Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS
Volume 95 Number Article 7
1988
Program Abstracts, 100th Session, Iowa Academy of Science, April 21-23, 1988, Iowa State University
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Recommended Citation (1988) "Program Abstracts, 100th Session, Iowa Academy of Science, April 21-23, 1988, Iowa State University," Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS, 95(1),. Available at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/jias/vol95/iss1/7
This General Interest Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa Academy of Science at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS by an authorized editor of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PROGRAM ABSTRACTS lOOth Session IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
April 21-23, 1988 Iowa State University
(Index of Contributed Papers by Author)
Abraham, R. G. 196 Deavers, D. R. 234 Hallauer, A. R. 8 Lyons, A.G. 98 Ahlstrom, H. H. B. 242 DeGeus, D. W. 120 Hammer, M. S. 92 Mahmood, C. K. 19 Ahuja, R. P. S. 132 Deo, G. 144 Hammond, G. B. 103 Main, S. P. 119 Anderson, C. E. 1 Di, Rong 4 Hamot, C.M. 95 Mardan, A. H. 37 Anderson, M. L. 20 Diethelm, R. 68 Hanna, R. D. 9 Matson, S. J. 224 Anderson, W. I. 170 Dillbeck, M. C. 243 Hanrahan, L. J. 153 Mazeika, E. 240 Anderson, R. A. 163 Doden, A.G. 164 Harms, A. C. 89 McClelland, E. 198 Anderson, D. D. 151 Dogan, A. U. 38,137,159 Harrison, D. P. 265 McGovern, P. G. 238 Armstrong, W. J. 134 160,187,192 Hart, E. R. 10 McGowan, K. I. 169 Assirnakis, P. D. 246 Dogan, M.M. 175 Hauser, H. D. 49 Mcintyre, B. A. 181 Baedke, S. J. 174 Dona, A. R. 128 Higley, P. M. 11 Mehra, V. 154 Bahns, T. L. 142 Drisko, J. E. 221 Hill, Jr., L. C. 259 Mehrer, M. W. 21 Baird, P. 29 Druhl, K. 214,260 Hitst, K. K. 23 Mills, K. R. 237 Baker, R. G. 61 Dunleavy, J.M. 5 Horton, R. 12 Moellering, R. A. 140 Barber, A. S. 90 Dykens, J. A. 225,269 Howe, S. L. 189 Monahan, M. A. 200 Benavente, R. S. 70 Effland, W. R. 183 Huang, J. 31 Morrison, J. W. 65 Bennett, S. W. 177 Eilers, L. J. 42 Hur, J. H. 139 Nair, V. 105 Betancourt, C. 72 Ellestad, S. M. 235 Hutchins, J.E. C. 80 Nathan, T. R. 209 Bjerga, J. M 88 Enrietto, J. 27 lsely, D. 57 Negreros, P. C. 118 Blomgren, S. M. 2,17 Epstein, A. H. 6 Johnson, M. G. 62 Nicholson, D. R. 2 G. C. PIMENTAL I. The National Ozone Expedition, 1986 and 1987 Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Dr. Susan Solomon, Head project scientist (NOZE-1 and II) Because we live in an increasingly technological world, the need for better science education for The total ozone abundance has decreased markedly every citizen becomes more and more important. At over Antarctica during the spring seasons of about the same time, it becomes more difficult. Here are the past ten years, as demonstrated by the British some dimensions of the challenge. Antarctic Survey measurements at Halley Bay, Antarctica. A great .deal of research has been aimed 1. Precollege science teachers are undervalued and at understanding the cause of this unexpected and overhassled. We lose many able teachers to other spectacular change in stratospheric ozone. The jobs with better salaries and less stress. "National Ozone Expedition" (NOZE) went to the National Science Foundation's McMurdo Station (78S) 2. The precollege student clientel has broadened to during austral spring, 1986 to investigate this include everyone - including large numbers of phenomenon. A series of ground-based and balloon students who used to opt out of science courses. borne measurements of stratospheric constituents was These students present different teaching challenges carried out to obtain more information about the and our educational goals must be recast to meet chemical composition and dynamics of the antarctic their distinctive needs. stratosphere. These data demonstrated that the chlorine chemistry of the antarctic spring strato 3. At the college level, we must remember that every sphere was highly anomalous, and pointed towards student deserves a truly liberal education. That chlorofluorocarbons as the most likely cause of the imposes further constraints on how much we could antarctic ozone hole. In 1987, a second National aspire to do in preparing a science student for a Ozone Expedition was undertaken. The current status professional career. of understanding of the antarctic ozone hole and its possible implications for other latitudes will be 5. We must resist the temptation to extend even described. further the time a young person spends "getting ready" to begin a professional career. II. Communications Network This is, indeed, a challenging agenda. We've got a lot to do. Professor John W. D. Connolly, Center for Computa tional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 Computational science has become, in the very few years that computers have been available to science, SYMPOSIA a new mode of exploring the frontiers of knowledge. It is based on theoretical concepts, but is carried out in an experimental fashion. The supercomputer represents the latest manifestation of the investi gative apparatus :if this "third" method of scien Bioethics: tific endeavor. The Scientist Role in the Controversy As supercomputer technology develops exponentially, over Genetic Engineering, Regulation, so the complexity of the problems which the computer can solve will also increase exponentially. The and Utilization of Microorganisms. present level of complexity is already impressive, but is a shadow of what can be expected in the future. A. Bioinsecticides: biotechnology's answer to the Silent Spring Thanks to the efforts of the National Science Foundation and other Federal agencies, state-of-the D. H. DEAN, Associate Professor, Department of art supercomputers are now available to the general Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, academic community. Thousands of students have been OH 43210-1292 trained on these machines, which were heretofore the exclusive province of military and security In the 25 years since the publication of Rachael projects. Carson's Silent Spring, the public has come to The Federal government is currently considering a realize the environmental impact of heavy use of "National Computing Initiative" to encourage chemical pesticides. To add insult to injury, many computational research at many different levels. insects, including the disease vector, the mos If the US is to remain at the forefront of the quito, are now virtually resistant to standard information age and not be surpassed by better chemical pesticides. Biotechnology is now providing organized economies, such an initiative is vital a positive response to these dilemmas through the ~"U~"U A3 Several biological insecticides are now registered reintroduced into environments similar to the with the EPA and are used as safe alternatives to original source are simplified because of considerable chemicals. These agents are highly specific to the knowledge of the natural history of the native insect pests which they attack and are extensively organism. Comparative behavior of modified com- tested and shown not to be toxic to man or animals pared to natural microbial strains can be approached or indeed to non-target insects. experimentally in contained conditions and should Bioinsecticides are excellent models for release of describe the expected behavior in natural situations. genetically-engineered microorganisms into the en vironment because literally millions of tons of certain of these bioinsecticides have been re c. Planned introduction of microorganisms into leased and extensive studies have been done on their the environment: critical scientific issues persistence. Anne K. Vidaver, Department of Plant Pathology, The goals of genetic engineering are to decrease University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 the costs of production by increasing yield and specific activity of bioinsecticides. Through the This presentation raises questions of research needs use of genetic engineering, plants with the genes and issues. Underlying assumptions are that only of bioinsecticides incorporated into their own beneficial or useful microorganisms will be 'released'; genomes are now in field trials. These new de that extensive laboratory and contained experiments velopments further reduce the environmental impact will have been done prior to introduction and live of the pesticide by removing it from the environ microorganisms can be confined within the areas of ment niches of insects which do not attack the introduction. Evidence to support these assertions specific crop. will be presented. This presentation will review the persistence of Critical needs for progress in this area include: non-genetically-engineered microorganisms. The (1) Recognition that the nature of the product release of newly engineered organisms into the introduced into the environment is of primary sig environment will be critically discussed, con nificance, not how the organism was genetically sidering the ethics and economic impact of altered or modified. (2) Recognition that micro genetically-engineered bioinsecticides. organisms are introduced into the environment as part of our daily lives. (3) Classification of microorganisms into categories, include a GRACE (Generally Regarded as Compatible with the Environ ment) list. For example, most microorganisms used by humans in food and agriculture would be on such B. Construction and release of genetically altered a list. (4) Categorization of 'new' traits trans microorganisms ferred to microorganisms: all are not equal. (5) Revision of the Plant Pest Act. Interpretation S. E. LINDOW by the USDA is now so broad that almost any micro organism may be a 'plant pest'. (6) Development of Department of Plant Pathology, University of the means to enable continuation of basic research California, Berkeley, CA 94720 in small-scale traditional tests with GEMs. (7) Recognition of the adequacy of the methods used Numerous opportunities exist for the utilization for mitigation and decontamination of microorganisms. of genetically engineered microorganisms for useful (8) Development and use of selective, narrow purposes in agriculture and in waste management. spectrum chemicals and biologicals. (9) Critical An extremely diverse array of microorganisms is evaluation of appropriate regulations and attendant likely to be considered for such processes as costs for research on GEMs in the environment. biological control of plant peses, degradation of toxic wastes, reclamation of rare metals and other These issues need recognition and wide-spread processes. For some purposes, such as in the support among scientists, policy-makers and the public degradation of toxic materials, it may be possible if the potential uses for microorganisms in the to make biologically compromised microorganisms environment are to be realized. that will exist only in the presence of the toxic chemicals that they were designed to transform. A better understanding of the genetics, biology and physiology of microorganisms which is being gained by biotechnological techniques will allow the development of environmentally "safe" microorganisms which would have a limited duration or dispersal potential in natural environments. Other applica tions, including many agricultural uses, will require environmentally competent microorganisms that actively grow in association with crop plans, for example. Such organisms cannot safely be assumed to a limited duration in the environment in which they are released or dispersal restricted only to that localized area of application. Most genetically engineered microorganisms will not represent the introduction of strains with greatly different genetic backgrounds, and thus ecological adaptiv ities, than already existing microbes. For the forseeable future, the most likely targets of genetic engineering will be endemic strains to which a unique gene or genes are added or deleted. Pre dictions of the behavior of such strains when A4 Preservation and Utilization Science Education and the of Iowa's Natural Resources. Public Understanding of Soil resources of Iowa: an overview Science. G. A. MILLER Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, G. HEINLEIN, Columnist, Des Moines Register, Ames, IA 50011-1010 Des Moines, IA 50304 Iowa's soil resources are inherently productive for Science speaks a very strange language these days. plant growth because of the unique combination of To the layman, it might as well be Swahili. Re favorable climate, percentage of level and gently searchers contemplate DNA, quarks, black holes and sloping topography, and a high percentage of deep, supercolliders while the rest of us are capable of medium textured parent materials. Nearly 60 percent being baffled to the point of vexation by the work of Iowa's land surface occupies slope gradients of ings of simple plumbing fixtures. It is no secret 5 percent or less. However, accelerated erosion that the gap between what scientists know and every causes an average displacement of over 9.4 tons one else can even begin to comprehend is a mile wide of soil per acre per year on cropland. The impact and growing wider by the day. That makes writing of soil erosion on soil productivity differs from about science a great challenge, further complicated soil to soil based on the characteristics of the by the fact that many people seem to want their subsoil and substratum of each kind of soil. Recent information delivered in TV news-style blips. My studies suggest that the reduction in crop yields newspaper's goals still are the same as ever: to on steeper sloping, thinner topsoil, till-derived discover that is important, then tell our readers soils are greater than for loess-derived soils on in everyday language, how it affects them. But similar slopes with comparable topsoil thickness. each of those goals is increasingly difficult to A model categorizing subsoil properties into favor attain. In layman's terms, how important was the able, unfavorable, and fragile groups for plant discovery that the African trypanosome changes its growth will be presented. surface protein to avoid the body's immune system? And how do we provide people with a decent under standing of plant genetics? At the Register, we constantly look for patient, articulate scientists Living resources: Strategies to maintain who can help us gain perspective and also make the species diversity leap of understanding between genetic coding and the whole organism. I discovered a surprising D. M. WALLER number of researchers willing to do that a few years ago at an American Cancer Society national science Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, writers' seminar. By asking lots of questions - and Madison, WI 53706 trying their patience, I'm sure - I was able to trace some new findings about oncogenes up through The forests, prairies, and savannas of Iowa, like tumors in "nude mice" and on to some ideas about the rest of the Midwest, has been completely that the findings might say about cancer in people. reshaped to suit human needs. These radical, but There are numerous other examples, but my key point gradual, changes have boosted the populations of is that scientists and reporters - now more than many "edge" species while decimating populations ever - must collaborate in getting out the news of many more specialized native species. Such about scientific achievements, Scientists must changes often boost local diversity at the train themselves to think about their work in expense of overall diversity. Although few common-man terms. Reporters must redouble their species have been extirpated thus far, many efforts to ask a lot of questions, however simplistic, populations face a precarious future as the and not be reluctant - whenever possible, I believe - result of habitat fragmentation, isolation, and to read back portions of their text for comment by changes in the type and rhythm of disturbance. the experts whom they have interviewed. The Island biogeography has produced tools for Register always has stressed precise language; now predicting the effects of fragmentation and it is more essential than ever. isolation, but no similar synthetic theory exists for predicting losses in response to changes in the scale and frequency of ecological processes. To prevent gradual, but inexorable, losses of species over the next 100 years we need to recognize the importance of maintaining large and/or connected natural areas and learn how to reestablish natural patterns of disturbance. A5 production, and change of pH within the growth SECTION PROGRAMS media were determined daily for 5 days. A factorial analysis indicated biomass and oxalic and caproic acid production to be significantly different in terms of temperature and exposure length while valeric acid production was signifi cantly different in terms of exposure length. Agricultural Sciences Formic acid production and change of pH within the growth media were significantly different in terms of temperature-exposure length inter action. The relevance of temperature-induced 1. Mathematical modeling of the life system of a effects of S. sclerotiorum upon field crops will lepidopterous pest of Iowa nurseries be discussed. C.E. Anderson, E.R. Hart, and J.C. Weatherby 4. Double-stranded RNA in rose displaying symptoms Department of Agricultural Engineering, Iowa State of Rose Rosette University, Ames, IA 50011 R. DI, A. H. EPSTEIN and J. H. HILL The yellowheaded fireworm, Acleris minuta (Robinson) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is an Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, economically important defoliator of nursery Ames, IA 50011-1020 plantings. Development of a management plan has been difficult because its highly complex biology Rose "rosette", a disease of unknown etiology which and seasonal history have been poorly understood. affects multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora, Thunb.), Research conducted by Weatherby during 1976-1980 has been found in Iowa. Previous workers have clarified the biology of A. Minuta. Based on this speculated that the disease is caused by a virus; work, a deterministic simulation model was however, no virus-like particles have been observed developed including egg hatch, larval growth and in infected tissue. We have demonstrated the pre development, pupation, adult emergence, mating, sence of putative double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in fecundity, oviposition, and mortality. A first extracts of diseased multif lora rose leaves using order linear growth rate function was used with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After diges a rate coefficient dependent on environmental tion with DNase and RNase, three distinct dsRNA factors and age of the larvae. A developmental species were identified in diseased samples. Simi algorithm as a function of larval weight was used. lar dsRNAs were not detected in extracts from non Survival functions were used for environmental symptomatic rose tissue. factors and natural diseases and predators. The development, testing, and practical 5. Comparison of yellow and pink isolates of application of the model will be discussed. bacteria that cause tan spot of soybean J. M. DUNLEAVY 2. Partial revertants at the W4 locus in soybean U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Re (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) search Service, Dept. of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1020 S. M. BLOMGREN, R. W. GROOSE and R. G. PALMER Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens is a yellow-pigmented Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, bacterium that causes a disease of soybeans called Ames, IA 50011 tan spot. It infects so~bean leaves, from which it can enter the vascular system and, eventually, in In a soybean population containing a suspected fect seed. Four isolates of a pink-pigmented bac transposable element at the W4 locus, which con terium were obtained from infected soybean leaves ditions anthocyanin pigment production, four lines collected in Iowa. All isolates produced tan spot were found that create highly unstable inter symptoms when inoculated to Clark soybeans, and the mediate flower phenotypes. same isolates were reisolated from infected leaves. When the yellow isolate was compared with the pink Preliminary hypotheses of the nature of these isolates, all isolates produced acid from xylose, mutations have been made on the basis of test dextrose, fructose, mannose, galactose, maltose, crosses, pedigree analyses, and phenotypic cellobios, inositol, and erythritol; but not from observations. These hypotheses and a molecular rhamnose, arabinose, sorbitol, glycerol, sorbose, model will be presented. raffinose, lactose, sucrose, and trehalose. All isolates produced esculin, a-glucosidase, n-acetyl 3. Physiological characteristics of Sclerotinia glucosaminidase, a-galactosidase, leucine amino sclerotiorum in response to temperature. peptidase, serine aminopeptidase, arginine amino peptidase, and pyroglutamic acid arylamidase. All C. J. Daugherty bacterial isolates gave a positive test for caro tinoid pigments, and pink isolates were iaen~iiiea Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State as C. flaccumfaciens. University; Ames, IA 50011 The effect of temperature upon the physiological characteristics of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was analyzgd at six distinct temperatures between 18 and 33 C. Furlgal biomass, oxalic and fatt~ acid A6 6. Rosette - a lethal disease of rose 9. Tree planting trials on CRP sites in southern Iowa. A. H. EPSTEIN R. D. HANNA, J. P. COLLETTI, R. B. HALL, R. C. Dept. of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, SCHULTZ, and P. H. WRAY Ames, IA 50011-1020 Department of Forestry, Iowa State University, 251 Rose Rosette a disease of roses is now known to be Bessey Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021 present in Iowa. The disease, of previously unknown etiology, is thought to be vectored by an eriophyid In 1987, four types of tree plantings were mite (Phylocoptes fructiphilus). Multiflora rose established on sites enrolled in the Conservation plants displaying symptoms of rosette disease have Reserve Program (CRP). Two of the trials were been found along with the suspected vector in two species suitability trials: (1) pure block locations in Iowa. Infected plants have been plantings of 14 species and clones, and (2) 1:1 established in the greenhouse at Iowa State Univer mixture plantings of pairs taken from 3 species. sity. Rosette disease has been shown to be lethal The objective in these two trials is to assess to rose and is being considered for development as biomass energy production over mid-length a biological control for multiflora rose, a serious rotations. The third trial is a test of windbreak pest on non-cultivated lands. This paper will plantings on a terraced site interspaced with present symptoms of the disease and discuss plans seedings of native grasses for eventual hay for its development as a biological control agent. production. The fourth trial is with black walnut and two nurse-tree species (autumn olive and white pine) planted on a toe-slope site. Establishment 7. Alder hybrids for short-rotation intensive techniques, initial survival, first-year tree culture. height, and the value of these potential applications will be discussed. R. B. HALL Department of Forestry, Iowa State University, 251 10. Dispersal of the European alder leafminer in Bessey Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021 an intensive culture plantation. Over the last 5 years an exploratory breeding E. R. HART and R. B. HALL program has been centered on the European black -- -- alder (Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.). Greenhouse and Department of Entomology, 407 Science II and field studies have been conducted on these hybrids Department of Forestry, 251 Bessey Hall, Iowa State to determine morphological traits, biomass University, Ames, IA 50011 production, and insect resistance. Hybrids involving an early-flowering selection, parents of The European alder leafminer (EAL), Fenusa dohrnii wide geographic separation, and two other alder (Tischbein) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) is a species (red alder-Alnus rubra and gray alder-A. defoliating insect pest of Alnus in short-rotation incanal all appear prom1s~ - intensive culture (SRIC) systems grown for biomass energy production. A study was initiated in 1987 to quantify movement from infested stands to uninfested areas. Both sticky traps and potted 8. Effects of random mating in F populations of monitor trees were set out at different heights at 2 maize (Zea mays L.) locations within and at distances of O, 5, 10, and 20 m from infested stands. First generation adults A. R. HALLAUER, J. COVARRUBIAS-PRIETO AND GENG-CHEN occurred in sufficient numbers to evaluate movement; HAN both location and height were highly significant. Trap catches fell off sharply with distance, few USDA/ARS, and Department of Agronomy, Iowa State insects being trapped at distances of 5 m or greater University, Ames, IA 50011 from the infestation. Within and at the edge of the stand, increasing trap catches were found at in Different populations are available for the extrac creasing heights up into the tree canopy level. tion of inbred lines for use as parent seed stocks Oviposition events did not seem to fall off as sharply to produce hybrids. Selection and inbreeding with distance as did trap catches. Frequent and usually are initiated in elite-line F2 populations intense rainfall suppressed the second generation without recombination. Intermating of F2 plants adult population to a level that precluded comparisons. may release genetic variability and extend the range of variability. A study was conducted in F 2 11. Growth and yield analysis of soybean infected and F2 populations intermated 5 generations (F2 Syn 5) of an unrelated and related line crosses. Infor with Phialophora gregata. mation was obtained on population means from random HIGLEY, P. M., TACHIBANA, H., AND MARTINSON, C. A. mating, variability among S1 progenies in the F2 and F Syn 5 populations, and estimates of genetic 2 151 Seed Science, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011 variability in the F2 and F2 Syn 5 populations. Intermating F2 plants for 5 generations was not effective for increasing either the range of varia Brown stem rot (BSR), caused by Phialophora gregata, causes significant yield loss. A study was bility among s1 progenies or the estimates of genetic variability in either cross. Estimates of initiated to determine the effects of the disease on dominance variance and levels of dominance decreased soybean growth and yield. Plants of a resistant with intermating, but the estimates of additive (BSR 201) and a susceptible (Pride B216) cultivar were grown in the greenhouse. At the Vl stage, variance were unchanged. Intermating of F2 plants was not effective in changing the relative amount hypocotyls were injected with either a viable or of genetic variability available for selection. nonviable (control) spore suspension. Parameters measured include leaf area, height, vegetative and reproductive stages, number of nodes, branches, A7 leaves, and pods, shoot, root, pod,and seed weights, 14. Preliminary study of amaranth yield loss seeds per pod, and total seed number. BSR caused a caused by the tarnished plant bug [Lygus lineolaris reduction in branching, leaf number, pod weight, and (Palisot de Beauvois)). seed number in both Pride B216 and BSR 201. Leaf area, total seed weight, and the number of full D. L. OLSON AND R. L. WILSON seeded pods were significantly reduced, and repro ductive stage was delayed in Pride B216 but not in Entomology Department and Plant Introduction BSR 201. Yield loss resulted from a reduction in Station, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 seed number rather than seed size. The decreased number of branches resulted in fewer nodes, leaves, Amaranth (Amaranthus spp. L.) is being considered, and pods which affected the number of seeds produced. by many farmers, as an alternative crop. Little is known regarding the insect pest problems these farmers will encounter. One pest that is found abundantly on amaranth is the tarnished plant bug 12. Water flow analysis for a dual pipe sub (TPB), Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois). irrigation-drainage system The TPB feeds on meristimatic tissue or on the plants developing embryos (seeds). This feeding DON KIRKHAM and R. HORTON may result in a seed yield loss. Agronomy Department In one study, 4 infestation levels of TBP, (0, 10, Iowa State University 50, and 100) were placed in bags on amaranth heads Ames, Iowa 50011 and later harvested for seed yield. A significant seed yield loss occurred when 50 or 100 TBP were Theory is developed to describe saturated water placed on the heads. In another study, TPB were flow, from subirrigation with drainage, for a dual placed on heads for differing lengths of time and pipe system. The dual pipe subirrigation-drainage then removed. No yield loss occurred if TPB fed system consists of uniformly spaced parallel for 2 weeks. If feeding occurred for 4 or more irrigation pipes overlaying but laterally offset weeks, a significant yield loss did occur. This from uniformly spaced parallel drainage pipes. information on damage to amaranth by TPB will be The theory takes the radius of drain and irriga useful to amaranth growers for more efficient crop tion pipes into account and thus, refines earlier production. theory of the authors whereby they hypothesized slit irrigation channels and slit drain channels 15. Soybean production model with and of thin rectangular cross section rather than without brown stem rot circular ones. The present theory also shows how the subirrigation water table changes when one reverses flow direction in the drain pipes to cause ~~ IB~~!~B~B AND K. G. BIDNE them to act as additional "irrigation pipes." USDA-ARS and Department of Plant Numerous examples for various hydraulic and sub Pathology, Iowa State University, 415 irrigation condition parameters are worked out. Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011 Brown stem rot A8 16. Evaluation of resistance to gray leaf spot in aberrations involving the same chromosomal maize region. The fourth chlorophyll-deficient was produced by an independent mutational event. P. R. THORSON AND C. A. MARTINSON Preliminary analysis of the plants with necrotic roots suggested that these mutants were allelic. Department of Plant Pathology, 351 Bessey Hall, Further genetic analyses are being conducted to Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1020 ~t~racterize better these mutants. Gray leaf spot, a foliar disease of maize, is caused by the fungus, Cercospora zeae-rnaydis Tehon and Daniels. With the pathogen overwintering in plant debris and the increased practice of minimum tillage, gray leaf spot incidence and severity have increased significantly throughout Iowa. Since few sources of resistance have been indentified, re search was initiated to develop an effective arti Anthropology ficial inoculation method and to screen for possible sources of resistance. Six inoculation procedures were tested to determine which method would produce optimal, uniform disease development. Five tropical populatious (day length adapted for the Midwest) 19. The political transformation of were observed to identify any resistant plants. Burmese Buddhism Also, 75 open pedigree, single cross hybrids were evaluated for disease severity on a specific leaf C.K. MAHMOOD per plant and disease severity per plot (16 plants, 3 replications). The methods utilizing spores pro The use of indigenous tradition as a form duced on modified V-8 medium and hyphal fragments of political statement and a medium of produced in a fermentor resulted in optimal disease. political action occurs primarily under Large differences in disease severity were evident, conditions of cultural duress such as that but no immune plant was found. imposed by colonization. In Burma, the Buddhist religion was reinterpreted to accomodate new socialist and anti-British 17. The relationship between molecular genetic di sentiments, whlle the Buddhist order of versity and hybrid vigor in maize (Zea ~s L.) monks became actively involved in political protest. The syncretic religico E. A. LEE, M. LEE, E. B. GODSHALK, and K. R. LAMKEY polit1cal order which emerged must be considered in light of both its native Agronomy Department, Iowa State University, 1571 and ;v'estern roots, which preclude easy Agronomy, Ames , IA 50011 accomodation to Western political categorization. Likewise, anthropology Maize breeders typically classify inbred lines into must widen its disc ip11nary focus to heterotic groups on the basis of pedigree and em include the pol1t1cal dialogue that takes pirical evaluation (testcrossing). Data from inbred place between non-Western and ~'festern line diallels and testcross trials were used to tradltions if it is to remain relevant in test the potential of using molecular "fingerprints" the contemporary global situation. (restriction fragment length polymorphisms, RFLP's and allozymes) to assign inbred lines to heterotic groups. Inbred lines were assayed at 35 RFLP loci and 20 allozyme loci. The molecular data were used to calculate several measurements of genetic divers ity among the inbred lines. 20. The rescue excavations of two Late Archaic sites in the Marks Bay Park Reserve, Sault St. The objectives of the study are: 1) to determine Marie, Ontario if a relationship exists between genetic diversity at the DNA level and hybrid vigor, and if such a M. L. ANDERSON relationship exists, 2) to investigate the utility of molecular data for assigning inbred lines into Office of the State Archaeologist, 306 Eastlawn, heterotic groups. Iowa City, IA 52242 Two archaeological sites, from the Late Archaic 18. Genetic studies of new mutations in a period, are examined in this paper. The sites are genetically unstable line of soybean (Glycine max located in the Marks Bay Park Reserve, approximately (L.) Merr.). 