DOCSLIB.ORG

"Bionomics of the Alder Sawfly Fenusa Dohrnii (Tischbein)"

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
"BIONOMICS OF THE ALDER SAWFLY FENUSA DOHRNII (TISCHBEIN)" by Kulapu Arachchige Don Wilmot Senaratne, B.Sc.(Ceyl). Thesis submitted to the University of London for the degree of Ph.D. East Mailing Research Station Maidstone Kent October 1978. 1 ABSTRACT Field and laboratory studies during 1975-77 have shown that Fenusa dohrnii is bivoltine in south - east England with adults emerging during May - June and July - August. Average fecundity was estimated to be about 62 eggs per female, the number being correlated with both weight and tibial length of adult. At 15°C and 21°C respectively, the embryonic period was 13 and 7.5 days whilst larval development took 26.6 and 16.9 days. Selection of a cocooning site in the soil by the sixth instar larva was random; no active burrowing was observed, but the larvae gained entry via cracks and patches of loose soil. Prepupal diapause was terminated to a varying degree when cocoons were chilled for about 62 days at -1.1°C, 3.3°C, 10°C and field temperatures. The highest percentage emergence of adults was from cocoons exposed to field temperatures and progressively fewer emerged as the chilling temperature was lowered from 10°C to -1.1°C. For all treatments mean time for adults to emerge after transfer to 21°C decreased with increasing duration of chilling. In the field, distribution of eggs of the second generation was correlated more closely with the negative binomial than Poisson , Neyman type A or logarithmic distributions. Studies of the population development indicated that the generation mortality varied from 95 - 98 percent of which mortality of larvae within the mines and mortality of larva'VI due to parasitism by Lathrolestes pictilis (Ichneumonidae) and Ichneutes laevis (13raconidae) contributed most towards 2 the generation K value. Two eulophid parasites Cirrospilus vittatus (Wik.) and Chrysocharis nitetis (Wik.) were also found parasitizing the young larvae. There was also circumstancial evidence that predators were responsible for some mortality of larvae but this was not confirmed either by observations or electrophoretic techniques. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The work for this thesis was carried out at East Mailing Research Station. For the first two years of this study I was in receipt of a Colombo-plan scholar- ship. I am grateful to the Director of East Mailing Research Station for providing me with the facilities to carry out this project, the Director of the Tea Research Institute, Sri Lanka, for granting me leave of absence and the British Council for making all necessary arrangements. I am also indebted to my supervisor Dr. G.H.L. Dicker, and my Director of studies Dr. G. Murdie for their guidance, constructive criticism and helpful discussions throughout this project. Thanks are due to Mr. G.P. Barlow for statistical advice and analysis of some of the data, Dr. R.A. Murray for electrophoresis of insect samples, Dr. K.A.D. MacKenzie for the preparation of leaf sections, Dr. M.G. Fitton, J.S. Noyes and T. Huddleston of the British Museum (Natural History) for identification of parasites, Mr. D.G. Richardson for printing of the thesis, and members of the photographic studio for preparing some of the photographs. Grateful acknowledgement is also due to Annals of Applied Biology for permission to reproduce Figure 24. I also thank Dr. B.H. Howard, Dr. J.J.N. Flegg and all other members of the Department of Zoology for their invaluable assistance. I am also grateful to Mrs. G. Squires for typing this thesis and last but not least I wish to record my thanks to my wife Shiranganie for her financial assistance which made it possible to continue this work beyond two years. 4 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Cages used to collect laboratory reared adults. 15 2 Part of the experimental area with emergence cages and sticky boards in position. 17 3 a) A recently laid egg and one containing a well developed embryo curled within the chorion. b) Blisters on the dorsal surface of a leaf of Alnus Zlutinosa indicating the position of developing egg. c) Transverse section of a leaf showing an egg between the palisade and spongy mesophyll. 21 4 Transverse sections of leaves of Alnus glutinosa a) from plants grown in the field; b) from plants raised in the glasshouse. 25 5 Ovarioles of Fenusa dohrnii showing developing and mature oocytes. 28 6 Relationship between the number of ovarioles (OV) and the weight of the adult (W). 29 7 Relationship between, a) number of eggs (E) and hind tibial length (L); b) number of eggs (E) and weight of adult (W); c) weight of adult (W) and hind tibial length (L); for adults shortly after (0) and approximately ten days after (.) emergence. 32 8 Development of eggs at constant temperatures of 21°C and 15°C. 34 9 Leaves showing (a) single mines and (b) coalesced mines. 