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Assessing the Trace Metal Content of Groundwater in the Bakassi Peninsular, Onshore Rio Del Rey, Akwa-Mundemba, Cameroun

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Assessing the Trace Metal Content of Groundwater in the Bakassi Peninsular, Onshore Rio Del Rey, Akwa-Mundemba, Cameroun Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 2019, 7, 23-48 https://www.scirp.org/journal/gep ISSN Online: 2327-4344 ISSN Print: 2327-4336 Assessing the Trace Metal Content of Groundwater in the Bakassi Peninsular, Onshore Rio del Rey, Akwa-Mundemba, Cameroun Richard Ayuk II Akoachere1* , Takahiro Hosono2, Thomson Areakpoh Eyong1, Marcelle-Carole Pami Ngassam3, Tom Tabi Oben4 1Department of Geology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon 2Priority Organizations for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Japan 3Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Pan African University/University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria 4Department of Agronomy and Applied Molecular Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon How to cite this paper: II Akoachere, R. Abstract A., Hosono, T., Eyong, T. A., Ngassam, M.-C. P., & Oben, T. T. (2019). Assessing The present work assesses the trace metal content in groundwater from Ak- the Trace Metal Content of Groundwater in wa-Mundemba, Bakassi Peninsular in Cameroon. 12 groundwater samples the Bakassi Peninsular, Onshore Rio del were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy ICP-MS. Rey, Akwa-Mundemba, Cameroun. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, Field measurement of physicochemical parameters was determined. R-mode 7, 23-48. statistical analysis; Pearson’s Correlation Analysis (PCA) together with Hie- https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2019.710003 rarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) between the trace metals and the physi- co-chemical parameters was carried out. Ten indices were determined: Four Received: September 4, 2019 Accepted: October 18, 2019 trace metal hazard indices; the average daily dose ADD (2.5E−07 to 0.2)) car- Published: October 21, 2019 cinogenic risks CR (2.1E−06 to 9.9E−04) and the non-carcinogenic risk ha- zard quotient HQ (5.7E−04 to 0.78) which yields the hazard indices HI (0.1 - Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and 0.78), and six trace metal pollution indices; Degree of contamination DC Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative (−13.53 to −11.02), Enrichment factor EF (0.26 - 35.47), Ecological risk factor Commons Attribution International Er (−29.92 - 7.04), Potential ecological risk index RI (-61.2-43.43), Pollution License (CC BY 4.0). load index PLI (−0.01 - 0.04) and Geo-accumulation index Igeo (4.8E-09-3.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ From health risk indices and pollution evaluation indices on trace metals, the Open Access groundwater in Akwa-Mundemba area is safe for drinking. The enrichment factors show that the sources of the trace metals are from geogenic and anth- ropogenic processes. Arsenic, Lead and Vanadium are enriched although they are below the hazard risk values; this shows they have pollution potential that could be attributed to weathering and agricultural wastes. The severity of metal toxicity is governed by several factors, such as dose, nutrition, age, and DOI: 10.4236/gep.2019.710003 Oct. 21, 2019 23 Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection R. A. II Akoachere et al. even life style. Therefore, these low trends might not guarantee the complete absence of human health risks. Generally, from risk assessment on trace met- als using risk indices in the analyzed groundwater samples might not cause any health risk. However, due to an increasing level of environmental pollu- tion that might be imposed by increasing human activity in this area, groundwater sources might become a potential sink of contaminants; this is significant reason that makes constant monitoring, implementation and treatment of groundwater for drinking purposes necessary. Keywords Trace-Metals, Pollution Indices, Hazard Indices, Bakassi-Peninsular, Rio-del-Rey, Cameroun 1. Introduction Akwa-Mundemba area is found between, 4.450N - 4.955N and 8.500E - 8.950E in the Bakassi Peninsular, Ndian Division of the South West Region in Came- roon as in Figure 1. Groundwater is the main resource for drinking in the area through springs, handdug wells and boreholes. The study area has a surface area of 1.557 kilometres squares. Mundemba shares boundaries with Eyumojock in Figure 1. Location map for measurements and sample collection. DOI: 10.4236/gep.2019.710003 24 Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection R. A. II Akoachere et al. North, Isangele and Ekondo Titi in the South, Toko, Konye and Dikome-Balua in the East and Nigeria in the West. It is a gateway to Nigeria and other countries. This area is an agro-industrial zone of fishing, palm oil, rubber and banana plantations, all of which are exported and dependent on groundwater. There are petroleum companies exploiting oil off-shore in the area. The presence of indus- tries has led to unprecedented population growth and urbanization around this area resulting in a high demand for water that has now exceeded supply. The as- sessment of trace metal quality