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Klassische Archäologie Klassische Archäologie HELLENISTISCHE UND KAISERZEITLICHE WEIHRELIEFS AUS DEM NÖRDLICHEN MYSIEN Ikonographie und Typologie einer Denkmälergruppe und ihre Bedeutung für die Religionsgeschichte einer antiken Landschaft Inaugural – Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der P h i l o s o p h i s c h e n F a k u l t ä t der Westfälischen Wilhelms–Universität zu Münster (Westf.) vorgelegt von Oliver Brehm aus Herford 1996 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 07.02.1997 Dekan: Prof. Dr. K. Hortschansky Referent: Prof. Dr. H. Wiegartz Korreferent: Prof. Dr. E. Schwertheim Meinen Eltern INHALTSVERZEICHNIS VORWORT V ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS VII I. EINLEITUNG 1 I.1. Vorbemerkungen: Motivation, Stellenwert, Bearbeitungsstand 1 I.2. Methodik 11 II. KLASSIFIZIERUNG DER MYSISCHEN WEIHRELIEFS 16 II.1. Tektonik 16 II.1.1. Die einfache Bildfeldstele 20 II.1.2. Die Registerstele 27 II.2. Motiv und Komposition 37 II.2.1. Das Verehrungsrelief 37 II.2.2. Das Götterrelief 51 II.2.3. Die Sonderform der Registerstele 53 II.2.4. Die Sonderform der zusätzlichen Gelageszene 56 II.3. Die Stifter 60 II.3.1. Weihungen einzelner Personen 61 II.3.2. Gemeinschaftsweihungen 62 II.4. Chronologie 69 III. IKONOGRAPHIE UND TYPOLOGIE 79 III.1. Die Götterdarstellungen 79 III.1.1. Apollon 82 II III.1.2. Zeus 105 III.1.3. Kybele 113 III.1.4. Artemis 124 III.1.5. Hermes 135 III.1.6. Asklepios 140 III.1.7. Herakles 143 III.1.8. Dionysos 146 III.1.9. Zusammenfassung 148 III.2. Weihreliefs an einzelne Gottheiten 156 III.2.1. Apollon 156 2.1.1. Typus der Apollonreliefs 157 2.1.1.1 Format 157 2.1.1.2. Bildtypus 158 2.1.2. Inschriften 161 2.1.3.Verbreitung 163 2.1.4. Datierung 177 III.2.2. Zeus 182 2.2.1. Typus der Zeusreliefs 182 2.2.1.1. Format 182 2.2.1.2. Bildtypus 185 2.2.2 Inschriften 192 2.2.3. Verbreitung 202 2.2.4. Datierung 206 III.2.3. Kybele 208 2.3.1. Typus der Kybelereliefs 208 2.3.1.1. Format 208 2.3.1.2. Bildtypus 211 2.3.2. Inschriften 215 2.3.3. Verbreitung 218 2.3.4. Datierung 220 III.2.4. Artemis 222 III.2.5. Hermes 229 III.2.6. Asklepios 231 III III.2.7. Herakles 232 III.2.8. Dionysos 234 III.2.9. Reitergötter 236 III.3. Weihreliefs an 'Götterpaare' 241 III.3.1. Apollon und Artemis 241 III.3.2. Zeus und Artemis 250 III.3.3. Apollon und Kybele 253 III.3.4. Kybele und Attis 255 III.3.5. Apollon und Asklepios 257 III.3.6. Apollon und Hermes 262 III.3.7. Asklepios und Hygieia 263 III.3.8. Kybele und eine weitere Gottheit 265 III.3.9. Artemis/Diana und eine weitere Gottheit 266 III.3.10. Zeus und Kybele 267 III.3.11. Zeus und Herakles 268 III.3.12. Zusammenfassung 269 III.4. Weihreliefs an Göttergruppen 272 III.4.1. Kybele, Zeus und Hermes 272 4.1.1. Kybele und Hermes 281 III.4.2. Zeus, Apollon und Artemis 286 III.4.3. Zeus, Apollon und Hermes 294 III.4.4. Zusammenfassung 294 IV. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND AUSWERTUNG 298 IV.1. Apollon 298 IV.2. Zeus 322 IV.3. Kybele 330 IV.4. Artemis 340 IV.5. Hermes 352 IV IV.6. Asklepios 358 IV.7. Herakles 364 IV.8. Dionysos 368 V. SCHLUßBETRACHTUNG 372 V.1. Die Bedeutung der mysischen Weihreliefs: Nachleben klassizistisch bestimmter Formen oder neue entwicklungsfähige Form? 372 VI. KATALOG 401 V Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ist die aktualisierte Fassung meiner Promotionsschrift, die im November 1996 der Philosophischen Fakultät