36 5 Figure Page 10 Frequency of head capsule widths of larval instars and the range for each instar. 38 11 Relationship between head capsule width (Y) and larval instars (X) plotted on a log scale. 40 12 Period of development of eggs and larvae when reared at a constant temperature of 21°C or 15°C. 43 13 Relationship between area of mine and the total leaf area. 46 14 Paths followed by mature sixth instar larvae on bare stabilized soil before either cocooning or leaving observational area of 100 x 100 cm on a) October 21st, b) October 22nd. 48 15 Paths followed by mature sixth instar larvae on bare stabilized soil before cocooning in two experiments on 27th October. 49 16 a) Single and b) aggregated cocoons of Fenusa dohrnii showing the uneven surfaces. 53 17 Numbers of F. dohrnii in emergence traps at three-day intervals, 1976. 57 18 Relationship between weight of adult (WA) and the weight of mature sixth instar larva (WL). 59 19 Relationship between number of eggs (E) and a) weight of adult (W); b) weight of mature sixth instar larva (W1). 60 20 Percent emergence at 21°C in relation to period of chilling. (a) F. dohrnii (b) Parasites. 63 6 Figure Page 21 Mean time to emergence of adults after transfer to 21°C in relation to period of chilling. (a) F. dohrnii (b) Parasites. 65 22 Variation of S.E. of mean time to emergence of adults of F. dohrnii after transfer to 21°C in relation to period of chilling. 66 23 Numbers of L. pictilis and I. laevis in emergence traps, 1977. 78 24 Electrophoretic slab gels showing A) anthocorid starved for 36 h (1); anthocorid starved and then fed on larva of F. dohrnii (2); larva of F. dohrnii (3); B) anthocorid starved for 36 h (1); anthocorid starved and then fed on alder aphid (2); alder aphid (3). 82 25 Relationship between observed and expected frequencies for leaves containing no eggs (zero variate). 88 26 Relation of k to mean for 36 samples from a population of Fenusa dohrnii eggs. 89 27 Relationship between Y1 and X1 where X1 = mean2 - varianc;a number of sampling units and Y1 = variance - mean. 90 28 Relationship between variance mean (M) (V) and mean (M) for 36 samples from a population of F. dohrnii eggs. 96 29 Relationship between mean crowding(Mx) mean (M) and mean (M) for 36 samples from a population of F. dohrnii eggs. 99 7 Figure Page 30 Relationship between variance (V) and mean (M) of the number of eggs per leaf, plotted on log scale. 102 31 Relationship between Lloyd's measure of mean crowding (Mx) and mean density (M) for eggs of Fenusa dohrnii. 103 32 Early growth of Alnus glutinosa showing individual leaf clusters. 106 33 Numbers of adults, eggs, larva I and VI per 576 clusters. (a) and (b) generation I, 1976; (c) and (d) generation II, 1976. 110 34 Numbers of eggs and each larval instar per 576 clusters. Generation II, 1977. 111 35 Totals of eggs and each larval instar per 576 clusters on each sampling occasion in generation II, 1977. 112 36 Changes in mortality of F. dohrnii expressed as k values. 118 37 The k values of various mortalities of F. dohrnii plotted against the density on which they acted. (a) ki on eggs ; (b) k3 on larva I ; (c) k2 on larva I. 120 8 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Measurement of 20 eggs shortly after deposition. 20 2 Force (gm/mm2) required to penetrate leaves on shoots of Alnus glutinosa grown in the field or in the glasshouse. ~3 3 Number of eggs laid in leaves of Alnus glutinosa by adults in cages. 26 4 Relationship between number of mature oocytes, adult weight, and tibial length in females shortly after, and 10 days after, emergence. 31 5 Width of head capsule, Dyar's constant, and the percentage increase. 39 6 Variation in the area mined by single larvae of F. dohrnii in the field. 45 7 Distance travelled on the soil surface and speed of 18 larvae. 50 8 The speed (cm/mta) of larvae in relation to distance travelled on the soil surface. 51 9 The number of cocoons at various depths beneath alder trees, 54 10 Percent cocoons with prepupae and pupae, 1975-76 56 11 Percentage of cocoons occupied by F. dohrnii and by parasites. 62 12 Numbers of Ichneutes laevis and Lathrolestes pictilis emerging in relation to period of chilling. 68 13 Variation of mean time to emergence of parasites from samples chilled for 182 days. 69 14 Mean temperatures (°C) at 5 cm below soil surface, East Mailing 1975-76.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Natural History Collections
