Town. Afterwards the tour runs time to relax and discover Cape Town. We have dinner through the heart of the wine growing areas via together in an interesting restaurant in the city centre. Franschhoek to Paarl. Via picturesque Wellington and Tulbagh we pass through the fruit growing areas of Ceres Day 3: to the Cape of Good Hope (Winchester Mansions to the enchanted Cederberg Mountains. The vastness of Hotel) the Klein Karoo offers simply fantastic views on various Today's stage, which we start right after the handover and passes towards Montagu and Oudtshoorn. Over the briefing on GPS and motorcycles, takes us once around the famous Swartberg Pass we continue to the dreamy Prince entire Cape Peninsula. Although the round is only about Albert, which was also the home of singer Brian Finch 140 km long, there are already some highlights today.