15 km. west of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. The purpose of the excavations are two-fold. Since the S. M. BLOMGREN, R. W. GROOSE, B. R. HEDGES and sites are located on sand beach ridges in a riverine R. G. PALMER. context, the first objective was to rescue the sites from destruction due to erosion by the St. Marys Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, river. Using the archaeological information gained Ames, IA 50011 during three seasons of field work and the des cription and analysis of the information, the Several new mutations have been recovered from a second objective was to study the settlement and soybean population suspected of containing a activity patterns of the occupants. transposable element. These new mutations include four chlorophyll-deficient lines and three lines with necrotic root systems. Preliminary genetic analysis of the chlorophyll deficients indicated that three of the lines with yellow leaves were A9 21. Cahokia's dispersed farmstead communities research results with a literature review to create a coherent tool typology, with definitions of M. W. MEHRER classes based on form and usewear. As with stone, bone, and pottery, shell tools reflect subsistence Highway Archaeology Program, Office of the State strategies, and at the same time manifest symbols of Archaeologist, 302 Eastlawn Building, University social and cultural identity. Subsistence activi of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 ties are demonstrated by corn shellers, spoons, and hoes; scrapers and mat needles indicate special Recent fieldwork in the American Bottom has yielded function economic strategies. Decorative articles a large amount of new data pertaining to the farm such as beads, pendants, and gorgets reflect pos steads that surrounded the mound centers there. sible ties to other cultural_ groups. Much of this new data has been synthesized in a new settlement study of building, household, and village organization. Trends of small-scale settlement paralleled changes at nearb.v mound centers during 24. An interdisciplinary approach to northeastern late prehistory (AD 950-1400). Regional population Iowa archaeology nucleation changed small-village organization and the disposition of the rural farmsteads. W. GREEN, C. M. HUDAK, C. A. CHUMBLEY and C. A. ME:~ These changes were accompanied by intensification of local, regional, and interregional communications Office of the State Archaeologist, University of and exchange networks yielding an increasingly com Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 plex hierarchical settlement system. The chronolog ical patterns of development have strong implica The Turkey River Basin encompasses a five-county tions for the way that large-scale social and eco area in northeastern Iowa. The Office of the State nomic fources incorporated small-scale settlements Archaeologist conducted an archaeological overview in Cahokia's regional networks. These implications and survey of the region with support from the Iowa are discussed using the results of the farmstead DNR and State Preserves Board. Paleoenvironmental settlement study as supporting evidence for a model background studies focused on the development of of late prehistoric settlement trends in the the Turkey River terrace system and on regional American Bottom. vegetation history. Archaeological work included extensive examination of private collections in order to discern regional patterns of land-use 22. Archaeological use of an avian comparative through time. Late and Terminal Archaic sites skeletal collection (Durst phase and Red Ocher "culture") were examined in detail, as was the historic site of Fort Atkin J. L. CORDELL son and its environs. Preliminary correlations between environmental and cultural change are eval Office of the State Archaeologist, The University uated. Integrated investigations of human of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 paleoecology in northeastern Iowa will be promoted by the regional paleobotanical and geomorphological The Iowa Office of the State Archaeologist is build contexts defined by this work. ing an avian comparative skeletal collection. In 1988, the collection consists of 215 specimens, rep resenting 14 orders, 34 families and 87 species of birds. The collection is being built by 25. Accidental entrepreneurs: rural salvaging dead birds under federal and state salvaqe development and high technology small permits. The collection will enable archaeologists businesses in mid Wales. to identify avian remains recovered from archaeolo gical sites. Identifying recovered avian remains D. CAULKINS will aid investigators in answering such questions as: the environmental conditions during, and Anthropology Department season of occupation; the range of area exploited; Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 50112 the diet of the people who occupied the site; and what birds were exploited for ornamentation and As one of the strategies for halting the ritual use. Correct identification involves over depopulation of rural Wales, the Mid Wales coming problems of osteological similarities among Development Agency supports new, high families of birds, variations in a single species~ technology industry. These small firms and stages of bone development. Assistance in were founded by University faculty, or by building the comparative collection is requested immigrant engineers attracted across the from wildlife refuges and rap tor rehabil i-tati on border from England. The latter are often centers, where dead birds may be salvaged. redundant former employees of major corporations who have been "pushed" into entrepreneurship. Some are voluntary exiles attracted by the vision of the good 23. A typology for Nebraska phase shell tools. life in a scenic, rural environment. The locational characteristics usually K. K. HIRST associated with high technology industries -good amenities, high accessibility, and Highway Archaeology Program, Eastlawn Hall, concentrations of business services and The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. company headquarters--do not account for the emergence of an electronics industry in Results of recent investigations on freshwater mus Mid Wales. The number of new jobs created sel shell tools from sixteen eastern periphery by the industry is likely to remain small Nebraska phase archaeological sites are given, for since few of the "accidental" entrepreneurs developing a tool typology. The paper combines aspire to building large companies. AlO 26. Tensions in commercial development in organized under the feckless Newtown an industrializing Welsh new town Council of Churches, but have found little respite from their slow decay. The new S. D. DAVIS churches and the cults' success stems from two general qualities: an evangelical Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 50112 style of recruitment and an encompassing program of services. Although individuals Acceleration of entrepreneurial ventures in from various churches may socialize well, Newtown, Wales is one goal of the when it comes to mixing religious promotional efforts of the Mid Wales attitudes, beliefs, or practices, the Development O·iWD) Agency whose general "ecumenical" feeling tends to fall into objective is to improve the region's sectarian grievances. economy. However, various shopkeepers are dissatisfied with the level and type of support offered to the business community 29. The problems of recreational by MWD. These complaints ranged from facilities for older youth in Newtown, Wales inadequate facilities to lack of marketing expertise and inappropriate business P. BAIRD advice. Among the nine local business support agencies, the Welsh Craft Council Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 5011~ (WCC) has the greatest potential for assisting small craft business start-ups. The adequacy of youth recreational f acili However, reduced budget and a negative ties in Newtown, Wales has recently been local reputation of the MWD, with which wee brought into question. Newtown has been is associated, hampers its effectiveness. targeted as a development center by the Partly as a result of these tensions l"iid-Wales Development Board, and has ex between the development agencies and the perienced both a rapid rise in population transience of the population, many business and an increase in juvenile crime. The ventures fail, few succeed, and others recreational interests of Newtown's young relocate to more prosperous regions. people is compared to and contrasted with the reality of what the town offers them. This study shows there is a lack of recrea 27. The political and social effects of tional facilities that fit the interests the governmental centralization in a rural of older youth, aged approximately 16-20 community years. The official youth clubs, and the voluntary youth groups focus on fulfilling J. ENRIETTO the interests of younger children. The pubs better fulfill the interests of 16-20 Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa 50112 years olds, but are not always accessible to young people. The lack of recreational In 1974, a Reorganization Act centralized facilities is particularly acute for young the boroughs of Montgomeryshire, women, who often feel uncomfortable in the Radnorshire, and Breconshire, to form Powys male-dominated youth groups and pubs. County, Wales. The political and economic Recreational facilities that better fit the powers of Montgomeryshire were distributed interests of older youth are both feasible into District and County councils, located and advisable. in Welshpool. District councillors also acting as town councillors silently insures Montgomery of financial and governmental support for most requests. However, despite the financial and political benefits the Reorganization Act provided Biotechnology ~ontgomery, the townspeople claim that the town council has lost its autonomy and is not attuned to the public's needs. This is 30 0 Isolation and in vitro synthesis of a a partial consequence of the growing polypeptide specific to mitochondria of the Texas separation between the town councillors and male-sterile cytoplasm of maize. the leadership of local voluntary social organizations, as well as the decreasing C. LIN, L. E. GIRTON AND E. HACK prestige of the councillor's positions. Botany Department, Iowa State University, Bessey Hall, Aines, IA 50011 28. Old church, new church and cult in mid Wales Mitochondria of maize with the Texas male-sterile (T) cytoplasm synthesize a 13-kDa polypeptide (pl3) K. TORKE that is not found in normal maize mitochondria. Texas male sterility is associated with suscepti Department of Anthropology, Grinnell bility to race T toxin produced by the fungus College, Grinnell, IA 50112 Helminthosporium maydis; indirect evidence impli cates pl3 in the causation of both male sterility In Newtown, Wales, the religious community and toxin susceptibility. As a first step in is dense and diverse, with fourteen church determining how pl3 might affect mitochondrial buildings and fifteen different denomina function, we have purified it and prepared anti tions. A prominent distinction exists be bodies to it. Using these antibodies, we have con tween the old churches, the new churches, firmed that pl3 is absent from normal mitochondria and the cults. The older churches are and that it is present in reduced amounts in T bonding together in an ecumenical movement, cytoplasm plants whose fertility has been restored All by nuclear genes. The protein is present in the 33. Identification and genetic localization of inner membrane fraction of mitochondria and behaves loci affecting yield and other agronomic traits in as an intrinsic membrane protein. Synthesis of pl3 maize can be detected when RNA isolated from T mito chondria is translated in vitro. This synthesis is D. Grapt, D, Blair, w. Behrendsen, R, Meier, arrested when a clone of the URF13-T gene from T B. Beavis, s. L. Bowen, R, Tenborg, J, Martich, mitochondria is hybridized to the RNA, confirming R, R. Fincher, s. Smith, o. s. Smith, J, Keaschall previous evidence that this gene codes for pl3. Pioneer Hi-Bred Int'l,, Inc., Johnston, IA 50131 31. Expression in yeast of a gene from Texas rnale We have begun a series of experiments to use sterile maize mitochondria. El:!striction ,D:"agment !Length E,olymorphisms (RFLPs) to identify and localize to chromosomal segments the major loci affecting agronomically inportant traits in .z...._~. As an initial step in this study, we are examining the cross B73 x Mol7. This Departments ~f 1Genetics, 2Biochemistry and cross was chosen because 1) the two parental Biophysics, Botany, and 4Plant Pathology, Iowa inbreds differ at many RFLP loci, 2) the cross is State University, Ames, IA 50011 extremely heterotic and 3) F2 progeny from this cross would be expected to show segregation for Mitochondria of maize with the Texas male-sterile many inportant traits. Major effect loci will be cytoplasm contain a unique 13-kDa polypeptide, pl3 mapped by correlating the presence of parental RFLP (see C. Lin et al., this meeting). In order to alleles in individual F2 plants with the family assess its effects on male sterility and suscepti means for agronomically inportant traits measured bility to race T toxin, we are introducing pl3 into in F3 families and F4 top crosses derived from mitochondria of other organisms. Chimeric genes these plants. This data, along with the RFLP map we that code for pl3 attached to the mitochondrial have prepared, will give a minimum estimate of the targeting sequences of two yeast mitochondrial number of major genes which condition these traits, proteins have been introduced into the nuclear along witb their approximate chromosomal location. genome of the yeast Saccharornyces cerevisiae. Detection with antibodies to pl3 shows that the fusion proteins are translated and targeted to mitochondria; approximately half the fusion protein 34. Evaluation of Kanamycin, Hygromycin and is processed to a polypeptide the same size as pl3, Chlorsulfuron for selection of genetically trans presumably by removal of the amino terminal target formed cells in plants. ing sequence. Yeast mitochondria containing pl3 are not affected by race T toxin. Mitochondrial D. T. TOMES, R. HIGGINS and M. L. SLETTON, Depart fractionation shows that pl3 is mainly located in ment of Biotechnology Research, Pioneer·Hi-Bred the outer mitochondrial membrane. We are attempt International, Inc., 7300 N.W. 62nd Avenue, ing to identify targeting sequences that will be Johnston, IA 50131 effective in delivering pl3 to the inner membrane. Genetic transformation of naize and tobacco via microprojectile bombardment of cells occurs at 32. An Immunological and Fluorescence Microscopy !CM frequencies which necessitates the use of a Study of Terns Corn Mitochondria period of enrichment to allow recovery of transformed cells, tissues and plants. We have H-Y. YANG AND H. T. HORNER determined growth conditions and levels of the two antibiotics, kanarnycin and hygromycin, and Department of Botany, Iowa State University, the herbicide, chlorsulfuron, which might be Ames, IA 50011 appropriate for transformation experiments with naize ~ .I!§Y.§ L.) callus cultures. Although > An immunoelectron-microscopy technique has been 500 mg/l of kanarnycin and 50 mg/l hygromycin developed to localize and visualize a arrest growth, inconsistent growth, and mitochondrial protein gene product (PT13) in the "escapes" in control cultures of transformation outer membranes of mitochondria of Terns corn. In experiments have confirmed that these two addition, a cationic potential sensitive antibiotics cannot be used successfully. fluorescence dye (DiOC6) has been used to study Chlorsulfuron, on the other hand, gives the response of the mitochondria to a fungal excellent and consistent growth inhibition at 1- pathogenic T-toxin and respiratory inhibitors. 10 ug/l at callus and regenerated plant level. These techniques have helped to understand the Transformed tissue has been obtained via fate of mitochondria in tapetal cells of Terns microprojectile bombardment from tobacco anthers as a function of premature tapeturn suspension cultures using chlorsulfuron as the degeneration that leads to male sterility. selectable marker. Similar exreriments are l.D'lder way in naize callus cultures. A12 35. Scanning electron microscopic study of surface 37. Application of electron microscopy techniques characteristics of human Enamel and Dentin: A pilot in urinary tract stone analysis study A. H. MARDANl, A. U. DOGAN2, S. A. LOENINGl, A. SPIRl, s. C. Kheral and A. U. DOGAN2 E. V. KRAMOLOWSKYl and R. D. WILLIAMS! Department of Operative Dentistry, College of Department of Urology!, Central Electron Micro Dentistry!, Central Electron Microscopy Facility2, scopy Facility2, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 IA 52242 Coronal dentin surf ace is considered to be a replica Several techniques ranging from chemical analysis of the external enamel surface. Differences be to x-ray diffraction were applied to study urinary tween these two surfaces will reflect if these tract stone composition. Nevertheless, all these changes are due either to developmental processes of methods have advantages and disadvantages. In the tooth or to the functional role of the surfaces. this study, the Hitachi S-570 Scanning Electron Scalloping of the dentino-enamel junction (DEJ) has Microscope equipped with a backscattered electron been reported in several studies. These irregu detector, and Kevex 8000 Energy Dispersive (EDS) larities have been suggested to strengthen the union and Microspec WDX-2A Wavelength Dispersive (WDS) between the enamel and the dentin. X-ray Microanalysis systems was used. Ten stones from ten different patients were surgically ex The purpose of this pilot study was to observe and tracted for analysis. Three random sites were compare the scalloping pattern of the enamel and selected; each site was first scanned with the SEM dentin surfaces in different regions of the tooth and then observed with backscattered electron im crown. Four posterior human teeth from young aging (BSE). Signal mixing techniques (SM) were adults were prepared and coated with Au+Pd for applied to each site by mixing the signals of SEM observation under scanning electron microscopy. and BSE 50%, 75%, and 100%. Each location site was Micrographs were taken at three different levels of analyzed using EDS and WDS, and elemental distri the crown: The gingival 1/3, the middle 1/3 and the bution maps were applied to each site. Stone occlusal 1/3. The expected scalloping pattern was structures with SEM were found to have layered observed in the enamel crown. It was found to be structures. Calcium was more prevalent in the more priminent at the different teeth. If this honeycomb matrix, while phosphate and magnesium were pattern is also found at the DEJ, it can be con more prevalent in the crystalline structure. cluded that the bond between enamel and dentin is Although potassium, sulfur, iron, and zinc were not only biological but also biomechanical. It found in the stone, the relationship of these ele was just the opposite of that on the external sur ments remains unknown at the present time. There face of enamel. More scallops were seen in the fore, combining electron microscopy techniques such dentin at the DEJ in the occlusal 1/3 and the as SEM, BSE, SM, EDS and WDS elemental distribution fewest were observed in the cervical 1/3. This mapping will enable us to understand stone formation, might suggest that the mechanical bonding between and to find precise content and nature of stones enamel and dentin is strongest in the occlusal 1/3 which will lead to better diagnosis and treatment. and weakest in the cervical 1/3. 36. Surface examination of vitallium and 38. Comparative electron microscopic study of "dental titanium endodontic implants using scanning elec chewing sticks" tron microscropy 1 1 1 2 ~· .!!_. DOGAN!, D. c. N. cHAN2, and M. M. DOGAN3 K.E.KRIZAN , S.MADISON , D.L.ZEITLER AND A.U.DOGAN 1 Central Elec tron Microscopy Facility!, DOWS In Dows Institute Dental Research , Central Electron stitute for Dental Research2, and Department of Microscope Facility2 , The University of Iowa, Iowa Geology3, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA City, Iowa 52242 52242 This study examines the surfaces of Vitallium (Vi) Our literature search showed that no electron micro and Titanium (Ti) endodontic endosseous implants. scopy work has been performed to characterize dental Four Cynomolgus monkeys underwent root canal instru chewing sticks. The purpose of this project was mentation in all central incisors. Osseous prepara to characterize the physical and chemical components tions were done through the tooth near the apex and of the chewing sticks using comparative electron 2-6 mm into bone. Tapered, size 50, endodontic im microscopic techniques including scanning electron plants of Vi and Ti were inserted. Three months af microscopy (SEM), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), and ter the operations the animals were perfused. Speci energy & wavelength dispersive x-ray microanalysis mens were processed routinely for scanning electron (EDS & WDS). Hitachi S-570 SEM, Tracor Northern microscropy (SEM). From a total of 24 implants, 15 XRF, Kevex 8000 EDS, and Microspec WDX-3PC WDS were photographed in a SEM. Examination of SEM micro were used. Samples were obtained from Lebanon, graphs show that the surf aces of the implants change Saudi Arabia and Nigeria. SEM study reveals that in vivo. The pre-op surfaces of Vi implants appear there are rhombohedral and round shape crystals in rough with crevasse-like pits and machine marks. The the samples from Saudi Arabia and Lebanon. The pre-op surfaces of Ti implants looked smoother with round objects abound in the lignified cell struc crater-like concavities of many sizes and subtle tures. X-ray microanalysis study shows the valleying. After three months in vivo the Vi surfaces rhombohedral crystals are composed mainly of cal have blunter edges and small pits are smoother with cium and round objects contains both calcium and large ones partially filled. Ti surfaces are valleyed sulfur. XRF study indicates presence of calcium, with sharp longitudinal ridges. Both metals have celJI phosphorous, and fluorine. However, rhombohedral attachments and evidence of some contamination. crystals are not observed on samples from Nigeria. A13 Ca, P and F are all important components of tooth grow or to have grown independent of cultivation structure, and presence of these chemicals sup consists of 826 species representing 399 genera port the theory that the chewing sticks of fer more and 98 families. Eighteen species are included than mechanical cleansing since the nature's tooth on the Iowa list of threatened and endangered brush is used without a toothpaste. species, including two species unique to the state: Carex leptalea Wahl. (Cyperaceae) and Dalea vi~ (Nutt.) Sprengel (Fabaceae). Another rare species, Rubus hispidus L. (Rosaceae) is also found only in Black Hawk County in Iowa. Significant habitats include sand prairies, Botany floodplain forests, upland forests, marshes and ponds. 39. Kernel smut disease of big bluestem 42. Advantages of sequential processing when using microcomputers with large textual data banks. K. SNETSELAAR AND L. H. TIFFANY L. J. EILERS Department of Botany, Iowa State University, Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011 Biological and other data are frequently collected and stored as alphanumeric text in a microcomputer. Kernel smut of big bluestem is caused by Field collection data for organisms are of this Sphacelotheca occidentalis (Seym.) Clint. This type. Often these data consist of sets of related fungus is perennial in its host and produces smut pieces of information (fields) collected at the same sori and spores in the florets of dwarfed culms. time (binomial, locality, date, etc.), and collect There is no record of the disease in Iowa prior to ively forming one data entry, or record. A partic 1978, but since then it has been found every year ular record field may be of uniform length for all in native prairies in northwest Iowa and may be records, but very often varies considerably in increasing its distribution in the state. length. Disease epidemics in natural grasslands are Most microcomputers allow data to be processed poorly investigated. Some features of the either sequentially or in random access format. In bluestem/S. occidentalis system make it a good sequential processing the various fields are stored model for-future study. The host is widely end-to-end and separated by a marker. The fields distributed and disease effects on host can be of any length, subject to the overall reproduction are dramatic and easily assessed. restriction on total record length. Random access Field and laboratory studies concerned with processing, generally used by co11111ercial applica dissemination, sites of invasion into the plant, tions programs, require that the length of each and disease development are in progress. field be designated beforehand. If the length of the longest possible data piece is chosen, then 40. Fungi of Big Bend National Park area, Texas shorter entries in the same field will be extended by padding with blanks. Thus, much space is used LOIS H. TIFFANY AND GEORGE KNAPHUS simply to store blanks. Sequential processing takes more time, but where storage space is scarce it has Department of Botany, Iowa State University, Ames, distinct advantages over random access processing. Iowa 50011 43. The status of Orchidaceae in Iowa Fungi of the desert areas of the Southwestern United States and especially of the Big Bend area D. M. ROOSA and L. J. EILERS. of Southwestern Texas are not well known. Saprobic species have been opportunistically Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, IA, reported, particularly the unusual Gasteromycetes 50319, and University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, of this region. Parasites of the native plants, 50614. with the exception of the rusts, have been only sketchily observed and recorded. Botany Club As a result of research conducted in the early trips to Big Bend National Park in early spring of 1970's, David Niemann (PIAS 93:24-34) published the alternate years since 1979 have given us an distribution of the 25 species of orchids he opportunity to work intensively, albeit briefly, determined to be, or were, native to Iowa. Since with the fungi of the park. This report will deal the completion of his research, six new species or with the fungi we have found, with emphasis on the varieties have been discovered in Iowa, or described fungal parasites of species of Yucca, Agave, from the state as a result of taxonomic refinements. Dasylirion, and Nolina. Additionally, many new county records have been established. 41. A survey o:E the vascular flora of Black The status of all orchid species in Iowa will be Hawk CCJunty, Iowa discussed, with special emphasis given to the following species new to Iowa: Cypripedium K. E. VAN NORMAN calceolus L. var. parviflorum (Salisbury) Fern., Platanthera lacera (Michx.) G. Don ex Sweet, University of Northern Iowa, Biology Department, P. praeclara Sheviak & Bowles, Spiranthes lucida Cedar Falls, Iowa, 50614. (Eaton) Ames, ~· magnicamporum Sheviak, and ~· ovalis Lindley. The vascular flora of Black Hawk County, Iowa was studied in the field and from herbarium specimens during 1981-84. The documented flora of native or naturalized plant species known to A14 44. Classification and conservation status of stage class, genet size, flower number, bulbil Iowa fens number and extent of herbivory. J. A. PEARSON Differences in population stage class structure, amount of vegetative reproduction, flower production Preserves and Ecological Services Bureau, Iowa and bulbifery were observed among sites. Department of Natural Resources, Wallace State Differences in these parameters were also apparent Office Building, Des Moines, Iowa 50319 in a comparison between shaded and sunny microsites within one of the localities. These results will be Three types of fens are represented in Iowa as compared to those obtained previously in four years classified by nutrient content of seepage water. of similar study in Wisconsin. Implications for Nutrient-poor ("poor" or "hypotrophic") fens have management will also be discussed. pH between 5.5 and 6.5; the only known Iowa exam ple is Pilot Knob Bog on the central Des Moines Lobe. Nutrient-rich ("rich" or "mesotrophic") 47. Use of Radioisotope Labelling Technique to fens have pH between 6.5 and 7.5; over 60 examples Study Pollination and Microsporogenesis in are known from the Iowan Surface, northwestern Milkweeds (Asclepiadaceae) Des Moines Lobe, Paleozoic Plateau, and Missis sippi Alluvial Plain. Very nutrient-rich G. NG, J.M. PLEASANTS AND HARRY T. HORNER. ("hypertrophic") fens have pH ) 7. 5: 16 examples are known from the northwester; Des Moines Lobe. Department of Botany, Iowa State University, Ames 500ll. Grazing is the leading land use on and around fens, often exposing them to severe trampling. Cropland 14 A radioisotope labelling technique using co 2 was is the second most common surrounding land use; used to mark pollinia in milkweeds to study insect drainage and apparent herbicide damage are noted pollination. Following a 9-hour incorporation, threats. A small number of fens are adjacent to pollinia were removed and fixed as flowers opened mining operations. Seven fens in Iowa are owned over the next 12 days. Some pollinia were air by conservation agencies, two of which are dried and mounted on slides while others were disturbed by mining or past heavy grazing. processed to resin and sectioned. All slides were coated with autoradiographic emulsion, exposed and 45. Rare plant discoveries from Iowa fens during processed for viewing. Whole pollinia from 1987 flowers that were in bud stage at time of incorporation, showed greatest label, whereas M. J. LEOSCHKE pollinia from progressively older flowers showed less to none. In sections, the greatest amount of Preserves and Ecological Services Bureau, Iowa label was over pollen cytoplasm and less over Department of Natural Resources, Wallace State pollen walls and pollinium sacs. Some of the Office Building, Des Moines, Iowa 50319 heavily labelled whole pollinia were acetolyzed, and sectioned for followup autoradiography. No In 1987 over 75 potential fen sites in Iowa were label was observed over pollen walls or sacs. inventoried for rare plant species. Forty-one new These results have important implications about records on 18 sites in 8 counties were found in events in the anther and the role of the tapetum, Iowa Surface fens. Highlights include the first as well as supporting use of this technique to Iowan Surface collections of Rhynchospora capilla track dispersal of pollinia by pollinators. cea, Scleria verticillata and Triglochin maritima, plus 3 new sites for Salix pedicellaris. Sixteen new records on 7 sites in two counties were found in Des Moines Lobe fens. This included 1 new site for Platanthera hyperborea and 2 new sites for 48. Developmenc of the ear and tassel of two m1nuc>l teosintes Berula erecta. One site contained Iowa's largest populations of four rare species including a huge population of Scleria verticillata. Five new .\. R. ORR AND M. D. SUNDBERG records were found on a Paleozoic Plateau fen. This fen produced a state record, Spiranthes De~·t. of Biology, l.'niv. of Northern Iowa. Ceda.i: lucida. falls LA 30Gl4 and Dept. of Botany. Louisiana State Univ .. Batc.n Rouge LA 7081JJ l'hc· ontogeny of ears and tassels in tl•·u annual li.'usintcs. Zea mays ssp. pan·iglumis and Z. mays 46. Population structure of the threatened plant, ssp. mexLauawas examined using SEM and LM. Aconitum noveboracense, in Iowa habitats. The data indicate two distinct de\elopmencal paLt•."nts tn these teosintes: one characteristic ot M.A. KUCHENREUTHER the male inflorescence and similar Lo that p!<:.'\·iuu·;l:·· des·:rib(·d in Z. diploperennis (Sundberg Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin- ar.d 011. A.J.B .. 73: 1699-1712, l':l86); the other Madison, Birge Hall, Madison, WI 53706. che fcrnule inflorescence that follo~s the pattern p1 •_·\' iously desc~· ibcd as "mi:-;ed" in Z. diploperennis Aconitum noveboracense is a perennial herb that is tassel,.. Th<~ rt·sults of this studyfu.t:the1 federally classified as threatened. It occurs on supports th·:: idea that a ceosinte tassel is algific talus slopes and related features of ancestral to the maize car. periglacial origin in northeast Iowa. In the first year of a long-term study, a total of 8 populations of Aconitum noveboracense were sampled from 4 of the substrate types upon which it occurs. Permanent demographic plots were established and a variety of measurements were made, including plant size and A15 49. Effect of repeated acid exposures on cuticle in its development, anatomy, and function. Other permeability legumes, and some taxa of a few other families, H. D. HAUSER AND V. S. BERG reportedly have PVM or a similar layer, but des criptions are unsatisfactory. We have found PVM Biology De.P,artment, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar in the common goldenrod Solidago canadensis (Tribe Falls, IA ~0614 Astereae). Freehand and resin sections, and The permeability to acid of the waxy cuticle covering clearings showed PVM similar to that of Glycine in leaves may be an important factor in the susceptibility position and appearance, but with no evidence of of a plant to acid precipitation. The permeability of precocious maturation or protein accumulation isolated cuticles was delf>rmined by placing the cuticle during flowering. PVM in Glycine extends just between pH 7 deionized water and pH 4 sulfuric acid. beneath the minor veins and vein endings, where The neutral drop gradually became acidic due to acid abaxial bundle sheath cells are contiguous with moYing through the cuticle. The permeability as a it. In~. canadensis, in contrast, PVM abuts the function of time was calculated from the pH. This median bundle sheath cells of these vein orders procedure was repeated and the permeability recal except at vein endings, where bundle sheath cells culated. Cuticles were treated in one of three ways: protrude and become part of the PVM layer. Our 1) two permeability measurements were made without observations indicate a true PVM in~. canadensis, further treatment between measurements, 2) the cuticle the first report from Asteraceae, but the cited was soaked 24 hours in pH 7 deionized water between anatomical differences from Glycine reflect measurements, or 3) the cuticle was soaked for 24 hours independent PVM evolution in the two families. in pH 10.5 KOH between measurements. During the initial acid treatment, the permeability was generally very low at first, then increased greatly. During the S2. Lens morphology in seeds of Mimosoideae second treatment there was no such increase, and the (Leguminosae). permeability was near that calculated during the latter portion of the first treatment. Soaking in water or C. L. BRUBAKER, N. R. LERSTEN AND C. R. GUNN. base did not change this pattern. The permeability of isolated pear luaf cuticle to acid is initially low, but if Dept. of Botany, Iowa State University, Ames, IA the cuticle is exposed to acid for a sufficient time, the SOOll, and USDA, BARG-East, Beltsville, MD 2070S. permeability can greatly increase, apparently irrr,,·crsibly. The lens is a variously developed structure of legume seeds distinct from hilum and micropyle. Experimental evidence from papilionoid legumes has SO. The relationship between inflorescence size shown that H20 enters the lens to initiate germi and self-pollination in the milkweed, Asclepias nation. In Mimosoideae, a few observations long syriaca. supported the generalization that there is no lens. Gunn (USDA Tech. Bull. 1681.1984), however, J. M. PLEASANTS AND G. NG concluded from examining intact seeds that a lens occurs in over than 50% of the taxa. We examined Department of Botany, Iowa State University, Ames, seeds, from herbarium specimens and botanical IA soon gardens, of 16 species from 14 genera representing all S mimosoid tribes. Scanning electron micro We estimated the amount of self-pollination scopy was used to observe intact and razor blade occurring on umbels of various size in Asclepias sectioned seeds. A few species seemed to lack a syriaca. Estimates were made by comparing the lens, but in most it was a specialized area of the total number of pollinia insertions on emasculated testa. We found variation in lens size, shape, umbels (where only outcross insertions can occur) and relationship to underlying vascular bundle, to control umbels (where both outcross and self but it was less than in Caesalpinioideae. In some insertions can occur). Over all umbel sizes we mimosoid species, the lens was of the "pop-off" estimated that 36% of inserted pollinia were of type, which offers indirect evidence that it self origin. Self-insertion levels were highest allows H20 to enter the seed. This study verifies for smaller and larger umbels and lowest for Gunn's conclusion that most mimosoid seeds have a intermediate size umbels. This paralleled the lens, and it provides structural details. level of removals per flower (a measure of pollinator visitation) which was low for smaller and larger umbels and high for intermediate size umbels. Thus self-pollination decreases as the S3. Lens morphology in seeds of Caesalpinioideae pool of self-pollen available on the umbel (Leguminosae). decreases. For larger umbels, the loss of pollinia due to self insertion and the lower N. R. LERSTEN, C. L. BRUBAKER AND C. R. GUNN. levels of removals per flower act in concert to reduce the total number of pollinaria donated to Department of Botany, Iowa State University, other umbels. Consequently, male function is Ames, IA 50011, and USDA/ARS/SBMNL, BARG-East, greater for umbels of intermediate size. Beltsville, MD 2070S-2325. The lens (boss, strophiole) is a variously Sl. Paraveinal mesophyll in a goldenrod, Solidago developed structure of legume seeds distinct: from canadensis: First report from the Asteraceae. the hilum and micropyle. Experimental evidence from papilionoid legumes has demonstrated that N. R. LERSTEN AND C. L. BRUBAKER H20 enters the lens area first to initiate Dept. of Botany, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA SOOll germination. In the Caesalpinioideae, a few existing light microscope observations support Paraveinal mesophyll (PVM) is the current term for the generalization that no lens occurs in this a median cell layer distinct from palisade and subfamily. We examined seeds, obtained from spongy regions in some leaves. PVM has been herbarium specimens and botanical gardens, of 13 described in most detail from Glycine ~ species from 13 genera representing all 5 of the (Leguminosae), and shown there to be distinctive "Groups" that approximate ·tribes. Scanning A16 electron microscopy was used for intact and razor 56. The genus Lindernia All. (Scrophulariaceae) in blade-sectioned seeds. A few species lacked a the New World lens, but in most it was a specialized area of the testa of various sizes, shapes, and D.Q. LEWIS relationships to the underlying vascular bundle. In some species the lens was a delicately Department of Botany, Iowa State University, Ames, attached lid, which popped off easily and IA 50011 provides strong indirect evidence that the lens is a primary site of H20 entry. This study has The genus Lindernia is represented in the New World shown that, contrary to current opinion, a lens by eleven species in six sections. rt has been is a common feature of seeds of Caesalpinioideae. postulated that the genus falls naturally into three main geographical groups - Asia, Africa, and the New World; testing the hypothesis that those 54. Cuticular crystals in Stylosanthes taxa native to the New World indeed form a natural (Leguminosae) leaflets group provided the basis for this study. More than 5000 herbarium specimens from 26 institutions have C. L. BRUBAKER, and H. T. HORNER been examined. Department of Botany, Iowa State University, Six of the species are in Sect. Brachycarpae Ames, IA 50011 (Benth.) Philcox, and the center of distribution of this section is in the New World. One species, also In developing leaflets of Stylosanthes native to the New World, is in Sect. Lindernia; the guianensis (Aubl.) Sw., twin prismatic calcium four remaining species are introductions from the oxalate crystals form in vacuoles of epidermal Old World and are in various other sections. One of cells which later die and collapse leaving the these, L. viscosa, was not known from the New World crystals embedded in cup-like accumulations of prior to this study. The species will be compared cuticle and cell wall material. Adaxial crystal and their sectional affinities and geographic ranges cells are located directly above conical cells briefly discussed. which, in turn, are interspersed among smaller multiple layered palisade parenchyma. Abaxial crystal cells are located beneath large 57. Ada Hayden horizontally branched cells occupying the lower most level of mesophyll. Spongy parenchyma D. ISELY occupies the middle mesophyll above the two dimensional layer of branched cells. Formation Department of aotany, Iowa State University, Ames, of abaxial crystals and differentiation of the IA 50011 branched cells of the lowermost mesophyll occur simultaneously. Adaxial crystal formation In the sense that Pammel was father of the state begins later and parallels differentiation of park system, Hayden bequeathed us the state pre the conical cells. Cuticular crystals are known serves. The first woman Ph.D. (1918) from Iowa from other legumes. But, to our knowledge, this State, she was a member of the faculty from 1918 is the first report where crystal development, until her death in 1950. The establishment of the involving cell death and collapse, is correlated first preserves, those now cal led the Hayden and with specialized mesophyll cells. the Kalsow prairies, in the early 1940's, are a direct result of her efforts. Subsequently as a member of an IAS committee charged with finding and inventorying prairie fragments deserving preserva 55. Iowa liverwort distribution extensions tion, she described some 22 areas in 10 counties. That publication (IAS Proceedings, 1946) remains a D. R. Zehr reference for current conservationists. Department of Natural Science Hayden was curator of the Iowa State Herbarium, William Penn College 1932-1950, and contributed immeasurably to its development. It is presently proposed to name this Oskaloosa, IA 52577 research facility the Ada Hayden Herbarium. Several extensions of Iowa liverwort and hornwort distributions have been identified Hayden's floristic studies of the lake region in in the past three years. Over 100 county northern Iowa are perhaps presently the most records have been collected, nineteen of authoritative for any part of the state. these in Guthrie County. The xerophytic Riccia austini Steph., Riccia dictyospora 58. The taxonomic status of Lindernia saxicola M. M.A.Howe and Riccia hirta (Aust.) Underw. A. Curtis (Scrophulariaceae), a candidate for were discovered at