The 92nd Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America Source: American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 95, No. 2 (Apr., 1991), pp. 285-339 Published by: Archaeological Institute of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/505727 Accessed: 30-05-2015 14:01 UTC

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This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The 92nd Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America

The 92nd Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America was held in conjunction with the 122nd Annual Meeting of the American Philological Association in San Francisco, California, on 27-30 December 1990. On 28 December Martha Sharp Joukowsky, President of the Archaeological Institute of America, presented the Institute's 26th annual Gold Medal for Distinguished Archaeological Achievement to John W. Hayes. George F. Bass, Vice-President of the Institute, presented the 1 1th annual Pomerance Award of the Archaeological Institute of America for Scientific Contributions to Archaeology to Robert H. Brill. The second annual James R. Wiseman Book Award was presented by President Joukowsky to Oscar White Muscarella for Bronze and Iron: Ancient Near Eastern Artifacts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Lloyd E. Cotsen was given the Institute's Volunteer Service Award by Past President James R. Wiseman. On 29 December, at the 112th Meeting of the Council of the Archaeological Institute of America, the following were elected: Martha Sharp Joukowsky, President; James Russell, Vice-President; Joseph J. Bonsignore, Getzel M. Cohen, Daniel F. Morley, Andrew Oliver, Jr., and John J. Slocum, General Trustees; Clemency Chase Coggins, Timothy E. Gregory, and Karen D. Vitelli, Academic Trustees; and Raymond L. Den Adel, Society Trustee. Four members were also elected to the Nominating Committee: Nancy T. de Grummond, Charles La Follette, Anna Marguerite McCann, and G. Kenneth Sams. In addition, Vassos Karageorghis was elected as a Foreign Honorary Member. The AIA Council also adopted a Code of Ethics at the meeting. The text of the Code of Ethics and the four award citations are printed here, followed by the abstracts of the papers delivered on 28-30 December.

ARCHAEOLOGICALINSTITUTE OF AMERICA CODE OF ETHICS

The Archaeological Institute of America is dedicated to the greater understanding of archaeology, to the protection and preservation of the world's archaeological resources and the information they contain, and to the encouragement and support of archaeological research and publication. In accordance with these principles, members of the AIA should: 1) Seek to ensure that the exploration of archaeological sites be conducted according to the highest standards under the direct supervision of qualified personnel, and that the results of such research be made public; 2) Refuse to participate in the illegal trade in antiquities derived from excavation in any country after 30 December 1970 when the AIA Council endorsed the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Property, and refrain from activities that enhance the commercial value of such objects; 3) Inform appropriate authorities of threats to, or plunder of, archaeological sites, and of the illegal import or export of archaeological material.

AmericanJournal ofArchaeology 95 (1991) 285

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 286 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 ARCHAEOLOGICALINSTITUTE OF AMERICA AWARD FOR DISTINGUISHED ARCHAEOLOGICALACHIEVEMENT

JOHN W. HAYES

The abiding impression that many of us must share of John Hayes is one of a thinnish figure, bending over a table strewn with pottery, his spectacles halfway down his nose and long slender fingers sorting with an amazing rapidity. This figure is to be seen in excavation houses throughout the Mediterranean and beyond. The pottery he examines at those tables is inscribed forever on his memory, not only the color and fabric, but profiles and shapes. During this process, Hayes's mind has counted the sherds and placed them in their appropriate categories, many of which he is the author. Whether it be the fragment of an 18th-century Turkish pipe, some roughly made Slavic vessel, or even Mycenaean coarse ware, it is all assigned to its proper date and place. Few men or women have both the visual memory and the facility to order what has been seen that John Hayes possesses. To recount all the forms of pottery that Hayes has categorized definitively would produce a very long list. It is necessary, nevertheless, to provide some idea of the range of his achievements, both in the field and at the Royal Ontario Museum. Even before John Hayes went up to Cambridge to take the Classical Tripos, his interest in archaeology showed itself with his participation in excavations at Verulamium. At Cambridge, in the second part of the Tripos, he devoted himself to Classical Archaeology and began his life's work in that field. After his undergraduate work, he spent four years abroad writing his dissertation on Late Roman Pottery in the Mediterranean. Then, in 1968 he came to the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, where he now resides as curator of the Classical collection. It is now 18 years since the appearance of his ground-breaking Late Roman Pottery gave us a "Hayes type" for five centuries of Roman vases. Equally definitive for early Roman fine wares is his work on Sigillate orientali for the Enciclopedia dell'arte antica (1986). John Hayes's appetite for breaking new ground did not stop simply with Roman pottery. His forthcoming massive book on ceramics from Sarachane in Istanbul establishes ceramic categories and chronologies from antiquity to the modern era, much of which had not previously been systematically defined. His publications of the collections of the Royal Ontario Museum have also led him back in time to include Greek and Etruscan wares. Beyond the confines of pottery, he has published catalogues on glass, lamps, and metalwork in Toronto, with one on arms and armor in progress. Each summer, however, John Hayes returns again to the field for several months, dividing his time among the several projects whose pottery he is studying. From surface survey on Crete, to Hvar off the coast of Yugoslavia, to the Isthmia Museum, to Cyprus, he covers a geographical breadth and chronological scope that few could hope to equal and none to surpass. All who excavate and carry on surveys in the Mediterranean area, or wherever potsherds are found, will ever be in his debt.