    Appendix H: Natural History Collections Page A. Overview. .......................................................................................................................................... H.1 What information can I find in this appendix?. ................................................................................... H:1 What are natural history collections?..... ............................................................................................ H:1 Why does the NPS collect and maintain natural history collections?. ............................................... H:2 Why are natural history collections important?. ................................................................................. H:2 What determines how NPS natural history collections are used?. .................................................... H:3 Where can I find further information on NPS natural history collections?.. ....................................... H:4 B. Natural History Collections.. ........................................................................................................... H:4 What kinds of specimens are commonly found in NPS natural history collections?. ........................ H:4 What characterizes NPS biological collections?. ............................................................................... H:5 Why are NPS biological collections important?.. ............................................................................... H:5 What kinds of specimens are found in NPS biological collections?. ................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Insects That Feed on Trees and Shrubs
    INSECTS THAT FEED ON COLORADO TREES AND SHRUBS1 Whitney Cranshaw David Leatherman Boris Kondratieff Bulletin 506A TABLE OF CONTENTS DEFOLIATORS .................................................... 8 Leaf Feeding Caterpillars .............................................. 8 Cecropia Moth ................................................ 8 Polyphemus Moth ............................................. 9 Nevada Buck Moth ............................................. 9 Pandora Moth ............................................... 10 Io Moth .................................................... 10 Fall Webworm ............................................... 11 Tiger Moth ................................................. 12 American Dagger Moth ......................................... 13 Redhumped Caterpillar ......................................... 13 Achemon Sphinx ............................................. 14 Table 1. Common sphinx moths of Colorado .......................... 14 Douglas-fir Tussock Moth ....................................... 15 1. Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University Cooperative Extension etnomologist and associate professor, entomology; David Leatherman, entomologist, Colorado State Forest Service; Boris Kondratieff, associate professor, entomology. 8/93. ©Colorado State University Cooperative Extension. 1994. For more information, contact your county Cooperative Extension office. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
    [Show full text]
  • Leafmining Insects Fact Sheet No
    Leafmining Insects Fact Sheet No. 5.548 Insect Series|Trees and Shrubs by W.S. Cranshaw, D.A. Leatherman and J.R. Feucht* Leafminers are insects that have a habit of and/or its droppings (frass). Leaf spotting Quick Facts feeding within leaves or needles, producing fungi cause these areas to collapse, without tunneling injuries. Several kinds of insects any tunneling. • Leafminers are insects have developed this habit, including larvae of that feed within a leaf, moths (Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), producing large blotches or sawflies (Hymenoptera) and flies (Diptera). Common Leafminers meandering tunnels. Most of these insects feed for their entire of Trees and Shrubs • Although leafminer injuries larval period within the leaf. Some will also Sawfly Leafminers. Most sawflies chew are conspicuous, most pupate within the leaf mine, while others on the surface of leaves, but four species have larvae that cut their way out when full- found in Colorado develop as leafminers of leafminers produce injuries grown to pupate in the soil. woody plants. Adults are small, dark-colored, that have little, if any, effect on Leafminers are sometimes classified by non-stinging wasps that insert eggs into the plant health. the pattern of the mine which they create. newly formed leaves. The developing larvae • Most leafminers have many Serpentine leaf mines wind snake-like across produce large blotch mines in leaves during natural controls that will the leaf gradually widening as the insect late spring. The sawfly leafminers produced a normally provide good control grows. More common are various blotch single generation each year. leaf mines which are generally irregularly Elm leafminer (Kaliofenusa ulmi) is of leafminers.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathways Analysis of Invasive Plants and Insects in the Northwest Territories