der Westfälischen Wilhelms- Universität zur Begutachtung eingereicht wurde. Der späte Zeitpunkt der Veröffentlichung erklärt sich durch äußere Umstände. Eingearbeitet hat Verf. Kritikpunkte und Vorschläge der beiden Gutachter Prof. Dr. Hans Wiegartz und Prof. Dr. Elmar Schwertheim und die in den letzten Jahren erschienenen Untersuchungen, soweit sie das Thema direkt betrafen und neue Argumente in die Diskussion einbringen konnten. Daraus ergibt sich konse- quenterweise, daß nicht alle Neuveröffentlichungen, die sich mit dem Thema und dem in der Arbeit behandelten Zeitraum beschäftigen, erwähnt werden konnten. Mein Dank gilt meinem Doktorvater, Herrn Prof. Dr. Hans Wiegartz, der die Fertigstellung der Arbeit in vielfältiger Weise mit Rat und Kritik gefördert und unterstützt hat. Mein besonderer Dank gilt Prof. Dr. Elmar Schwertheim, der nicht nur das Korreferat übernommen hat, sondern die Arbeit angeregt und stets durch unermüdliche Gesprächsbereitschaft gefördert hat. In außerordentlich entgegenkommender Weise gewährte er mir Einblicke in das von ihm gesammelte Material, von dem einige bisher unpublizierte Denkmäler mit seiner Genehmigung in die Arbeit aufgenommen werden konnten. Für dieses keineswegs selbstverständliche Vertrauen möchte ich ihm ebenso danken wie für die Hilfe vor allem bei der Lesung und Interpretation der bisher unpublizierten Inschriften, bei Fragen zur historischen Topographie des nördlichen Mysiens, sowie für die Möglichkeit, die Objekte vor Ort studieren zu können. Frau Dr. Marielouise Cremer gewährte mir vor der Drucklegung ihrer Arbeit zu den 'Hellenistisch-römischen Grabstelen im nordwestlichen Kleinasien' Einblicke in ihre Arbeit und stellte mir vorab Ergebnisse und Photomaterial zur Verfügung. Dem regen Austausch habe ich viel zu verdanken. Mit Prof. Dr. Ulrich Hausmann konnte ich ausführlich über die Gattung der Weihreliefs diskutieren. Ihm verdanke ich zahlreiche Hinweise und Denkanstöße gerade auch zu methodischen Überlegungen. Die Dissertationsschrift als auch die überarbeitete Fassung sind natürlich nicht ohne die freundliche Unterstützung weiterer möglich gewesen: Herr Prof. Dr. Norbert Ehrhardt, Lehrstuhl für Alte Geschichte, Münster, verfolgte die Arbeit mit großem Interesse, ihm verdanke ich zahlreiche hilfreiche Hinweise und Anregungen. Für den fachlichen Austausch danke ich besonders auch Herrn Prof. Dr. Sencer Şahin, der mir großzügig Einblick in seine Materialsammlung gewährte. Weiterhin schulde ich Dank den Herren Prof. Dr. Thomas Corsten, PD Dr. Martin Flashar, Dr. Tomas Lochman und Prof. Dr. Engelbert Winter für wichtige Hinweise und Auskünfte. VI Frau Nese Kul-Berndt danke ich für die zeitaufwändigen Übersetzungen aus dem Türkischen. Die Photographin Frau Gisela Störmann hat alle wichtigen Photoarbeiten erledigt. Meinen Freunden im Archäologischen Seminar der Universität Münster und der Forschungsstelle Asia Minor, namentlich seien stellvertretend Dr. Carola Kintrup und Dr. Ulrich Holtfester für das Korrekturlesen der Arbeit genannt, danke ich für stete Diskussionsbereitschaft und zahlreiche Hinweise. Allen Helfern, Kritikern und Befürwortern gilt mein Dank auch dann, wenn ihre Namen hier nicht alle genannt werden können. Der 'Historisch-archäologische Freundeskreis e.V. Münster' hat mit einem namhaften Betrag die Aufnahme der Denkmäler vor Ort unterstützt und somit den Fortgang der Arbeit maßgeblich gefördert. Meinem akademischen Lehrer Prof. Dr. Max Wegner verdanke ich