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 287 POMERANCEAWARD OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICALINSTITUTE OF AMERICA FOR SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO ARCHAEOLOGY

ROBERT H. BRILL

Robert H. Brill has spent an enviable life as a productive scientist and administrator. He has been a pioneer in the application of many scientific techniques to the study and understanding of artifacts and the technologies behind their manufacture. His research, his field projects, his lectures, and his impact have extended throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Central Asia, and the Far East. Dr. Brill received all of his formal education in his native New Jersey including public schools in Newark, a B.S. in Chemistry from Upsala College in East Orange, and a Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from Rutgers University in New Brunswick. After a six-year career as a chemistry professor at Upsala College in the 1950s, he embarked in 1960 on what can only be described as a wonderfully fruitful career at the Corning Museum of Glass where he continues to mix science and art in creative and prolific ways. It has been from his perch at the Corning Museum of Glass that he has flown literally to exotic lands (that archaeologists usually consider their own) and, equally, has flown figuratively to heights of exotic science in the service of archaeology. (At least it was exotic when he first perceived that the technique-for example, lead isotope analysis for provenance studies-could help solve an archaeological problem.) The archaeological community can well appreciate the significant administrative contribution Dr. Brill made when he took over the directorship at the Corning Museum of Glass and supervised the flood-recovery effort during the early 1970s. But his commanding love has remained archaeological chemistry and he returned to research in 1975. Archaeologists who begin to explore what natural science can do to further explicate ancient lifeways from the study of limited physical remains soon become aware of Dr. Brill's seminal volume entitled Science and Archaeology. Published in 1971 it has inspired the whole current generation of those who practice or draw on the fruits of archaeometry. In the Introduction to this book Brill entered a plea-a plea for close cooperation between the archaeometrist and the archaeologist. He pinpointed the danger that the capability for analyzing much greater numbers of samples and making ever more complicated types of measurements could lead the laboratory scientist unwittingly into a preoccupation with numerical data and a tendency to lose direct contact with archaeologists and the archaeological component of the problem. His plea remains valid. A good example of Dr. Brill's insights that have benefited archaeology is his early work on using lead isotope analysis to provenance Egyptian, Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine glass. His pioneering work helped develop the current rash of lead isotope studies to source the copper in Mediterranean bronzes. Currently his research focus is early glassmaking in East Asia, particularly China. Again using chemical analysis and lead isotope analysis he is studying the origin and development of Chinese glass during the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. (the Warring States period). Robert Brill has not ignored the educational aspects of his chosen field. In 1977 he directed the field expedition and wrote the story line and narration for The Glassmakers of Herat, a 30-minute film documenting a one-room glass factory in Afghanistan. More recently he has directed field expeditions to videotape traditional methods of glassmaking in India. The breadth and depth of Brill's contributions to archaeometry lead the Archaeological Institute of America to follow in the footsteps of the American Chemical Society, which presented him with the Eugene C. Sullivan Award. The Pomerance Award is a fitting honor for a lifetime of significant research in archaeological chemistry.

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 288 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 ARCHAEOLOGICALINSTITUTE OF AMERICA JAMES R. WISEMAN BOOK AWARD

OSCAR WHITE MUSCARELLA

The Archaeological Institute of America is proud to honor Oscar White Muscarella as the second recipient of the James R. Wiseman Book Award for his outstanding recent publication, Bronze and Iron: Ancient Near Eastern Artifacts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Oscar, Senior Research Fellow in the Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, is internationally renowned for his scholarly contributions to the archaeology of the Iron Age in the Near East, particularly of Anatolia and Western Iran, and to our understanding of the cultural connections between the Near East and Greece in the eighth and seventh centuries B.C. Both inside and outside the community of scholars he has established a second reputation through his penetrating and forthright exposure of deception and forgery wherever it bears upon his primary research projects. He is one of that rare and valuable breed of scholars who are crusaders at heart. As a distinguished museum curator for many years it is inevitable that material culture should have always been his central interest, but never to the neglect of the wider perspectives revealed to him by initial training and experience as a field archaeologist. Bronze and Iron epitomizes his outstanding contribution to ancient Near Eastern studies over the past 30 years during which the metalwork of the region has been his main concern. This is a catalogue raisonne in the great tradition of museum scholarship, in which the systematic study of objects is seen as a primary means for understanding not only the artistic achievement and craft skills of antiquity, but also the ideologies and values of the societies that created them. It illustrates how the best of such scholarship has always demanded a combination of the skills of the archaeologist with those of the historian of art and culture. Nor has Oscar, ably supported by colleagues past and present in the Metropolitan Museum Laboratory, not least Pieter Meyers, neglected the potential contribution now available through science for understanding composition, processes of manufacture, and authenticity. It is indeed a versatile performance, a major review of the subject, more than welcome after a century of widely scattered scholarship of very uneven quality. Oscar's knowledge of the existing literature is exhaustive, his critical analysis of it acute, his eye for significant details discriminating, and his judgments as firm as may be hoped in the complex world of ancient Near Eastern metallurgy. He sums up like the most learned of judges and gives his verdicts with the conviction of a sworn jury: the evidence is carefully mustered, thoroughly assessed, and rigorously clarified. The combination of the typical and the outstanding, which distinguishes the Metropolitan Museum collection, has allowed Oscar to explore many aspects of his subject. Indeed, diversity is the hallmark of the ancient Near East, fascinating to those familiar with it, all too often dispiriting to those who encounter it for the first time; but never less than challenging to those who seek to write about it in a way that both the scholar and the general reader may appreciate. It is perhaps the best measure of Oscar's success that professional scholars and amateur connoisseurs will both find here a model of the way in which museum collections of antiquities of this caliber should be presented in print for their instruction and enjoyment. There has been a tendency to marginalize the study of material culture and technology in archaeological and anthropological studies in our generation. There are signs that the tide is again turning and an aspect of scholarship once at the heart of our discipline is regaining something of its old status. In presenting the James R. Wiseman Book Award to Bronze and Iron, we honor an outstanding work of research, handsomely displayed to the world, which superbly illustrates the potential and vitality of archaeological scholarship practiced in and through our great museums.