    PATHWAYS ANALYSIS OF INVASIVE PLANTS AND INSECTS IN THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES Project PM 005529 NatureServe Canada K.W. Neatby Bldg 906 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6 Prepared by Eric Snyder and Marilyn Anions NatureServe Canada for The Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Wildlife Division, Government of the Northwest Territories March 31, 2008 Citation: Snyder, E. and Anions, M. 2008. Pathways Analysis of Invasive Plants and Insects in the Northwest Territories. Report for the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Wildlife Division, Government of the Northwest Territories. Project No: PM 005529 28 pages, 5 Appendices. Pathways Analysis of Invasive Plants and Insects in the Northwest Territories i NatureServe Canada Acknowledgements NatureServe Canada and the Government of the Northwest Territories, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, would like to acknowledge the contributions of all those who supplied information during the production of this document. Canada : Eric Allen (Canadian Forest Service), Lorna Allen (Alberta Natural Heritage Information Centre, Alberta Community Development, Parks & Protected Areas Division), Bruce Bennett (Yukon Department of Environment), Rhonda Batchelor (Northwest Territories, Transportation), Cristine Bayly (Ecology North listserve), Terri-Ann Bugg (Northwest Territories, Transportation), Doug Campbell (Saskatchewan Conservation Data Centre), Suzanne Carrière (Northwest Territories, Environment & Natural Resources), Bill Carpenter (Moraine Point Lodge, Northwest
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Native and Invasive Animals of Alaska: a Comprehensive List and Select Species Status Reports
    NON-NATIVE AND INVASIVE ANIMALS OF ALASKA: A COMPREHENSIVE LIST AND SELECT SPECIES STATUS REPORTS FINAL REPORT Jodi McClory Tracey Gotthardt NON-NATIVE AND INVASIVE ANIMALS OF ALASKA: A COMPREHENSIVE LIST AND SELECT SPECIES STATUS REPORTS FINAL REPORT Jodi McClory and Tracey Gotthardt Alaska Natural Heritage Program Environment and Natural Resources Institute University of Alaska Anchorage 707 A Street, Anchorage AK 99501 January 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 INTRODUCTION 5 METHODOLOGY 5 RESULTS 6 DISCUSSION AND FUTURE DIRECTION 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7 LITERATURE CITED 8 APPENDICES I: LIST OF NON-NATIVE ANIMAL SPECIES DOCUMENTED IN ALASKA 9 II: LIST OF NON-NATIVE ANIMAL SPECIES WITH THE POTENTIAL FOR INVASION IN ALASKA 17 III: STATUS REPORTS FOR SELECT NON-NATIVE ANIMAL SPECIES OF ALASKA 21 PACIFIC CHORUS FROG.......................................................................................................................... 22 RED-LEGGED FROG ................................................................................................................................24 ATLANTIC SALMON................................................................................................................................. 27 NORTHERN PIKE ..................................................................................................................................... 30 AMBER-MARKED BIRCH LEAFMINER .................................................................................................... 33 BIRCH LEAFMINER ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • (Dip: Agromyzidae): a Second British Record and a New Host Plant ______
    Newsletter: July 2008 Issue 13 ________________________________________________________________________________________ Aulagromyza luteoscutellata (Dip: Agromyzidae): A Second British record and a new host plant ____________________________________ On 16th July 2008, Keith Palmer discovered mines of what he suspected were Aulagromyza luteoscutellata at sites in Foxbush, Hildenborough, Tonbridge, Kent (VC16). He sent them to Rob Edmunds, who confirmed the identification. As far as we are aware this represents the second record of this miner on the UK. The mines are characteristically dark green when fresh and show the faint chevron frass patterning. An occupied mine is shown opposite. This miner was discovered as new to the UK by RE in 2007 in Hampshire. The geographical separation of this new discovery would lead one to suspect that A. luteoscutellata is a previously overlooked species in Britain. KP found the larva mining Snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), which is a new host plant record in the UK and in line with it s known hosts in Europe. Photos © Rob Edmunds Changes in the nomenclature of leafmining sawflies: ____________________________________ There are at least 2 species of Fenusa mining Ulmus leaves in Western Europe: This website is adopting the new nomenclature (a) Fenusa ulmi (Sundevall, 1847) proposed by Liston and Sheppard in their Checklist of which seems to prefer feeding on British and Irish Hymenoptera Symphyta (2008). Wych Elms (Ulmus glabra). In N. America it is found on a wide range of Ulmus species. The leafminer changes are: (b) Fenusa altenhoferi (Liston, 1993) 1. Heterarthrus healyi, feeding on Acer (=Kaliofenusa carpinifoliae), which campestre, becomes Heterarthrus is found on "Field Elms" such as wuestneii (Konow, 1905).