Gitchie Manitou State inclusion in the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Preserve in Lyon County and are new List of Endangered Plant Species additions to the state flora. There are now sixty three hepatic species presently D. Q. LEWIS known for Iowa. Department of Botany, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 Lindernia saxicola occurs in cracks in rocks in mountain streams in the southern Appalachians. rt has always been thought to be extremely rare, and has been known from only three sites. It has long been recognized that Lindernia saxicola closely resembles Lindernia monticola Muhl., a more Al7 common granite outcrop species in the SE U.S. The 61. Early Wisconsinan vegetation in southcentral two species have historically been separated by the Iowa presence and size of cauline leaves, length of the pedicels, size and shape of the capsules, and phen R.G. Baker, Dept. of Geology & Botany, U. of Iowa, ology. A comprehensive study of herbarium specimens Iowa City, IA 52242, and E. A. Bettis III, Dept. has shown that the characters previously used to of Nat. Resources, Iowa City, IA 52240 separate the taxa are inaccurate, with measurements overlapping between the two taxa. Field studies in The first pollen and plant macrofossil analysis of Alabama have shown that a great deal of intermediacy early Wisconsinan or Sangamonian deposits from Iowa exists in the "Lindernia saxicola" population there. are from the St. Charles proboscidian site, and Greenhouse studies show that morphological changes reveal both local and regional vegetation. The can be induced by changing conditions. Therefore, pollen and macrofossil-bearing deposits occur with the conclusion is made that L. saxicola should be in fine-grained "late-Sangamon" alluvium. Ther treated as a synonym of L. monticola. moluminescence dates on the alluvial deposits range between 65,000 and 75,000 yr. B.P. Lower pollen samples indicate a prairie-like setting, with high 59. Soil fungi of selected prairie sites in percentages of Poaceae, Artemisia, and Asteraceae central Iowa. pollen, along with some Pinus and Quercus. \+i\~~\~ samples show high pollen percentages of Pinus, with J. SHEARER lower but still substantial amounts of prairie taxa. Upper samples show fluctuating Pinus and Department of Botany, Iowa State University, Ames, prairie taxa, ending with high pine. Plant IA 50011 macrofossils indicate an evolving wetland community, with predominantly aquatic taxa at the In soil mycoflora studies of virgin and restored base, a mix of marsh, wet prairie, and disturbed prairie soils in central Iowa, over 450 species of ground plants in the middle, and marsh species in soil fungi were identified. The fungal community the upper part. The overall vegetationa7 of tall grass prairie soils appears to be reconstruction may resemble modern environments distinctly different from the soil fungi of other along the prairie-forest border in the Canadian grassland communities worldwide. prairie provinces. Sampling at intervals during the growing season provided data concerning effects of burning and 62. D-lactate dehydrogenase in Chlorella seasonality on the soil fungal community. soroki ni ana Fungal species can be grouped into three basic M.G. JOHNSON AND J.L. TJOSTEM categories: 1) ubiquitons species with high frequencies and densities on all sites; 2) broad Luther College amplitude species with low densities; and 3) site Decorah, Iowa 52101 specific species. Moisture and disturbance history seem to be the major factors influencing Three strains of Chlorella, C. sorokiniana, C. soil fungal community composition. vulgaris, f. pyrenoidosa, were tested for the pre sence of D-lactate dehydrogenase (LOH). LOH acti vity was demonstrated in C. sorokinana but not 60. The plant parasitic fungi of Stinson Prairie in f. pyrenoidosa and f. vulgaris. Two isoenzymes -a preliminary report. of lactate dehydrogenase were detected by slab electrophoresis. Enzyme activity at different L. H. TIFFANY AND J. SHEARER pH values was monitored by a change in absorbance at 340 nm caused by the disappearance of reduced Department of Botany, Iowa State University, Ames, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide substrate. A IA 50011 mixture of the two isoenzymes showed two pH optima 7.5 7.9. Two years ago a research project was initiated to at pH and pH Possible reasons for the obtain basic information about plant parasitic presence of LOH inf. sorokinana will be discussed. fungi of the native plants of Iowa prairies. Intensive collections were made at selected prairies throughout the summer of 1986 and continued at a less intensive level in 1987. Additional observations will be made this summer 63. Purification of the first enzyme in the in some sites. chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Stinson prairie in north central Iowa seems at this time to be one of the more interesting sites T. CHANG, W. Y. WANG and B. WEGMANN in terms of the diversity of plant parasitic fungi and in the number of unusual fungus species Department of Botany, University of Iowa, Iowa present. City, IA 52242 Parodiella perisporioides, black mildew on Plant cells start the chlorophyll biosynthetic Desmodium canadense, has not been observed on pathway with glutamate. The enzyme involved in the other prairie preserves in northern Iowa. Almost first step of the pathway, a glutamyl-tRNA 40% of the species recorded are not listed in synthetase, has been purified from the green algae Gilman and Archers' 1929 paper on the plant Chlamydononas reinhardtii. Glutamyl-tRNA serves as parasitic fungi of Iowa or in the supplements of the precursor of 6-aminolevulinic acid, the 1932 and 1949. intermediate under regulation in chlorophyll biosynthesis. A18 The purification procedure includes ammonium 66. Nuclear Condition of the Anther Tapetum in sulfate fractionation, gel permeation, DEAE ion Fertile (N) and Texas-cytoplasmic Male Sterile exchange and Blue-Sepharose affinity column (Terns) Corn (Zea mays L.) chromatography, and non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. M. VARGAS-OLVERA AND H. T. HORNER The enzyme has an isoelectric point of 4.6 and is Department of Botany, Iowa State University, Ames composed of 2 identical subunits, each with a soon molecular weight of 32,500 daltons. The amino acid composition and partial N-terminal amino acid Relatively few studies have been conducted on sequence of the enzyme have also been determined. corn anther tapetal cell nuclear number and Polyclonal antibodies have been raised and inhibit ploidy level in its diverse cytoplasmic lines. the activity of the native enzyme. Although the corn tapetum has been described as being binucleate throughout microsporogenesis, our study indicates that the tapetum is a mixture 64. Early root development in nursery grown red of uni- and binucleate cells during and following oak seedlings meiosis in both N and Terns lines. The percentage of binucleate N cells is about 60% during J.R. THOMPSON and R.C. SCHULTZ microsporogenesis while the percentage of binucleate Terns cells is 75%. Tapetal cell, Department of Forestry, 251 Bessey, Iowa State nuclear volume_and tapetal cell size also vary University, Ames, IA., 50011 significantly between both the uni- and binucleate cells in each line as well as between Documentation of the formation and growth of tree the two lines. The biological significance of root systems is essential for evaluating manip these differences may have a direct bearing on ulation of root system form in efforts to enhance the Terns tapetal cells prematurely degenerating seedling survival and growth following transplant during microsporogenesis and causing the ing. The main objective of this study was to developing male cells to abort prior to pollen develop a detailed chronology of root and shoot maturity. development for northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) in the first season after ·germination in a nursery 67. The effects of caffeine and cytochalasin Bon bed. The growth of seedlings on 4 plots in a bed antheridial formation in Vittaria graminifolia was evaluated at one or two week intervals over a gemmae 26 week period. Analysis of the relationship between shoot and root growth shows that red oak J. L. Kotenko seedling development follows an episodic growth pattern (alternating periods of rapid shoot growth Department of Biology, University of Northern and rapid root growth), similar to that previously Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614 reported for conifers. Results of soil analyses (texture, pH, and organic matter) indicate signif Gibberellic acid (GA) in Knop's medium induces icant variation in soil properties among the 4 antheridia in the body cells of 6-celled plots studied. Seedling growth data will be anal filamentous gemmae in succession. In continuous yzed to determine whether differences in the amount BmM caffeine (CF) and 15 mM GA, cell divisions are or timing of seedling development may be related to blocked and large dense bodies appear in the soil characteristics. vacuoles. Gemmae removed from this medium after 6 days produce antheridia in all 4 body cells synchronously. A 24-hour pulse of GA during CF 65. Rooting hardwood cuttings of (Acer treatment also produces numerous antheridia after saccharinum L. l removal on day 6 to Knop's. If CF is added after day 2 to Knop's plus GA, only nuclear divisions J. W. MORRISON occur. If added after day 3, both nuclear divisions and cell wall expansions occur at the Department of Forestry, Iowa State University, 251 differentiation sites. From 4-5 days, addition of Bessey Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021 CF results in wall formation of the initials. Preliminary staining with alizarin red S, specific Hardwood cuttings of silver maple (Acer for Ca2+, reveals little stain in the chloroplasts saccharinum L.) were taken from one=-and and much stain around the dense bodies in the two-year-old stem segments off second year coppice vacuoles of CF-treated gemmae. In GA-treated regeneration. The cuttings were treated with one gemmae, the chloroplast membranes stain darkly. of nine IBA solutions and one half had all buds Cytochalasin B causes an abnormal place removed. The two-year-old stem segments had ment of the antherial initial cell. better survival and produced more root biomass than did the one-year-old ones. Cuttings with buds intact also had better survival and greater 68. Influence of different cytoplasms on photo root mass than cuttings with buds removed. synthesis and related traits of soybean Two-year-old cuttings were slower to initiate shoots and therefore had lower transpiration rates R. Diethelm, R. Shibles and D. E. Green during the early states of root development. Dep. of Agronomy, ISU, Ames, IA 50011 RuBP carboxylase (rubisco) is a chloroplast enzyme that catalyzes the initial step in photosynthesis. The large (catalytic) subunit is encoded in the chloroplast genome, the small subunit in the nuclear genome. Different chloroplast genomes might result in different photosynthetic rates. A19 Nine soybean lines, representing four different 71. The pollination biology of Vtrbena chloroplast genomes, were crossed to a common high photosynthetic parent. Reciprocal crosses did not P. A. LClUGHEAO show cytoplasmic influences on co 2-exchange rate (CER), rubisco activity, soluble protein or P. 0. Box 21, Ruck Valley, IA 512~7 chlorophyll content. The chloroplast genomes used were obviously not different with respect to genes 'I'hree :_-.y!nfJ·1t.r it: 5pecies o:E Ve:rLena we:re involved in photosynthesis. Dominance for low CER investigated on the Cedar Hills Sand was evident in the progeny of parents having large Prairie. The three species were Verbend differences in CER. This effect seems to be under strlcta Vent. an upland species, y. hastdta nuclear influence as it occurred both in the Fis I .. ,., wPtlc1r1J c;peci'~''• .:ind LhP t.ht>ir and in the reciprocal Fis· Dominance for low CER putative hyhrid y. X rydbergii Moldenke. was mainly due to low protein content. The br.ocJ ing :;ys ti,,m (;f Ver bend s~>b>. was investiqatF::'.c.J thrc..11itjh tlie :·;t.udy of anthesis, pollt.. fi-(1vulc :rdlio:s, dnd pollir:aLor t·xclusiur1 studie_:, All Verber1d SpLJ. had 69. Alternative respiratory capacity in soybean 1...:ivvr:d[JiJiny l;}(H_Jniin·":l fJeriods .. Anthesis and pea studies indicated a three day floral cycle for all species, wltti pollen avall.:ible as D. M. OBENLAND, R. M. SHIBLES AND C. R. STEWART soo11 as the flowers opened on the morninq of the second dny. Nectar production was Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, continuous u11til the flow•"rs abscissed. Ames, IA 50011 The flowers were protandrous with maximum stigmatic receptivity occurring on the The capacity of the alternative respiratory pathway third d~y. Pollen-ovule ratios and was assessed in leaf and root tissue of male-sterile pollinator exclusion studies for the three and fertile soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) plants species indicated facultative xenogamous and in leaf, embryonic axis, and epicotyl tissue of brcedir1q sy:=.tems a:z.sociated with early Alaska and Progress No. 9 peas (Pisum sativum L.) uucceusional pldnt communities depenJPnt by measurement of oxygen uptake in the presence or upon generalized pollinators. absence of KCN and SHAM. Although it had been previously reported that soybean ~ msi male steriles lacked the alternative pathway, we found that both male-sterile and fertile tissues possessed 72. Some Aquatic Hyphomycetes from Panama, Central the alternative pathway. In contrast to published America results that reported Progress No. 9 pea to lack the alternative pathway, both Progress No. 9 and Alaska BETANCOURT, C. peas were found to have a sizeable capacity for the alternative pathway. Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00708 Ten species of aquatic hyphomycetes were collected 70. Megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis in a from foam samples at Mayagua river at David district male-sterile, female-sterile mutant line of soybean in the Republic of Panama. The following species (Glycine ~ (L.) Merr.) apparently are reported for the first time from this country: Anguillospora longissima, R. S. BENAVENTE, R. G. PALMER AND R. C. SHOEMAKER Brachiosphaera tropicalis, Campylospora chaetocladia, Campylospora parvula, Clavariopsis aquatica, Department of Genetics, Iowa State University, Heliscus submersus, Tricladium sp. , Tetracladium Curtiss Hall, Ames, IA 50011 marchali.anum, Tetracladium setigerum and Triscelophorus monosporus. Ovules from sterile and fertile plants were compared at various developmental stages. Ovules from fertile plants exhibited normal gametophytes and embryo sacs. No normal gametophytic configurations were found in the 120 ovules examined from sterile 73. A Mississippian age root-bearing sandstone in plants. Ninety-eight percent of the ovules from Keokuk County, Iowa sterile plants exhibited small, crowded gametophytes. The early gametophyte contained large J, T. SCHABILION, M. KU\RE AND R. M. MCKAY unidentifiable cells with well-defined, large nuclei; at later stages dark staining, clumped Botany Department and Iowa Geological Survey nuclei were present. Ovules from sterile plants at Bureau, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 post-pollination stages had either small 'embryo sacs' at the micropylar end of the nucellus, or Recent investigations of Mississippian age degeneration of the nucellus. Total degeneration of deposits in west-central Keokuk County by members the entire nucellus was seen at the latest stages. of the Iowa Geological Survey Bureau and the Field In two cases a slightly larger but still abnormally Museum of Natural History have yielded abundant small embryo sac was noted, one of whi~h contained fossil remains of amphibians, fish, and plant degenerating nuclei. It is suggested that failure roots. The plant fossils occur in the upper of development of a normal embryo sac in sterile sandstone and carbonaceous shale lithofacies of plants of this line is due to lack of proper the newly proposed Waugh Member of the St. Louis Plongation of the megagametophyte. Formation. These remains consist of internal molds of the rhizophores (roots) of large scale trees. They are assignable to the organ genus Stigmaria, but differ from the commonly occuring Pennsylvanian age Stigmaria ficoides in several respects. These fossils are significant in that A20 they represent the oldest known Carboniferous 76. Dehydrogenat~on of cycloalkanes catalyzed by plant macrofossils in Iowa and indicate the metals in supported molten salts presence of a scale tree swamp in this region prior to the end of the deposition of the St. D.M. LA BRUSH, A. D. SCHMITZ, J, S. KIM, R. DATTA, Louis Formation. and D.P. EYMAN Department of Chemistry and Department of Mater1als 74. Potentiality of silicon's phytochemical and Chemical Engineering, Un1vers1ty of Iowa, Iowa essentiality. City, IA 52242 K. KOPF The reduction of platinum or nickel salts 1n molten salt eutectics supported on Si02 or A1 2o3 produces 3208 Cunningham Road, Alexandria, VA 22309 metal dispersions which have been used in Supported Molten Salt Catalysis, SMSC. These catalysts have Research started in 1930 on maize ear characters been used to study the catalytic dehydrogenat1on of related to yield was interrupted by 16 years of the cycloalkanes methylcyclohexane and decal1n. plant breeding experience with an eastern US seed The hydrocarbons were passed through a packed tube com~any and a pineapple company. The initial reactor containing the SMSC catalysts over the research was finally completed in 1952 as a Ph.D. temperature range 450 - 6oooc. The Pt SMSC thesis on these overall studies. The results, catalysts d1splayed catalyt1c activity equ1valent based on parent-progeny variances and on multiple to conventional Pt heterogeneous catalysts but and partial correlation approaches, showed many d1splayed lower rates of deactivation. The Ni SMSC significant interrelationships between independent catalysts d1splayed s1gnificantly enhanced activity syntheses in the maize ear end products. A litera and retarded deactivation when compared to a ture search uncovered the potential for siloxy- convent1onal Ni heterogeneous catalyst. The and silhydroxy-ions with their thixotropic d1scussion w11 l 1nclude prel 1m1nary observations on properties to fit an hypothesis for Si requirements the effect of operational variables includ1ng in plant nutrition. More recent technological molten salt composition, catalyst preparation developments of silicon's phytoelectrical properties techniques, dehydrogenation temperature and permit the original hypothesis to be amplified into pressure, and flow rates. identifying silicon as an essential plant nutrient. 77. Transmetallation of transition metal organometallic complexes with akyllithiums. P. J. SCHLOM and D.P. EYMAN Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa Chemistry C (Inorganic, Analytical & Physical) City, IA 52242 Transition metal organometallic species with high 75. Reactions of OH- with (~6-arene)Mn(C0) 2 (L)+ electron density at the metal center have been (L= CO, PPh3) observed to exhibit unusual reactivity patterns. When CH3Li is added to (~6-c 6 Me 6 )Mn(COJ 2 x, Mr'X, S. J. SCHAUER and D.P. EYMAN ( X = Cl, I l in THF, the expected methyl comp 1ex forms in very low yield as determined by IR. If a Department of Chem1stry, Univers1ty of less concentrated solution of Mr'X is used, Mr 1 2 is Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 formed almost quant1tatively. However, if a THF solution of Mr'X is added to a solution of CH 3Li, Metallocarboxylic acids and metallocarboxylates the methyl adduct is the major product. In all are known to be synthesized by the react1on of cases, Mr'2 is formed to some degree. Results metal carbonyls with hydroxide ion. The thermal consistent with transmetallation are also observed loss of C02 by metallocarboxylates is often when t-Buli or Phli react with Mr'X. Similar considered of significance in modeling steps of the results have been observed in the reaction of CH 3Li water gas sh1ft reaction. with (~6-c6H6)Mn(C0)2X, MrX, (~5-C5Me5)Fe(C0)2X, Fp'X and (~5-C5H5)Fe(C0)2X, FpX (X = Cl,I). By Hydroxide has been observed to react with contrast, the reaction of CH 3Li with Mn(C0) 5Br (~-C6Me6)Mn(COl2L+ (L =CO or PPh 3), in acetone produces only the methylated product. The rhenium water mixtures to form [(~6-c 6 Me 6 )Mn(C0) 2 J 2 at room analog of Mr'I, (~6-c 6 Me 6 )Re(COl 2 I, does not react temperature. At -63oc, a visually detectable with CH3Li at room temperature. A mechanist1c reaction occurs. Upon warming to room temperature rationale for these results will be discussed. the product of the low temperature reaction is converted to the d1mer. The reaction of hydroxide with (~-C6H6)Mn(C0)3+ does not form the equivalent non-methylated d1mer but produces what has been 78. Studies of the basicity of phosphines and tentat1vely identified as (ex~~5-c 6 H 6 (0H))Mn(C0) 3 . A mechanistic rationale will be presented for these organometallic compounds as determined by observations. calorimetric tit.ration J. R. SOWA, R. C. BUSH AND R. J. ANGELIC! Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 In contrast to organic chemistry there is little quantitative understanding of the factors which influence the bas1city of organometallic A21 compounds. In an effort to determine these factors 81. Stability of sulfur forms in coal during we are studying the enthalpy of protonation of storage basic organometallic compounds. K. A. YOUNKIN, W. E. STRASZHEIM, G. A. NORTON, AND The heat of protonation (6Hhp) of a series of R. MARKUSZEWSKI phosphines have also been measured. The reactions are done in 1.2-dichloroethane solvent with triflic Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa acid at 25.0"C by titration calorimetry. The 6Hhp 50011 values range from -17.9 kcal mo1- 1 for (p-ClC H ) p to -36.6 kcal mo1- 1 for (t-Bu) P. An excelle~t~ 3 The stability of sulfur forms for 4 eastern correlation of the 6Hhp values 3with reported pKa's and 4 western coals was studied as a function of is observed. time and storage conditions. Pyritic, sulfate, elemental, and total sulfur levels were monitored Cplr(n-1 1 5-C H ) (Cp is C H and C (CH ) ) is periodically over almost 7 years for these coals protonated a~ tAe metal center.5 5 The5 heat3 5of stored under argon at room temperature and under protonation (6Hhm) values for these compounds argon at about -3°C. Based on changes in the demonstrate that the C (CH~) ligand increases the sulfate and pyrite levels, it was shown that an basicity of the iridium5 metal5 by 4.4 kcal mo1- 1 argon atmosphere at -3°C provided the best compared to C H • environment for storing the coal samples. On the 5 5 same basis, all the eastern coals stored under argon at room temperature showed a greater tendency for oxidation (than the western coals). Evidence suggests that oxidation can occur in less than 5 79. Room temperature phosphorescence of indicans months at room temperature, even for coal samples kept under argon. Elemental sulfur increased R. L. GARRELS AND C. H. HAUSTEIN somewhat with storage time; however, it amounted to Department of Chemistry, Central College less than 0.05% for even the most oxidized coal. Pella, Iowa 50219 82. Treatment of spent acid from a chemical coal Indicans are 3-0-substituted indoles which are cleaning process by precipitation of jarosite-type found in urine and which, we have discovered, double salts exhibit unique room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) behavior. The RTP of several indicans on R. G. RICHARDSON, G. A. NORTON, AND R. MARKUSZEWSKI filter paper treated with 2 M cesium and iodide ions, which are known to enhance the Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa phosphorescence of many organic compounds by 50011 increasing spin-orbit coupling and intersystem crossing, was examined. Although the RTP The applicability of treating spent acid washing excitation and emission wavelengths of many streams from a molten caustic coal cleaning process indoles, including the amino acid tryptophan, are by precipitating double salts was studied using not changed by cesium and iodide, those of the model solutions of Fe 2 (S0 4 ) 3 , Na 2S0 4 , and K 2 SO~. indicans were altered dramatically. For example, Under the reaction conditions employed, jarosite indoxylsulfate with cesium ion had an excitation compounds (MFe 3 (S0 4 ) 2 (0H) 6 ) were the only double wavelength of 393 run and an emission wavelength of salts formed. Precipitate yield was studied as a 505 nm; these wavelengths with iodide were 419 run function of pH, reaction time, and temperature. and 517 nm respectively. (The greater increase in When Na 2 S0 4 was the only alkali sulfate present, RTP intensity was seen with iodide.) iron concentrations had to be increased in order to suppress the formation of contaminant phases (eg., Log-log calibration curves for the indicans FeOOH). When both Na 2S0 4 and K2 S0 4 were present, studied were linear between 2.0 mg/ml - O.l mg/ml. jarosite (KFe 3 (S0 4 ) 2 (0H)~) formed preferentially to A discussion of these results as well as natrojarosite (NaFe 3 (SO~J 2 (0H) 6 ). Precipitate fluorescence data for the indicans will be yields increased dramatically when acid which was presented. formed during the reactions was neutralized with CaC0 3 • In_those tests, substantial amounts of Fe, Na, and so4 were removed as natrojarosite and gypsum (CaS0~·2H 2 0). The best precipitate yields were obtained at 95°C at a pH of 1.5-2.0, and 80. An HPLC method for determining trace amounts precipitation was completed in less than six of herbicides in water hours. J. E. C. Hutchins and L. D. Payne 83. Removal of Pyrite and Mineral Matters from Buena Vista College, Storm Lake, Iowa 50588 Coal. Trace levels of herbicides (ca. 1 ppb) commonly C.L. Leeck, M.M. Singh and C.G. Venier found in rural water supplies are determined by high performance liquid chromatography Wartburg College, Waverly, Iowa following a 500 fold concentration using commercial solid phase extraction columns. c18 Removal of sulfur from coal is important for the Separation occurs using an inexpensive HPLC c18 prevention of pollution. While fairly good amount column and 30% V:V aqueous methanol as solvent. of knowledge has been accumulated about the inorg Detection and quantitation employs UV absorption anic forms of sulfur in coal, the nature of organic at 214nm. Data will be presented showing the sulfur is yet not fully understood. In order to efficiency of the trapping/concentration process make further studies on the nature of organic for various herbicides and the results of testing sulfur in coal we have prepared coal samples free of local water supplies. from mineral matters and all fonns of sulfur except A22 organic fonns. We have been able to remove elemen tal sulfur, pyrite and other mineral matters from NADH +FMN-Q.~ NAD+ +FMNH2 coal by treating the samples with lithitnn altnnintnn hydride followed by the reaction with a solution of FMNH2 +o2 +RCHO~~~FMN +RCOOH +H20 +hV hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acid. The process and the results of analyses of different samples LUC and OR are co-innnobilized at the tip of will be discussed. an optical fiber. The probe is innnersed in a solution containing the NADH sample, 84. Stereochemistry of mixed amino acid-olefin FMN, and decanal. The light intensity complexes of platinum(!!) generated by the reaction is proportional to the concentration of NADH in the sample. G. JONES, M. ELOUT and L. ERICKSON Sensor configuration, response time, detection limit, and dynamic range will be Department of Chemistry, Grinnell College, Grinnel~ discussed. This system can be coupled IA 50112 with NADH generating or consuming hydrogenases to produce sensors specific NMR techniques were employed to examine the stereo for innumerable analytes. chemistry of mixed olefin-amino acid complexes of platinum(!!). Cis and~ (N,olefin) species can be distinguished on the basis of chemical shifts of 87. An enzymatic fiber optic glutamate b!osensor ligand protons and carbons. Diastereomers of species containing two chiral centers can also be B. S. WALTERS, AND M. A. ARNOLD distinguished to permit an assessment of the selec tivity of coordination of one ligand imposed by the Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa chirality of the other ligand. The range of ster City, IA 52242 eoselectivities found in these species will be illustrated with complexes of general formula A novel fiber optic biosensor for glutamate has PtAA(olefin)Cl, containing the water soluble pro been developed by using glutamate oxidase coupled chiral olefin 2-methyl-3-butene-2-ol and several with a fiber optic ammonia sensor. The following amino acids(AA) of varying complexity. enzymatic reaction occurs at the sensor tip: Glu O Glutamate+ o + H o Ox-~ct-ketoglutarate + NH + H 85. An nmr study of acid-base properties of a 2 2 3 2 2 platinum(IV) complex The ammonia produced at the sensor tip is measured and related to the concentration of glutamate in L.E. ERICKSON, D. COOK and J. SARNESKI the sample. Detection limit, selectivity, and dynamic response characteristics of this glutamate Department of Chemistry, Grinnell College, Grinnell, sensor will be presented. IA 50112 Glutamate is suspected to be the principle Proton, carbon-13 and platinum-195 nmr techniques excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous have been employed to explore the acid-base proper system. We hope our sensor will be useful in ties of the unique platinum(IV) complex, denoted studying the functions of this putative [Pt(bipy)(tach-H)OH)Cl , that is formed by air oxi 2 neurotransmitter. dation of the product of the displacement of chlor ide of Pt(bipy)Cl2 by cis, cis-1,3,5-triaminocyclo 88. Reconstruction of Gas Chromatograms from hexane (tach). Tfie effect of pH on chemical shifts Digitally Fl ltered GC/FTIR lnterferograms of ligand protons and carbons and the central plat inum are consistent with pK values for in-plane ..J.....M... ~. G.W. Small nitrogens of the coordinatea tach of about 5.5 and 12. The rate of proton exchange of the C-6 proton Department of Chemlstry,1 Un Ivers lty of Iowa, Iowa of the coordinated bipy was also examined as a func City, I A 52242 tion of pH and temperature. Such C-6 proton ex change is unusually facile in this complex in sharp Thousands of lnterferograms are collected In a gas contrast to the behavior of bipy complexes of Ru chromatography/fourler transform Infrared spec and Os, which show facile exchange of C-3 protons troscopy CGC/FTIRl experiment, yet only a fraction under similar conditions. contain spectral Information of Interest. Selection of fnterferograms for further study can be based on 86. A novel NADH biosensor utilizing the Information In the lnterferograms themselves, I.e., bacterial bioluminescence reaction a GC/FTIR reconstruction. Several methods exist for producing a plot analogous to a GC trace from a M.A. STUEVER and M.A. ARNOLD series of lnterferograms. The simplest Involves a plot of overal I signal Intensity vs. lnterferogram Department of Chemistry, The University of number. A more sophisticated approach treats a Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 series of reference lnterferograms as vectors defining a subspace to which subsequent lnter A novel biosensor for the determination of ferograms are compared (Gram-Schmidt orthogonal NADH has been developed that utilizes the ization). These reconstructions are sensitive to a enzymatic luciferase bioluminescent changing background, especially C02 and H20 vapor reaction. The luciferase (LUC) and levels. Recent developments In digital signal processing make It poss Ible to overcome this NADH:FMN oxidoreductase (OR) reactions are problem. GC/FTIR reconstructions from dlgltally coupled as follows: filtered lnterferograms will be compared to reconstructions from the raw lnterferograms. The capability for developing filters which are specific to chemical classes will also be examined. A23 89. Digital Filtering of lnterferograms .& ~ J:i.tiBMS, G.W. SMALL The results of these reactivity studies, with spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic character Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, izations of reaction products, will be presented. Iowa City, IA 52242 Passive Fourier transform Infrared sensors show promise for analytical applications requiring 92. Low Valent Mono(Peralkylcyclopentadienyl) Vanadium automated, on-line monitoring of atmospheric and Divanadium Chemistry. chemical species. Increased emphasis Is being placed on the speed and power of data Interpretation Michael S. Hammer and Louis Messerle* algorithms for these sensors as appllcatlon environments become more demanding. Preliminary Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa studies Indicated digital filters could be used to Iowa City, Iowa 52242 detect the presence of compounds from lnterferogram data without using the computationally expensive The organoditantalum species (e 5 Me4R) 2Ta 2(µ-X)4 Fourier transform. The essential aim of our (R=Me, Et; X=Cl, Br) exhibit a rich and diverse research Is to maximize the Information gain while reactivity because of the Ta=Ta bond. We have been minimizing the number of computational operations developing the analagous vanadium chemistry to study required, The methods used for develop Ing, how the reaction rates and reactivity of the vanadium optimizing and applying digital filters will be analogs compare to the tantalum species. described and results from a variety of test data The paramagnetic vanadium (IV) precursor wll I be provided. (C 5Me 5 VBr3) can be prepared in 70% yield via bromi nation of C~Me 5 V(C0)4. (C 5 Me 5 VBr3) can be reduced 90, Normalization and pattern recognition applied by sodium to give a diamagnetic div~nadium complex to FTIR lnterterograms for qualitative analysis presumed to be (C 5Me 5 ) 2V2Br4 on the basis of mass spectrometry. The divanadium compound is reactive .& .5.&_ ~. G. W. SMALL towards dihydrogen and other small molecules. The results of these reactions and structural studies Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, will be discussed. Iowa City, IA 52242 The development of a passive Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR> sensor to be used In mobile field 93. Structure and reactivity of low-valent bis(di applications has led to a number of data analysis alkylphosphino)methane ditantalum complexes. problems. Uni Ike the precise conditions under which a laboratory FTIR functions, this sensor has a B. A. FERM, T. JOHNSON, S. FRANCIS, L.MESSERLE number of sources of varlablllty: the Infrared source, the sun, varies In Intensity; the sample Is Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa whatever falls In the field of view of the detector; Iowa City, Iowa 52242 and the path length can vary greatly, The overall Intensity of the radiation detected by the sensor We are interested in metal-metal multiple bonds as a can change markedly over time. The great variety of functional group for metal-centered small molecule backgrounds, temperatures, and atmospheric reactivity. The Lewis-basic binucleating ligands conditions adds levels of complexity to the bis(dialkylphoshpino)methanes, R PCH PR 2 (R=CH CH 3, Interpretation of the data, 2 2 2 CH 2C6 H4 -p-CH 3), can be used to form metal-metal The focus of this study Is to develop an doubly bonded complexes of of the low-valent, automated, lnterferogram-based pattern recognition Lewis-acidic, early transitionmetal tantalum. approach to determine rap Idly and precisely the These doubly bonded binuclear tantalum compounds presence of an analyte. Central to this research Is react readily with the small molecules CO, N20, and developing a normalization scheme for the data that Me 3No. These reactions aldng with interesting Is Independent of the environmental conditions or structural features will be discussed. particular use (mobile or stationary> of the sensor. Data sets from a variety of field conditions will be used to evaluate the normalization schemes. 