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 289 ARCHAEOLOGICALINSTITUTE OF AMERICA 1990 VOLUNTEER SERVICEAWARD

LLOYD E. COTSEN

The Archaeological Institute of America is honored to present its Volunteer Service Award to Lloyd E. Cotsen, who served as a dedicated and innovative Trustee from 1971 to 1988 and fortunately continues his participation as a member of several committees. Lloyd Cotsen has brought to the Institute a unique blend of archaeological experience and entrepreneurial expertise. Initially educated as a historian and architect, he early on was awarded a fellowship to the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. His training subsequently was put to good use as an archaeological field architect on excavations at Lerna, Pylos, and Kea in Greece. Running parallel to a lifelong fascination with archaeology has been an ever-escalating involvement in business. Following an MBA from Harvard Business School, he took control of a small manufacturing company whose success has been noteworthy. In a 15-year period, the product's distribution expanded to 40 countries worldwide and sales increased 30-fold. In the process of this expansion, Lloyd Cotsen's organizational and managerial skills were ever more sharply honed; these skills have been shared generously with the Institute. In addition to a productive business career, as well as a continuing interest in archaeology and service on over a dozen civic boards, this remarkable man also has assembled outstanding collections ofJapanese baskets, children's books, folk art, and non-industrial textiles. Viewing the wide range of Lloyd Cotsen's accomplishments, one might suspect that he is part magician. An argument can be made for this assumption if magic is defined as an extraordinary power or influence: several officers happily serve the Archaeological Institute of America today who never dreamed they could be cajoled into their present positions. Lloyd Cotsen's refreshingly irreverent and disarmingly unorthodox approach to life has made him a memorable General Trustee. We are grateful not only for the 20 years of largess and guidance from this extraordinary man but also for the dynamic presence on our Board of one of nature's most beguiling noblemen.

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 290 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

The abstractsof the papers appear in the order of presentationand are followed by an alphabeticalindex of authors.

SESSION I: PLENARY well as bread wheat in StratumX. As the palaeo-faunaland -floral record now stands, no definitive evidence exists for the progenitors of these species on Crete. This strongly THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL PATRIMONY: THE suggests that these domesticateswere introduced to Crete PRESIDENT'S CULTURAL PROPERTY ADVISORY COM- by the inhabitantsof Stratum X and, since Crete was an MITTEE: Leslie E. Wildesen, United States Forest island throughoutthe Holocene, that humansbrought these domesticatesto Creteon seagoingcrafts. Moreover, both the Service, Rocky Mountain Region dearth of confirmedpre-Neolithic occupation of Crete and One tragicby-product of the internationalizationof world the unfiltered"package" of domesticatesin StratumX sup- culture is the serious increase in the amount of cultural port the model of an exogenous populationcolonizing Crete, rather than a model trade-networks property that is being traded without the knowledge or of exchanging domes- consent of the country of origin. This trade can be likened ticateswith an as yet undiscoveredMesolithic population on the island. to the drug trade, with which it often shares the same cast of characters:suppliers tend to be poor, consumerstend to The minimal size of a geneticallyviable founder popula- be rich, and smugglers and bagmen tend to be somewhere tion, as well as transportationrestraints of macrofauna,sug- in the middle. gests a precociousability in seafaringand a highly organized The United States'response to this worldwidetragedy is replicationof the mother settlement'seconomy. Though the the CulturalProperty Advisory Committee, created in 1982 origin and motivationof these colonists are unknown, the to advise the President and others on ways to resolve this fact that colonizationsdid occur during the Neolithic tran- problem. In addition, the Committeereviews requests from sition on Crete is undeniable.This conclusion does not pre- other nations for the United States to close its borders to clude the possibilityelsewhere in Europe of an indigenous certain types of objects,to reduce demand and therebyhelp transition to agriculturalsubsistence, or the exchange of alleviatethe destructionthat accompaniescreating the sup- agriculturalmethods without the movement of people. We ply. stress that many forms of the Neolithic transitionprobably Other solutions,such as negotiatedagreements, joint con- occurred, and dogmatic adherence to one model will not servationand exhibit projects,and internationaltraining and explicate the process. technical assistance,are now being explored by museums, international agencies, and private parties. Archaeological AN ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF THE OLD Instituteof Americamembers can also take personalactions PALACE that will help to solve this problem. AT KNOSSOS: Carol R. Hershenson, Xavier Univer- sity

New researches and analyses contribute not only to a SESSION II A: PREHISTORIC CRETE clarificationof the history of the palace at Knossos,but also to an understanding of the development of monumental Minoanarchitecture. The sequence of terracing,expansion, THE NEOLITHIC COLONIZATIONOF CRETE: Thomas F. and alteration is particularly clear in the West Court; Strasser, Indiana University, and Cyprian Brood- founded in Early Minoan IIA, this terrace grew by a series bank, University of Cambridge of extensionsto the north and to the west. The Protopalatial western facade, which would have faced this western court- The southern tip of the Balkanpeninsula and the islands yard, is unclear; the line of stones conventionallyidentified of the eastern Mediterraneanform a critical geographical as the plinth of that westernfacade is unlike any other plinth region in the debate concerning the Neolithic transitionin course in Minoan architecture.The Old Palace was little Europe. At present, no single explanationcan unequivocally smaller on most sides than the preserved New Palace.The apply to all the Early Neolithic data from Europe. The ground story floor elevationswere not at all uniform in the traditionalcolonization model, defined as a direct and or- Old Palace, groups of rooms apparentlyhaving been built ganized movement of people to a targeted area, has been on terraces that roughly followed the earlier slope of the abandoned by many scholars. Indeed, migrationsin prehis- tell; variationsin ground storyfloor levels seem to have been tory are now frequentlypostulated only in smalland gradual less readily tolerated in the New Palace period, and the as a terms, usually result of a contractingsubsistence base. Protopalatialfloors were apparentlycut awayby the leveling We propose that the faunal and floral evidence from the operations of the Neopalatialconstruction on the western basal stratum at Knossos (Stratum X) indicates a highly side of the palace. In the plans of Protopalatial rooms on organized and directional colonization of Crete late in the the eastern side of the palace, characteristic Minoan archi- eighth millennium B.C. (calibrated). tectural morphology and syntax can be recognized. In other J.D. Evans'sexcavations at Knossos uncovered abundant portions of the palace, where the dating of individual walls evidence of fully domesticatedgoat, sheep, pig, and cattleas is unclear, it is possible to construct relative sequences of