    [Show full text]
  • Beiträge Zur Bayerischen Entomofaunistik 13: 67–207
    Beiträge zur bayerischen Entomofaunistik 13:67–207, Bamberg (2014), ISSN 1430-015X Grundlegende Untersuchungen zur vielfältigen Insektenfauna im Tiergarten Nürnberg unter besonderer Betonung der Hymenoptera Auswertung von Malaisefallenfängen in den Jahren 1989 und 1990 von Klaus von der Dunk & Manfred Kraus Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung 68 2. Untersuchungsgebiet 68 3. Methodik 69 3.1. Planung 69 3.2. Malaisefallen (MF) im Tiergarten 1989, mit Gelbschalen (GS) und Handfänge 69 3.3. Beschreibung der Fallenstandorte 70 3.4. Malaisefallen, Gelbschalen und Handfänge 1990 71 4. Darstellung der Untersuchungsergebnisse 71 4.1. Die Tabellen 71 4.2. Umfang der Untersuchungen 73 4.3. Grenzen der Interpretation von Fallenfängen 73 5. Untersuchungsergebnisse 74 5.1. Hymenoptera 74 5.1.1. Hymenoptera – Symphyta (Blattwespen) 74 5.1.1.1. Tabelle Symphyta 74 5.1.1.2. Tabellen Leerungstermine der Malaisefallen und Gelbschalen und Blattwespenanzahl 78 5.1.1.3. Symphyta 79 5.1.2. Hymenoptera – Terebrantia 87 5.1.2.1. Tabelle Terebrantia 87 5.1.2.2. Tabelle Ichneumonidae (det. R. Bauer) mit Ergänzungen 91 5.1.2.3. Terebrantia: Evanoidea bis Chalcididae – Ichneumonidae – Braconidae 100 5.1.2.4. Bauer, R.: Ichneumoniden aus den Fängen in Malaisefallen von Dr. M. Kraus im Tiergarten Nürnberg in den Jahren 1989 und 1990 111 5.1.3. Hymenoptera – Apocrita – Aculeata 117 5.1.3.1. Tabellen: Apidae, Formicidae, Chrysididae, Pompilidae, Vespidae, Sphecidae, Mutillidae, Sapygidae, Tiphiidae 117 5.1.3.2. Apidae, Formicidae, Chrysididae, Pompilidae, Vespidae, Sphecidae, Mutillidae, Sapygidae, Tiphiidae 122 5.1.4. Coleoptera 131 5.1.4.1. Tabelle Coleoptera 131 5.1.4.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Program Abstracts, 100Th Session, Iowa Academy of Science, April 21-23, 1988, Iowa State University
    Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS Volume 95 Number Article 7 1988 Program Abstracts, 100th Session, Iowa Academy of Science, April 21-23, 1988, Iowa State University Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright © Copyright 1988 by the Iowa Academy of Science, Inc Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/jias Part of the Anthropology Commons, Life Sciences Commons, Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons, and the Science and Mathematics Education Commons Recommended Citation (1988) "Program Abstracts, 100th Session, Iowa Academy of Science, April 21-23, 1988, Iowa State University," Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS, 95(1),. Available at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/jias/vol95/iss1/7 This General Interest Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa Academy of Science at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS by an authorized editor of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PROGRAM ABSTRACTS lOOth Session IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE April 21-23, 1988 Iowa State University (Index of Contributed Papers by Author) Abraham, R. G. 196 Deavers, D. R. 234 Hallauer, A. R. 8 Lyons, A.G. 98 Ahlstrom, H. H. B. 242 DeGeus, D. W. 120 Hammer, M. S. 92 Mahmood, C. K. 19 Ahuja, R. P. S. 132 Deo, G. 144 Hammond, G. B. 103 Main, S. P. 119 Anderson, C. E. 1 Di, Rong 4 Hamot, C.M. 95 Mardan, A. H. 37 Anderson, M. L. 20 Diethelm, R.