91. The reactions of doubly-bonded ditantalum complexes (n-C 5 Me4R) 2Ta 2X4 with oxygen and hydride sources. Ching Ting and Louis Messerle Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa 52242 The doubly-bonded organoditantalum complexes (CsMe4R)2Ta 2X4 (+.,; R=Me, Et; X=Cl, Br) is reactive towards H2 gas, yielding a bridging dihydride compd, (CsMe4R)2Ta2X4(n-H) 2. However, reaction of\, in Et20 with LiBH4 affords mono- and bis-diborane adducts depending on the stoichiometry of the reaction. Reactions of l with Me3NO or N20 both give yellow oxygenated complexes. Present evidence is consistent with a oxotantalum species, (CsMe4R)TaX2(0). A black intermediate can also be isolated in the Me 3NO reaction. A24 96. Palladium catalyzed reduction reaction Chemistry D (Organic & Biological) K. Yuan and w. J, Scott Department of Chemistry, University of 94 • .Applications of phosphates in organic synthesis Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 ~-l·~· T. CAUX;EOOPOUWU, ANDK. B. GLOER The use of palladium as a catalyst in organic reactions with most electrophiles Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa. Iowa has become increasingly useful. How0ver, City, IA 52242 alkyl electrophiles have found little use due to a lack of reactivity and a The Wadsworth-Emmons reaction is a popular propensity toward p-hydride elimination. method for preparing conjugated carbonyl canpounds While studying the palladium catalyzed through condensation of a p-keto phosphonate anion coupling of various alKy! iodines with a with an aldehyde or ketone. However. this reaction variety of nucleophilic, it was found that effectively has been restricted to the use of treatment of the iodide with Grignard acyclic phosphonates, simply because there have not reagents containing p-protons in the been convenient methods available for synthesis of presence of dppfPd(O) (formed by treatment cyclic p-keto phosphonates. With our recent of 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene discovery that cyclic vinyl phosphates undergo palladium(II) dichloride with 2 equiv. of rearrangement to cyclic p-keto phosphonates upon DIBAL-H) led reduction to the alkane, treatment with strong base, the scope of the Phenylmagnesium bromide and methyl condensation is greatly expanded. studies on the magnesium iodide offered no reaction. synthesis of cylic vinyl phosphates, the regiochemistry of this vinyl phosphate-keto phosphonate rearrangement, and applications of the cyclic P-keto phosphonates, will be presented. dppfPdlOJ,... IQ\- I RMgBr ~ ~H 0 0~(0R) ~I 6 0 1 97. Adenine nucleosides resistant to ADA V. NAIR* AND A. N. PRYOR Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, 95. studies in hexatriene cyclizations Iowa City, IA 52242 c. M. Hamot and w. J, Scott The ubiquitous enzyme, adenosine deaminase (ADA), catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine Department of Chemistry, University of to inosine. This metabolic conversion limits the Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. therapeutic efficacy of adenosine analogues. The design and synthesis of novel analogues of In order to study an approach to the adenosine which are resistant to degradation by total synthesis of cortisone utilizing a ADA will be discussed. Correlation of structure hexatriene cyclization, a model trienyl with hydrolytic activity towards this enzyme will system was devised, This material was be presented. obtained initially by ultra-violet irradiation of the corresponding trans dienone, However, this method resulted in an Q-cyclization product. Other methods for synthesizing the model. via the rel~ted 98. New hypoxanthine ribonucleosides enynone consisted of a series of coupling reactions and reductive steps. Current V. NAIR* AND A. G. LYONS studies are directed toward improved routes for the synthesis of the model, as Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, well as induction of cyclization. Iowa City, IA 52242 Hypoxanthine ribonucleosides with functionalization at the 2-position, are not only of antiviral interest, but there is enzymological interest in these compounds as potential inhibitors of a key purine metabolizing enzyme, inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. The synthesis of new function~lized hypoxanthine systems will be presented. P~r~1cular emphasis will be placed on analogues conta1n1ng unsaturation at the 2-position. The antiviral importance of the target compounds will be mentioned. A25 99, Prolactin-stimulated growth of r.IDA ffve closely related fndole alkalofd components. f'.B2Jl human breast cancer cell line The fndfvfdual components were fsolated utflfzfng chromatographfc technfques, and thefr structures II. A. JAKNIT<:: were determfned by applfcatfon of NMR and MS technf ques. The major component was shown to be Box 1016, Clarke College, Dubuque, IA 52060 dfhydroxyaflavfnfne. These metabolftes exhfbft potent antffeedant actfvfty agafnst the The nature of this investigation was to fungfvorous beetle Carpophflys hern1pterys, and determine the role of prolactin in the serve to protect the sclerotfa from fnsect feedfng growth of the estrogen-receptor negative fn laboratory studfes. i.iDA-i'lB2Jl human breast cancer cell line. 1·:DA-LB2Jl cells were exposed to various concentrations of ovine prolactin as well as 10-8;.,1 estrogen which served as a control 102. Isolatfon and structure determfnatfon of study. Growth was not observed at any Brassfcfcol fn A concentration of prolactin or with the estrogen due to contamination of the cells. G. K. PQCH, D. M. SHORT, and J, B. GLOER After prolactin stimulated growth is established, further research will be Department of Chemfstry, Unfversfty of Iowa, Iowa performed to determine if tamoxifen will Cfty, IA 52242 inhibit the prolactin-induced growth. The significance of this research in the Cultures of the phylloplane fungus Alternarfa future treatment of estrogen-receptor brassfcfcola CNRRL 1299) were found to exhfbft negative breast cancers will be discussed. antfbacterfal and antffungal actfvfty. Sflfca gel chromatography of the ethyl acetate extract of the culture ffltrate furnfshed a metabolfte 100. Inhibition of mRNA cap methylation Cbrassfcfcolfn A> contafnfng two fsonftrfle groups: structural unfts whfch are rarely B. DAWSON AND M. KAEHLER encountered fn natural products. Hfgh resolutfon FAB mass spectrometry suggested the molecular Biology Department, Luther College, formula c32H48N2o14 for thfs compound, and fts Decorah, Iowa 52101 structure was establfshed by chemfcal degradatfon and NMR decouplfng experfments. The structure Following transcription of a gene, the pre-mRNA consfsts of two -fsocyanofsovaleryl unfts, two - undergoes a series of events called processing hydroxyf sovaleryl groups, and two acetyl unfts prior to transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm. The attached to a D-mannftol backbone, Brassfcfcolfn first processing event is the addition of a 5' A exhfbfts potent actfvfty agaf nst gram posftfve terminal cap, which is then normally methylated. bacterfa, fncludfng Bacfllys sybtflfs and Polyadenylation and splicing generate a mature Staphylococcus ~. Detaf ls of the f solatfon, mRNA. This project attempts to assess the rela structure determfnatfon, and bfologfcal actfvfty tionship between methylation and cap stability, of brassfcfcolfn A wfll be presented. and its role on subsequent processing events. Inhibition of methylation in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in vivo is accomplished using the 103. Natural plant defenses against antibiotic Neplanocin A (NpcA). [C-14]-uridine leafcutter ants insorporation measures total RNA synthesis, and [H-methyl]-methionine incorporation provides a ~~ ~~ .HAMHQlill, T. GREEN, AND D. F. WIEMER means of monitoring RNA methylation. The extent of inhibition by NpcA at each specific methylation Department of Chemistry, University of site is analyzed using high performance liquid Iowa. Iowa City, IA, 52242 chromatography. Comparison of pre-mRNA and mRNA sizP., 3H;14c ratios, and methylation patterns from The leaf cutter ants CHymenoptera. inhibited and control cultures will be presented. Formicidae. Attini> are the most important insect pests in the forests and plantations of the tropical Americas. They collect plant material from a variety of plant species, using most of it as a culture medium for the mutualistic fungus 101. Insect antffeedant metabolftes from the that serves as their major food. For sclerotfa of Aspergfllys ~ several years. we have examined different native plant species avoided by these M. R. TEPAS!SE and J, B. GLOER insects, in a search for natural insecticides. Our research has uncovered Department of Chemfstry, Unfversfty of Iowa, Iowa a variety of terpenoids with insecticidal Cfty, IA 52242 and/or anti-fungal activity. Recent studies have focused on Smilax a~a~. The fungus Aspergfllus ~ produces Ann.QM al2US.l.lll. and ~.ll ililm.eruz.ia. numerous secondary metabolftes, however, the The structures of the most recently sclerotfa Csurvfval structures) of A. ~ have isolated compounds. as well as profiles of not prevfously been screened for novel natural their biological activity. will be products. The sclerotfa of A. ~ CNRRL 6541) presented. were examfned for the presence of secondary metabolftes whfch may afford protectfon from fnsect predatf on. The sclerotf a were powdered and extracted wfth hexane and chloroform. The resultant chloroform extract was shown to contafn A26 104. Novel approaches to biologically active 108. Photosubstitution of 4-Bromonitrobenzene nucleosides E.B. COUGHLIN, E.J. SNYDER and G.G. WUBBELS V. NAIR* AND G. S. BUENGER Department of Chemistry, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, IA 50112 Iowa City, IA 52242 Irradiation of 4-bromonitrobenzene in the presence Strategically modified purine nucleosides are of of [If+"] and concentrated [Cl-] cleanly but ineffi interest as potential antiviral agents. This ciently produces 4-chloronitrobenzene. The photo paper reports on new approaches to the modification substitution is exclusively acid catalyzed and of both the carbohydrate and base moieties of shows second order dependence on [cl-]. The second natural purine nucleosides. Details of the order dependence is found to require a quadratic ex synthetic methodologies used and the biological pression. The presence of 2-propanol causes effi importance of the final products will be discussed. cient photoreduction, forming 4-bromonitrosobenzene and 4-bromo-2-chloroaniline without appreciably affecting the quantum yield of 4-chloronitrobenzene 105, The design of antiretroviral molecules ene. The photosubsti3ution is ascribed to electron transfer from Cl- to n,TI* nitroaromatic, protona V. NAIR tion of the resulting exciplex, and attack by c1- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, on the protonated exciplex. Iowa City, IA 52242 The acquired irrmune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become recognized as one of the most catastrophic 109. Photochemistry of S-nitrophenoxyalkylamines diseases to confront humanity. A logical target for therapeutic approaches towards AIDS appears to S.M. OHLINE and G.G. Wubbels be the retrovirus itself. The design and synthesis of nucleosides with therapeutic potential against Chemistry Department, Grinnell College, Grinnell, the AIDS virus will be presented. Major emphasis Iowa 50112-0806 will be placed on nucleosides involving modifica tions in the carbohydrate moiety. The biochemical Photo-Smiles rearrangements of S-nitrophenoxyalkyl basis for their mechanism of action will be amines that give mainly II, also give a photohydro discussed. lysis product (III) and photocyclization product (IV). 106, Adventures in Homogeneous Catalysis of Photo chemical Reactions GENE G. WUBBELS &0 I Chemistry Department, Grinnell College, Grinnell, (CH ) IA 50112 l 2 n NH 2 Since our discovery and quantitative description of I II III IV catalysis in photochemistry, we have been exploring It is puzzling that the yield of IV increases with the scope and nature of the phenomenon. The basic n. Products (II-IV) have been analyzed quantita definition will be reviewed. Examples from recent tively for n = 2,3 and 4 at varying pH values. research illustrating a variety of forms of acid Attempts to synthesize authentic samples of the catalysis, base catalysis, and electron hole trans photocyclization products (IV, n = 3 and 4) will fer catalysis will be discussed. be reported. Possible mechanisms for the forma tion of product IV will be presented. 107, Photosubstitution of 3-Bromonitrobenzene 110. Detection by NMR of Dihydrobenzene Intermedi ates in Photocyclization of 2-(4-Nitrophenoxy) E.B. COUGHLIN, D.P. SUSENS, and G.G. WUBBELS ethylamine. Department of Chemistry, Grinnell College, Grinnell, SIMEON~ and GENE G. WUBBELS IA 50112 Department of Chemistry, Grinnell College, Grinnell, 3-Bromonitrobenzene is cleanly but inefficiently IA 50112 photosubstituted by chloride ion. The photosubsti tution is uncatalyzed at low [tt+], and catalyzed by 2-(4-Nitrophenoxy)-ethylamine (I) undergoes base acid at [If+"]>0.3 M. The limitin~ quantum yield for catalyzed Smiles rearrangement thermally, but photosubstitution at infinite [If'"] and 3.0 M [Cl-] is only a factor of two larger than that for the fo~~ and II:vphofoch•m~~;lly. ~ uncatalyzed photosubstitution at 3.0 M [cl-]. The absence of deuterium incorporation on the aromatic ring during photosubstitution agrees with the hy pot~esi~ that catalysis results from pr~ton~tion of I O-./'-NH II : ""'OH the-'rr,TI excited state. The photosubst1tut1on :~~H ~H III~ 2 appears to involve direct heterolytic nucleophilic Proton nmr observations at 300 MHz at low conversion attack on the excited state. reveal that the primary photoproduct is IV, which thermally forms the hydrolytically labile V. The dehydrogenations to final products are also photo- A27 eagle, ring-neck pheasant, and others) ~ lognor mally distributed among the localities sampled with A2 .. A N02 in North America. In these cases, there is a 'bal ance' between the number of localities in which the ~ ~ ~ 24 ¢i.~OH species is common and those in which it is rare. IV H o._) v o._) HO H chemical. At very high [OH-], I undergoes photo Smiles rearrangement, apparently by a novel electron 113. Nitrates in farm wells of Warren County hole transfer catalyzed pathway. Terry!:_. Webb, Wm. H. Gilbert Ill, 111. Synthesis of new poly(acetylene) Department of Biology and Environmental Science analogs Simpson College; Indianola, Iowa 50125 W. J, Scott and Gene Bomgaars, Mike Orman, Departments of Vocational Agriculture Department of Chemistry, University of Indianola and Southeast Warren High Schools Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242. ..and Joe Narigon Poly(acetylene) and its analogs are Extension Service of Warren County of interest due to their conductivity in This study was done in response to increasing the doped state. Unfortunately, the concern over accumulation of nitrate- (N03-) in conductivity of these materials usually groundwater supplies of drinking water at many decays with time, leading to a need for locations in Iowa. The Warren County Extension the development of new poly(acetylene) Office convened a Water Testing Planning Commit analogs, tee in December of 1987 to sample and test water While developing an approach to the from many wells for nitrate/nitrite concentrations. synthesis of a number of novel poly Water samples were collected at wells of concerned (acetylene) analogs and other unsaturated farm families by high school students working with polymers, we had need of a poly(acetylene) local clubs of Future Farmers of America (FFA: In derivative which contains a potent leaving dianola & Southeast Warren Chapters). Testing was group, such as a dialkyl phosphate or a done at Simpson College using Hach kits. triflate substituient, Treatment of poly The extent and magnitude of nitrate accumula (p-diketone) with base afforded poly tion in these samples from central and southern (1-(diethyl phosphinyloxy)vinylene) as an Warren County will be described in this presen ~- / A-mixture. Similarly, treatment of tation. poly(p-diketone) with base and triflic anhydride affords the very unstable poly(l-trifloxyvinylene), The latter polymer slowly decomposes at room temperature in neutral solution, liberating triflic acid, 114. Assessment and comparison of the density, diversity and biomass of benthic communities in the hypolimnion and epflimnion of Red Haw Lake, Iowa G. H. LUIKART, R. W. BACHMANN AND L. MITZNER Conservation Department of Animal Ecology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3221 and Iowa Department of Natural Resources 112. Another 'balance' of nature revealed The hypolimnetic and epilfmnetic benthfc Wm. !:!_. Gilbert.!..!..!_, T. J. Schantz, & B. E. Simms invertebrate communities of Red Haw Lake, Iowa were surveyed and compared. The results, along with Department of Biology and Environmental Science other lake characteristics, were used to predict Simpson College; Indianola, IOWA 50125 the effects of summer destratification on Red Haw Lake's fishery. Average summer benthic biomass and Frank Preston's (1948) classic paper on "The diversity remained higher in the epilimnion than in Commonness, and Rarity, of Species" points out that the hypolimnion throughout the summer (1) relative abundance at a given place and time is stratification period; however, due to high often distributed lognormally among many species. variability, the differences between the 3 most This has been demonstrated for bird species in IA. abundant benthic groups of the hypolimnetic and using data from Christmas Bird Counts (CBC's; by epilimnetic communities were not statistically Gilbert at 1970 IAS meeting). Thus a 'balance' significant. The coefficient of community and the exists between the number of common winter bird percent similarity of the two communities were 21% species and the number of rare winter species. and 60% respectively. Red Haw Lake's high Preston's (1969) influential paper on "Diversity productivity, good fishery and remnant common carp and Stability in the Biological World" presents evi (Cyprinus carpio) population, lead to the dence that (2) commonness of a given species at one pediction that summer aeration would not cause place is distributed lognormally among many time significant increases in fish production and that intervals; he then speculated that (3) relative it may even damage the fishery. abundance of a given species at one time would be distributed lognormally among many localities. In what we believe to be the first study of this hypo thesis, we analyzed recent CBC data and found that relative abundance of certain bird species (bald A28 115. Seth Eugene Meek, pioneer Iowa ichthyologist; root-collar diameter were measured. The 1 mm an appreciation diameter root is considered the minimum size of· permanent lateral to withstand the lifting, K. E. GOELLNER, Emeritus Professor, Biology, Coe storing and shipping, and planting processes. College; 1764 Sherbrook Drive, NE, Cedar Rapids, About soi of the red oak had 2 or fewer lateral IA 52402 roots. Only about 1si of the seedlings had S or more lateral roots. About soi of the white oak Iowa's first major ichthyologist, Seth E. Meek, had 4 or fewer and 1si had 7 or more lateral came to this state almost exactly 100 years ago and roots. About soi of the walnut had 7 or fewer and his work deserves appreciation in this centennial 3Si had 10 or more. Seedlings with more than 4 or year. An Ohio farm boy, he earned degrees from S roots showed little relationship with size. The Valparaiso University and from Indiana University, present hypothesis is that seedlings need a where he studied under the great David Starr Jordan. minimum of S roots to become successfully He came to Coe College in 1887, spent five years established in the field. Grading seedlings only collecting and studying the Iowa fish fauna and by height and/or diameter does not accurately published the seminal papers which have been basic identify rooting characteristics. references for all subsequent studies in Iowa. He moved on to Arkansas University and to the Field Museum in Chicago, where he stayed until his death 118. Effects of silvicultural treatments on in 1914, perhaps of a tropical disease contracted natural regeneration of the tropical for~sts at during his many years of work in Mexico and Central Quintana Roo, Mexico. America. He worked and published extensively for the U. S. Fish Commission, and for the Field P. C. NEGREROS Museum, and his many papers from this pioneer period are critical as sources portraying fish faunas Department of Forestry, Iowa State University, 2Sl prior to the alteration and destruction of Bessey Hall, Ames, Iowa SOOll-1021 ecological conditions in Iowa and middle America. No attempt is made to sort through the lengthy In the state of Quintana Roo on the Peninsula species lists and changes in taxonomy and nomen of Yucatan, an experiment was established in 1986. clature. SOX SO m plots were established in an undisturbed (for at least 40 years) forest. Treatments consisted of removal of four different levels of basal area. Trees removed were selected according to their position with respect to desirable 116. Attitudes, Objectives, and Behavior of species to liberate them of neigboring Forestland Owners in eastern Iowa. competition. The remaining basal area to be removed was distributed over the plot. Tree .:!.· !• REGULA, J. P. COLLETTI species selected as desirable were: Swietenia macrophyla King. (mahogany), Cordia dodecandra Department of Forestry, 251 Bessey Hall, Iowa State b.c. (siricote), Metopium brownwr-Jacq (chechen), University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021 Simarouba gl(uca D.C. (negrito), Dendropanax arboreus L. sacchaca), and Brosimun alicastrum A study of forestland owners in eastern Iowa was Sw. (ramon). Regeneration during the first year recently conducted by the Department of Forestry at of the study will be summarized; observations are Iowa State University in cooperation with the Iowa planned to continue for 2S years. Department of Natural Resources. The current level of forestland management in eastern Iowa was found to be relatively low. This is probably due to the fact that 44% of the forestland is owned for reasons unrelated to the stream of forestry goods and 119. Assemblages of Diatoms from NE Iowa Fens services provided. Soil conservation, firewood and satisfaction of ownership were the most often cited S. P. Main and D. E. Busch benefits of owning forestland. Participation in forestry incentive programs was also low. Many Biology Department factors including a lack of knowledge about and Wartburg College understanding of the government programs, Waverly, IA 50677 unwillingness to make necessary investments, and a lack of technical skills in timber management are The diatom flora of a group of raised wetlands likely causal factors. in northeast Iowa is being surveyed for the first time. These fens were identified as part of a recent series of forays sponsored by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources. Water 117. Lateral root distribution in red and white quality in the ten sites sampled during November, oak and walnut seedlings. 1987, indicate a range of habitats varying in pH (a range of pH 5.6 to 8.0), total hardness R. C. SCHULTZ, J.R. THOMPSON, P.A. LICHT, AND R. (a range of 30 to 380 mg/l), and conductivity MEI LAN (a range of 65 to 705 mhos/cm). Nutrient levels (nitrate, phosphate, silica) were moderate Department of Forestry, Iowa State University, 2Sl to high. The occurrence of taxa in diatom Bessey Hall, Ames, Iowa SOOll-1021 assemblages collected in composite samples from these wetlands is noted. The diatom assemblages Four state forest nurseries each provided SOO from these fens are distinct from those found randomly selected, non-graded, seedlings from two in the alkaline hard water rivers in NE Iowa. of the following species: red oak (Quercus rubra L.), white oak (Quercus alba L.) and black walnut (Juglans d1gra L.). All"""'f1"rst-order lateral roots >l mm in 1ameter were counted and height and AW 120, Use of nest boxes by Eastern Screech-Owls 123. Butterflies of the Sioux City Prairie (Otus asio) :ln south-central Iowa T. T. ORWIG D. w. DeGeus and J. B. Bowles 1916 Geneva, Sioux City, Iowa 51103 Department of Animal Ecology Iowa State University, 124 Science II Fifty-one butterfly species are present at the Sioux Ames, IA 50011 City Prairie, a 150 acre tract within the Sioux City city limits. Specimens were collected over a three We studied the response of an Eastern Screech year period, on 40 dates ranging from mid-April to Owl population to the introduction of 60 nest mid-October. Nineteen species of Hesperidae were boxes in a 103-square-kilometer township in found, including the state-ranked Erynnis martialis, south-central Iowa during two nesting seasons. Erynnis horatius, Hesperia ottoe, Hesperia pawnee, Road-counts indicated that screech-owls were Atrytone arogos iowa, Atrytonopsis hianna, and relatively common in small or fragmented woodlots Amblyscirtes vialis. Two range extensions found near small streams and subsequently used nest include a 75-mile extension from the nearest site boxes in these areas. Several other nest boxes for Erynnis baptisiae, and a 120-mile extension for were also used as day roosts. Euchloe olympia, both state ranked as possibly endangered or threatened. Other records include 5 Woodbury county records and 15 state date records. 121. A summary of 1987 Iowa butterfly records J. W. Fleckenstein Also included are observations on the behavior of the Olympia, and concerns about management Preserves and Ecological Services Bureau, Iowa practices at prairie sites and their effects on Department of Natural Resources, Wallace State lepidoptera populations. Office Building, Des Moines, Iowa 50319. Butterfly records collected during 1987 support extensive updating of species distribution maps. Numerous county records were recorded in under collected regions especially southwest Iowa and Earth Science Teaching Allamakee County, Due to early, warm spring, we had an invasion of southern species. Collections of several rare species will enable updating of 124. Projected stereo photographs in the classroom ranks. The dusted skipper (Atrytonopsis ~) and ottoe skipper (Hesperia ottoe), known from L. A. BRANT several western Iowa prairies, were found on Allamakee County hill prairies. The wetland Department of Earth Science, University of Northern subspecies of the Baltimore (Euphydryas phaeton) Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa, 5061!1 was found on a new site in northerniowa. The first state record of the dry hillside Aerial photographs can be used effectively in the subspecies (~.£..:.. ozarkae) was collected in Lee classroom to illustrate landforms and other land County. Records of other species formerly presumed scape features, especially when they can be viewed to be rare indicate that they may instead be in stereo by the entire class. Various methods of under-collected. An example is Henry's elfin projecting stereo images have been used, but some (Incisalia henrici). This species flies early in of these require two projectors or a cumbersome set the year, in habitat rarely surveyed by of procedures. Effective stereo images can be lepdopterists. It was found this spring on all recorded on single 35mm transparencies using color three sites which had redbud (Cercis canadensis), filters which can then be viewed in projection with the host plant. bicolor glasses. The procedure is simple and inexpensive, but attention must be paid to ·correct alignment of the photographs and other details. Projected stereo images will be demonstrated. 122. Big Sand Mound Preserve lepidoptera inventory 1987 125. The Kovember 23, 1987 balloon launch D. W. Schlicht AND J. C. Nekola from southeastern Iowa R. R. 1, Center Point, Iowa 52213 ------P. SHIER AND J, WIELEKT The lepidoptera of Big Sand Mound Preserve, Great River AEA #16, 1200 University, Louisa County, Iowa were surveyed from P.O. 1065, Burlington, IA 52601 April through September 1987. In seven samplings the Preserve offered 30 species A balloon launch on November 2.3, l ':187 involving of butterflies. Few of the species were fifteen schools in the Burlington, Iowa area was abundant and several important Iowa taxa extremely successful. Weather c.ondi tions were were absent. Sixteen new ten-day date optimal to produce a narrow, dense pattern of records were recorded. Sixteen new records returns which covered 1,300 miles. Cards were for Louisa County, Iowa were recorded. The returned from seven U.S. states and three mosaic of habitat types on the site offers Canadian provinces. The jet stream was directly insight into the butterflies use of patch above the launch area with wind speeds at 30,000 units. We believe the maintenance of these feet of over 100 mph. Data which was returned patch units to be of primary concern in the suggested that selected balloons travelled 1n management of rare invertebrates on excess of 60 mph average speed. It appears that prairies in Iowa. in these instances, the balloons made much of their trip at altitudes in excess of 20,000 A30 feet. Careful planning can maximize the 128. On-line determination of carbon in fly-ash percentage of returns and can ensure successful involvement of all schools concerned. The !!_. !_. DONA and R. C. BROWN percentage of cards returned was enhanced significantly because the launch coincided with Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State hunting seasons in many of the states in the University, Ames, IA 50011 path of the balloons. Unburned carbon elutriated with fly ash from coal fired combustors can be a major source of boiler 126. Earth science education in Iowa: students, inefficiency. Carbon burn-up is generally teachers, and materials. determined by collecting fly ash on a particulate filter. Not only are the present sampling and analysis methods inconvenient, but they make K. W. THOMPSON evaluation of combustion efficiency impossible for transient operation of a combustor. Ve are investi Marshalltown Community Schools, Marshalltown, IA gating photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) as a 50158 technique for automatic and continuous monitoring of carbon in fly ash. Photoacoustic absorption Information on the status of earth science education spectroscopy is based on the periodic heating of a in Iowa will be presented. The results of two UNI gas when amplitude-modulated radiation is absorbed studies comparing the demographics of Iowa earth by the gas or by particles suspended in the gas. science course offerings and Iowa earth science This periodic heating produces an acoustical wave teacher preparation will be reported. In addition, that can be detected by a microphone. The PAS conclusions from a third UNI study of exemplary Iowa signal is unaffected by light scattering in the gas; earth science teachers which may have implications consequently, only particles with complex refractive for revitalizing earth science teaching will be indices, such as soot or char, contribute to the presented. signal. At visible light frequencies, most mineral matter scatters light rather than absorbing it. Accordingly, PAS has good potential for distin guishing unburned carbon from mineral matter in the fly ash suspended in flue gas. The apparatus used in these experiments consists of a gas cell mounted with windows that allow a modulated laser beam to pass through the cell without undue scattering of light; a microphone mounted within the cell to Engineering detect the PAS signal; a 35 mV HeNe laser chopped at 1000 Hz; and a lock-in amplifier. Preliminary experiments to determine detection sensitivity will be described. 127. Mechanisms of coal-water-limestone combustion in fluidized beds 129. A microreactor system for the study of high JIH GREGORY AND ROBERT C. BROVN temperature gas solid reactions Department of Mechanical Engineering A. J. GOKHALE AND G. BURNET Iowa State University Ames, IA 50011 Ames Laboratory and Department of Chemical Engineer ing, Iowa State University, 275 Metals Development, Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) of coal in a Ames, IA 50011 limestone bed has been proven to be an effective method for reducing the sulfur dioxide emissions A microreactor system for the determination of gas produced from coal combustion. However, there are solid reaction mechanisms and kinetics is described. several disadvantages associated with use of solid A single solid granule is mounted on a thin pin fuels compared to liquid and gaseous fuels. Ve are which is welded to a small support plate. This investigating coal-water-limestone mixtures as a assembly is inserted in a small tubular reactor coal-based liquid fuel for FBC. The combustion equipped with an internal gas distributor and sealed mechanisms associated with CVLH-fired FBC must be at each end with a cap containing a connection for und~rstood before optimal CVLM composition can be gas transport. The preheated reactor is placed in a formulated. For example, if CVLM burns predomi muffle furnace where the temperature of reaction can nately as agglomerates, then coarse coal grind be precisely controlled. Application of the micro may be used in place of more expensive fine-coal reactor system has been demonstrated in a study of grinds with no loss in combustion efficiency. The the combustion/sintering of coal refuse granules to formation of such agglomerates may, however, require coals having high free-swelling indices. Further form a stabilized disposable material. more, agglomeration may strongly influence calcination and sulfation processes in fluidized beds: effects of particle size, bed height, and combustion temperature may be significantly 130.Electrochemical surface modification in coal different than for dry sorbent addition. Several beneficiation. hypotheses concerning the fundamental mechanisms of CVLH combustion and their corresponding tests for G. TAMPY, D. BIRLINGMAIR, J. POLLARD AND G.THOLL exclusion have been developed. These tests are being performed in an 8" diameter fluidized bed Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA combustor. 50010. The separation of minerals from coal was conducted by such surface-dependent cleaning methods as froth flotation and oil agglomeration after altering the surface properties by A31 reducing the electrochemical potential (£) of be exploited. It then becomes essential to provide the the system. Changing c by the use of sodium means of interconnecting the different LAN s to enable hydrosulfite (Na 5 0 ) as a reducing agent 2 2 4 sharing of resources. A class of devices known as Bridges results in improvement of the physical cleaning of coal; significant reduction in both sulfur can be used to provide a protocol-transparent and ash was obtained without affecting recovery. interconnection of similar or dissimilar LAN s. Estimates of the relative hydrophobicity of the treated particles may be obtained from viscosity This research effort focuses on the issues involved in the and zeta potential measurements. It has been shown that even though control of particle internetworking of the token ring and the Ethernet. The surface properties improves beneficiation, paper discusses the simulation models employed to yield liberation characteristics are also important. the performance parameters of the extended network and a Mineral and pyrite grains cannot be easily separated from the coal if they remain solution based on the available off-the-shelf components. associated with the organic portions after size reduction. 133. Design and performance investigation of a document retrieval system on a voice/ data integrated token ring network 131. A new method for improving load turndown in fluidized bed combustion S.S. GAITONDE, R. P. S. AHUJA, D. W. JACOBSON .:!.• .§_, FOLEY, R. C. BROWN, G. M. MAXWELL, W. H. Computer Systems Research Group, Department of BUTTERMORE Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Coover Hall, Ames, IA 50011 University, Ames, IA 50011 Local area computer networks have received considerable attention over the past decade. This paper addresses the Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) offers a method for problem of integrating voice, data, and a document cleanly and efficiently burning coal. However, technical problems remain that prevent more wide retrieval system on a token ring local network. spread use of FBC. Among these is the inherently poor load turndown capability of fluidized bed Voice creates stream traffic on a network, where as data combustors. Load turndown is the ability to vary traffic is bursty. The performance requirements of the two the fuel-firing rate (hence energy input) of a combustor to match the energy demand. Load turndown traffic types are also different. Voice packets need to be capability is especially important for fluidized delivered within a limited time interval, whereas the data beds targeted for use in small-scale boilers and emphasizes on error-free delivery. The presence of a furnaces and in coal-fired gas-turbine power document retrieval system on such a network poses further systems. The object of this research is to investigate a new concept in fluidized bed design problems in optimizing the performance of a network. The that improves load turndown capability. This necessity and the technological feasibility has prompted improvement is accomplished by independently this study. The possible solutions, and the steps toward controlling heat transfer and combustion in the combustor. This is achieved by surrounding the implementation are discussed in this paper. fluidized bed in which the fuel is burned (com bustion bed) by another fluidized bed (heat transfer 134. A high-speed, byte-serial, multiple-bus bed). The two beds have separate air supplies and interconnection network are independently fluidized. A water jacket surrounds the heat transfer bed. The heat transfer W. J. ARMSTRONG bed will control the overall heat transfer rate between the combustion bed and the water jacket. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The performance of the heat transfer bed has been Iowa State University, 201 Coover Hall, Ames, investigated. The important parameters include Iowa SOOll composition and size of bed material and size and the bed width. The results of this investigation Multiple-bus interconnection networks offer the are being used to design prototype combustor. connectivity and bandwidth of a crossbar switch at Experiments are being performed in this combustor a reasonable implementation cost. However, certain using coal-water-mixture and coal briquette as fuel. implementations of these networks result in high backplane line counts which limit the number of busses to about four. 132. Internet working of the token ring and the Ethernet local area networks: design, performance evaluation and This research effort investigates using a high speed, byte-serial bus to implement a multiple-bus the implementation network. The project focuses on the electrical properties of the bus, the high-speed serial trans R. P. S. AHUJA, S.S. GAITONDE, D. W. JACOBSON mission circuitry, and the bus-contention resolu tion algorithm. Prototypes were developed to test Computer Systems Research Group, Department of critical aspects of the design and simulation was Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State used to analyze the network's performance in a University, Coover Hall, Ames, IA 50011 specific parallel architecture. The primary motivation of this particular approach Current Local area network (LAN) products do not is to reduce the prohibitively high line counts conform to a single standard. The network designer often associated with multiple-bus networks. An overview employs different networks in the same organization, each of the network will be presented along with a being used in a situation which allows its best features to discussion of the simulation results. A32 135 Combinator-Based Functional Languages on Parallel In this study, fly ash samples obtained from India Architectures were evaluated using the state-of-the-art analytical equipment. High resolution scanning electron S. M. SARWAR microscopy was used to determine the single particle morphology; energy dispersive and wavelength dis Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering persive x-ray microanalysis systems, x-ray fluorescence, and flame analysis with HF and HN03 Department, Coover Hall, ISU, Ames, IA 50011 sample digestion was used for elemental analysis. The results from these techniques show wide In recent years, interest in functional languages has variation of elemental concentrations exists between increased rapidly because they have inherent parallelism. A various particles. Computer literature search has popular method of implementing functional languages is to shown that very little attention has been paid to use combinator-based reduction model. In this method, the relationships between the variability of elements and morphic parameters. For the Indian variables are abstracted (removed) from a program and fly ash samples, trends in si·ze and morphic features replaced by a number of constants, called combinators. were recorded and relationships between some of the There are a number of abstraction methods but none elemental concentrations and particle morphology have addresses carrying out abstraction on elements of a list. been established. For the future work, Indian fly ash will be compared to other well studied fly ash Therefore, although the parallelism is available at the samples from USA. program level, the evaluation of functional subexpressions that involve list manipulation remains recursive. 