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 291 building programsand alterations.A new understandingof tholos tombs. By analyzingtheir physicalcharacteristics and the Old Palaceat Knossosemerges from these investigations. establishingtheir chronologicalrange, I am able to demon- strate that these models were creations of native Cretan inspirationand that their form is derived from the contem- ARCHITECTURAL REPRESENTATION: A CLUE TO ITS porary ceramic repertoire, not from architecture.Such an PLACE IN MINOAN ICONOGRAPHY:Kathleen Kratten- abstractform was acceptable because the intention of the representationwas to symbolizean architecturalspace rather maker, Bryn Mawr College than to depict any specificarchitectural type. There is a remarkable be- Architectural representation-from the "Grandstand" chronologicalcorrespondence tween the rise, floruit,and decline of these models fresco and Zakrosanctuary rhyton to the cult scenes on rings cylindrical and that of the "MinoanGoddess with the and sealings-is an element of a figural iconography that Upraised Arms" (MGUA).In LM III, however,the models are not has long been part of the visual understandingof Minoan cylindrical found in the shrines of the MGUA but rather in domestic Crete. It has not, however,entered into many discussionsof contexts. Cross-culturalstudies of individual be- the social organizationof palatial Crete. I believe a second religious havior lead us to evidence in the home for look at this iconography can add to our understandingin expect private this realm. cult practiceparallel to communalpractice. I suggest that in LM III these models were used in the of the MGUA There is no architecturalrepresentation in Crete, either worship at the household level. The seen in the distribution two- or three-dimensional,prior to the Neopalatialperiod. changes and form of the models from the end of LM III This raises questions about the motives leading to the crea- through tion and use of architecturalmotifs. One answeris hinted at their final appearancein the seventh century B.C. are indic- ative of transformationsin both the functionof these models by the geographical distributionof architectural represen- and the cult of the MGUA. tation. Representations of architecture, in all media, are restrictedto palaces or villas or to wealthy cemeteries con- nected with such sites. come from Knossos Roughly 50% SURVEY AT KAVOUSI, CRETE: THE IRON AGE SETTLE- itself. This would seem to indicate that the creators, if not MENTS: Donald C. Haggis, of Minnesota, the audience, of this iconography belonged to the elite, University Twin Cities probably administrativeclass, residing in the palaces and villas. Survey at Kavousi was in the fall of 1990. the reasons for the elite class's choice of completed Determining Preliminary results of the fieldwork are discussed and em- motifs lies in an of the of architecture analysis type repre- phasis is on the Iron Age settlements. Work in 1990 was sented, and in the activitiesassociated with the represented concentrated in the Avgo valley, the Thriphti highlands, and buildings. architecturecan be identified as Represented pa- in the northeast Isthmus of lerapetra, where evidence for latial or cultic, and is shown as a for formal, often setting Neopalatial and Early Iron remains had been discovered ritual the of a class Age clearly activity(with possible exception in 1989. in 1988 and 1989 revealed dense Bronze of architectural of Survey representationstypical inlays, including settlement(EM I-LM IIIB) in the coastal and hills the Town Age plain Mosaic). north and west of the modern of Kavousiand in the The connection between cult and in the formation village palace Kavousi-Thriphtimountains. These sites, numer- and stabilizationof a hierarchicalsocial structure has been although ous, are small isolated houses and hamlets. Iron Age sites discussed by John Cherry in the context of Protopalatial are fewer in number, but are large settlements, certainly Crete. The evidence of the iconography this con- suggests villagesor small towns,and occupy new locations.Study and nection is stronger and more developed in the Neopalatial fieldworkin 1990 addressed the changes in settlement pat- period, probablyin response to the upheaval at the end of terns in LM IIIC and the chronologicalranges represented the preceding period. at these EarlyIron Age sites. One question is whether there is a significant population decrease at the end of LM IIIB or rather, a nucleation of settlement in the Kavousi highlands CRETAN CYLINDRICAL MODELS: Rebecca Mersereau, in LM IIIC and subsequent population increase from LM Boston University IIIC to the Geometric period. The Iron Age settlementsare large in size, usually about Architecturalmodels were produced periodicallyin the 1 ha, and occupy locations in close proximity to arable soil from the Middle Neolithic to the Aegean period Romanera. and water supplies. Sites of particular interest are the neigh- These miniaturesare often cited as evidence for the forms boring settlements of Katalimata and Khalasmeno, located of contemporaryarchitecture and cult practice. In the pre- on the north and south sides of the Kha Gorge in the historic era, definition of their archaeologicalcontexts is northeast Isthmus of lerapetra. The sites are LM IIIC in often the greatest problem in working toward an under- date and perhaps represent a single settlement system in standing of their form and function. which the lower site of Khalasmeno is the permanent habi- This paper focuses on one particulargroup of models, tation location (associated with arable land, water, and trans- the so-called hut urns produced on Crete between Late portation routes) and the upper settlement of Katalimata, Minoan IIIA2 and the Orientalizing period. In previous built on the cliffs of the Kha Gorge, is a temporary place of literaturethese cylindricalmodels have been associatedwith refuge. This kind of dual settlement system, although not the Italic hut urn tradition,representations on Minoanseal- unknown in Crete, is unique among the Early Iron Age sites stones, hypotheticalephemeral rural shrines, granaries,and in the Kavousi area.

