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A Companion to Mediterranean History A Companion to Mediterranean History 0002063973.INDD 1 2/18/2014 2:59:17 PM WILEY BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO HISTORY This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of the scholarship that has shaped our current understanding of the past. Defined by theme, period and/or region, each volume comprises between twenty-five and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The aim of each contribution is to synthesize the current state of scholarship from a variety of historical perspectives and to provide a statement on where the field is heading. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, students, and general readers. WILEY BLACKWELL COMPANIONS A Companion to the Medieval World TO BRITISH HISTORY Edited by Carol Lansing and Edward D. English A Companion to Roman Britain A Companion to the French Revolution Edited by Malcolm Todd Edited by Peter McPhee A Companion to Britain in the Later Middle Ages A Companion to Mediterranean History Edited by S. H. Rigby Edited by Peregrine Horden and Sharon Kinoshita A Companion to Tudor Britain WILEY BLACKWELL COMPANIONS Edited by Robert Tittler and Norman Jones TO WORLD HISTORY A Companion to Stuart Britain A Companion to Western Historical Thought Edited by Barry Coward Edited by Lloyd Kramer and Sarah Maza A Companion to Eighteenth-Century Britain A Companion to Gender History Edited by H. T. Dickinson Edited by Teresa A. Meade and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Britain A Companion to the History of the Middle East Edited by Chris Williams Edited by Youssef M. Choueiri A Companion to Early Twentieth-Century Britain A Companion to Japanese History Edited by Chris Wrigley Edited by William M. Tsutsui A Companion to Contemporary Britain A Companion to International History 1900–2001 Edited by Paul Addison and Harriet Jones Edited by Gordon Martel A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain A Companion to Latin American History and Ireland c.500-c.1100 Edited by Thomas Holloway ]take back[ Edited by Pauline Stafford A Companion to Russian History WILEY BLACKWELL COMPANIONS Edited by Abbott Gleason TO EUROPEAN HISTORY A Companion to World War I A Companion to Europe 1900–1945 Edited by John Horne Edited by Gordon Martel A Companion to Mexican History and Culture A Companion to Eighteenth-Century Europe Edited by William H. Beezley Edited by Peter H. Wilson A Companion to World History A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Europe Edited by Douglas Northrop Edited by Stefan Berger A Companion to Global Environmental History A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance Edited by J. R. McNeill and Erin Stewart Mauldin Edited by Guido Ruggiero A Companion to World War II A Companion to the Reformation World Edited by Thomas W. Zeiler, with Daniel M. DuBois Edited by R. Po-chia Hsia A Companion to Europe Since 1945 Edited by Klaus Larres 0002063973.INDD 2 2/18/2014 2:59:17 PM A Companion TO MEDITERRANEAN History Edited by Peregrine Horden and Sharon Kinoshita 0002063973.INDD 3 2/18/2014 2:59:17 PM This edition first published 2014 © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd except Chapter 9 © David Abulafia and Chapter 18 © Tehmina Goskar Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148–5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Peregrine Horden and Sharon Kinoshita to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and editors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data applied for Hardback ISBN: 978-0-470-65901-4 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Cover image: Portolan chart drawn by Placido Caloiro, from MS. Canon Ital. 140, pp. 3–4. Reproduced by permission of The Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford. Cover design by RBDA. Set in 10/12pt Galliard by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India 1 2014 0002063973.INDD 4 2/18/2014 2:59:17 PM Contents List of Figures viii Notes on Contributors ix Acknowledgements xiv Introduction 1 Peregrine Horden PART I CLIMATE AND VEGETATION 9 1 The Mediterranean Climate 11 Fredric Cheyette 2 The Vegetative Mediterranean 26 Paolo Squatriti PART II TURNING POINTS AND PHASES 43 3 Mediterranean “Prehistory” 45 Cyprian Broodbank 4 The Ancient Mediterranean 59 Nicholas Purcell 5 The Medieval Mediterranean 77 Dominique Valérian 6 The Early Modern Mediterranean 91 Molly Greene 7 Mediterranean Modernity? 107 Naor Ben-Yehoyada 8 Po-Mo Med 122 Michael Herzfeld vi CONTENTS PART III POLITICS AND POWER 137 9 Thalassocracies 139 David Abulafia 10 Nautical Technology 154 Ruthy Gertwagen 11 Piracy 170 Clifford R. Backman 12 Cartography 184 Emilie Savage-Smith PART IV SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY 201 13 Settlement Patterns 203 John Bintliff 14 Cave Dwelling 219 Valerie Ramseyer 15 Family and Household 234 Paola Sacchi and Pier Paolo Viazzo 16 Disease 250 Robert Sallares 17 Forms of Slavery 263 Youval Rotman PART V LANGUAGE AND CULTURE 279 18 Material Culture 281 Tehmina Goskar 19 Visual Culture 296 Cecily J. Hilsdale 20 Mediterranean Literature 314 Sharon Kinoshita 21 Lingua Franca 330 Karla Mallette 22 Hybridity 345 Steven A. Epstein PART VI RELIGIONS IN CONFLICT AND CO-EXISTENCE 359 23 Ethno-Religious Minorities 361 Brian A. Catlos CONTENTS vii 24 Shared Sacred Places 378 Maria Couroucli 25 Jews 392 Fred Astren PART VII THE MEDITERRANEAN AND A WIDER WORLD 409 26 The Mediterranean and the Atlantic 411 Teofilo F. Ruiz 27 The Mediterranean and Africa 425 Ray A. Kea 28 The Mediterranean and Asia 441 Nicholas Doumanis 29 The Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean 457 Elizabeth Ann Pollard Index 475 List of Figures Figures 12.1 Explanatory diagram showing the basic features of a T–O map. 185 12.2 Map of the Mediterranean Sea from the treatise by al-Iṣtakhrı̣ .̄ 188 12.3 The Mediterranean Sea from the anonymous Book of Curiosities. 192 19.1 Detail of the marble revetment of the interior of Hagia Sophia. 297 19.2 Detail of tribute bearers from the Apadana. 299 19.3 Detail of frieze and metopes of the Parthenon. 300 19.4 Interior of Cappella Palatina, Palermo, Sicily. 303 Notes on Contributors David Abulafia is Professor of Mediterranean History in the University of Cambridge, a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, and a Fellow of the British Academy. His numerous books include The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean (London and New York: Allen Lane and Oxford University Press, 2011), and The Discovery of Mankind: Atlantic Encounters in the Age of Columbus (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2008). Fred Astren (PhD Berkeley) is Professor of Jewish Studies and a member of the Faculty in Middle East and Islamic Studies at San Francisco State University. He has published Karaite Judaism and Historical Understanding (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2004), and works on early medieval Jewish history in the Mediterranean and in the orbit of Islam. Clifford R. Backman has taught at Boston University since 1989. He has published three books: The Decline and Fall of Medieval Sicily (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), The Worlds of Medieval Europe (2nd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), and The Cultures of the West (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013). He is currently at work on a study of the idea of tolerance in medieval Christianity, Islam and Judaism. Naor Ben-Yehoyada is Research Fellow in Social Anthropology at Gonville and Caius College, University of Cambridge. He specializes in Mediterranean maritime, political, and historical anthropology, specifically the maritime aspect of Israeli- Palestinian history and post-World War Two region formation processes between Sicily and Tunisia. John Bintliff is Professor of Classical and Mediterranean Archaeology at Leiden University, the Netherlands, and Professorial Fellow, Edinburgh University. He studied Archaeology and Anthropology at Cambridge University, where he also com- pleted his PhD in 1977 on the (pre)history of human settlement in Greece.
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