mehr, als ich an dieser Stelle ausdrücken könnte. Die Unterstützung durch meine Frau Dr. Christiane Brehm in privater und fachlicher Hinsicht war von unschätzbarem Wert. Ihr Rat und ihre Geduld in der Zeit des Dissertationsvorhabens haben die Fertigstellung der Arbeit erst ermöglicht. Der größte Dank aber gilt meinen Eltern, denen ich diese Arbeit widme. Ihnen verdanke ich nicht nur meine ersten, für die Wahl des Studienfachs ausschlaggebenden Kontakte mit der Welt des klassischen Altertums, sondern zudem die uneingeschränkte Förderung meiner Ausbildung in ihren unterschiedlichen Stadien. Ohne ihre Unterstützung wäre die Fertigstellung der Arbeit in dieser Form nicht möglich gewesen. VII Abkürzungsverzeichnis Es gelten die Zitierrichtlinien und Abkürzungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts von 2006 (AA 2005/2, 314-399); die antiken Autoren sind nach DNP III (1997) S. XXXVI-XLIV abgekürzt. Zusätzlich werden folgende Abkürzungen verwendet: Abmeier 1990 = A. Abmeier, Zur Geschichte von Apollonia am Rhyndakos, in: Mysische Studien, AMS 1 (Bonn 1990) 1-16 Amnestål 1989 = L. Amnestål, A votive relief in Stockholm, MedelhavsMusB 24, 1989, 19-30 Bélis 1986 = A. Bélis, L’aulos phrygien, RA 1986, 21-40 Bieber 1977 = M. Bieber, Ancient copies. Contributions to the history of Greek and Roman art (New York 1977) Bilabel 1920 = F. Bilabel, Die ionische Kolonisation. Unter- suchungen über die Gründung der Ionier, deren staatliche und kultische Organisation und Beziehungen zu den Mutterstädten. Philologus Suppl. XIV 1 (Leipzig 1920) Borbein 1968 = A.H. Borbein, Eine Stele in Rhodos. Bemerkungen zum spätgriechischen Grabrelief, MarbWPr 1968, 74-101 Brand 2000 = H. Brand, Griechische Musikanten im Kult. Von der Frühzeit bis zum Beginn der Spätklassik. Würzburger Studien zur Sprache & Kultur 3 (Dettelbach 2000) BullEpigr = Bulletin Épigraphique in der Revue des Études Grecques (REG) Carroll-Spillecke 1985 = M. Carroll-Spillecke, Landscape depictions in Greek relief sculpture, development and conventionalization. European university studies Ser. 38, Archeology 11 (Frankfurt a.M., Bern, New York 1985) Cook I-III 1914-1940 = A.B. Cook, Zeus. A study in ancient religion I-III (Cambridge I 1914, II 1-2 1925, III 1-2 1940, repr. New York 1964-1965) VIII Cook 1973 = J.M. Cook, The Troad. An archaeological and topographical Study (Oxford 1973) Corsten 1987 = Th. Corsten, Die Inschriften von Apameia (Bithynien) und Pylai, I.K. 32 (Bonn 1987) Corsten 1989 = Th. Corsten, Attu Kome, ZPE 77, 1989, 181-184 Corsten 1991 = Th. Corsten, Die Inschriften von Prusa ad Olympum I, I.K. 39 (Bonn 1991) Corsten 1993 = Th. Corsten, Die Inschriften von Prusa ad Olympum II, Die Geschichte der Stadt in der Antike – Inschriften unbekannter Herkunft im Archäologischen Museum Bursa, I.K. 40 (Bonn 1993) Cremer 1988 = M. Cremer, Der bewaffnete Dionysos, IstMitt 38, 1988, 179-187 Cremer 1991 = M. Cremer, Hellenistisch-römische Grabstelen im nordwestlichen Kleinasien 1. Mysien, AMS 4, 1 (Bonn 1991) Cremer 1992 = M. Cremer, Hellenistisch-römische Grabstelen im nordwestlichen Kleinasien 2. Bithynien, AMS 4, 2 (Bonn 1992) Deubner 1934 = O. Deubner, Hellenistische Apollongestalten (Athen 1934) Drexhage 2003 = H.-W. Drexhage, Der Kult des Zeus Olbios, in: E. Schwertheim - E. Winter (Hrsg.), Religion und Region. Götter und Kulte aus dem östlichen Mittelmeerraum, AMS 45 (Bonn 2003) Edelstein 1945 = E.J.
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