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 292 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95

THE VROKASTRO SURVEY PROJECT, 1986-1990: Bar- settlement, and it is one of the first detailed studies of a varied, rural area in Crete. bara J. Hayden, University Museum, University of topographically primarily Pennsylvania, and Jennifer A. Moody, Member-at- large HUMAN SKELETONS FROM KAVOUSI, CRETE: FIELD AND LABORATORYANALYSIS: Maria A. Liston, Uni- The Vrokastro was initiated in 1986 with Survey Project versity of Tennessee, Knoxville an extensive and intensive examinationof a 50 km2 region located on the Bay of Mirabelloin eastern Crete. The study The American excavationsat Kavousi,Crete have recov- area extends from the villagesof Kalo Chorio and Pyrgosin ered two distinctsamples of human remains.Associated with the west to the plain flankingGournia on the east; and from the Vronda settlement are eight tholos tombs containing the Bay of Mirabelloin the north to the Meseleri Valley in human bone. While all of these were disturbed before ex- the south. Topographicallythe area includes a coastalzone, cavation, enough bone remains to give some indication of river valleys, a heavily dissected upland region that is dry the demographicsof tholos tomb use. farmed, and an inland upland valley. A larger sampleof skeletalmaterial was recovered from a In addition to the intensive systematicsurvey, research variety of Geometric grave types, built within the Vronda programs include ethnographic, ecological, and historical settlementafter it ceased to be used for habitation.Most of studies that will provide a historical, environmental, and these graves are cremations of both adults and children. economic context for the settlement and land use systems There are also a number of inhumation burials, again of discoveredby the survey.Within the study area such systems adults and children,often interred within the same grave as range in date from the Neolithic to the early 20th century. the cremation burials. The focus of the archaeologicalprogram has been the sys- The excavation of these complex graves has recovered a tematic survey and detailed study of the finds. The study considerable amount of information about Geometric burial area was divided into 13 zones based on geology, altitude, practices. The careful plotting of burned bone fragments and other factors. other 250 in slope, Every m-wide strip has indicated that many of the cremations found within cist each for zone 10: zone-except steep slopes, gorges, and graves are primary burials, not disturbed after cremation. cliffs-as been walkedand recorded. systematically In these graves it was possible to plot the orientation and Until analysesare complete, the patternsdiscussed should position of the bodies when cremated. Other cremations be considered tentative. If Neolithic material is it present, were obviously redeposited in the corners and doorways of to the Final Neolithic. The few sites belongs that may date rooms or in amphora burials. to this period are primarilycoastal, with two possibleinland The laboratory analysis of the Kavousi skeletons has near Most of the Minoansites are exceptions springs. Early yielded sex and age identifications for many of the skeletons, located between 0 and settlement in 200 masl, although including the cremations. In addition, rates of traumatic Middle Minoan and I inland to Late Minoan spreads an injury, infectious disease, and anemia have been determined altitude of about 700 masl. To date we have identified 100 for the population. Finally, the presence of genetically based sites to the Middle Minoan and Late Minoan I cultural dating skeletal anomalies provides an indication of the homogeneity A withdrawal from the coastal area periods. slight appears of the Kavousi population. to begin in Late Minoan III, with the focus of occupation in the Early Iron Age occurring around the excavated settle- ment of Vrokastro. Some settlement activity continues on DARK AGE SUBSISTENCE IN EAST CRETE: THE FAUNA the coast, as evidenced by the site of Elias-to-Nisi on a coastal FROM VRONDA AND THE KASTRO: M. promontory at the foot of Vrokastro. Lynn Snyder During the Orientalizing through Classical periods, coastal and Walter E. Klippel, University of Tennessee, locations are again occupied and a string of settlements Knoxville appears high on the Skinavria Ridge overlooking the Mese- leri Valley to the south. The towns of Istron, on the coast, In four years of excavation, the Kavousi Project in East and Oleros, in the Meseleri Valley, were established after Crete has produced a majorsample of faunal materials(ca. the Geometric period and flourished at least until the Early 40,000 specimens) from the Vronda (LM IIIC-SM) and Hellenistic period. It is possible that a different pattern may Kastro (LM IIIC-LG) sites. While the remains of domestic exist for the Roman through Early Byzantine periods, as animals (sheep, goat, pig, cow, and dog) dominate the re- more sites occur in areas such as the Istron River valley, set covered sample, wild species including fallow deer, agrimi, back slightly from the coast. Only during the Byzantine brown hare, hedgehog, badger, and minimal numbers of through Turkish periods do overall site numbers approach birds,fish, reptiles,and amphibiansare also present. Prelim- those of the Late Minoan I period. inary analysisindicates that sheep outnumber goats in the When all research programs are complete and their data assemblagesby ca. 2 to 1, and that nearly 70% of these integrated, the results should provide a thorough perspec- animalswere slaughteredbefore the age of two years. This tive on the development and use of the Vrokastro region suggests that meat production, rather than wool, milk, or through time. The significance of the project is twofold: it herd security,was the primaryfocus of herd maintenance. provides a framework for an important Early Iron Age While pigs and cattle also were exploited for meat, it is