of springs, dug wells and borehole water ex- ploited for consumption by more than 90% of inhabitants of this area is sparse. Therefore a series of health risks and pollution risks associated with elevated trace metals concentrations in groundwater may arise if the trace metal concen- trations of groundwater in this area are high (Mehri & Marjan, 2013). Trace metals are chemical components found in low concentrations, in mass fractions of ppm or less, in water, organisms and soil (Akoachere et al., 2019). Some trace metals are essential as micronutrients Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn for life processes in plants and microorganisms, while others Cd, Cr and Pb have no known physiological activity, but are proven detrimental beyond a certain limit which is very much narrow for some elements (mg/L) like Cd 0.01, Pb 0.10 and Cu 0.050 (Verma & Dwivedi, 2013). These toxic metals, unlike some organic sub- stances, are not metabolically degradable and have the tendency to bio-accumulate in tissues of living organisms over time which can cause death or serious health threats (Akoachere et al., 2019). The presence of trace metal species in ground- water can be of geogenic or anthropogenic origin. Natural or geogenic conta- mination occurs when the weathering of minerals in rocks results in the entry of heavy metals into the environments and water bodies are retained in the groundwater/soil and do not readily leach out; accumulate through geological processes, enter the food chain through ingestion and ultimately pose a threat to humans, animals and plants. By ion exchange, precipitation, dissolution or mix- ing, trace metal ions contained in the rocks are introduced into the water. These metals exist in water as colloidal, particulate and dissolved species. Anthropo- genic contamination occurs through the development of industrial agriculture, mining, smelting and other industrial activities. Metallic elements have a signif- icant role in increasing the degradation of water quality through human activi- ties; industrial-household wastes, thermal power plants, mining, exhaust emis- sions, application of fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides. Trace metals pose a severe threat to human and environmental health since these elements are toxic at low concentrations and pollution caused by these heavy metals is long-term and irreversible; cumulative. Trace metals are increasingly being found in groundwater sources. The exposure to trace metal contamination and associated health risk levels of the population in Akwa-Mundemba has not been investi- gated hence; the quantification of trace metals for suitability of the groundwater resources for drinking, domestic and agro-industrial uses is of public health and scientific concern. It has been recognized for many years that the concentrations DOI: 10.4236/gep.2019.710003 25 Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection R. A. II Akoachere et al. of metals found in coastal areas, whether they are in the dissolved or particulate phase may be derived from a variety of anthropogenic and natural sources. In most circumstances, the major part of the anthropogenic metal load in the ma- rine sediments and organisms has a terrestrial source from mining and intensive aquaculture and municipal wastewaters, untreated effluents, harbor activities, urban and agricultural runoff along major rivers, estuaries and bays. These ele- ments are: Antimony, Arsenic, Boron Barium, Bromine, Cadmium, Cesium, Chloride, Cobalt, Copper, Fluoride Iodine, Iron, Lead, Lithium, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Phosphorus, Rubidium, Selenium, Strontium, Uranium, Vanadium and Zinc. 1.1. Climate This area has an equatorial climate with two main seasons: the dry and the wet seasons. The dry season is usually very short and runs from November to Feb- ruary while the wet season is long and it’s between March to October. The mean monthly temperature ranges from 23˚C to 30˚C (Cameroon Pamol Plantation, Cameroon, 2005-2008). 1.2. Relief The study area is composed of a stretch of hilly topography. It is made of gentle slopes gradually increasing from the south west coast of river Ndian to the un- dulating slopes of the Rumpi Hills forest reserve in the south west, stretching right up to Toko sub division. Another stretch of undulating hilly topography is found in the south east of the area, around the northern part of the Rumpi forest reserve. The highest point here is a hill with altitude of 505 m (Mundemba Mo- nographic Study, 2010). 1.3. Hydrology The Akwa-Mundemba area is characterized with numerous streams, spring and major rivers; the Akwa Yafe River, Dibonda and the Mundemba rivers. Most of the rivers and streams take their rise from the Rumpi hills and the northern part of the Korup national park (KNP). Rivers and streams that take their rise from the Rumpi hills and flows towards the northern section of the proposed council forest while those that take their rise from the northern part of the KNP flow in a southern direction of the park. The streams combine to form the Mana and Mbo’s rivers that finally drain into river Ndian and the Atlantic Ocean while the main stream Mossambi converges with river Lokeri and drains into the Dibonda river, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean.
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