138. Destruction of hazardous wastes with high vol The work described in this paper overcomes the problem of tage transfer arcs recursive list manipulation by defining a set of list combinators and a list representation to support the Richard Wm. Tock semantics of these combinators. It will be shown how these Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech combinators and list representation make functional University, Lubbock, TX 79409 programs execute faster on parallel machines. High voltage electrical discharge arcs create ideal conditions for destroying hazardous and toxic 136. Status of Iowa plane coordinate system liquid wastes. They create exceedingly high, localized temperatures causing fast pyrolysis of D. K. WALL AND M. D. HANSEN all liquids in the immediate region of the arc. However, this localized high thermal flux dimin Civil and Construction Engineering Department. ishes very rapidly with distance from the arc's Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 central core, so that the bulk temperatures of liquid remains comparatively low. Geographic information systems have increasing application in society as warehouses of spatially This paper will summarize some of the experimental referenced information. Dependable positioning findings for an apparatus (Al-Chem Detoxifier), or location in a common system is an essential which uses transfer arc energy to destroy hazardous part of this information. chemica 1 wastes. The 1 iqu id wastes included agrichemical residues and PCB contaminated trans Plane positions, expressed as x,y rectangular former oils. Some non-hazardous wastes, such as coordinates. can be established in a state-wide domestic sewage sludges and waste pond water, along system based upon either the North American with pure hydrocarbons, such as heptane, will also Datum 1927 or the more recent North American be described. Datum 1983. Considerations in using such positions include a general understanding of the development of state plane coordinate systems, institutional recognition of such systems and conversions 139. Magnetoresistivity in NiFeCo multilayer films between state plane coordinates and geodetic with elevated substrate temperature latitude and longitude. J. H. HUR, C. S. COMSTOCK, A. V. POHM Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 137. Characterization of Indian flyash A multilayer structure of two ferromagnetic layers A. U. DOGAN and a nonferromagnetic conductive middle layer has been used for magnetoresistive memory cells and Fine Particle Research Group and Central Electron transducers. In order to have appropriate signal Microscopy Facility, The University of Iowa, output levels from these elements it is desirable Iowa City, IA 52242. to have high MR ratio. Fly ash particles, micron and submicron sized In this paper multilayer thin films with elevated spheres that are liberated from the combustion of substrate temperature from 200° C up to 300° C were coal, is causing concern in the science connnunity. deposited by RF sputtering with Argon gas at 5 The wide variation of elements make characteri milli-Torr at 1 A/sec deposition rate and the zation somewhat difficult and some of these ele effect of pre-substrate heating on MR ratio was ments, even in trace amounts, can pose a threat studied on these films. to both the environment and man. A33 Preliminary results indicate that the MR ratio 142. Preparation of silver films on Y-Ba-Cu Oxide increses due to pre-substrate heating by comparing Superconducting bulk material using pulsed laser the MR ratios of the multilayer films without pre processing substrate heating. An investigation correlating 1 2 3 grain size, resistivity and MR ratio with elevated T. L. BAHNS , W, C. STWALLEY , W, SAVAGE and A, U. substrate temperature was performed. DOGAN-- 1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Departmen5 of Chemistry , Department of Physics and Astronomy , Central Electron Microscopy Facility4, 140~Self action in ZnSe thin films The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 Mark D. Dvorak, Robert A. Moellering, and With the recent discovery of the metal oxide high David R. Andersen temperature superconductors (90 degrees Kelvin), a major research effort is underway to obtain a room Department of Electrical and Computer temperature superconductor (300 degrees Kelvin). Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa Currently, the material has limited use due to its City, IA 52242 brittle and unstable characteristics. A better understanding of the material requires adequate Recently, it has been observed that the bonding of matal films for conductivity measurements semiconductor ZnSe possesses a large at various temperatures, absorptive nonlinearity due to saturation of the free exciton resonance near the An investigation was performed to study the effects of band edge. The saturation intensity of a laser induced surface reaction on bulk superconducting this resonance was found experimentally material. A pulsed Nd YAG laser was used to convert to be 10.7 kW/cm2 at T = 77K and slightly silver oxide to silver metal at specified power densities, i.e. 2Ag 0 + HEAT 4Ag + o • The silver less at room temperature. 2 = 2 oxide material as an insulator is transformed into Closely associated with this absorptive a conductor at temperatures less than 500 degrees nonlinearity is a dispersive nonlinearity Centigrade. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy which causes the envelope and spatial Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis techniques were used profile of short (~ 1 nS) optical pulses to examine the junction between the silver metal and to be modified. These changes are due to the Y-Ba-Cu Oxide material, self action effects resulting from the non-constant pulse envelope and spatial 143. Instrumentation for measuring domain wall profiles. velocities in magnetoresistive permalloy elements Experimental results concerning these K, E, SPEARS, V. MEHRA, C. S, COMSTOCK, A. V, POHM effects will be presented and potential device applications of the phenomena will Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering be discussed. Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 Magnetoresistive permalloy elements show promise as nonvolatile memory for computer systems, Domain 141. Micromagnetic study of multilayer MR elements wall propagation velocity is an important parameter in determining device characteristics, H. Y. YOO, A, V, POHM AND C, S, COMSTOCK The magnetic polarization of the magnetoresistive Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering element determines the state of the bit. The state Department, Iowa State University, Aines, Iowa 50011 of the bit is reversed by a domain wall sweeping from nucleation sites at one end of the element to The magnetoresistance effect of the multilayer the other end. The progression of the domain ferromagnetic thin films in which two homogeneous reversal can be determined by the change in the magnetic layers are separated by nonmagnetic layer element's resistance. has been studied, These thin films have applications in high density magnetic read heads Test instrumentation has been investigated and and nonvolatile computer memory systems, propagation velocities measured for 2 x 20 µm Generally, the elements are 2 x 20 JJm and the magnetoresistive elements. uniaxial anisotropy constant either parallel or perpendicular to the long dimension of the element. 144, 1 Ethanol to Hydrocarbon Conversion Using Novel The exact analysis of the magnetic behavior of the Supported Molten Salt Catalysts. element can be accomplished by solving highly nonlinear partial differential equation known as G. DEO AND R. DATTA torque equation. The solution represents the equilibrium state of internal magnetization of the Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering element. Because of the small dimensions of the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. elements, exchange and demagnetizing fields play significant roles in the equation. Ethanol produced by the fermentation of corn syrup is usually distilled and sold as a beverage or is A 2-dimensional numerical analysis is performed on further distilled to an anhydrous form which is usei the underlying torque equation for various inputs as a fuel extender and octane booster. Unfortu and the results will be discussed, nately the distillation process is extremely energy intensive. However, converting ethanol-water mix tures directly to hydrocarbon-water mixtures would result in a two-phase system that can be easily separated. A34 In analogy with the MTG (methanol-to-gasoline) pro 147. A computational study of laminar burning velocities Fuel Mixtures of H , co, CH , and c H cess for the conversion of methanol to high octane 2 4 2 2 gasoline using zeolite catalysts, this study is aimed at developing a new catalytic process to con T. V. PEDERSEN AND R. C. BROVN vert methanol-water mixture directly into hydrocar bons using a supported molten salt catalyst (SMSC), Department of Mechanical Engineering the catalyst being ZnC1 . Experimental results Iowa State University will be discussed. 2 Ames, IA 50011 The results of this. study could help in developing The objective of this study is to calculate the an economically attractive integrated corn wet burning velocities of several inflammable gas milling and ethanol to hydrocarbon process. mixtures. Vhile a number of computational studies have been performed on pure fuel-air mixtures, little has been done with blends of fuels. Such 145, Kinetics of calcium sulfate decomposition comparisons are important in validating reaction mechanisms proposed in theories of flame propa gation. The resulting model is also useful in J. S. OH, C.-W. FAN, AND T. D. WHEELOCK predicting flammability characteristics of gaseous fuel blends. Burning velocities for several Iowa State Mining and Mineral Resources Research mixtures of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, and Institute and Department of Chemical Engineering, acetylene with air as functions of initial mixture Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 temperature and pressure have been calculated and compared to experimental data in the literature. A potentially useful process has been demonstrated for recovering sulfur from gypsum or other forms of The model simulates one-dimensional, laminar calcium sulfate by high temperature reductive premixed flames. These flames are described by decomposition. The decomposition reaction is conservation equations for mass, species, and notable for an initial induction period during which energy. The resulting system of partial the rate of reaction is very slow followed by a differential equations are parabolic; they are period of very rapid reaction. During the induction solved with the general equation solver PARTIAL/ONE. period the rate of decomposition of calcium sulfate The reaction mechanism was generated with the seems to be controlled by the rate of nucleation chemical kinetics editor program ASSEMBLE and gas and growth of the solid reaction product, calcium mixture properties calculated with the thermo oxide. After the induction period the rate of chemical property program PROP. decomposition of calcium sulfate appears to be controlled by the rate of the following reaction when carbon monoxide is used as a reducing agent: 148. Heat transfer in water-fluidized beds caso + co = Cao + co + so LA\IRENCE V. BURKEN AND ROBERT C. BROVN 4 2 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering This appears to be a first order reaction with Iowa State University respect to carbon monoxide concentration. A Ames, IA 50011 mathematical model has been developed to represent the reaction kinetics and it seems to fit the Heat transfer in water fluidized beds is being experimental data rather well. investigated in this study. The goal is to enhance and control heat transfer to water tubes in fluidized bed combustors. The approach is to induce 146. Recompact Iowa soil materials before using as aggregative fluidization in water tubes containing liners for waste containment high density particles such as steel or lead. Aggregative fluidization is characterized by liquid .§.:_.:!.:._ KLUITENBERG, R. HORTON, AND M. L. THOMPSON bubbles appearing in the bed. These bubbles produce rapid mixing of particles in the bed with the result Soils Research, Dept. of Agronomy that heat transfer rates between the bed and the Iowa State University enclosing walls is greatly accelerated. Ve are also Ames, Iowa 50011 investigating aggregative fluidization in three phase systems in which vapor bubbles produced by Soil materials are often used in hazardous-waste boiling produce the same effect as liquid bubbles. disposal facilities to provide a physical barrier Tests are being performed in a cylindrical fluidized to leachate movement. Both existing soils and bed. A cylindrical heat transfer surface immersed in the center of the bed is wrapped with resistive recompacted soil materials have been used in wire across which electrical power is applied. The barrier construction. Solute transport heat flux at the surface is equal to dissipated experiments and measurements of saturated electrical power per unit area of cylinder. The hydraulic conductivity were used to characterize temperature of the heating element was found from the transport properties of three Iowa soil knowledge of the temperature coefficient of materials. Experiments were performed with resistance of the wire and a resistance measurement. undisturbed soil samples as well as recompacted Vater is pumped vertically through the cylinder and samples. bed of particles, producing the fluidized bed. Heat transfer coefficients for a homogenous and hetro The experimental results show that recompaction genous fluidi.zed bed were found to be significantly greatly altered the solute transport properties of greater than those for water flow in a tube alone. the three soil materials. Recompaction improved the ability of each soil material to reduce rates of leachate transport. It is concluded that recompaction would be necessary for any of these materials to satisfy U. S. Environmental Protection Agency standards for barriers in hazardous-waste landfills and surface impoundments. A35 149. Automatic gain control of retinal light show osteoarthritic changes in cartilage and sensitivity in congenital stationary night subchondral bone, but as yet can provide no blindness information about the local stress levels actually being created. This study reports results from a !• CHON, M. S. REINHERT, and G. MYERS dynamic nonlinear finite element model which has been developed to study juxtarticular stresses in Biomedical Engineering Department, University of the extension-splinted rabbit knee, an established Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 laboratory model for creating osteoarthrosis due The physiologic basis of paradoxical pupillary to mechanical loading. The computational model response in Congenital Stationary Night Blindness succeeds in producing realistic approximation of (CSNB) is investigated with the aid of a mathematical an initial impulsive force peak of 1.5 times body · model. The model explains experimentally observed weight, which was recorded experimentally in the phenomena in CSNB by representing the light first 25 msec of a 200 msec, 9 cm cam-driven adaptation process as an automatic gain control upstroke of the rabbit tibia. mechanism with both negative feedforward and feedback. The direct light path is apparently interupted in CSNB, giving rise to paradoxical 152. Solving groundwater problems using boundary constriction of the pupil when retinal illuminance elements. decreases. The model also explains the observed increase in pupillary hippus which is understood as S. DAS instability oscillations due to positive feedback. Finally, the model allows us to investigate rod-cone Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, interactions in the retina and their constributions to Iowa State University, 2078 Black Engineering neural dynamics of pupillary system response. Building, Ames, IA 50011. A number of groundwater flow problems are governed by Laplace's equation. In most of the steady state problems the boundary conditions are Direchlet or 150. Modeling of Canine Pelvic Limb Muscular Neumann type. Anatomy Using the fundamental solution and Green's identity .Q_. !_. PEDERSEN, J. H. FEINBERG, and R. A. BRAND the governing differential equation can be trans formed into a boundary integral equation, which can Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of be numerically solved to find boundary and domain Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 data. A precise method locating relative muscle skeletal In the present work, a problem which is represen attachments enables the determination of individual tative of real life situation is investigated. muscle forces and moment arms which may improve our Drawdown in wells, effect of wells on each other, understanding of muscular function. We developed a etc., are found and compared with experimental model and devised a scaling system to predict the data, where available. The superiority of this musculoskeletal geometry in living canine subjects. method in comparison to the more commonly used During the gross dissection of ten hindlimbs actual Finite Element Method is also pointed out. muscle attachments and certain bony landmarks were labelled with metal screws. "Effective" endpoints were used to more accurately depict the function of 153. Kharitonov's theorem on the stability of some muscles. Biplanar radiographs of dissected systems pelvic limbs determined threedimensional coordinates corresponding to the pelvic, femoral and tibial bony L. J. HANRAHAN reference frames. Selected anthropometric dimensions scale coordinates for each muscular attachment site. Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Combining scaled coordinates from all five animals Iowa State University, 302 Coover Hall, produced a "scaled coordinates" template to predict Ames, IA 50011 raw coordinates in living animals using their own anthropometric dimensions. Template predicted 3D Stability is a very old and important topic in the coordinates compared to those measured during gross study of systems. A recent significant development dissection of an eleventh pelvic limb confirmed the by V. L. Kharitonov has renewed the interest in models' validity. Although limited to mid-sized dogs stability research. of collie-hound-labrador stature, small differences between coordinates identified by gross dissection A conunon method of testing the stability of a and those determined from anthropometric scaling system is by locating the roots of its characteris verify this mathematical model as an accurate method tic equation. The characteristic equation arises for predicting muscle locations in living animals. from modeling the system by differential equations. When the coefficients of the characteristic equation are not precisely known, but are bounded 151. Juxtarticular stress transients in a dynamically loaded joint in an interval, Kharitonov's theorem allows one to test the stability of the entire family of D.D. ANDERSON, T.D. BROWN, K.H. YANG,* E.L. RADIN* characteristic equations by testing only four of the characteristic equations at extreme points. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; *West Virginia An analysis of the significance and limitations of University, Morgantown, WV Kharitonov's result will be discussed. Repetitive dynamic loading of joints has been Supported by NSF under grant number MIP-8708811 linked to early onset of degenerative arthritis. and ECS-8705291 Animal models involving impulsively loaded joints A36 154. Sampling technique in sense amplifier design 156. Power spectrum estimation as a tool to in for magnetoresistive memories vestigate biological feedback mechanisms V. MEHRA, A. V. POHM AND K. E. SPEARS .§.. PAN, H. JACOB*, G. A. MYERS and M. BRODY* Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 Pharmacology(*), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 Thin film magnetoresistive (M-R) memories offer attractive properties as nondistructive read out, random access, nonvolatility and radiation Biological control systems usually include feedback. hardness. Under certain conditions, these feedback control systems may oscillate. The frequency of such oscillations is characteristic A special amplifier design has been investigated to of the time required to traverse the feedback loop. detect and enhance the output of these memory cells which is highly corrupted by noise. In our It is sometimes possible to identify specific feedback technique a bit is read a number of times and a mechanisms with particular frequency components. In these sample of the amplified output is taken each time. cases, power spectral analysis of biological signals may be a useful tool in investigating the control systems which give The sampled signal is repetitive while the additive rise to the oscillations. white noise is uncorrelated. Averaging of this leads to the reduction of the noise by square root We are employing these analytical methods to investigate the of the number of samples taken. Enhancing the S/N varibility ("!ability" in physiologic terms) of blood ratio allows the reduction of bit size making very pressure and heart rate in order to investigate the high density memory integrated circuits possible. mechanisms of increase of variability in deafferentated rats. The design of the sense amplifier and the sampling technique will be presented. Investigation of 157. Internal friction study of the effect of minimum bit size and other applications will be hydrogen on the nitrogen Snoek peak in Nb discussed. L.J.H. BRASCHE, O. BUCK, C.V. OWEN AND J. SNODGRASS Ames Laboratory and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, 206 Metals 155. New approaches to signal average ECGs Development, Ames, IA 50011 .:!_-P LU, R. LARA and G. A. MYERS To determine the nature of the interaction of inter stitials in refractory metals, internal friction Biomedical Engineering Department, University of was used to determine the effect of hydrogen in Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 solid solution on the nitrogen Snoek peak in Nb over the temperature range 300 - 700 K. Using In order to improve the signal to noise ratio of analysis techniques developed by Weller and co Electrocardiographs (ECGs). previous investigators workers, activation parameters were determined had averaged several ECGs together. Most from torsion pendulum results and compared to investigators have employed only rudimentary parameters found from frequency analysis. These morphologic criteria to decide whether a beat activation parameters were found to be independent should be induded in or exduded from the average. of hydrogen concentration indicating no inter action between hydrogen and nitrogen in this In addition to morphologic criteria. we employ temperature range. several means of estimating the electrophysiologic 1 status of the heart (previous R-R interval.following R Ames Laboratory is operated for the U.S. Department R interval. ditference in R-R intervals.timing of of Energy by Iowa State University under contract respiratory cycle. phase normalization and voluntary no. W-7405-ENG-82. This work was supported by the control of respiration) to divide beats into classes. Off ice of Atomic Energy Sciences, Division of which are then averaged. These are measures of the Materials Sciences. autonomic nervous system status at the time of the heart beat 158. Speech Vocoders based on Line Spectrum Pair H has been shown that signal-average ECG and R-R representation of LPC coefficients variability separately help to detect individuals with increased risk of sudden cardiac death. The D. SINHA ~ND T. V. RAl'IABADRAN combinated method promises to greatly improve the efficacy of Signal Averaged ECGs in detection of Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering cardiac disease. Iowa State University Ames, IA 50011 Linear Predictive Coding provides an efficient way to represent speech signal in ter•s of time varying parameters related to the vocal tract transfer function and the glottal excitation. An important application for this method is in suppor ting tactical voice communication over narrow-band channels. The Govt standard Linear Predictive Coder operating at 2400 bps provides good speech intelli gibility A37 oresence of bit errors.This has prompted researchers microstructure. In this study, several different to develop even lower bit-rate vocoders so that the types of food particles were studied including coffee, bits saved can be used for error protection. To meet instant tea, powder cream, powder cheese, sugar, this end, parameters with low spectral error sensit brown sugar, succrose, salt, cocoa, milk, chocolate, ivities and good perceptual properties are critical. red pepper, and black pepper. Sample preparation for Line Spectrum Pairs A38 162. The multiquadric-biharmonic method of three 164. Chemical interaction between acid and basic dimensional mapping inside ore deposits magmas, SE Iceland R. L. HARDY AND S. SIRAYANONE A. G. OODEN, AND B. E. NORDLIE Department of Civil &Construction Engineering, Department of Earth Sciences Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 ICMa State University, Ames, IA 50011 The multiquadric-biharmonic (MQ-B) method is Basic masses enclosed by granite in the Austurhorn a physically deterministic method of mapping net-veined canplex have been interpreted to be the inside of volumes or on planes and lines. Many result of basic magma intruding acid magma. Major mining problems involve bore hole data which and trace element ooncentration profiles fran the provide three dimensional information. A complete edge to the interior of a typical large diabase mass evaluation of the competitive methods in many have been determined to assess chemical interaction mineral resource applications shows that the with the surrourXling granite. Caiq;>arisons with MQ-B method generally equals or exceeds the experimental and calculated profiles indicate that accuracy of the kriging and other stochastic diffusional transfer of elements has occurred in the process methods, with considerable savings in outer portions of the diabase and across the computer processing. The theory of the MQ-B granite-diabase interface. Si and Na diffused into method is based on mathematical physics rather the diabase while K and Sr diffused into the than stochastic processes. No pre-processing granite. Ca, Fe, P, Mg, La, Rb, Zr, and V also is required. Making the sum of the biharmonic exhibit profiles suggestive of diffusion. Ca, K, sources (coefficients) equal to zero satisfies Rb, and La diffused up concentration gradients. the conservation of energy concept. The solution Diffusion and thermal IOOdelling have been carried of (n+l) simultaneous equations provides a finite out assuming coexisting magmas. Profiles of Na and sum of continuous MQ-B functions which can be Sr resemble IOOdel profiles requiring 4 weeks to evaluated at any number of points to provide develop~ this is well within the time constraint the basis for contouring by surfaces in three imposed by oooling of the diabase to its solidus. dimensions. This result also provides a meaningful These results are permissive evidence for the basis for ore reserve estimation and positional coexistence of acid and basic magmas and the block variances. formation of basic pillCMS. 165. Geochemistry of the Sonju Lake ma.fie layered canplex, northeastern Minnesota Geology M. K. ROGGE AND K. E. SEIFERT Department of Earth Sciences, ICMa State University, Ames, ICMa 50011 163. DOSECC: Deep Scientific Drilling Comes to Iowa The Sonju Lake canplex is part of the Beaver Bay R. A. Anderson intrusion of Keweenawan age. The 3.5 Ian thick intrusion consists of layers, fran base to top, of Iowa Dept. of Natural Resources, Iowa City, IA 52242 picrite, trcx::tolite, t\tlO pyroxene gabbro, augite gabbro, apatite ferro-diorite, grar¥Xliorite and DOSECC (Deep Observation and Sampling of the Earth's perhaps granite. Stevenson (1974) observed Continental Crust) is a non-profit corporation that systematic changes in mineral canpositions across was established in 1984 by a consortium of univer the intrusion, and calculated a tholeiitic bulk sities to manage scientific drilling activities for canposition. the National Science Foundation. Three DOSECC projects scheduled to begin in the next few years The Sonju Lake intrusion has affinities with many will sample and study Phanerozoic and Precambrian other Keweenawan intrusions such as the Duluth rocks from the Iowa subsurface. A series of nine gabbro, Mineral Lake intrusion, Bald Eagle intrusioo deep core holes are planned along a line from north and several others. Stevenson (1974), however, west to southeast Iowa as a part of the "CICSCO" fourXI a wider range of differentiation in the Sonju (Continental Interior Crustal Studies Consortium), Lake intrusion than has been fourXI in any other and at least two deep cores are proposed along the Keweenawan intrusion. This research is part of an trend of the Midcontinent Rift Zone in Iowa by "MCR" ongoing study in cooperation with the Minnesota (Midcontinent Rift Scientific Drilling Project). Geologic Survey. The isotope geochemistry of igneous rocks recovered in these drilling programs will be studied and their petrogenesis and ages investigated by "Project Upper 166. Trace elemental constraints oo the evolution Crust," which also funds bottom-hole projects to of peralkaline phonolites, Chico Hills, New Mexico deepen pre-existing drill holes and sample igneous basement rock. These projects promise an opportu L. s. Potter and B. E. Nordlie nity to study presently unknown Paleozoic and Pre cambrian units and will lead to some of the most Department of Earth Sciences, ICMa State significant advances ever in our understanding of University, Ames, ICMa 50011 the geology of Iowa. Peralkaline phonolites of Oligcx::ene age (25 Ma) are part of the Chico Sill canplex, SE of Raton, r+t. The phonolite consists of minor nepheline and large, tabular alkali feldspar phenocrysts in a groummass of alkali feldspar, nepheline, sodalite group minerals, and needles or sprays of aegirine. A39 The m:>re evolved rocks show a greater derived sulfur). The origin of15arbon in the nepheline/alkali feldspar ratio ~ contain a suite deposits is ambiguous because d c ~anges from -8 0 1 of rare accessory minerals. to O /oo in calcite. Values of d 0 ( 1 to Trace element variations show two distinct ~ par -10 °/oo) and dD (-147 to -10 °/oo) for fluids in allel trends in REE vs zr ~ divergin; trends in fluid inclusions in calcite and fluorite suggest a Rb, Mn ~ Y vs Nb ~ zr. The trend exhibitin; significant meteoric water component; however, these greatest REE enrichment contains samples fran llDSt data do not rule out a contribution from either a primitive to llDSt evolved. Chaldrite-norma.lized connate brine or a magmatic fluid. REE patterns for this trend show a slight negative Eu an::maly ~ an unusual increase in HREE with evolution. The secaxi trend lacks significant Eu 169. Regional geology of Archean gold lode deposits an::malies or HREE enrichment. Evidence suggests of the Atlantic City-South Pass district, Wyoming that two slightly different parent magmas were sub K. I. McGOWAN AND P. G. SPRY ject to similar differentiation processes, ~ that the phorx>lite did not evolve fran the same parent Department of Earth Sciences, 253 Science Hall 1, as other rock types in the area. Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 The Atlantic City-south Pass gold district is hosted by Archean metasedimentary and metavolcanic supra crustal rocks. It is one of the few Archean gold de 167. The geochemistry of manganese-rich ga.rnet bearing rocks associated with the Aggeneys Cu-Pb-Zn posits in the US and has produced -325,000 oz. Au. Ag-Au deposits, Namaqualand, South Africa The supracrustal rocks form a tightly folded, north east-trending synclinorium and have been metamorpho P. G. SPRY sed to amphibolite grade. Basal ultramafic rocks are overlain by iron formation, quartzites, and pelitic Department of Earth Sciences, 253 Science I, schists of the Goldman Meadows Formation. Thin iron Iowa State University, Aines, IA 50011 formation units also occur in the overlying Roundtop Mountain Formaiton, which is overlain by metagray The Aggeneys deposits (Broken Hill, Black Mountain, wackes, graphitic schists, cherts, and intercalated and Big Syncline) are contained in a thick sequence mafic flows and tuf fs of the Miners Delight Forma of metasediments and metavolcanics (Bushmanland tion. Most lode gold occurrences of the district are Sequence)in the Namaqualand district, South Africa. hosted in shears located near the contacts of a nor These deposits contain in excess of 26o million theast-trending belt of meta-igneous dikes and sills tonnes of ore averaging J.4% combined Cu+Pb+Zn and with the surrounding Miners Delight Formation meta 20 gram/tonne Ag. Minera1ization which has been sediments. The spatial relationship of gold mineral metamorphosed to upper amphibolite grade and ization to iron formation,graphitic schists, and subjected to five fold episodes is contained in a cherts is similar to that observed at Archean gold 200 m thick succession of schists and iron deposits in Canada and other parts of the world, formation known as the Aggeneys Ore Formation. The Preliminary sulfur isotope values of -1.0 to 2.90/oo ores are intimately associated with a variety of suggest a magmatic source for sulfur in sulfide min manganese-bearing garnet-rich rocks including garnet erals associated with gold mineralization. quartzite, amphibole-garnet quartzite, magnetite garnet quartzite, gahnite-garnet quartzite, and ga.rnet·rock, Major,trace and rare-earth element studies of these rocks suggest that they were originally hydrothermal chemical sediments which had 170. Iowa geology: the early years a detrital input of alumina. Manganese-rich garnet bearing rocks serve as an important guide in the W. I. ANDERSON exploration for metamorphosed massive sulfide deposits. Department of Earth Science University of Northern Iowa Cedar Falls, IA 50614-0506 In 1975 on the occasion of the first one hundred 168. The geology and geochemistry of barite vein years of the Iowa Academy of Science, Robert w. deposits, northern Ontario, Canada Hanson summarized the history of the organization. Additional historical accounts were published B. KUTZ AND P. G. SPRY during the centennial year covering many of the science disciplines. Although geology was not Proterozoic barite vein deposits are distributed in treated separately in the special articles prepared rocks of Archean and Proterozoic age throughout the during the centennial year, the contributions of Superior Province of northern Ontario. These veins early geologists were important to the development occur in a variety of rock types including granite, of science in our state. In celebration of the one syenite, diamictite, and diabase, The deposits, hundredth annual meeting of the Iowa Academy of which are up to 160 km apart, are east-west Science, it is appropriate to consider the contri trending and are parallel to a regional set of butions of early geologists in Iowa. Included in faults. Veins are composed of barite, calcite, this report are the contributions of R. Ellsworth and fluorite, and minor pyrite, sphalerite and Call, Samuel Calvin, James Hall, Charles Keyes, W. chalcopyrite. Trace amounts of native copper, J. McGee, David D. Owen, Frank Springer, Orestes St. bornite and covellite are also present. Fluid John, James Todd, Charles Wachsmuth, Clement inclusion data indicate that the veins were Webster, Charles White, and A. H. Worthen. Corres deposited from low temperature (So0 -110°c), low to pondence between Charles Keyes and Samuel Calvin in moderately salJiie (0 to 10 equiv. wt% NaCl), co - 2 1892 and 1893 provides historical background on the poor fluias. d S values for sulfides and barite political climate in Iowa at the time of the estab range from -13 to 0 °/oo and J to 10 °/oo, lishment of the Iowa Geological Survey iri 1892. respectively, and suggest a mixed source of sulfur Highlights of this correspondence are reported. (i.e. reduced seawater sulfate and biogenically A40 171. Twinning enhanced disordering in NaA.1Sij) 8 been transposed at least twice during deformation. The earliest deformation produced quartz barXls with M, J, Kramer and K. E. Seifert finely foliated graphite arXI mica layers (Sl). This foliation is preserved only in pseudanorphed Department of Earth Sciences, ICMa State University, porphyroblasts. Albi te, idioblastic garnet, arXI Aines, IA 50011 idioblastic sphene porphyroblasts overgrew earlier porphyroblasts arXI the previous matrix foliation Triclinic NaA1Si3o8 is the sodic endrnernber of the (S2). Folds have transposed this foliatioo at least fr~rk alumioosiiicates (feldspars) which can once m:>re, producing the present coarse-grained prise the bulk of the earth's crust, NaA1Si3o8 is matrix arXI barX!s of graphite. Developnent of the assigned a non-staOOard space group of CI due to its present foliatioo (S3) may have been the result of a slight distortion fran a C2/m. At !CM tenperatures, change in the directioo of tectonic transport, based the tetrahedral rings are ordered (low structural on the change in asymnetry of pressure shadows state) with Al in 1 of the 4 tetrahedral sites. between Sl arXI SJ, With increasing T, the Al becanes rarrlanly distribu ted. The kinetics of disordering is a functioo of P 174. A model for listric faults arXI T (Goldsmith, 1987). Cores from single crystals (3llllll x 7llllll) were S.J. BAEDKE deformed in.a tr;:iaxial solid media device cPc = 1 GPa, t = io-s s-1, and T varied from 800 - 1000 CC). Department of Earth Sciences, University,of Northern Cores were oriented to favor or oppose twinning. Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614-0506 Due to thermal gradients within the sample assembly ooly the central 1/3 of the sample was within 50 ~ Many normal faults flatten out with depth, such of the maximum temperature. Partially disordered faults are termed listric faults. sanples shCM a serrated boundary between the lCM arXI high structural states when the cores were favorably Recent study of the formation of listric faults has oriented to twinning {parallel and normal twins). either focused on how listric faults develop through These serratioos follCM the crystallographic orien continuous stretching and detachment of the crust tations of the twin laws. Cores in the anti during continental extension (Mcclay & Ellis, 1987), twinning orientation do not show these serrations or modeling of the detachment process (Bosworth, arXI take longer to disorder. 1985). This study attempts to theoretically predict the 172. Evidence for dynamic recrystallizatioo in geometry of a listric fault from the physical naturally deformed quartzi tes fran Chol la Wash, properties of the rock and the applied stress field. Eagle Mruntains, southern California Bosworth, W., 1985, Geometry of propagating C, E, POSTLETHWAITE AND C. E. JACOBSON continental rifts: Nature, v. 316, p. 625-627 Department of Earth Sciences, ICMa State University, McClay, K.R. ~Ellis, P.G., 1987, Geometries of Aines, IA 50011 extensional fault systems developed in model experiments: Geology, v. 15, p. 341-344 Well lineated arXI foliated arX!alusite and sillimanite-bearing quartzites fran beneath a ductile thrust have strong quartz crystallographic preferred orientations (CPO's). Optically 175. Comparative study of the Paleo-Tethyan determined c-axis orientations define modified Ophiolite Suites single girdles at a high angle to the foliatioo arXI lineation. These CPOs are typical of quartzites M, M. DOGAN and A. V. DOGAN deformed by intracrystalline glide. Detailed measurements on samples whose fabrics are least Department of Geology;1 Department of Geology and modified by post-deformational recovery processes Central Electron Microscopy Facility, The University shCM that the largest, m:>st elliptical grains have of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 their c-axes oriented at lCM angles to the foliatioo arXI nearly perpendicular to the lineation. Smaller, The large, west-narrowing, triangular embayment of less elliptical grains have a broader range of c the Permo-Triassic Pangea has been widely presumed axis orientations. to have been destroyed as a result of subduction and collision during Post-Triassic times, However, New grains develcp through polygonization arXI the details of this collision with Laurasia and subgrain rotation of older, highly strained grains. demise of this oceanic embayment, now commonly As they grow arXI deform by intracrystalline glide, referred to as Paleo-Tethys. Rare earth and trace the crystals may rotate taiard preferred elements data of Paleo-Tethyan ophiolites along the orientations. This is suggested by the strong CPO North Anatolion Fault have been synthesized and of the large grains arXI weak CPO of the small ooes. compared with the other Paleo-Tethyan Ophiolites. Hitachi S-570 Scanning Electron Microscope equipped 17 3. Microstnx::tures within porphyroblasts as with Kevex 8000 Energy Dispersive and Microspec indicators of foliatioo regeneratioo, Orocq>ia WKX-2A Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis Schist, southern California systems and Tracor 2000 X-ray Fluorescence system form the basis of the analysis, The data is used M. R, DAWSON AND C. E. JACOBSON along with other geological evidence in deter mining the nature and geologic evolution of the Department of Earth Sciences, ICMa State University, uppermantle and paleotectonic setting of the Aines, Iowa 50011 ophiolite suites, The compositional diversity of the ophiolite series indicates the complexity of Porphyroblasts in metasediments in an accretiooary the geodynamic environment, canplex shCM evidence that the foliatioo .has A41 176. Tertiary strata in Iowa t~!m~t.qJ.~p:ts ~~mj,<;:b~tOY!l~ first appears near the base of the Juniper Hill B.J, WITZKE AND G.A. LUDVIGSON Member and ranges into the lower Cerro Gordo Member. Palmato1epis to1iacea was Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Geological reported by Anderson !1966J from a position Survey Bureau, Iowa City, IA 52242 just above the last occurrence of t. semichatovae in the lower part of the Cerro International definition of the Plio/Pleistocene •Jordo Mb. . The occurrence of the former boundary at 1.6 Ma now places Iowa's oldest tills species is correlated with Zone 5. and the (>2·.2 Ma) in the Pliocene. A widespread sub-till latter with Fauna! Unit 7 of the Frasnian fluvial unit in western Iowa reaches thicknesses to conodont sequence in Alberta !Klapper & 200 ft and is composed of "salt & pepper" sands, Lane, 1988). silts and clays. This unit is well exposed near Folsom Lake in northwest Mills County. In Plymouth County it is overlain locally by a glacial-derived sand/gravel unit with pre-1.6 Ma mammals (Stegomas todon), and hence both units are of Tertiary age. Unlike glacial-derived Quaternary sands in Iowa, 179. Report of Fossils from the Red Rock the sub-till unit contains a notable component of Sandstone Quarries of the Alnana Colonies volcanic rock fragments (up to 7%, avg. 2.6%) and plagioclase (up to 6.3%, avg. 4%). This compares b_ 1h_ KRUEGER favorably with Ogallala strata in nearby northeast Nebraska (avg. vole. 4.7%, plag. 3.7%) and modern Mississippi Bend Area Education Agency Missouri River alluvium (avg. vole. 4%, plag. 5.4%). 729 - 21st Street Therefore, the sub-till unit is not glacial-derived Bettendorf, IA 52722 but is western sourced. Reworked Ogalalla fossils (Miocene) are known from Quaternary gravels in The Red Rock sandstones of the Des Moines western Iowa-northwest Missouri (rhinos, three-toed series are found in the southeast third of horses), and their presence raises the possibility the state of Iowa. Sandstone buildings of that Ogallala outliers may occur east of the the Amana Colonies are built of Red Rock Missouri River. sandstone taken from seven local quarries. These quarries and their typical products 177. Representative lithostratigraphic sections of are discussed. the Little Cedar and Coralville formations (Devonian) Black Hawk County, Iowa An outcrop near the Middle Amana quarry is described, as are calamite fossils collected S.W. BENNETT from the quarry and the outcrop. Although five nearby counties are known to have Department of Earth Science, University of Northern yielded plant fossils in Red Rock sandstone, Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614-0506 this is the first report of such fossils in Red Rock sandstone from Iowa County. Witzke, Bunker, and Rogers (1987) have prepared a new stratigraphic nomenclature for rocks of the Cedar Valley Group (Devonian). An updated lithostratigraphic column using the new nomenclature will be presented for the Little Cedar and Cor:alville 180.A sample preparation technique for TEM and XRD analyses of the same clay mineral specimens formations at Pint Quarry in Raymond, Waterloo South Quarry, and a core from the Black Hawk County Landfill. D. A. Laird, M. L. Thompson and A. D. Scott Photographs and thin sections of various sedimentary Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, structures and textures in the study area will also Ames, IA 50011 be presented. A new sample preparation technique haa been developed which permits both transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of the same clay mineral specimen. Clay samples, saturated with various organic and 178. Gonodont fauna and biostratigraphy of inorganic cations, were prepared as oriented the Upper Devonian !Late Frasnian) Lime specimens on Teflon film and analyzed by XRD. The Creek Formation of north-central Iowa. specimens were then treated with Spurr resin end again analyzed by XRD. Finally, portions of the oriented specimens were separated from the Teflon film, embedded in more raein, sectioned, and Department of Geology, University of Iowa, enelyzed by TEM. With this technique it wae Iowa City, Iowa 52242. observed that the reein may penetrate the interlayer space of expandable 2:1 phylloailicates The conodont fauna of the late Frasnian end thereby, increase the apparent baeel spacing of Lime Creek .li'ormation is dominated by these clay minerals. A comparison of the XRD and species of the genus f'_gl,ygna,tb!Js. TEM data further suggest thst cohsrsntly diffracted Relative abundance of conodont species in x-rays msy be detected from relatively disoriented Lime Creek Formation is similar to faunas clay specimens. characteristic of the Pqlygnathus Biof acies reported by Klapper and Lane 1198b, 1988) from Frasnian successions in western Canada. A42 181. A pollen profile of the Cedar Hills Sand sequence occurs along major rivers such as the Up Prairie per Iowa, Turkey, and Volga Rivers and their tribu taries. Particle size distributions of 12 soil pro B• A. MCINTYRE files were determined by the pipette method at the ISU Soil Survey Laboratory. To determine parent Department of Earth Science, University of Northern material uniformity, clay-free particle size dist Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa 50614 ributions of sand, coarse silt and fine silt were computed,thereby reducing pedogenic effects on A core of sediment of approximately 250nun in length depth distributions. Comparisons of coarse/ fine was obtained from a marsh area in the Cedar Hills silt ratios between upland and terrace biosequence Sand Prairie located about ten miles northwest of members showed upland soils with lower ratios (1.0- Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, Iowa. Samples were 1.7 range) than stream terrace soils (range 1.5- taken at 20nun intervals and were processed according 3. 0). to standard palynological lab procedures. The pollen grains were stained and mounted in glycerin 184. Abandoned underground coal mines of Des Moines jelly. Approximately 300 palynomorphs were counted from each sample. A relative frequency diagram was M. A. CULP constructed. Grass, sedge, and Ambrosia-type pollen were major contributors to the pollen sum in all Iowa Geological Survey Bureau, 123 North Capitol parts of the core. The low values of Ambrosia-type Street, Iowa City, IA 52240 pollen at the bottom of the core suggests a maximum age for the cored sediment. Aquatic plant pollen Underground coal mining occurred in the Des Moines, indicates the site was a pond in the recent past. Polk County area from 1865 to 1947. Until recently the locations of many of these mines were only vaguely determined. A map showing the locations and 182. Parent material heterogeneity and its over extents of these mines was compiled from historic printing on three soil profiles from Northeast Iowa literature and recently restored mine maps of abandoned underground coal mines. The map locates N.I. KHANDAKER, F.A. Khan, W.R. Effland, and T.E. 160 mines which encompass over 12,000 acres (19 sq. Fenton miles) and are categorized into four groups: 1) Department of Earth Sciences and Agronomy, Iowa mines of known location and extents taken from State University, Ames, IA 50011 restored mine maps; 2) mines of which the extents are taken from the State Mine Inspectors maps; Framework mineralogy of the sand-size fraction (300- 3) coal lease properties drawn from literature 63 µ) was studied to examine parent material homoge sources; 4) located mines with unknown underground neity and to monitor any vertical fractionation of extents. minerals within a soil profile. Three soil series were used in this study: Winneshiek (Mitchell Co.) Results of the research include, improved delineation and a Jacwin Variant and Rockton (Floyd Co.). The of undermined areas, revelations of new and suspected Winneshiek soil mineralogy includes texturally di areas of multiple level (stacked) mining and an verse contents of rutilated-quartz, chert, potassium improved understanding of the geology of the Des feldspar, albite, micas, grossularite, hornblende, Moines area. kyanite, staurolite, epidote, dravite, rutile, and minor zircon. Variable abundance of individual In addition to the obvious geological and historical mineral species within the profile has been attrib applications of the map it may also have implications uted to parent material heterogeneity and pedo in Des Moines area engineering and land use strategies. genesis. The Jacwin Variant is similar in mineral ogical composition to the above, except for slightly higher percentage of mature tourmaline and zircon. The Rockton soil, unlike the others, shows a large amount of texturally mature zircon, in addition to 185. Isotopic compositions of sulfate evaporites containing tourmaline, rutile, and garnet. This from southeastern Iowa study demonstrates strong heterogeneity in parent materials as well as the influence of weathering KYLE S. HANSEN AND STEVEN M. RICHARDSON intensity on the vertical fractionation of minerals within soil profiles. Department of Earth Sciences, Iowa State University, 253 Science I, Ames, IA 50011 Analyses for stable isotopes of oxygen and sulfur __ 1..8.l.J Comparisons of loess and silty alluvium in have been performed on 24 samples of gypsum or two biosequences from Northeast Iowa anhydrite, representing each of the major evaporite units in the state of Iowa. In each case, values W.R. EFFLAND, R.J. Vobora, and T. E. Fenton for cS 34s are consistent with values for sulfates of the same age on the global sulfur "time line" Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, determined by other workers. Some samples, however, 101 Agronomy Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011 have bl8o values as much as 6 permil lighter than sulfates on the global oxygen "time line." These Two soil biosequences from Allamakee and Clayton anomalies occur in both Devonian and Mississippian Counties were studied to determine parent material samples, but are restricted to a small region near uniformity among loess, redeposited loess, and Ottumwa. The Mississippian and Devonian strata in silty alluvium parent materials. The well-drained, this area host major aquifer systems which may have upland Tama-Downs-Fayette biosequence formed in disturbed the isotopic systematics of the sulfate loess (wind-blown silt) dated between 14,000 to evaporites. This association is circumstantial, 28,000 RCYBP. The well-drained, high stream terrace however. No mechanism proposed to date, including Richwood-Festina- Bertrand biosequence formed in those that involve interaction with deep waters, slope-washed loess and/or silty alluvium. This bio- accounts for these light oxygen values. A43 186. Mineralogy and stable isotopic ratios of sul 188, The pre-late Wisconsinan glacial record in fide mineral deposits from late Paleozoic karat Iowa: Evidence from striations and till fabrics fills in Devonian limestones, eastern Iowa. R. A. STEWART, D. E. HAMILTON, S. L. HOWE, K. M. P.L. GARVIN, AND G.A. LUDVIGSON MCFADDEN, K. E. SCHILLING, AND C. B. SLAUGHTER Dept. Geol., Cornell College, Mt. Vernon, IA 52314, Department of Earth Sciences, Iowa State Univer and Iowa Dept. Nat. Res., Geol. Surv. Bur., Iowa sity, Ames, IA 50011 City, IA 52242 In this study, we have compiled striation and till Pennsylvanian karat occurs in older carbonate strata fabric data on a 1:500,000 Iowa map. This investi in east Iowa, and hosts sulfide mineralization. At gation emphasizes pre-late Wisconsinan ice movements Conklin Quarry (CQ), Johnson Co., karat-fill mud inasmuch as the direction of movement of younger rocks contain clasts of Cedar Valley Ls. Minerals glaciers is apparent from moraines and other glacial grew on surfaces and filled veins in clasts, and landforms. Of all the observed pre-Illinoian grew as nodules in mudstones. Minerals include py striations, the oldest and least frequently rite & calcite, with minor sphalerite, harite, mar occurring striations observed indicate ice movement casite, millerite, and chalcopyrite. Sulfur, car toward the south and southwest. Although these bon, and oxygen isotopic analyses were performed to striae cannot be firmly associated with a specific compare karat-fill minerals with previously studied till, they are probably related to the event(s) that vein-filling minerals from CQ and Upper Mississippi eroded and dispersed erratics of native copper and Valley (UMV) Zn-Pb deposits. Isotopic ratios of banded iron formation across eastern Iowa. The calcites ( ll13c= -3.86 to 1.21 o/oo PDB; l)lflo= 23.67 oldest striations are cross-cut by a younger set to 27 .15 o/oo SMOW) differ from those reported in that trend west-to-east. The nature of the striae, UMV calcites. Sulfur isotope ratios have wide range till fabrics, and glaciotectonic bedrock disruptions of values ( li34s= -30.9 to 15.7 o/oo CDT). Different point to a westerly source. This event produced a isotopic ratios in karat-fill vs. UMV minerals show clay-rich black till derived from Pennsylvanian each originated from different fluids. Data suggest black shales. The youngest and most frequently sulfide generation from bacterial sulfate reduction occurring striations are associated with pre in closed system. Isotopic ratios of CQ calcites Illinoian glaciers moving into Iowa toward the east suggest ppt. from cool meteoric waters. southeast. 189, A finite difference model of contaminant 187. Process-response models for prediction of transport at the La Bounty site, Charles City, IA sandstone diagenesis. ~· .1_. HOWE and R. STEWART A. U. DOGAN Department of Earth Sciences, Iowa State University, Department of Geology and Central Electron Micro Ames, IA 50011 scopy Facility, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 The La Bounty chemical dump is located in the floodplain of the Cedar River in Charles In sandstone diagenesis, parameters such as City, Iowa. The site was used for waste depositional environments, tectonic history, temper material from Salsbury Labs from Sept. 1953 ature, pressure, time, detrital mineralogy, pore through Dec. 1977 when it was discovered system geometry, initial pore water chemistry, and that leachate was moving into the Cedar pore water migration from external sources can be River. The site is approximately 12 acres used to deconvolute post-depositional histories in size and contains over 3 million cubic and to develop process-response models. Upper feet of waste material. Remedial efforts to Cretaceous lenticular sandstones in the Powder slow the movement of the leachate include River Basin provide excellent rock systems for the placement of a clay cap over the area developing such models. The Upper Cretaceous and the installation of an upgradient cut Mesaverde Group (the Teapot, Parkman, Sussex, and off wall. A study has been undertaken usmg Shannon Sandstones) contain lenticular sandstone a two-dimensional finite difference model to units surrounded by the Pierre Shale in the determine what effect the upgradient cutoff Powder River Basin, Wyoming. The Parkman Formation wall has had in slowing the movement of the has been studied in detail for stratigraphy, petro leachate into the river and to predict the graphy, depositional and post-depositional environ long-term movement of the leachate from ments. It is observed that the sources for the dump site. authigenic minerals for the Parkman Formation appear to be predominantly exogenic, possibly from the Pierre Shale. Therefore, it is predicted that 190. Denitrification and nitrate movement in the the other lenticular sandstone units in the Powder shallow alluvial aquifer of the West Des Moines River Basin could have similar diagenetic histories, River, Iowa In order to test this prediction, petrographic microscopy, SEM and X-ray microanalysis study were L. K. WEHMEYER performed on the Shannon Sandstone. The results indicate that general paragenetic sequences were Department of Geology, 121 Trowbridge Hall, similar to that of the Parkman Formation. Pre University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 liminary analysis on the Teapot and Sussex Sand- s tones also show similar· general trend in paragenetic Water quality monitoring conducted on sets of sequences. In this study, it is shown that process nested piezometers in an alluvial aquifer show rasponse models can be very powerful! tool to that nitrate concentrations vary spatially and evaluate and help to predict diagenetic styles of decrease with depth. To determine whether denitri other sandstone complexes in similar geological fication is a factor controlling nitrate levels settings. within the aquifer, the following parameters were A44 measured: DOC, TOC, DO, alkalinity, N-series, and mixing and signal processing techniques, X-ray presence/absence of denitrifying bacteria. Field fluorescence, energy dispersive and wavelength tracer studies were performed using N0 - and Cl dispersive X-ray microanalysis, elemental mapping 3 injected simultaneously into the aquifer. Results and mineral mapping TM techniques is used to suggest that nitrate is reduced within the characterize sandstone reservoirs. Future work will aquifer. Lab studies verify that soils and include automatic characterization of reservoir groundwater from the region are capable of sandstone, as well as pore system characterization reducing nitrate under anoxic conditions. with the advancement on the image analysis system Laboratory nitrate reduction rates using 1SOg soil and automatic stage control. samples range from S - 40 mg/L/day as N0 -. Flow 3 related changes in nitrate concentration are postulated for one site where well-oxygenated soils and gravel lenses characterize the shallow portions of the aquifer, the vertical gradient is low, and high nitrate levels decrease markedly with depth. Linguistics 193. When did things slarl lo gel interesting? Or. does historical 191. Pesticides in alluvial groundwater in !inguislics have llllything to say to cognitive science? western Iowa. C. 0 THOGMARTIN C. A. THOMPSON Department of Foreign Languages. Iowa Stale University. 300 Iowa Dept. of Natural Resources, 123 N. Pearson. Ames, IA 50011 Capitol, Iowa City, IA 52240 I. Crosscullural research on lhe facial expression of human emotions Studies by several agencies over the past (Ekman et al. 1971. 1972. 1983) suggests thal an expression of eight years have found that many of the interest is one of the few universally recognized human facial commonly used pesticides are being found gestures. along with facial expressions of basic emotions like in shallow groundwater. State-wide, wells happiness. sadness. anger. fear. and surprise. completed in alluvial aquifers have a thirty-nine percent positive detection 2. Words expressing lhe emotion of inleresl are perhaps nol as rate. Twenty-one percent have shown universai as the facial expression. being fairly recent in French and multiple detections. The use of nested English. lnleresl for a long lime meant a financial inleresl or other wells has shown that vertical stratif ica concrete interest. Not until the 17th century in France and the !8th in tion of pesticides does occur and is Engltmd was the word inleresling first used in something like ils probably caused by flow regimes within the current sense. aquifer. Municipal wells tend to have higher detection rates than monitoring 3. Although the word interesting is an adjective. it does not describe wells. Local contamination may account any quality inherent in a thing or a person. We allribute to entities for some of these discrepancies. Alter outside ourselves something thal is really a renection of our own nately, pumping may destroy stratification mental processes. and lead to higher concentrations of pesticides being observed than would 4. If the way lhe lexicon is organized renecls universal human thinking otherwise be found in deeper parts of the processes (G. Lakoff 1987). do changes in lexicon reveal changes in aquifer. the way people think? 192. Authigenic mineral characterization in sandstone 194. Controlled degradation of natural reservoirs using comparative electron microscopy language texts as a means of revealing techniques lexical patterns in writing. A. U. DOGANl and M. M. DOGAN2 Q..:_ FRINK AND C. A. MCCOY Central Electron Microscopy Facility and Department Foreign Languages and Literatures, Iowa of Geology, Department of Geology2, The University state University, 300 Pearson Hall, Ames, of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 IA, 50011 Authigenic minerals can play an important role in A computer program (texter) written in both sandstone reservoirs and when correctly identified Pascal and C computer languages has been help to evaluate and predict reservoir character designed to allow natural language texts in istics. The most common authigenic minerals in English and various other languages to ~e sandstone reservoirs include quartz, feldspars processed in a controlled manner pro~ucing (orthoclase, plagioclase), clays (chlorite, a quick visual identification of lexical kaolinite, illite, smectite), calcite, dolomite, patterns. Given a control list generated sericite, ankerite, zeolites, apatite, pyrite, iron by the investigator, texter will visually oxides (hematite, magnetite, ilmenite, limonite), show the positive or negative locations of halite, gypsum, and anhydrite. In this study, items in the list within a given text, by comparative electron microscopy techniques including replacing such words or other words with a scanning electron microscopy, backscattered electron marking symbol on a letter by letter basis. microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Although the process degrades the text scanning transmission electron microscopy, 'signal A45 under study, it does so in a way that reveals semantic structure for poetry, Nursing prose, and other forms of written communication. Texter facilitates rapid 197. Siblings as change agents in promoting func visual textual analysis of natural language tional status for children with cerebral palsy texts on a PC by the application of such control lists. G, M. CLANCY, M. J. CRAFT, J. A. LAKIN, D. W. VANDERLINDEN, R. A. OPPLIGER College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 195. Field independence/dependence as a Siblings can have a powerful influence on brothers predictor of variance in cloze tests of or sisters with cerebral palsy (CP), although the language ability positive effects may be thwarted by misconceptions about CP and underdeveloped helping skills in siblings. This project examined an intervention called "SIBS", or Siblings Inspiring Their Brother Department of English, Iowa State or Sister, to determine whether siblings could be University, Ames, Iowa 50011 effective change agents for the 15 children with CP, as measured by increases in the range of motion (ROM) Hon-linguistic factors contributing to for extremities, and on improvement in self-care variance in performance on a language skills. Functional status was assessed before, test present a problem for its construct during, and after the four month SIBS program. validity. This study used 160 students When calculated as a percent of the total motion in freshman English classes at Iowa possible for each joint, ROM improved significantly State University to investigate the (p .05) for shoulder, elbow, and wrist; no sig influence of the non-linguistic factor, nificant changes were observed for hip, knee or field independence, on a cloze test of ankle. Self-care items showed gain scores in the language ability. This paper will areas of Personal Hygiene (tooth brushing, hand describe the study's background, washing and hair combing), Dressing (putting on procedures, instruments, and results of a multiple regression analysis, which clothes), and Eating (using a spoon). tested the hypothesis that field independent individuals will perform better on cloze tests than field 198. Predictive validity of admission selection dependent individuals regardless of variables and performance of baccalaureate nursing their language ability. It will discuss graduates on licensure examination (NCLEX-RN) the implications of these results for using cloze tests to evaluate linguistic E. MCCLELLAND, J. C. YANG, 0. J. GLICK proficiency. College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 196. Colloquium: Resources for Introductory The purpose of this study was to investigate the Linguistics Courses relationship between admission selection variables and subsequent achievement in baccalaureate nursing R.G. ABRAHAM programs and performance on the National Council Iowa State University Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses Department of English, 203 Ross Hall (NCLEX-RN). Subjects for this study were 283 Ames, IA 50011 graduates of nine baccalaureate nursing programs. Pearson Product-moment correlation and stepwise Introductory courses in linguistics at the multiple regression analyses were performed to undergraduate level must address a wide range of examine the relationships among predictor variables topics and students. Instructors are usually and criterion variables. s~eci~li~ts in some area of theoretical or applied linguistics and perhaps not current on other develop All of the correlation coefficients between pre ments in this rapidly expanding field. Furthermore, dictor variables and selected GPA's and NCLEX-RN locating effective instructional materials for were statistically significant at the .01 level. linguistics courses is time consuming and often The highest predictor for achievement on NCLEX-RN frustrating in an era of dwindling library and media was the ACT social science subscore (r = .48). budgets. The preliminary analyses suggest that it may be possible to identify potentially successful candi This colloquium offers an opportunity for dates for admission to nursing programs, and to colleagues to identify, share, demonstrate, and predict success in the licensure examination on p:opo~e ~ffective materials for courses in general the basis of admission data. linguistics. Everyone who attends is encouraged to be an active participant by bring samples of hand outs, film and video synopses, computer-assisted lessons, audio or video tapes, supplementary exer cis~s, reading lists, textbooks, etc. Brief presen tations on recent trends in general linguistics are also invited as a means of updating the knowledge base of the audience. A46 199. Hand washing in public restrooms 201. Health care preferences of rural adolescents: types of service and companion choices !!• WILHITE, C. WEIR, L. HENSLEY, P. HUMBLES and S. NEUBERT ------M. J. Craft Bradley University, Peoria, IL College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 Studies have found that hand washing is still a major factor in stopping the transmission of One-hundred sixty-three rural adolescents were pre nosocomial infections, particularly those directly sented with nine health problems to determine pre transmitted from one individual to another, through ferences for health services and companion choice touch. This field study attempted to identify the when using health services. Association of five hand washing behavior of persons in public restrooms variables to preferences was examined: (1) age; (2) at O'Hare International Airport. Research questions sex; (3) number of health service visits during the were: (a) Do persons wash their hands after using past year; (4) number of books read in the past year toilet facilities in public restrooms? and (b) How with an illness topic; and (5) health problems. thoroughly do they wash their hands? The Data showed physician offices as the general convenience sample included 373 females and 169 favorite for health service along with parents as males observed in the airport restrooms. companions. However, as adolescents increased in age they were likely to select a variety of services Results showed that 46% of men and 23% of women and to choose to go alone. All adolescents pre failed to wash their hands. Adult or adolescent ferred alternative health services and companions females alone without luggage, and adult or ado for problems of substance abuse and birth control. lescent females alone with luggage, engaged in some Health service preference depended on companion part of hand washing behavior with the same frequency choice for every health problem. Adolescents have (78%). While 57% of adult or adolescent males alone preferences for health services and compansions, without luggage engaged in some part of hand washing which need to be considered in health service behavior, only 47% of adult or adolescent males planning. Rural areas without community clinics to alone with luggage did so. Suggestions for con assist teens with birth control information and trolled clinical follow up studies were generated. substance abuse need to develop alternatives for adolescents. 200. A descriptive study of the methodologies used to teach the history of nursing in baccalaureate programs 202, Prevalence of nursing diagnoses in free living rural elderly adults M.A. MONAHAN, R.N., M. S. O. J, GLICK Division of Continuing Education, Iowa Methodist School of Nursing, Des Moines, IA University of Iowa, College of Nursing, Iowa City, IA 52242 The goals of nursing knowledge are to describe, explain, and predict about human beings. This Health care trends showing increases in the ability to predict is the reason for the study of incidence of chronic health problems, and numbers history in nursing. Martha Rogers' concepts of of persons at high risk for developing these time, patterns, change, and rhythmicity combined problems such as the elderly, as well as the rapid with principles of adult learning formed the con acceleration of health care costs is providing the ceptual framework for this study. impetus for more rigorous promotion of community and personal health monitoring and maintenance. A survey was conducted to ascertain if history of This study investigated the prevalence of nursing nursing content is being taught in baccalauerate diagnoses (actual or potential responses to health programs, the extent of its presence, and the problems) of rural elderly adults who attended one methodologies used to teach it. Ninety-three nurse of three health screening clinics conducted in educators in National League for Nursing accredited Eastern Iowa by nursing faculty and students. programs located in ten central Midwestern states Retrospective analysis of health assessment data composed the population for the study. There was a from 205 clients showed that 44 different nursing 77.4% return rate of the mailed questionnaires, diagnoses were made. Only 18 (8.7%) of the clients had no diagnosis. The five most frequently Findings showed that history of nursing content occurring diagnoses were Sensory-Perceptual is part of a broad course, included in a required Alterations (n=57), Alterations in Nutrition, Less course or part of introductory, trends or issues than Requirements (n=46), Impaired Physical courses. It is usually presented in one or two Mobility (n=44), Alteration in Health Maintenance courses of the curriculum. History of nursing (n=29), and Alteration in Nutrition, Greater than content comprises 1% to 5% of course time. Teach Requirements (n=l9). Knowledge obtained from ing methodologies for presenting the content are epidemiological studies facilitates early case predominantly lecture, discussion, and textbook finding and prevention as well as the reading. identification of life style predispositions. A47 no fermion mass relations, the proton is long-lived Physics <~p?; io33 years), and there is a unique F and n flat direction and hence no vacuum degeneracy problem. GUT symmetry breaking occurs naturally 203. Chaotic inflation antl. baryosynthesis ln a via dimensional transmutation without excess supersymmetric grand unified theory entropy generation. We show that SU(5)xU(l) is the only viable GUT group obtainable from manifold L. CONNORS AND A.J. DEANS compactifications of the heterotic string and Maharishi International University, Department also occurs naturally in four-dimensional string of Physics, Fairfield, Iowa 52556 formulations. It thereby provides a promising link between the heterotic string and the observed Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) provide attractive structure of physics at low energies. solutions to many problems of the Standard Model but also introduce new problems, such as excess 206. Does weakly interacting dark matter change the entropy production during GUT symmetry breaking. primordial helium abundance? ~ recently proposed supersymmetric flipped SU(5) GUT has been shown to solve the problem of excess R. PARKER entropy production provided the STJ(5) strong coupling scale Ac ?; 10 9GeV. In this paper Maharishi International University, Department of we address the problem of obtaining compatible Physics, Fairfield, Iowa 52556 scenarios of inflation and baryosynthesis, and apply the joint analysis of baryosynthesis and The existence of nonbaryonic dark matter has entropy generation to further constrain the been postulated to reconcile the inflationary parameters of the flipped SU(5) model. prediction n = 1 (where n = p/pc) with the nucleosynthesis constraint on the baryonic contribution OB < 0.2. We show that the annihilation of weakly interacting dark matter 204. Coupling constant urtification, proton decay, candidates (X) with cosmological mass densities and dimensional transmutation in flipped SU(5) n = 1 can significantly affect the primordial grand unification abundance of light elements. The largest effects are 1) XX annihilations increase the n/p ratio S. KELLEY once the temperature T falls below the n/p freeze out temperature (T 0.7 MeV), leading to increased Maharishi International University, Department of 4He production; and 2) XX annihilation following Physics, Fairfield, Iowa 52556 helium synthesis dissociates some of the 4He into 3He and D, leading to increased 3He + D abundances. We present a detailed phenomenological investiga Since both effects are inversely proportional to tion of.a recently proposed supersymmetric flipped Mx, applying the observational constraints on the SU(5) grand unified theory inspired by the super abundances of 4He and 3He + D yields significant string. We analyse coupling constant unification, lower bounds on Hx for photinos, Higgsinos, sin2ew, proton decay, and radiative breaking of the Majorana neutrinos and Dirac neutrinos. grand-unified and electroweak symmetries. We show that this simple flipped SU(5) GUT is phenomenolog ically consistent with all low-energy constraints, 207, Solitons and turbulence in plasma physics provides a natural understanding of the gauge hierarchy Mw << MGUT < MPl' and thereby provides D. R. NICHOLSON a highly promising link between the n=4 or D=IO superstring and the observed structure of physics Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 at low energies. A plasma is a hot gas of electrically charged particles. Over 99% of the observable matter in the universe consists of plasma, including the sun and all of the stars. Plasma can support several kinds 205. Superstring grand unification of waves, including light waves. Some of these waves can self-focus catastrophically, like a black J. S. HAGELIN hole, concentrating the wave energy at a point and expelling plasma. This turbulent situation can be Maharishi International University, Department of studied by showing movies of the contour lines of increasing wave energy density, such as the ones Physics, Fairfield, Iowa 52556 shown below. We describe a new supersymmetric grand unified theory based on the gauge group SU(5)xU(l) which is simpler and phenomenologically more successful than previous grand unified theories. The gauge group is broken to the Standard Hodel gauge group using just IO,iO Higgs representations, and the doublet triplet mass splitting problem is solved naturally by a simple missing partner mechanism. There are A48 20C, Stellar Winds and the Age of the Universe 211. On the influx of small comets into Earth's atmosphere L. A. WILLSON Astronomy Program, Physics Department, Iowa State L. A. FRANK University, Ames IA 50011 Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University There are four essentially Independent methods of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 used to determine the age of the universe: (1) the Hubble expansion; (2) nucleocosmochronology; (3) globular cluster Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams; Unique images of Earth's atmospheric dayglow at and (4) the luminosity function of white dwarf ultraviolet wavelengths as viewed from the satel stars. The first method uses the observed recession lite Dynamics Explorer 1 reveal the unexpected velocities of distant galaxies and quasars; ft yields ages between 7 and 20 Gyr, or between 7 and presence of transient intensity decreases with spa 12 if currently favored ("inflationary") cosmologies tial dimensions - 50 km. These decreases, or 'at are assumed. The second Is based on the radioactive mospheric holes', are interpreted in terms of the decay of long-1 ived Isotopes formed in supernovae, obscuration of the dayglow by clouds of water vapor and yields 10.5 t 1.5 Gyr. The third method gives from the disruption and subsequent vaporization of the ages of the clusters through a comparison with stel Jar evolution models; ft typically gives 14-18 small comets at altitudes - 1,000 to 3,000 km above Gyr for the oldest stars. The fourth method depends Earth's atmosphere. The corresponding flux of on the long cooling time for the white dwarfs; the small comets into the atmosphere is - 107 comets/ coolest and faintest, i.e. the oldest, white dwarfs year, each with mass - 108 gm. No other viable ex observed are less than 11 Gyr old, and there do not appear to be any older than this. There is thus planation has been found at present. The'existence good agreement among the ages with the exception of of such a large cometary flux has startling impli the globular cluster ages; but It is this age that cations for Earth and the rest of the Solar System. astronomers have believed to be most reliable. From The preliminary results of a search for these small our theoret.lcal investigations of the possible comets with a special optical telescope will be effects of substantial mass loss from normal "main sequence" stars, we find that the ages quoted above discussed. for globular clusters may in fact only be upper limits, potentially bringing all four methods Into agreement with an age for the Universe of 10-12 Gyr. -~~~ Evidence for low and medium frequency plane 209. Chaos in physical systems tary waves in Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer data T. R. NATHAN J. L. SABUTIS AND R. P. FERGUSON School of Natural Science, Meteorology Program, Earth Sciences Department, Buena Vista College, Storm Lake, IA 50588 Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 Identification of deviations from the stratospheric In recent years, the study of the nonlinear seasonal mean circulation may lead to a better dynamics of forced, dissipative systems has understanding of the general planetary circulation. blossomed into a truly multidisciplinary subject. Atmospheric normal modes have been identified in a Studies by meteorologists (weather prediction), variety of satellite derived data and recent physicists (reaction-diffusion plasma instabilities), measurements from the Total Ozone Mapping fluid dynamicists (transition to turbulence) and Spectrometer provide an additional means of biologists (dynamics of insect populations) have identifying new normal modes. demonstrated that the bifurcations leading to chaos and turbulence in different dynamical systems can Results from a study to corroborate stratospheric be quite similar. 