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 293 unusual that cattle occur in relativelygreater abundanceat SESSION II B: SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS the more inaccessible peak site of Kastro. Domestic dog IN CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY elements occur in low numbers,and cut markson recovered specimens suggest that dogs were at least occasionallybeing as a food resource. exploited RECONSTRUCTIONOF ANCIENT LANDSCAPES OF HIS- Although increasing attention is being focused on envi- TORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN ronmental context and settlement/subsistencepractices in ELIS, the ancient Aegean, there are at present relativelyfew sub- WESTERN PELOPONNESE:John C. Kraft, University stantial faunal assemblagesappropriate for such investiga- of Delaware, John A. Gifford, University of Miami, tions S. in N.C. Wilkie and W.D.E.Coulson (cf. Payne eds., George Rapp, Jr., and Stanley E. Aschenbrenner,Uni- Contributionsto AegeanArchaeology [Minneapolis 1985] 211- versity of Minnesota, Duluth, and Christos Tziavos, 44). The faunal assemblagesfrom Vronda and the Kastro National Center for Marine Research, Athens are large, and their contexts are well documented. In addi- tion, these two sites span the entire period of the LateBronze By the mid-Holoceneor 6000 B.P., long arcingstrandlines Age through EarlyIron Age, and thus can contributegreatly were incised into older sediments along the coasts of Elis in to our understandingof Aegean Dark Age subsistence. the northwesternPeloponnese. Since then, sediments from the Alpheous and Peneus rivers have been entrained in currents to be in A CHRYSELEPHANTINEKOUROS FROM PALAIKAS- longshore redeposited delta-floodplains, coastalbarrier ridges, lagoons, and marshes. Ultimatelythe TRO-DISIECTA MEMBRA CONSERVEDAND UNITED: lagoon-barriersystems prograded 2-3 km seawardto form THEIR PROVENIENCE AND STRATIGRAPHIC CON- the present coast. Some archaeologicalsites are undergoing TEXTS:L. Hugh Sackett, Groton School coastal erosion and inundation by both wave and tectonic processes, others have been buried in the alluvium of the A major season of fieldworkat Palaikastrohas completed past five millennia. For example, near Katakalonridge, the the uncovering of Building 5 and two adjacentstreets. The port of Pheia (with remains from Early Helladic through building has an interesting architecturalhistory, with three Roman) now lies partially submerged. Ancient Epitalion phases identifiablewithin the LM I period, and limited LM (Classical,Hellenistic, and Roman) lay on the delta of the III reoccupationin the northeastrange of rooms, whichhad Alpheous as a port city with adjacent fertile fields and la- alreadybeen set apart for some purpose in the latest LM IB goons. Homeric Thyron was on the hills just above, which phase. It was there that we found the lower part of a chry- then probablyformed a strategicheadland jutting into the selephantinestatuette, the head and torso of which had been sea as the Helladicdelta and lagoons evolved. Furthersouth discoveredpreviously in the "plateia"some 10 m away.Lying at Kleidhi, now inland, was Homeric Arene on a fortified in a thin LM IB ashy layer with a cover of disintegratedred rocky outlier controlling a strategic pass by the sea. Just mudbrick, all that had been left after the later cleaning beyond,at the base of rockycliffs adjacentto modern Kaiafa, operations, were the fragments of the statuette'sbuttocks lay the sea caves of the Anigrid nymphs of Classicaltimes, and legs from thigh to heel, with pegs for attaching to a but by late Roman times these too were isolated from the stand. Two gold sandals were found nearby. Thus, apart Ionian Sea by a lagoon and barrier ridges. Evidence from from a section of the midriff and the fragmentsof the face, sediments in drill cores, some with '4C dates, and coastal the statuette is complete, and stands some 50 cm high, in topographysupport these conclusionsof how ever-changing the walking pose of a kouros with left foot set slightly for- coastal landforms played a dominant role in the loci of ward. The exquisite details of realistic carving previously importantarchaeological and historicalsites in western Elis. noted on hands and arms are repeated on feet and ankles and at the knees. The new finds seem to confirm the sug- forward that this is a cult and gestion already put figure, CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL AN- that it may well represent the youthful male divinity later THROPOLOGY: A CROSSDISCIPLINARY STUDY OF identified with Zeus at Palaikastro.Although it is difficultto MORTUARY reconstructhow the figure might have been placed on dis- DATA FROM THE WEST CEMETERY AT play in the room where these new fragments were found ISTHMIA:Douglas O'Roark and MyraJ. Giesen, Ohio conservationof (the the left leg alone involved assembling State University 191 fragments!),there is some slight evidence that cult may have been a function of this part of the building. Interest- This paper joins Classical archaeology and biological an- ingly, there is also some evidence suggesting that workingin thropology in order to examine mortuary data from the ivory was another activityin these or adjoiningrooms. Food West Cemetery (sixth-fifth century B.C.) at Isthmia. This storage and preparation also took place in the building, cemetery is presumably linked to the Panhellenic Sanctuary which in its earliest phase seems to have been provided with of Poseidon at Isthmia. The cultural and biological data were a spaciouspillar hall. We should ask whetherwe mayconnect initially evaluated independently of each other for age and with the building any of those activitiessuch as hunting and sex determination. The grave goods (pottery, jewelry, etc.) initiationrites usuallyassociated with the cult of this youthful were analyzed with sex and age determinations based on the male divinity. offerings. The skeletalremains from the cemeterywere also