    [Show full text]
  • Contribution to the Knowledge of the Parasitoid Fauna of Leaf Mining Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) of Forest Plants in Hungary
    PERIODICUM BIOLOGORUM UDC 57:61 VOL. 117, No 4, 527–532, 2015 CODEN PDBIAD 10.18054/pb.2015.117.4.3844 ISSN 0031-5362 short communication Contribution to the knowledge of the parasitoid fauna of leaf mining sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) of forest plants in Hungary Abstract LEVENTE SZŐCS1 MELIKA GEORGE2 Background and Purpose: Despite the importance of studying the CSABA THURÓCZY3 native enemy complex of the introduced and invasive leaf miner sawfly spe- 1 GYÖRGY CSÓKA cies in their native territories, few studies have been done in recent years 1 NARIC Forest Research Institute, Department concerning the species component and the regulating potential of their par- of Forest Protection, H-3232 Mátrafüred, Hungary asitoid complexes (in both native and invaded area). Heterarthrus vagans 2 National Food Chain Safety Office, and Fenusa dohrnii are only some of the species which are native in Pale- Directorate of Plant Protection, Soil Conservation arctic area, but alien invasive in North America, causing damage on forest and Agri-environment, Plant Health and Molecular plantations. In this short paper we provide our original data to the knowl- Biology Laboratory, H-1118 Budapest, Budaörsi str., edge of parasitoid fauna associated with seven leaf mining sawflies native in 141-14, Hungary Hungary. 3 H-9730 Köszeg, Malomárok str. 27, Hungary Material and Methods: For a period of four years (2011–2014), sev- Correspondence eral leaf miner species were collected and placed in single mine rearings. Levente Szodcs From the leafminers, belonging to the Tenthredinidae family, a total of 809 E-mail: [email protected] mines made by 9 different species (Heterarthrus wuestneii, Fenusa dohr- nii, Heterarthrus vagans, Fenusa pumila, Fenusella nana, Profenusa pygmaea, Metallus pumilus, Parna apicalis, Fenusa ulmi) were collected Keywords: leaf mining sawfly, regulating potential, from 19 locations across Hungary.