4, 5, and 16 day traveling waves with eight years (1979-1986) of Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer In addition to a brief review of chaotic dynamics data along with evidenc~ for new normal modes in in a variety of physical systems, the nonlinear these data will be presented. dynamics and mathematical properties of simple models of the atmosphere and implications for atmospheric predictability will be discussed. 210. Superconductivity: an intellectual and 213. The influence of crystal electric field on practical challenge low temperature properties of CeCd 11 D. K. FINNEMORE J.TANG, K.GSCHNEIDNER JR. AND D.FINNEMORE Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics, Iowa Low temperature heat capacity, magnetic suscepti State University, 109 Office & Lab Bldg., Ames, IA 50011 bility and AC resistivity were measured on CeCd • 11 Strong evidence for the existance of a crystal Since the discovery of superconductivity above liquid nitrogen temperature there has been a rush electric field (CEF) effect in CeCd were observed 11 of experimental and theoretical research to unravel in these low temperature property measurements. The the intellectual puzzles involved in this phenom enon. In parallel with this has been a rush to ground state of Ce+3 ion 2F is split by CEF of develop processing techniques need for practical 512 tetragonal symmetry into three doublets, with applications. The copper oxide peroskites are a beautifully intricate system of chemical bonds energy equal to E =17.5K and E =80.2K, respectively. 1 2 which show one dimensional, two dimensional and The magnetic entropy up to 70K was calculated from three dimensional behavior all occur. An assessment of the present situation will be given. heat capacity data. The magnetic susceptibility A49 follows a CEF modified Curie-Weiss behavior with an 216. A primitive cloud droplet growth model. effective moment of peff=2.57. This indicates that H. C. VAUGHAN, E. L. QUEE, AND S. TERRONEZ 4f-electrons of Ce ions are localized and isolated Iowa State University, 310 Curtiss Hall, Ames, IA from one another. Comparison of the AC resistivity 50011 of our sample with spin-disorder resistivity in A primitive cloud droplet model was developed to presence of CEF is also discussed. observe spectra growth through the formative stage preceding rain fall. The model is strictly mechanical with no microphysics or thermodynamics present in the calculations. Published droplet coalescence curves linking droplet size and size ratios determine the growth within the model. The 214. Modulation of optical signals th.rough Raman source environment is represented by published fog or cloud droplet populations. The process compares solitons the elements of an ordered matrix of cloud droplets; K. DRUHL smallest to next larger, smallest plus next larger to third droplet, etc. If the size ratio is within Maharishi International TJniversity, Department the calibration envelop coalescence is assumed of Physics, Fairfieln, Iowa 52556 governed by percent efficiency and number of drops available in the environment. In stimulated Raman scattering, energy is transferren from a strong pump beam to a weak Using different background environments we have probe (Stokes) beam at lower frequency. Solitons been able to produce rain drop or no rain spectra. can be generated by a phase shift of close to lRO Our objective was to show how the population growth degrees. They are seen as short pulses of pump related to cloud droplet environments and whether a radiation that are transmitterl with only small simulated rain drop spectra could be generated loss. Uetuning from exact Raman resonance which had good agreement to the natural spectra. leans to a decrease in soliton amplitude. We present numerlcal studies which. show that at fixed detuning the final soliton amplitude 217. Data logging system for the continuous is extremely sensitive to th.e total ph.ase measurement of radon and associated factors shift. The effect is explainerl in terms of the differences in gain for different frequency J. R. PITMAN ANO C. WEIFFENBACH components of the total pulse. This phenomenon may have important applications in optical signal Department of Physics processing and transmission. Cornell College Mount Vernon, IA 52314 The data logging system uses a Keithley 570 Data Acquisition Workstation with a portable clone computer. The workstation has many analog input 215. Calculations of Glass channels of which several are being used to Structure measure temperatures and pressures with the appropriate transducers at various sites within B. TEOH, O. MATHEWS, AND S. FELLER the house being studied. A circuit constructed on an expansion board interfaces incoming pulses Physics Department, Coe College, from two continuous electrostatic diffusion Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52402 radon monitors with the data logging system. Two physical properties of glass, The development of this system will be discussed density and glass transition and some data recorded with the system will be temperature, have been presented. quantitatively related to the microscopic structural groupings in 218. Radon in houses in Eastern Iowa borate glasses. The calculations have yielded the volumes of the C. WEIFFENBACH ANO T. HART various atomic arrangements as well as the characteristic glass Department of Physics transition temperatures for each of Cornell College the units. Mount Vernon, IA 52314 We have attempted to connect Year-long measurements of average levels of detailed knowledge of the fractions radon have been made on the main floors of of units in the glasses obtained 125 houses in Linn County with alpha-track from spectroscopic sources with detectors. About 10% of them have levels physical properties of the glass. over 4.0 pCi/L, the level above which it The calculations used original is recommended by the U.S. Environmental programs which involved non-linear Protection Agency that action to reduce least squares analyses of the data. levels be taken within a few years. The mean l~vel for all houses was 2.0 pCi/L, and the highest was 7.2 pCi/L. These measurements represent the actual exposures of the residents to radon in the houses not the maximum levels in the basements ~hen the houses are sealed. A50 Results of other measurements, including grab prolonged exercise in the heat, large volumes of 5% carbo samples to identify radon entry paths and hydrate drinks can be emptied from the stomach to help continuous recordings of the time variations of minimize the effects of dehydration. radon levels, are presented and discussed in the context of the search for ways to reduce the Supported by Ross Laboratories. health risk from radon in houses in this region. 221.Influence of diet on hematology and erythrocyte indices of greyhound pups. J. E. DRISKO, and R. L. Engen Department of Veterinary Physiology and Physiology Pharmacology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 Thirty-three greyhound pups from four litters were studied from 61 to 178 days of age. Each litter was 219. The effect of prolonged exercise in the heat on divided into two groups. Group 1 was fed 50% meat thermal sensation and rated perceived exertion and 50% dry food and group 2 was fed an all dry food. Blood samples were collected at two-week K.J. SPRANGER. AND C.V. GISOLFI intervals for routine hematology determinations (PCV, RBC, Hgb). Blood indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC) Department of Exercise Science, University of Iowa, Iowa were calculated from hematology values. City, IA 52242 At six months of age (178 days) the hematology This was a pilot study in which 4 male endlrance runners values for the meat diet pup~ we~ as follows: PCV performed 2 bouts of exercise on a motor driven treadmill 48.7% + 0.74, RBC = 8.6 x 10 /mm + 0.22 and Hgb = at 60-70% VOa max for 3 hr in an ambient temperature of 17.24 S°mldl + 0.32. Hematology values for the all 33°C. During one run subjects ingested water and during drg di3t pups were PCV = 45.54% .:!:. 0.58, RBC = 7.88 x the other they ingested a carbohydrate-electrolyte 10 /mm .:!:. 0.22, and Hgb = 15.89 gm/dl .:!:. 0.27. 3 solution every 20 min. The volume ingested at each feed Indices for the meat d~et §ups were MCV = 56.84 µ .:!:. 0 ing was 200 ml at a temperature of s c. Ratings of per 1.34, MCH = 20.12 x 10 /mm + 0.55, and MCHC = ceived exertion (RPE) and thermal sensations (TS) were 35.35% .:!:. 0.21. Injices for the all dry diet 6 pup~ determined at 20 min intervals. There were no differences were MCV = 58.47 µ + 1.75, MCH = 20.42 x 10 /mm + in RPE or TS between beverages throughout the experi 0.70 and MCHC = 34.81!"% + 0.23. Hematology values - ment, thus the data for both beverages were pooled. for the meat group were-significantly higher than Analysis of the pooled data indicated that in the first half for the non-meat group but RBC indices were of the experiment RPE increased significantly, but TS did identical. not. In the second half of the experiment, both RPE and TS increased (p<0.05). The variability in the RPE measurm also increased markedly in the last 60 min of the run. We conclude that the subjects were able to distinguish be1ween 222. Are any, blood-pressure errors caused by RPE and TS for the f°U"St half of the experiment. transmission through nonfatty tissue? Supported by the Quaker Oats Company C.C.WUNDER, S.M. MCGREW AND R.J. KNEE The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 Yes. Multiple regression of pressure P upon 220. Effects of carbohydrates in fluid replacement total, arm tissue C, upon subcutaneous fat F, and beverages on gastric emptying during prolonged exercise upon sex S yields: A.J. RYAN. T.L. BLEILER, J.E. CARTER AND C.V. P±S.E. 58±1 + 0.8±0.3 C + 9±4 F + 5±2 FxS, GISOLFI where P is mm Hg of mean, auscultatory pressure Dept. of Exercise Science, U. of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 as measured with a 12.5x25-cm, arm cuff; C is cm of arm circumference at midcuff; F is cm of skin Carbohydrate concentration of a drink may decrease fluid fold thickness, over the biceps at midcuff; S is absorption by inhibiting gastric emptying. Thus, inclusion equated to -1 for 124, female, sitting, students of carbohydrate in an athletic drink may increase the risk of ages from 16 to 39 yr; S is +l for 30, of hyperthermia during exercise in the heat. To evaluate comparable, male students. Our interpretation is the effects of carbohydrate-fluid replacement, eight that the -0.8-mm Hg correction for every extra cm trained male cyclists (age 20-30 yr) completed four 3-hr of C (1986 IAS Meeting, Abst. # 155) should be bouts of cycling at 60% peak VOa in the heat (33°C) drink independent of an additional -4- (women) or -13- ing either water (W), 5% glucose (G), 5% glucose polymer (men) mm Hg correction for each extra cm of F. (GP) or 3.2% glucose polymer+ 1.8% fructose (GP/F). For With these subjects, such corrections negate any all drinks examined, over 90% of the 3.15 L consumed was otherwise measurable dependence of P upon age, emptied from the stomach during th~ 3-hr exercise bouts. body weight, ·height, body shape, hematocrit, or Cyclists replaced 74% of fluid loss (xsweat rate= 1.0 I/hr) time interval since food intake. and experienced only a 1.6% loss in body weight. Gastric residual volumes (GRV) were similar for the W, GP and GP/F trials. The G trials yielded greater (P>0.05) GRV than W trials. Similar changes in rectal and mean skin temperatures, sweat rate, heart rate, percent change in plasma volume, and plasma Na+, K+ and osmolality were observed during all trials. These findings show that, during A51 oxygen, that mediate cell necrosis. Although XO 223. Calcium and monensin effects on turkey conversion is strongly implicated as a mechanism papillary muscle for reperfusion damage, 02• production from XO activities reported for mammalian and invertebrate D. G. LUTTENEGGER, F. B. Hembrough, M. H. Greer and tissues appears inadequate to account for the w. A. Hsu observed severity of post-ischemic necrosis unless cellular oxidative defenses are concurrently Department of Veterinary Physiology and impaired. Data from the ocean scallop, Placopecten Phannacology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 magellanicus, which like mammals does not tolerate hypoxia-reperfusion and shows XDH to XO conversion, The effects of calcium level or monensin on turkey indicate that superoxide dismutase activity, a papillary muscles were studied. Paired muscles were major cellular oxidative defense, is significantly excised from the left ventricle of each turkey. One reduced 58% and 76% in gill and hepatopancreas muscle of each pair was used as a control, the other tissues during hypoxia-reperfusion. Similar was treated with eijher five calcium levels from impairment of oxidative defenses could account for 1.70 to 19.91 ~ 10- Mor two monensin levels, 5.6 post-infarct reperfusion injury in the human and 11.2 x 10- M. Afterload curves were recorded myocardium where low XO activities are consistently for each muscle which was stimulated to contract reported. isotonically 60x per minute. Determinations made were: 1) maximum isometric force, 2) contraction velocity, 3) relaxation velocity, 4) stimulus to contraction start, 5) stimulus to contraction peak, 226. Regional differentiation markers in the chick 6) stimulus to contraction end and 7) contraction ectoderm amplitude. V was estimated using the Hill equation. A 'ifidomized block analysis of covariance C.H. SULLIVAN, K.C. HOOPER AND J. KRAMER was applied using the control value as a covariate for the treated value for each dependent variable. Department of Biology, Grinnell College, Significance was determined using a t-test. Both Grinnell, IA 50112 monensin exposure and elevated calcium levels Induction of a lens by the optic vesicle is a altered papillary muscle parameters and increased classic example of tissue interactions that occur contracti 1ity. during early chick development. However, it appears that the optic vesicle may be the last in a series of inducers because other ectoderm, never in 224. Optimal one gram preload for isometric con contact with the optic vesicle, form lenses in traction of rat aorta is unaltered by thyroid status vitro. In order to identify earlier inductive events, objective criteria are needed to distin D. B. STRATTON AND S. J. MATTSON guish between lens and non-lens ectoderm well before differentiated characteristics appear. we Rings of thoracic aorta were removed from young male have used polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and euthyroid control rats as well as rats pretreated fluorography to examine protein and glycoprotein with L-thyroxine (TRX) to simulate hyperthyroidism synthesis in presumptive lens ectoderm (ple) and and propylthiouracil (PTU) to produce hypo dorsal skin (trunk) ectoderm to look for differ thyroidism. Rings were then mounted in tissue entiation markers for these jwo regions. Although baths, and isometrically contracted in dose/response the pattern of synthesis of H-leucine-labeled experinients with norepinephrine. A 1.0 gm preload proteins does not differ between these two regions, is generally considered optimal for isometric ring ple and trunk show several differences in glyco studies with rat aorta. To evaluate whether thyroid protein synthesis. Two prominent glycopr~teins are status might alter this optimal preload, four rings found only in trunk sampljs labeled with H-fucose from each rat were mounted in separate muscle baths, or 3H-glucosamine, while H-mannose-labeled ple stretched to preloads of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 grams contains several glycoproteins absent from trunk respectively and isometrically contracted in dose/ ectoderm. (Supported by grants from the Iowa response experiments with norepinephrine. A Science Foundation and Research Corporation). 1.0 gram preload remained optimal for maximal con tractile response whether rings were from control, TRX, or PTU rats. Active tension development was less than optimal in rings which were understretched 2 2 7 • Calcit:.cnin gaie-relat.ed peptide aihances calciun a.uT'E!llt (0.5gm preload) as well as those which were over arrl spinal excitatcry symptic transmissicn stretched (1.5 gm and 2.0 gm preloads). This study shows that thyroid status does not alter the optimal P. D. RYU, G. GERBER, S. R. 3{l1Lill}•, D. H. 1MJU..INll, K. 1.0 gm preload tension for isometric contraction to ~. A. A. I.AR::rN*, AND M. RANDIC norepinephrine in rat aortic rings. D3~t of Veterirary Rzysiology arrl Rmmaoology, fua State lhiversity, Imes, IA 50011/"09~t of Veterinary Biology, lhiversity of M:lmerota, st. Paul, m 55108 225. Invertebrate models of mammalian reperfusion injury implicate failure of oxidative defenses. 2 Regulatien of vol~itive ea. + a.uT'E!llt by nairopeptides J.A. DYKENS, M.M. Takayama, and R.H. Wakai is :lnp:rlant in both tre nxxlulatien of symptic transmissien arrl tre regulatien of relllUla1 excitabiMty. Evidalce Biology Dept., Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 50112 :ln:lioates trat ne..iropeptides depress Ca a.uT'E!llts in vertebrate na.irc::rBS arrl rec:lure release of ne..irotransmitters. Models of the metabolic pathology underlying the In tre present stu:l:y we have ~ the effects of oalcitcnin tissue damage which occurs during reperfusion of gerie-relat.ed peptide (a:;RP) en Ca + a.Jn"E!rlt in the rat cbrsal previously ischemic mammalian tissues are based on root ~en (00) !lEl.IIUleS, spinal excitatcry symptic the irreversible conversion of the cytosolic enzyme t.ransn:issicn, arrl the release of µ.it.ative excitatory xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) into xanthine oxidase transmitta" carrlidates, glutanat.e arrl asµirtate in the spinal cbrsal h:rn. +We daimstrat.e trat a::RP :lmreases voltage (XO). During reperfusion, XO generates superoxide 2 the radicals (02•), reactive univalent reductants of deperxlent Ca a.Jn"E!rlt, by a direct actien. This effect of A52 mRP n:ey be reapcrisible fer th:! imreasa:i extracellular fluid 230. Enduring aggression Induced by noradrenaline and cxroEl'ltratia:i of a.sp3r'tate facilitatia:i of excitatory am serotonin uptake Inhibitors. syraptic transm1.ss.1~. The cnRP-izxiuoerl enhancanent of volt.age-aereitive Ca + a.Il'Y'E!rlt mlg:lt be of Ji:lysiolqp.cal D.M. SULLIVAN, J.K BARTEK, and J.H. COPENHAVER relevaooe fer th:! W3ll-krn.n ooi;ability of ch:!llll.cal syraP9ffi to Department of Psychiatry, The University of Nebraska Medical ttldergo plastic d1ange.s in syraptic effootiverieaa ~t in Center, and The Department of Chemistry, The University of tl'E prooeaaea tn:lerlying transn:isaia:i arr:! integratia:i of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska 68105. aeriaory infamtia:i :lmcming into UE OE11tral rervooa system. Noradrenaline(NA) and serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmlsslon systems have been Implicated In CNS functions such as sleep, arousal, learning, and mood. (Re)Uptake Inhibitors [UPl's) serve to 228 ~Detection ofmonoamine oxidase inhibitors in human urine increase the lntrasynaptlc concentration of NE and 5-HT. Chronic exposure to NA and 5-HT may alter the sensitivity of both pre M. PRAGNELL, K.G. WALTON and C.-S. SIU and postsynaptlc NA and 5-HT receptors. Rats depleted of 5-HT by para-chlorophenylalanlne (PCPA) develop murlcldal activity Department of Chemistry, Maharishi International University, (MA), but usually revert back to a non-aggressive state once Fairfield, IA 52556 serotonin repletion occurs. Chronic (SC) treatment of rats depleted of 5-HT via PCPA with the NA-UPl's [nortrlptyline, Elsworth et al. (J. Neural Transm. 67:45, 1986) reported the desipramine, rnaprotDlne), or 5-HT-UPl's [llwoxamlne, nor presence of a low molecular weight monoamine oxidase inhibitor zimelldine or lluoxetlne) for seven days resulted In an ~ndufilng (aka. Tribulin) in human urine. This substance has not been MA (ERMA) at high doses, and delayed ERMA at lower doses. completely purified or identified. We have located a subject whose urine contains a consistently high concentration of MAO inhibitory lprindole, a weak UPI, had little effect on the development of activity and are currently developing techniques for its purification. ERMA. Since treatments of this nature are known to produce a Inhibition was detected upon incubation of urine extracts in a down-regulation of beta-adrenoceptors and the development of a [methylene-14C]benzylamine /platelet-rich-plasma reaction mixture. subsensltivlty of the NA-sensitive adenylate cyclase, It Is Our assays on methylene chloride extracts of acidified urine indicate tempting to attribute the perseverance of MA after the repletion 60-70% inhibition of platelet MAO with extract equivalent to 5 ml of of 5-HT to a decrease In the ability of CNS NA systems to urine, in 0.5 ml of reaction mixture. The crude extracts were also suppress MA However, concomitant desensitization of serotonin separated on silica gel preparative TLC plates (Uniplate from receptors may also be a prominent factor In the perseverance of Anal tech) with a mobile phase of hexane I ethyl acetate (40 / 60) and ERMA behavior. the IO resulting bands scraped from the plate were eluted with acetone. MAO assays detected 50% inhibition in the band of Rf= Supported In part by UR/BP 85-226-472-01. 0.7-0.8 and another with 28% inhibition (Rf = 0.4-0.5). Our research appears to confirm the presence of low molecular weight inhibitors of MAO in urine. The higher activity migrates similarly to 2 31. Selective serotonin agonlsts: differential effects on the Tribulin in n..c and reverse phase HPLC systems. The unusually suppression of enduring murlne aggressive behavior. high concentration found in one subject may allow a quick purification and identification of this MAO inhibitor. J.H.COPENHAVER, J.KBARTEK, and D.M.SUWVAN Department of Psychiatry, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, and The Department of Chemistry, The University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska 68105. It is generally accepted that CNS serotonlnerglc (5-HT, S) 229. Urinary excretion of the serotonin metabolite 5- system(s) serve to suppress murlne aggressive (MA) behavior. If hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-JilAA) correlates positively with alertness administered chronically, noradrenaline and 5-HT UPls elicit and health. repetitive murlcldal behavior (ERMA). A dampening or reversal of this behavior should ensue If selective serotonin mlmetlcs are K.G. WALTON, P. GELDERLOOS, P. MACRAE, P. GODDARD, N.D.C. PUGH, C. MACLEAN and C.N. ALEXANDER administered. Serotonlnerglc receptor sites have been classllled as 5-HT 1 (S1) and 5-HT 2 (S2) receptors. Subsequently, two (or Departments of Chemistry and Psychology, Maharishi International three) sub-classes of S1 receptors (S1A, S1 el have been University, Fairfield, IA 52556 identified. The purpose of this Investigation was to detennlne If one, or both, of the S1 receptor sub-classes has a functional role A deficit of serotonergic activity, as indicated by low levels of 5-JilAA in the suppression of ERMA The S1A agonlsts, 5-MeODMT and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), is associated with depression, criminal 8-HO-DPAT produced behavl6ral responses characteristic of the aggression and suicide. Elevation of serotonergic activity is associated serotonin activation syndrome (SAS) which served only to with "mellow" and euphoric feelings. These relationships suggest that 5-HIAA might be a useful measure of psychological health. However, interrupt ERMA Conversely, the s1e agonlst CPP produced a sampling CSF 5-HIAA is an invasive procedure, limiting its use in the transient decrease In ERMA, whUe RU-"69" produced a long-term general population. Recently, the urinary excretion of 5-JilAA has suppression of ERMA without SAS or sedation. These findings been shown to increase acutely and longitudinally with practice of the suggest that S1e receptors are functionally Involved In the TM technique. Since many studies have shown improvements of suppression of MA, whist S1A receptors are Involved In physical and mental health as a result of this practice, we have begun behavioral excitation processes not associated with the an investigation of possible correlations between the average rate of 5- suppression of MA. HIAA excretion and psychological measures. In the first study, the average of 3 overnight excretion rates for 5-JilAA (determined Supported In part by BP 85-226-472-01 colorimetrically) for 21 male subjects (mean age, 44) was compared with the degree of alertness during the TM and TM-Sidhi practice, as estimated from an experience questionnaire (EQ). 5-JilAA excretion 232. Substance M, a serotonin modulator candidate from human correlated with quality of alertness during the TM technique (r = .43) urine and during the TM-Sidhi practice (r = .42). In the second study both the State Trait Anxiety Inventory and the EQ were administered to 57 KG WALTON. T. HAUSER, T. McCORKLE, C. MACLEAN, D. college students (mean age, 29), 35 of whom did not practice TM. 5- FLESHMAN and R.K. WALLACE HIAA correlated positively with overall quality of alertness (r = .34) and EQ subscales of health (r = .26) and activity (r = .28). However, Departments of Chemistry and Physiology, Maharishi International 5-JilAA correlated negatively with trait anxiety (r = -.30). 5-JilAA University, Fairfield, IA 52556 excretion may be a useful correlate of alertness and health. Active uptake of serotonin into neurons and blood platelets is inhibited by imipramine and other tricyclic antidepressants. Thil> effect involves high-affinity binding to a portion of the uptake site, where the inhibitor appears to act allosterically. A reduced nwnber of imipramine binding sites in a subset of depressed patients is thought to reflect differences in serotonergic tone between these patients and A53 nonnal subjects. The possibility that an endogenous ligand nonnally 235. Electromyographic (emg) and skin resistance regulates serotonin uptake at this site is under investigation in our responses following osteopathic manipulative laboratory. We have previously reported an inhibition of imiprarnine therapy (omt) in patients with low back pain binding by extracts ofhwnan urine. This inhibitory activity has now been further purified using TI..C on silica plates with a mobile phase S. M. ELLESTAD, B.A., R. V. NAGLE, B.S., of acetone I methylene chloride I water I ammonia (80 I 20 I 2 I 0.2). D. R. BOESLER, M.S. AND M. A. KILMORE, Ph.D. The activity was first concentrated from the urine using a reve~d phase C18 extraction colwnn (Baker-10 SPE), eluting with acetonitrile. Variations in the urinary concentrations of inhibitory University of Osteopathic Medicine and Health activity were up to ten-fold. In the highest concentration, 50% Sciences - College of Osteopathic Medicine and inhibition of [3H]imipramine binding was achieved with extract from Surgery, Des Moines, IA 50312 O.lmf of urine (assay volwne = 0.5 ml). Eluates from three regions of the TLC plate had inhibitory activity. Visualization by sulfuric acid Previous studies have shown that patients with low back pain have increases in absolute EMG levels in charring allowed a maximum estimation of the IC50 of 1-10 µM for the faintest spot, assuming a molecular weight of 200. Further the lumbar paraspinal muscles during motion. This purification by preparative HPLC is underway. study evaluated EMG, skin resistance and supine lumbar lordosis measurements in patients with low back somatic dysfunction. 233. Do the numbers involved in group practice of the TM and TM Forty subjects were divided into low-back pain and Sidhi program affect the turnover rate of serotonin in the body? control groups. These were further subdivided into OMT treatment and nontreatment groups. N. D. C. Pugh, K. G. Walton* and K. L. Cavanaugh** There was a significant decrease in EMG during Maharishi School of the Age of Enlightenment, *Department of motion and skin resistance levels in the low back Chemistry, and **Department of Management and Public Affairs, pain treatment as well as the control OMT group. Maharishi International University, Fairfield, IA 52556 A previous study indicated that individual practice of the TM technique Subsequent studies are being conducted to determine elevates urinary excretion of 5-HIAA, the major metabolite of the interrelationship between enzymes LDH and CPK, serotonin. Several studies indicate collective practice of the TM and OMT, EMG responses and acute low back pain. TM-Sidhi program has greater sociological effects than the same number of individuals practicing separately. This implies that group practice of these mental techniques is somehow more powerful than the practice of separated individuals. The question we addressed is 236. Effects of intensive training on the whether an increase in the number involved in the collective practice of prolactin response to submaximal exercise the techniques on the campus of MIU might increase the rate of 5- HIAA excretion by each individual. In separate studies involving 5 and in males 3 subjects, nightly 5-HIAA excretion rates over periods of91 and 50 days, respectively, were compared to daily numbers in the group. The A. Hackney, R. Sharp, W. Runyan and R. Ness data were analyzed by the linear transfer function method of time series analysis modified by use of the Akaike infonnation criterion, a method Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Iowa of minimizing subjective bias in model selection. The result of the first State University, 242 PEB, Ames, IA 50011 study was highly significant (2-tailed) at lag 0, t (68) = 2.82, p < .0063. (This effect at lag 0 indicates a contemporaneous, same-day Physical exercise is known to produce an increase of 5-HIAA excretion and of the number in the group.) The second study was highly significant at lag 0, t (34) = 2.91, p < .0063 endocrine stress response; however, such and at lag 8, t (34) = 4.72, p < .0001. In both cases the total effect responses are usually attenuated after a (steady-state gain) was positive. The results strongly suggest that training program. The purpose of this study increasing the number practicing these techniques together in one place was to determine if prolactin responses to increases the turnover of serotonin in the individual participants and are submax1mal exercise were affected by 8 consistent with greater effectiveness of group over individual practice. weeks of intensive training (5 d/wk, 60-90 min/d). Nine males performed 90 min con 234. Hyperventilation reduces acidosis during tinuous bouts of cycle ergometry (65% max cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). imal o>:ygen consumption) at the end of 1, D.R. DEAVERS, D.M. BENSON, D.L. SCHOSSOW, AND R.W. 4, and 8 weeks of training. Blood samples SCHWAB were obtained before and after each exer cise bout. All prolactin responses post Dept. of Physiology/Pharmacology, Univ. of Osteo exercise were expressed as a percentage of pathic Medicine and Health Sciences, 3200 Grand, Des Moines, IA. 50312 pre-exercise concentrations. There was a significant increase in the prolactin After 5 minutes of ventricular fibrillation, either response at week 8 (+233.3%) as compared standard CPR (SCRP = 1 ventilation/5 compressions) with we~k 1 <-30.6%) while the week 4 or hyperventilation CPR (HVCPR = 1 ventilation/2 (+101.1%) response was not different from compressions; n = 5 each group) was begun on dogs. either week 1 or 8. The findings suggest No bicarbonate was given. Arterial and mixed training results in an augmented not venous blood gases were obtained prior to fibril attenuated prolactin response to exercise. lation, after 4.5 minutes of fibrillation without CPR, then at 5 minute intervals after starting CPR. Arterial pH was significantly higher during HVCPR than during SCPR. Although mixed venous pH was consistently higher during HVCPR than SCPR, this was significant only at 5 minutes of CPR. Arterial PC02 was significantly lower during HVCPR (mean = 14.7 torr) than during SCPR (mean= 25.8 torr). No difference was observed in mixed venous PCO be tween groups (average 47.9 torr during HVCP~ vs. 54.2 torr during SCPR). The results suggest that higher ventilation rates during CPR may prevent arterial acidosis for up to 5 minutes of CPR and may reduce the degree of venous acidosis. A54 rats swam more frequently through the platform's Psychology previously correct location than did place learning rats. In contrast to previous research, fornix lesions did not selectively impair place 237. The effect cf wcrkeite eetting upon the learning. It was concluded that rats make use of outcome cf emcking ceeeaticn clinice all relevant strategies in solving spatial navigation tasks and the implication of a neural K. R. Mille basis for spatial navigation requires further analysis. Smoking Reeearch Group, Department cf Peychclcgy, Iowa State Univereity, W008 Lagcmarcinc, Amee, Iowa 50011 240. Self-reporting of brain activity on some A grcup-baeed emcking ceeeaticn clinic selected tasks deeign hee been found effective in field eettinge. An analyeie cf 48 clinic grcupe E. MAZEIKA held in 1986, however, indicate& eucceee ratee that are lower at all fellow-up points Department of English, Morningside College, than thees fer clinice held the previcue Sioux City, IA 51106 year. Subjects (N=l70) were asked to report An outcome analyeie, baeed upon clinic which portion of the brain (left side, eetting and spcnecrehip, euggeete that thie right side, both halves at the same time, apparent diminution in overall treatment or no impression) was being used to effectiveneee ie reflective cf a process two stimuli: music, then Spanish. eignificantly lower eucceee rate in clinice Subjects were told nothing about the held at the wcrkeite and epcnecred by the feasibility of awareness of brain activity. employer. Implicaticne cf theee findinge There was no significant difference among are diecueeed. the 3 areas in incidence of response. In the music~stimulus response group 7.65% reported "no impression"; in the Spanish stimulus response group 16.57% reported 238. Extra-binomial variation in smoking cessation "no impression." The evidence indicates abstinence rates. that self-reporting of the location of some brain activity is possible and P. G. McGovern argues for further study. The Smoking Research Group at Iowa State University, in conjunction with the American 241. Regulation of unconscious operations by Lung Association of Iowa, has been offering consciously engaged operations group-based smoking cessation clinics throughout the state of Iowa as a public service since 1982. .