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 294 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 examined with sex and age determinations based on the several transport amphora classes have been examined using osteological evidence. This paper presents a progressive this method. Results show that many of these classes can be methodological approach in evaluating Classical sites in characterized by fabric (in some cases improving on chemical whichboth culturaland biologicaldata are evaluatedin light results) and that several classes are represented by more of each other. The results of the separate approaches are than one type of fabric. merged in an effort to provide the best possible data base Although there are amphora classes that cannot always be for interpretation.The final discussion presents the results distinguished using petrography (examples occur in the Do- of the combined approach, suggesting caution in accepting decanese and northern Greece), this method of analysis, in traditionalinterpretations, and raising new issues for inves- combination with vessel form, does provide a means of tigation. A statement is made as to the utility of a crossdis- characterizing vessels that are unstamped or for which the ciplinaryapproach to mortuarydata at Classicalsites. stamps provide no clue as to their origin. In fact, petrogra- phy has also been used to propose alternative provenances for particular classes of amphorae, e.g., certain Zenon jars. Characterization of is ANTHROPOLOGY AND THE METAPONTINES: Maciej transport amphorae usually re- garded in the context of ancient commerce, but petrological Henneberg and Renata Henneberg, University of analysis also addresses problems of amphora manufacture, Witwatersrand, and C. Carter, of Joseph University particularly in its relationship to agricultural production. Texas at Austin Availability of adequate resources is a major consideration in producing large quantities of amphorae, yet suitable raw In a series of from 1982 to 1986 a campaigns major materials were not always accessible to ancient potters; in- was excavated at 3.5 from the necropolis Pantanello, km deed, the black sand temper used in a number of amphorae urban center of colonial As earlier Metaponto. reported made in Chersonesos, for example, appears to have been (AJA 91 [1987] 312-13), the 320 burials and 46 ceramic imported. deposits cover three centuries from approximately580 to 280 B.C. The tombs were essentiallyundisturbed and the whole area searched, which makes the Panta- systematically PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF DACIAN CERAMICS FROM nello necropolisan ideal subjectfor statisticalstudies. EASTERN ROMANIA:Linda San Francisco State Analysis of the skeletal material by a team of physical Ellis, anthropologistshas been an integral part of the excavation University, and Marius Tiberius Alexianu, Muzeul and study of the necropolis. Besides aging and sexing de Istorie, Piatra Neamt of over 240 skeletons, there has been a detailed analysisof In Roman studies of ancient pathologies using x-rays, and a successful blood typing of provincialarchaeology, tech- documentthe rate and/orthe many individuals.Dental studies are currentlyunderway. nology effectively of, resistance cultural This report focuses on the way in which the resultsof the to, change in autochthonous populations under co- lonial To physical anthropological study have led to a much fuller influence. detect foreign elements and follow older traditions understandingof the organizationof the necropolis.In lieu in pyrotechnological operations, a collaborative international of epigraphic evidence we have blood types and other epi- program with Romanian scholars was estab- lished to genetic traits. Analysis of this evidence using a computer- analyze ceramic production from the pre-Roman based statisticalpackage has strongly indicatedthat kinship to the post-Roman periods across eastern Romania. The ceramic collections was the main organizing principle. chosen for this study come from 28 sites in "Free Dacia"-located between Since most of the burials are dated by grave goods (e.g., Roman Dacia, Moesia, and the to the black-glazedand figured pottery),it has been possible,using migratory peoples northeast-and date from the first B.C. to the data on sex and age at death, to reconstructfamily trees for century fourth century A.C. Previous studies 50 groups within the necropolis. This has helped to clarify (cf. Alexianu and Ellis, Memoria Antiquitatis 15-17 [Piatra but not resolve the puzzle of the strikingimbalance between Neamt 1987] 127-49) concentrated on ceramics from the females and males (who are outnumbered two to one). second to the fourth centuries A.C. This report presents the second of The distributionof pathologies is also considered. They stage analyses, covers the entire period under and includes from 13 sites in include a high incidence of hypoplasia and a variety of consideration, samples Neamt have extensive symptoms in certain individuals that point to malaria, and County. Petrographic analyses yielded details on all of possibly syphilis. phases manufacturing techniques (clay and temper selection, forming processes, firing conditions). The results show two distinct technologies: 1) Roman-influenced pottery produced from highly micaceous, illitic clays without added PETROLOGICALANALYSIS OF GREEK TRANSPORT AM- temper, manufactured on a fast wheel, and fired in complex PHORAE: Ian K. Whitbread, Massachusetts Institute kilns surpassing 10000 C; 2) an older pottery tradition using of Technology similar clays but with up to 40% (volume) gravel temper, formed by hand or on a slow wheel, and pit-fired to 600- Greek transport amphorae have traditionally been classi- 8000 C. Despite powerful Roman influences, both wares fied using stamps and vessel forms. Petrological analysis, coexisted on Dacian settlements and in burials, and older however, provides an equally sensitive method of classifica- ethnic traditions in pyrotechnology were never replaced but tion based on fabric composition. Samples of fabrics from persevered into the fourth century.