    [Show full text]
  • A Generic Classification of the Nearctic Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta)
    THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY rL_L_ 5 - V. c_op- 2 CD 00 < ' sturn this book on or before the itest Date stamped below. A arge is made on all overdue oks. University of Illinois Library UL28: .952 &i;g4 1952 %Po S IQ";^ 'APR 1 1953 DFn 7 W54 '•> d ^r-. ''/./'ji. Lit]—H41 Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2011 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/genericclassific15ross ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS Vol. XV No. 2 Published by the University of Illinois Under the Auspices of the Graduate School Ukbana, Illinois 1937 EDITORIAL COMMITTEE John Theodore Buchholz Fred Wilbur Tanner Harley Jones Van Cleave UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 1000—7-37—11700 ,. PRESS A GENERIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE NEARCTIC SAWFLIES (HYMENOPTERA, SYMPHYTA) WITH SEVENTEEN PLATES BY Herbert H. Ross Contribution No. 188 from the Entomological Laboratories of the University of Illinois, in Cooperation with the Illinois State Natural History Survey CONTENTS Introduction 7 Methods 7 Materials 8 Morphology 9 Head and Appendages 9 Thorax and Appendages 22 Abdomen and Appendages 29 Phylogeny 33 The Superfamilies of Sawflies 33 Family Groupings 34 Hypothesis of Genealogy .... 35 Larval Characters 45 - Biology 46 Summary of Phylogeny 48 Taxonomy 50 Superfamily Tenthredinoidea 51 Superfamily Megalodontoidea 106 Superfamily Siricoidea 110 Superfamily Cephoidea 114 Bibliography 117 Plates 127 Index 162 ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is an elaboration of a thesis sub- mitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology in the Graduate School of the University of Illinois in 1933. The work was done under the direction of Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • UTAH PESTS Diagnostic Laboratory
    Utah Plant Pest UTAH PESTS Diagnostic Laboratory USU Extension Summer 2017 / QUARTERLY Vol. XI NEWSLETTER IN THIS ISSUE High Tunnel Arthropod Pest Management High Tunnel Arthropod Pest Management p. 01 Elm Seed Bug p. 3 Featured Author: Dr. S. Nicole Frey on Choosing the Best Traps for Controlling Pocket Gophers p. 04 Pest Spotlight: Gypsy Moth p. 06 USDA Downy Mildew of Spinach p. 07 High tunnels can extend the growing season in a cold location such as northern Utah. CRISPR DNA Technology for Managing Pests p. 08 Use of high tunnels or field greenhouses Some of the primary tactics that can be used Neonicotinoid: Retailer is a popular production method in Utah to effectively suppress pests in high tunnels Phase-Out and Potential to substantially extend the length of the include: Alternative growing season. Tunnels can provide p. 10 benefits beyond temperature regulation, • Place floating row cover over Predicting Billbug such as increasing humidity, shading, and susceptible plants for concealment Management in reducing populations of some pests through and to exclude pests that have entered Intermountain West Turf exclusion and concealment. However, some the high tunnel. Row covers, or low p. 11 insect and related pests can thrive in the tunnels, can exclude insects that fly Elm Leafminer plastic-covered environment. If plants are or jump onto plants, including thrips, p. 12 irrigated with driplines, the dry soil between flea beetles, leafhoppers, whiteflies, plant rows is a conducive location for ant aphids, leafminers and grasshoppers. IPM in the News p. 14 nests. Moist, shaded plants can be attractive Additionally, curly top virus infection of to slugs and earwigs.
    [Show full text]
  • Leaf-Mining Insects and Their Parasitoids in Relation to Plant Succession
    Leaf-mining Insects and their Parasitoids in relation to Plant Succession by Hugh Charles Jonathan Godfray A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London and for the Diploma of Membership of Imperial College. Department of Pure and Applied Biology Imperial College at Silwood Park Silwood Park Ascot Berkshire SL5 7PY November 1982 Abstract In this project, the changes in the community of leaf-miners and their hymenopterous parasites were studied in relation to plant succession. Leaf-miners are insects that spend at least part of their larval existence feeding internally within the leaf. The leaf-miners attacking plants over a specific successional sequence at Silwood Park, Berkshire, U.K. were studied, and the changes in taxonomic composition, host specialization, phenology and absolute abundance were examined in the light of recent theories of plant/insect-herbivore interactions. Similar comparisons were made between the leaf-miners attacking mature and seedling birch. The factors influencing the number of species of miner found on a particular type of plant were investigated by a multiple regression analysis of the leaf-miners of British trees and plant properties such as geographical distribution, taxonomic relatedness to other plants and plant size. The results are compared with similar studies on other groups and a less rigorous treatment of herbaceous plants. A large number of hymenopterous parasites were reared from dipterous leaf-mines on early successional plants. The parasite community structure is compared with the work of R.R.Askew and his associates on the parasites of tree leaf-miners. The Appendices include a key to British birch leaf-miners and notes on the taxonomy and host range of the reared parasites.
    [Show full text]