§.. BONEY, L. L. AVANT, and M. W. 0 1 BOYLE In 1987, a total of 853 persons attended these clinics, an increase of over 50% from the previous Psychology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, year. IA 500ll Factors influencing abstinence rates over this Avant et al. (in press) reported unconscious span of time will be examined. These include processing of the action message of traffic signs. group-level effects due to the overall quality The present experiment tested effects of consciously of the clinic presentation, the group leader, and engaging four types of mental operations on un the type of situation in which the clinic is conscious processing, Subjects were asked to held (worksite, etc.). Suggestions for reducing remember (a) low imagability nouns, (b) sign words, these sources of extra-binomial variation will (c) random shapes, or (d) sign shapes and tested for be put forward. Individual-level determinants of unconscious processing during the retention interval. long-term abstinence (e.g., age, gender, etc.) Only memory for traffic sign words disrupted un will also be discussed. conscious processing of sign meanings. 242. The influence of an Ayurvedic herbal prepara 239. Spatial navigation behavior in the rat: A tion on visual discrimination of a field with neural basis for cue and place learning? interfering stimuli L. D. SENSENIG AND J. RAY P. GELDERLOOS, H. H • .!!_. AHLSTROM, D. W. ORME-JOHNSON, H. I. MSEMAJE, PH, GODDARD, J. GLASER. and R. K. Department of Psychology, Morningside College, WALLACE Sioux City, Iowa 51106 Maharishi International University, Box 3, Fairfield, IA 52556. Spatial navigation behavior was studied in two groups of rats allowed either co-occuring environ The present experiment investigated the influence of "Maharishi mental and cognitive guidance cues (cue learning) Amrit Kalash" (MAK), predicted to improve the state of general or cognitive guidance cues only (place learning) health, on visual discrimination. Two groups of a total of 48 men in ~he Morris water maze. The impact of fornix over 35 years of age, matched on age and education. participated lesions on these cueing systems was also invest in three testing sessions at zero, three and six weeks. They were igated. Results indicated that cue and place randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions: 1. learning rats performed equally well on measures twice daily consumption of MAK for six weeks, or 2. taking of of escape latency and swim patterns. On probe placebo that was closely matched with the MAK tablets. The trials when the platform was removed, cue learning stimuli consisted of visual fields of "X's" with one "V" at A55 different places in the visual field at diffmnt presentations. z45. 'EEG coherence as a predictor or prime formatted according to the stimulus material of Courtney and Hoi 1aentification in a lexical decision task Shou (1985). Subjects had to identify the exact location of the "V". Stimuli were presented for 350 msccs in a Scientific W. D. SHEPP ARD 11 AND R . ·. :w. BOYER Prototype N-1000/S Standard 11uee-cbannel Tachistoscopc. Maharishi International University, A repeated measurement ANCOV A. with the pretest scores as Neuroscience Department, Fairfield, covariate, showed a highly significant main effect (F=4.0'J, IA 52556 df=l,45, p<.05), with the MAK group having improved consistently more. The taking of MAK appeared to enhance Twenty-four subjects were presented 240 visual discrimination. Since success on this task requires a randomized trials of a lexical decision continuous flow of unrestricted aamtioa. it is suggested that the task (LDT) while connected to a 16 MAK may jotlaience aleatDell pmcesa. electrode EEG montage. EEG data was acquired for two seconds prior to the onset of each LDT trial. Each LDT trial consisted of a fixation asterisk (6-12s), a pr.1me letter string (17 or 153ms), a pattern mask 243. Collective consciousness and social change: Effects of the (300ms), and a target letter string which Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field on U.S. violence remained on the screen until the subject pressed one of two buttons, word or MICHAEL C. DILLBECK nonword. Following the lexical decision, the subject gave a verbal report Department of Psychology, Maharishi International University, identifying the prime as word or neutra~ Fairfield, Iowa 52556 and a number estimate of the confidence of that report. EEG coherence from 15 This study tests a prediction of the theory of collective different combinations of EEG electrodes consciousness of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. On the basis of the was used to 'P!'edict prime report accuracy position of the ancient Vedic tradition that consciousness at is and confidence. Results suggest fast prime basis has a field character, it has been proposed that a single report accuracy and confidence are group experiencing this field through twice daily practice of the positively correlated with EEG coherence in Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field (MTUF) will result in left temporal and parietal regions. improved quality of life of the whole society, if the size of the group exceeds the square root of one percent of the society. The prediction was tested for the U.S. as a whole using weekly 246. Testing a field model of consciousness: Influence of the data from 1982-1985 on a violence index composed of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field on violence and number of fatalities from the three major causes of violent accidents in Canada death, homicide, suicide, and traffic fatalities. The independent variable is the weekly average number of MTUF participants in PANA YOTIS D ASSIMAKIS AND MICHAEL C. DILLBECK the largest U.S. group, located in Iowa. Data were analyzed by Box-Jenkins transfer function analysis, indicating a highly Department of Psychology, Maharishi International University, significant reduction in violence in the weeks immediately after Fairfield, IA 52556 the required number were reached. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. This study investigates the effect of the group practice of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field (MTUF) on weekly violence and accidental fatalities in Canada (1982-1985). 244. Medical care utilization at Maharishi Inter According to the theory of collective consciousness of national University Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the square root of one percent of the population practicing the MTUF can influence in a positive way D. ORME-JOHNSON and S. VEGORS the quality of life of society; this is based on the suggestion that the deepest level of consciousness has a field character. Department of Psychology, Maharishi International This proposed new mechanism of social change has been University, Fairfield, IA 52556 supported by previously published research. Medical Care Utilization statistics on over 400 staff and A violence index comprising weekly totals of deaths due to faculty of MIU and the staff and faculty of other small private homicide, suicide, and traffic fatalities was one dependent colleges in Iowa (controls) were provided by a major health variable and deaths due to all other accidents was another. insurance carrier for the year ending June 30, 1987. MIU and Box-Jenkins time series analysis found significant decreases in controls had very similar age distributions. However, each of these variables in the specific weeks immediately after hospitalization days/1000 members for the 0-19, 20-34, and the number of MTUF participants predicted by theory was 35+ age categories were fewer by 93%, 39% and 84% reached. Theoretical implications and practical applications of respectively for MIU compared to controls, representing an these results are discussed. overall reduction of79% in hospitalization. Outpatient visits/1000 were a mean of 17% fewer for MIU, but outpatient costs/1000 were 52% less, indicating that MIU's outpatient 247. Testing a field model of social utilization was less for serious problems than for controls. interactions Overall inpatient and outpatient costs were 75% less for MIU, and mean length of stay in the hospital was 43% less for MIU. F. T. TRAVIS In light of previous medical research and the outcomes for Maharishi International University other self-selected groups reported in the literature, these results Fairfield, Iowa 52556 are attributed to the participation by MIU staff and faculty in the transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program and the Recent research, consonant with current Maharishi Ayurveda physiological purification program. field theories of physics, suggests that individuals interact not only through direct and indirect interactions, but also through A56 an underl?~~g field, that can be activated by a specific technology, the Maharishi of confl~ct during each experimental period, after Technology of the Unified Field (MTUF) controlling for temperature, holidays and other This field theory of human interaction.was forms of seasonality. Results are co~sistent with a tested by measuring changes in EEG coherence concept of peace as dependent on continued individ ~nd performance on a concept learning task ual and societal development, and with a proposed i~ laboratory subjects while a group prac theory of consciousness as a dynamic field tic:d the MTUF in a separate building. The underlying individual and social life. subJects, all right-handed males not fa m~liar with this technology, took a 20 minute concept learning task on four separ ate days. The intervention, group practice of the MTUF, randomly overlapped either the beginning or end of the test sessions. Science Teaching During the intervention, the subjects' EEG coherence was higher (p<.02), and they com pleted more concepts on the task (p<.04), suggesting that individuals can be 250. Evaluation of student outcomes in PRISMS influenced through an underlying field. R. D. UNB!.JH AND T. M. COONEY 2~8 .Wh?le blood serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid: B1ochenncal markers of leadership ability? Physics Department and Science Education, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614 P. GELDERLOOS, K.G. WALTON, P.H. GODDARD, D. GAUDET, AND N.D.C. PUGH The PRISMS (Physics Resources and Instructional Strategies for Motivating Students) Project was Departments of Psychology and Chemistry, Maharishi designed to provide high interest activities and International University, Fairfield, IA 52556 teaching strategies to cultivate reasoning/science problem-solving skills. The teaching strategies Se".'e~al exp~ri~ental studies have shown that serotonergic where initiated with an exploratory activity leading a~tivity, as md1cated by whole blood serotonin (WBS), is to concept development followed by an application highly correlated with dominance position in socially living activity. vervet monkeys. The few studies done with human subjects have. suggested that WBS may be related to the pursuit of social Teachers participated in summer training sessions dommance or successful power seeking. In addition, and supportive activities which included telephone 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)-the major serotonin conference calls, classroom visits by the PRISMS metabolite-has been found to be related to alertness and staff and feedback on video tapes from teachers' psychological health. classroom teaching experiences. Two studies with 22 and 9 subjects each investigated the correlations between biochemical markers and leadership ability Comparisons of PRISMS students were made with non as measured by the Leadership Ability Evaluation {LAE) scale. PRISMS students in physics achievement using the New Study one employed 22 subjects, 13 males and 9 females, with York Regents Physics Examination, problem-solving an average age of 44 years. A significant positive correlation skills utilizing the Test of Integrated Process was observed between the average urinary 5-HIAA excretion Skills CTIPSl and their attitude toward learning rates of 5 overnight samples and general leadership ability (r = physics with the Physics Attitude Index CPAil. The .41). Study two found leadership ability scores of 9 males at a results of this study which lead to the validation commodities brokerage firm (M Age = 35 yr.) to be of the PRISMS Project and its acceptance into the significantly correlated with WBS levels (r = .55). National Diffusion Network will be discussed. The implications of these studies in furthering our understanding of the relationship between serotonergic activity in humans and leadership characteristics will be discussed. 251. Precise temperature measurements with 249. ~lleviation of political violence through a thermistor/APPLE. reduction of collective stress: Time-series intervention analyses of the Lebanon War. R.LARVICK AND E. SHANE J.L. DAVIES AND C.N. ALEXANDER Chemistry Department Morningside College Department of Psychology, Maharishi Sioux City, Iowa 51106 International University, Fairfield, IA 52556 Software such as that developed by Project Political psychologists have argued that in an SERAPHIM and the AAPT Microcomputer environment where tensions are high, efforts for Workshop has been used to record peaceful resolution of conflict and elimination of thermistor-sensed temperatures through political violence are likely to succeed only with the APPLE gameport. Temperatures record concurrent steps for drastic reduction of tension. ed in this way have typically been limited to single decimal place precision. A procedure for reduction of collective stress (identified as incoherence in a field of collective With the addition of an external capacitor consciousness, and associated with inhibition of from the thermistor to ground, we have societal development)--the Maharishi Technology of altered the APPLE timing circuit and have the Unified Field--is being applied in an ongoing expandedthe maximum paddle numbers which series of prospective social experiments to assess can be read at the gameport. When com its predicted impact on the war in Lebanon. Box bined with a sixteen-bit counting loop Jenkins impact assessment analyses to date indicate which allows these higher numbers to be significant drops in war deaths and in a daily index read by the APPLE, temperature precision A57 organic chemistry were followed by the biochemist:y has been expanded to the third decimal of proteins, carbohydrates, 1 ipids., and nucleic place, i.e., to the thousandth of a degree. acids. Molecular biology, recombinant DNA, and The adapted thermistor has worked well for genetic engineering led into biotechnology. studies of heat of reaction, freezing Learning activities included formal lectures, point depression, and bomb calorimetry. demonstrations, self-paced laboratory ~xercises, small group discussions, and field trips· ~he program emphasized a hands-on approach by offeri~g more than 60 hours of laboratory work. The culmi 252.The Iowa "Right to Know" Law and Your Science nation of the program was an independent resear~h Program project with the experimental results presented in a public forum combining posters and demon J. A. Gerlovich strations. Iowa Department of Education, Grimes Bldg. Des Moines, Iowa 50319 The 1986 Iowa Department of Labor "Right to Know" Rules will be presented, including 255. A variable for use in the study of the school requirements, effective dates, categorization of physics problems and as chemicals regulated, sign posting, personnel sociated expert-like behavior training, variances, and the impact of this legislation on science programs. G. H. VELDHUIS Northwestern College, Orange City, IA 51041 and Sheldon Comm. H. s., Sheldon, IA 51201 253. Promoting science careers for women through education: a pilot program (ISF Grant 87-58) A variable that measures the degree of ex pert-like behavior of subjects who have R. W. SWENSON sorted a set of physics problems and solved one of these problems is described. Iowa State University, 204 Carver, Ames, IA 50011 Expectations were that novices use surface structures (explicitly-stated features Women scientists and engineers are visiting five in the text of physics problems) and ex secondary schools in Iowa to talk with students, perts use deep structures (physics princi teachers, and counselors about their work and pre ples that determine and control solutions paration for careers in their fields. One object to physics problems) in the formation of ive is to increase awareness that science, engineer representations. Cluster analysis shows ing, and technology are fields open to men and wo that a) experts categorize according to men and that both are needed to remedy the growing deep structures; novices use both surface shortages in the U.S. Enthusiastic practitioners features and deep structures in the cate are role models, encouraging girls to study math gorization process and b) the categoriza and science and to consider careers in fields in tion by novices is less consistent than the which women are severely under-represented. Each categorization by experts. participating school determines the most effective Specifically, values of the DEGREE variable grade level and setting for 3 visits by 6 role mod obtained by the subjects, showing differ els. Pre- and post-tests are used to evaluate im ences in expert-like behavior in the sor pact of the visits on career awareness and attitude. ting and solving tasks among the novices, The schools represent rural and urban districts. allow for the analysis of variance. Grades include 8 through 11. Career materials are provided for the schools' use. Other objectives are to raise the consciousness of teachers and coun selors that women do succeed and find satisfaction in science careers and to convince them that their 256.Science: Cheap, Easy and Observable attitudes and support are essential in stimulating and encouraging the study of math and science. J. CHRISTENSEN-EICHMAN, & C. R. UJNDSTRUM McAuley Regional High School, 930 Pearl St. Joplin, Missouri 64801 254. Biotechnology/an enrichment for high academic Teaching laboratory science courses can be ability seventh and eighth grade students expensive, difficult to manage and time consuming. Without laboratory science, B. J. WHITE and L. TOTARO students can find the lessons boring and Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 a waste of time. Our goals for this presentation are to demonstrate and In the summer of 1987 Iowa State University offered illustrate labs that are interesting and a three week residential program for academically enjoyable for both the students and talented rising seventh and eighth grade students instructors. focusing on three areas: precalculus mathematics, expository writing and biotechnology. The bio We will demonstrate and/or illustrate: technology component, specifically designed to 1) Cell models using plastic bags, Jello stimulate student interest in science, was selected and imagination. 2) Diffusion using a because it incorporates a wide range of scientific real membrane with hypertonic, hypotonic, disciplines. The curriculum provided a background and isotonic solutions. 3) Never-fail for exploration of scientific developments in bio growth of large crystals in 24 hours. technology. Relevant topics in inorganic and 4) Rockets and hot air balloons for A58 acceleration, gravity, vectors, and angles. 5) The effects of liquid nitrogen The practical teaching Implication of the temperatures on volmnes of gas and other demonstration is that seemingly abstruse matter. and/or technical details are often readily apprehended once the student sees -- and thus understands -- the mediating All of these labs will be easy to follow visual model actually employed by and instructions will available. be scientists when interpreting their data. 257. Learning under the sun 260. Is a science of condciousness possible, W. J, KLEIN and what are its implications for the physical sciences? West High School, 2001 Casselman, Sioux City, IA 51103 K. DRUHL Many modern day science students have learned to Maharishi International University, Department name the parts of a cell but are ignorant of the of Physics, Fairfield, Iowa 52556 plants and animals in their own front yards. Learning Under the Sun is a series of labs written We present four criteria that a study of to help students learn the prime role observation consciousness should satisfy in order to be plays in the scientific method and to show methods scientific. These pertain to the logical and through which they can enhance their observational intellectual content, direct experience of its skills. A number of outdoor labs will be presented object, objective verification by repeatable for discussion, experiments, and practical application. These criteria are shown to be satisfied by tiaharishi's Scienee of Creative Intelligence (SCI). On 258. The development of problem solving software the other hand, only some of them are satisfied in circuit analysis through quality computer by most religious belief systems, by purely instruction empirical systems of ~nowledge, or even by limited versions of objective science. SCI A. A. GOKHALE provides a basis for objective science, including the physical sciences, because it analyzes the Department of Industrial Education and Technology, connection between objective knowledge and the l Herbert Hoover High School 4800 Aurora Avenue Des Moines, iOwa 50310 259, Light curves of eel lpsing binaries: Teaching the concepts of crust plate Making an esoteric topic reasonaole and movement, mountain building, subduction even obvious and earthquakes is difficult in the earth science laboratory. The graham cracker L. C. Hi 11 lab provides a simple and inexpensive new way for each student to experience Department of Earth Sciences these important geological processes for University of Northern Iowa himself. Pre and post lab activities Cedar Falls, Iowa 50614 will be discussed and printed copies of laboratory instructions will be available. Some spheres, disks, transparencies, gestures and animated talk will be used to demonstrate how to read "light curves" A59 262.' An idea for a final exercise in an elementary electronics laboratory Zoology J. L. SABUTIS School of Natural Science, Buena Vista College, Storm Lake, IA 50588 264. The relationship of Trichomonas gallinae (protozoa: sarcomastigophora) to the pharyngeal Very few lab exercises incorporate all the topics mucosa of ring doves (Streptopelia risoria). presented during a semester. A lab designed around an AM radio is an excellent method of G. E. KIETZMANN, JR. illustrating a majority of concepts encountered in an elementary electronics course. Department of Zoology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 This presentation will discuss how a Heathkit Am radio (#GR-1009) may be utilized to demonstrate Trichomonas gallinae (Rivolta) is the causative the concepts of RLC resonant circuits, transistor agent of avian trichomoniasis. Death of columbiform amplifier biasing techniques, nonlinear signal birds usually occurs within 15 days post-infection mixing, heterodyning, filtering techniques, RF and when large caseous nodules (cankers) form in the AF amplification, oscillator circuits, AM detection, pregastric portion of the alimentary tract. In the and push-pull amplification. study presented, ring doves (Streptopelia risoria) were experimentally infected with .:!..:_ gallinae and their esophageal tissues were examined micro 263. Teaching introductory electron microscopy scopically at various intervals during canker at the undergraduate level formation. Trichomonad attachment to the mucosal epithelium was the first activity undertaken. R.R. FITTON Following attachment, parasites localized beneath squamous cells which were eventually removed by Department of Biology, Luther College mechanical and/or enzymatic means. With increased Decorah, Iowa 52101 parasite multiplication, there was also increased squamous cell removal. Cankers formed by five days The Luther College biology curriculum was recently post-infection, but were not always in direct expanded to include undergraduate electron micro association with parasites, scopy. Freshmen enrolled in the introductory bio logy course receive hands on experience during a laboratory designed to investigate ultrastruc tural form and function. Students enrolled in 265. Parasites of Petrochelidon pyrrhonota nests upper level courses receive a more detailed pre sentation of ultrastructural form and function through electron microscopy. Stude.nts of sopho David f.. Harrison. more rank and above may elect to take an introduc tory course in electron microscopy in order to Department of Biology & Environmental Science acquire the skills and knowledge associated with Simpson College, Indianola, IA 50125 this powerful technique. The first in a series of a comprehensive Teaching instrumentation is approached by stressing studiesof the relationship of parasites to the mechanism and theory of operation. Using spe cific innovations developed at Luther in video Petr9chelidon pyrrhonota was performed. Petro interfaced ultramicrotomy and associated prepara ~hel1don pyrrhonota nests collected from s1tes tion techniques, to aid in individual and group ln the Des Moines metropolitan area yielded instruction has proved successful. These inno l~rge numbers of ~imex species. No other para vations will be highlighted as well as student s1tes were found ln the nests collected. Fifty prepared micrographs. of the Petrochelidon pyrrhonota nests were col lected at five locations throughout the study area. The types and numbers of parasites both within a particular colony and between differ :nt. colonies, was evaluated. The findings have lnd1cated that a great variance in total num bers of Cimex species exists within the indivi dual colonies themselves but not between differ ent nest colonies. 266. Update on Lyme disease and Ixodes dammini in Iowa N. WILSON Department of Biology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614-0421 It is difficult to say how many cases of Lyme disease have occurred in Iowa because of the lack of any clearly defined method of reporting. It is considered the number of cases are somewhat greater than generally thought and _t_otal _around 25 si nee A60 1983. The primary vector of the disease, Ixodes maintaining adenylates via efficient anaerobiosis. dammini, has been collected 6 times in 4 counties Moreover, these animals contain a form of XDH from dogs and white-tailed deer. Deer are the ' resistant to XO conversion. Conversely, aerobically primary host of adult ticks and deer populations poised stenoxic invertebrates such as the scallop in.the state are the highest they have ever been. ~lacopecten mafellanicus not only show reductions This favors an increase in numbers of the tick and in total a~eny ates dUring hypoxic exposure, but its spread which should result in more cases of also contain a form of XDH that is converted into Lyme disease being reported in humans. the deleterious oxidase. 270. The acoustic behavior of a chorusing prairie 267 • Four species of ticks, genus Ixodes new to katydid. Iowa K. C. SHAW, B. SMITH AND P. GALLIART N. Wilson Department of Zoology, Iowa State University, Ames, Department of Biology, University of Northern Iowa, IA 50011 Cedar Falls, IA 50614-0421 Amblycorypha parvipennis is unique among chorusing During the past 19 years many specimens and much (aggregated males sing at same time) orthopterans in information has been gathered on the ticks of Iowa. that males overlap song phrases and synchronize Twenty-one species in 2 families have been phonatomes (sounds produced by single wingstrokes) collected or recorded from the state. Two-thirds where phrases overlap. Phonatome synchrony may be of the species (12/18) in the family Ixodidae the result of males needing to hear female acoustic belong to the genus Ixodes and 4 of these are new responses which fall between male phonatomes. to the state. Information on these species is Male phrase rate averages 5.9/min (phrase length: presented. x = 5.1/s; phrase interval: x = 4.1/s) with a mean phonatome rate of 4.4/s; (23° C). During acoustic interaction of males, not all phrases are overlapped. Although one end of a male's phrases was overlapped 268. The Iowa Centipede Project an average of 70.1%, there was considerable variation among males in who overlapped whom. D. J. Perschau Computer simulations, analyses of the acoustic interactions of pairs of males and males' response 1116 16th Street to electronically-generated sounds gave insight into West Des Moines, Iowa 50265 the mechanism of phonatome synchrony and overlapping alternation of phrases. The relation of This study reports the first state wide chorusing to reproductive behavior will be systematic collection of the class discussed. Chilopoda in Iowa. Its objectives were to collect centipedes from a wide variety of habitats in the state, to identify the centipedes, preserve and label them, and catalog them into a research and study 271. The taxonomy of Strauzia , a sibling collection. Collecting was done from species group attacking sunflowers (Diptera: July 1986 through August 1987. Some Tephritidae). previously collected material has been included. A variety of collection techni w. B. Stoltzfus ques were used. More than five hundred William Penn College specimens from thirty-two species have 201 Trueblood Avenue 1 been included in the collection. Oskaloosa, Iowa 52577 269. Modes of purine catabolism in euryoxic and The separation of Strauzia Robineau-Desvoidy, stenoxic marine invertebrates. into distinct species has been difficult due to lack of distinctive female adult characteristics J.A. DYKENS and J.M. Shick* and overlapping variability in the male. Use of biological data makes possible the recognition Biology Dept., Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA of species. All Strauzia use Asteraceae as 50112, and *zoology Dept., University of Maine, plant host. The larvae tunnel through the stems Orono, 04469 sometimes destroying the entire pith. Pupariation occurs in the crown of the plant or Current paradigms of ischemia-reperfusion tissue soil in the fall. Adults emerge in May or June. damage (IRTD) are derived from mammalian tissues The female seeks out their host plant for where diminished 02 availability is pathological. oviposition. The male also seeks out the host Because intertidal invertebrates tolerate environ plant, securing a mating territory on the upper mentally-imposed hypoxia and reoxygenation as a leaves. This selection of host plants for function of tidal flux, they are useful for study mating and oviposition appears to play an of IRTD and its avoidance. Manrnalian IRTD entails important role in speciation. adenylate depletion with consequent acC1.UDUlation of purine catabolites such as xanthine, coupled with concurrent conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) into xanthine oxidase (XO). During reper fusion, XO generates cytotoxic free radicals that mediate tissue necrosis. Euryoxic invertebrates such as Mytilus edulis apparently avoid JRTD by reducing overall--metaiiolic rate during hypoxia and A61 tributaries were surveyed between February and Nov 272. Wintertime ecology of Hesperophylax designa ember 1987. Fifty-six collections revealed 41 tus in northeastern Iowa species distributed among 9 families. Over 60% of the species were found in the cyprinid (n=17) ~nd S. LEHTINEN AND M. BELANGER percid (n=18) families. The survey.reveale~ s~x species Hybopsis x-punctata, Notrop1s atherinoides, Biology Department, Luther College, Perea flavescens, Percina caprodes, Percina phoxo Decorah, IA 52101 cepfiala and Etheostoma radiosum) previously not re ported in the drainage. The life history and movement patterns of the lim nephilid caddisfly Hesperophylax design~tus we~e , evaluated during January 1985 and 1986 in Dun~ing s Spring, a small tributary of the U~per ~owa ~iver, 275. Problems with the distribution of Iowa's Iowa. H. designatus exhibits a univoltine li'.e lizards cycle wTth IV anv V instars being present during January. In general, mean case ~ength, c~se width, J. L. CHRISTIANSEN head width, body weight and density of ~ instar H. designatus increased at collecting sites as . Department of Biology, Drake University, Des Moines, one moved downstream from the spring source. Addi IA 50311 tionally a significant relationship existed (r = .93; p .01) between the density.a'. tl· de~i~ Distributional questions exist with all five of natus and the density of diatoms colonizing artifi Iowa's lizard species. The endangered great plains cial substrates. skink is known from only two localities with shrinking critical habitat in southwest Iowa. The Observation of marked individuals indicated the extent of range overlap and competitive exclusion average distance traveled per day to be approxi between northern prairie skinks and five-lined mately 1.0 m. The majority of marked individuals skinks in eastern Iowa is unknown. We have yet to (38-55%) exhibited a downstream movement pattern acquire a specimen from a population of skinks as opposed to moving upstream, moving late~ally observed along the Des Moines River, that could be a or not moving. Recapture rates for~· designatus species new to Iowa. The few available specimens of declined precipitously during the study indicating slender glass lizards pose many questions about the movement off the study site proper. range and habitat preferences of this species. Habitat destruction seems to be rapidly reducing the range of both subspecies of whiptail lizards, 273. Second Dickinson County, Iowa molluscan especially the prairie racerunner in the Loess study Hills. R.W. COLEMAN 276. Use of non-parametric statistics to Department of Biology, Upper Iowa University, analyze habitat selection in birds Fayette, IA 52142 T. BRUSH Anodonta corpulenta, !.grandis grandis, Aplexa hypnorum, Discus cronkhitei, Fossaria obrussa, Biology Department, Marycrest College, 1607 Gyraulus parvus, Helisoma trivolvis, Lampsilis West 12th Street, Davenport, IA 52804 radiata luteola, ~.ventricosa, Leptodea fragilis, Musculium partumeium, Physa gyrina, Planorbula Parametric statistical tests such as t armigera armigera, Potamilus alatus, Promenetus tests or analysis of variance often cannot exacuous, Retinella sp., Sphaerium sp., Stagnicola be used to analyze ecological data. elodes, ~.reflexa, Toxolasma parvus, Valvata Reasons may include time-dependence, non tricarinata, and Zonitoides arboreus were seen on normality of frequency distributions and this survey. Of these mollusks, 12 additional unequal variances. Non-parametric species were found, not seen in the first Coleman statistics such as Mann-Whitney U, paper of 1984. Environmental tests were made. A Wilcoxon's signed ranks test, Box plots, quatic habitats were primarily basic. Hardness and Spearman's rank correlation can be used appeared to be due mainly to calcium. Derek S. successfully to test hypotheses about Davis, Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax, Nova Scotia, habitat use and other features of natural Canada, Ms. Marian E. Havlik, Malacological populations. Examples involving analysis Consultants, Lacrosse, Wisconsin, and the author of habitat use in cavity-nesting birds will determined the mollusks. Logistic support by the examine the uses of non-parametric Iowa Lakeside Laboratory is gratefully acknowl statistics. Advantages and disadvantages edged. will be discussed. 274. Distribution of fishes of the Upper Iowa River in northeaster~ Iowa S.F. LEHTINEN, K. SCHATZ, S. OLSON, M. WALL, D. ORR, J. LAAKSO AND J. COOK Department of Biology, Luther College Decorah, Iowa 52101 The Upper Iowa River is a predominantly spring-fed, free-flowing, state scenic waterway and i~ entirely contained within the driftless region or north eastern Iowa. Fishes of the river proper and its A62 277. Insulin stimulation of protein secretion by bullfrog tadpole and adult hepatocytes J.J. HULSEBUS AND E.S. FARRAR Marist College, Poughkeepsie, NY and I.S.U., Ames Bullfrog insulin has a two amino acid extension at the Al position. Addition of a bulky group to this position on mammalian insulin results in a loss of biological activity. We compared the effects of bullfrog and porcine insulins on protein secretion by hepatocytes from bullfrog and tadpole livers. Hepatocytes were obtained by collagenase dispersion and were cultured in Waymouth's medium, a defined, serum-free medium, with and without hormone for 24 hours. Total protein in the medium was determined colorimetrically and cellular DNA fluorometrically. Both hormones stimulated protein secretion in tadpoles and adults. However, adult cells, both treated and untreated, secreted more protein than tadpole cells. In addition, adult cells, but not tadpole cells, secreted more protein in response to bullfrog insulin than to porcine. The patterns of protein secretion, as determined by electrophoresis, changed with development but not hormone treatment. Supported in part by I.S.F. 278. The effect of substrate thermal properties on the water exchange and growth of Chelydra serpentina eggs and embryos Y. C. KAM AND R. A. ACKERMAN Department of Zoology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 Snapping turtle eggs were incubated in substrates (sand and vermiculite) with different thermal conductivities. The substrates had similar water potentials. Incubation occurred at constant temperature (30°C). Eggs were weighed about every 10 days throughout development. Eggs incubated in sand increased in mass at an increasing rate whereas eggs in vermiculite increased at a constant rate. Average egg mass for the sand treatment was heavier (P(0.05) than that for the vermiculite treatment at day 56. The rate of the water uptake of eggs in sand was higher (P(0.05) than that of in the vermiculite during second half of the incubational period. Treatment did not affect hatchling and residual yolk dry mass (P>0.05), but did affect total water content (P(0.05). Eggs incubated in substrate with high thermal conductivity take up more water than do eggs in substrate with low thermal conductivity. However, the amount of water available to eggs does not affect the growth of embryos although it may affects embryonic osmoregulation. A63