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 295

CONICAL GLASS VESSELS FROM KARANIS: FORM, A horse appears to nuzzle the ear of the rider in the next plane (N 32.99, 35.109; cf. the horse head at 38.118), FUNCTION, AND MEANING: Elizabeth L. Higashi, bring his to the rider's shoulder (34.105, 37.114, of Dearborn jaw parallel University Michigan, 39.121; cf. N 31.95 and 35.108), or tuck his head down to block out a torso S Horse This paper focuses on the over 600 conical glass vessels (N 39.120; 11.31, 13.36). forelegs are both lifted and in almost dance and fragments excavatedat the Graeco-Romansite of Kar- usually separated pat- a few the horses of riders N 29.88 anis, Egypt. It examinesthese vesselsfrom an archaeological, terns; repeat exactly(e.g., and Horse also the horses textual, and art historicalperspective. It studies their chron- 38.118). hindlegs repeat: rampant of riders N 37.115 and 39.121 and the horses of ological limits, functions, and sites of productionas well as balancing W 2.2 and 4.8 and of 5.10 and 9.16. their practicaland symbolic importance in the Mediterra- These the divisionof much of the west nean milieu. Light emission studies compare the brightness patternsemphasize and north cavalcade into three horizontal of lighted conicalglass vesselsto that of terracottalamps and registers. Few cut acrossthese and in their explore possible economic factors related to their produc- figures vertically registers repeat tion. entirety: the lower bodies of the men W 3.4 and 12.22 and the horses of riders N 34.106 and 39.122. Physicalcharacteristics, dated coins, ostraka,papyri, pot- The south cavalcade horse over rider and tery, and other objects found with each conical vessel, col- emphasizes a clearer set of the heads of lated using computer data base systems,indicate that conical employs repeated patterns (cf. horses ridden and or glass vessels appeared no earlier than the late third century by S 9.24, 10.27, 11.29, by 9.25, 11.29, and This in variation a of at Karanisand were found into the mid- to late fifth century. 12.32). subtlety gives feeling mass and order to the south cavalcade that is enhanced Most of these vessels were probablyproduced locally.Neu- by the of whole slabs and tron activationstudies on the chemicalcompostion of Kar- repetition groups (S 9, 11, 12-13; partially in slab anis glass suggest that the composition differs from that of repeated 17). The existence of these indicatesthat when conical vessels found in Roman Syria. patterns plan- a of frieze the of the cavalcadeused Artisticrepresentations, textual allusions to conicalvessels, ning length designer(s) small cartoons for the of heads and and archaeologicalcontexts of similar vessels excavated at placement specific legs and cartoons for entire the assis- sites other than Karanissuggest that they served as oil lamps occasionallylarger figures; tants who cut the stone seem not to have been the ones and as drinking beakers.The specificcontext of the finds at for the or of the Karanissuggests the commingling of domestic life and reli- responsible concept organization figures. gious ritualduring the gradualshift from pagan to Christian beliefs. WISE SILENOS: Aileen Ajootian, McMaster University The sculpturaltype of a sleeping silen, bearded, balding, AN INLAID FULCRUM PANEL FROM ROMAN CORINTH: and paunchy,is known through at least 12 Roman replicas Carol C. Mattusch, George Mason University that are generally thought to have been inspired by a late Hellenistic original. The sleeper's head and left arm are The bronze panel from a fulcrum was excavatedin 1976 supported by an amphoraor a wineskin,and these contain- at Corinth in the so-called Roman Cellar Building, which ers frequently were pierced for use as fountains. Replicas was damaged by an earthquakein A.D. 22/23. The elaborate and variantsof the type have been found in Italyand France, decoration on the panel consists of pairs of silver acanthus and at least four examples have Greek findspots. buds, each with a silver calyx and silver tendrils swirling The sleeping silen has been interpreted by modern com- outwardto form volutes,which in turn encircleflowers made mentatorsas a generic, drunken member of Dionysos'sret- of silver,copper, and niello. inue, and has not been assigneda more specificmythological The acanthus,tendril, and flower motif is a popular dec- identity.But these sculptedsilenoi, like severalother Hellen- orative device from the fifth century B.C. onward, and this istic "genre"types, may actually have had a more precise is by no means the only fulcrum panel so ornamented.The meaning and functionin antiquity.The storyof King Midas's importanceof this piece lies in the fact that it was found at capture of Silenos, considered in antiquityto be a wise and Corinth, and was no doubt locally produced. The inlaid propheticfigure, is first told by Herodotus (8.138) and may panel attests to the high degree of technical competence provide some clues to the ancient identity of these sleeping enjoyed by the craftsmen employed in Corinth'smost re- figures. nowned industry. It also provides a starting point for our According to Herodotus and later authorities, Midas considerationof the Corinthianalloys so greatlyadmired by trapped Silenos by filling with wine the spring from which ancient authors. he was accustomedto drink. Once drunk, Silenos was led by Midas'ssoldiers to the king. Representationsof this episode begin in mid-sixthcentury Attic vase and also occur SESSION II C: GREEK SCULPTURE painting, on non-Atticwares. Most frequently,Silenos is shown being captured by soldiers, or in chains as he approaches Midas. EVIDENCE FOR PLANNING THE PARTHENON FRIEZE: Such scenes continue in the fifth century on Attic vases,and John G. Younger, Duke University the episode was also depicted on fourth-centurySouth Ital- ian vases. But there are few later representations of this The cavalcadeof the Parthenon frieze exhibits a number scene in Greek art, and the Roman evidence is similarly of repeatingpatterns, either exactlyor with minorvariations. scarce.

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 296 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 While the earlier sources do not describe precisely what statues,since a large part of the stele is missing.Some of the happened at the wine-filledspring, some later writersspecify statuesare describedas lackingtoes, fingers, inlaid eyes, and that Silenos fell into a drunken sleep and thus was captured. tail feathers. These features apparently either deteriorated The sculpturaltype of the sleeping silen who rests against over a period of time or were stolen. Of the 12 names given an overturned amphora, instead of representing a generic on the inventory as dedicants of some of these statues, at member of the Dionysiac coterie, perhaps originally was least one can be identified as an Athenian citizen active in intended to representthis moment in the storyof Midasand the 380s B.C. The prosopographicalidentification of the Silenos-a Hellenisticversion of the incident-when the wise dedicants, combined with the deteriorationof the statues, creature, overcome by wine, fell asleep beside his spring. indicates that the statues may be considerably older than the The Roman replicas of this type, often employed as foun- date of the inventory. The statue types include children, tains, would have been suitably placed in a garden setting youths, bearded and beardless males, and Palladia. Many of beside a pool. All the essential narrative elements of the the statues should be considered as groups, since they are story, incorporatedin an actual landscape setting, are pres- described as holding birds or animals. This epigraphical ent here in three dimensions:the amphorafilling the spring evidence for statue groups as early as the first quarter of the with wine instead of water and the sleeper none other than fourth century B.C. must lead to a reconsideration of the the wise Silenos, thus making the Roman owner of the traditionalHellenistic dating for such groups. Furthermore, sculptureand its garden setting akin to Midashimself. the Palladiamentioned in the inventorylist are describedin at least two poses, holding objects in one hand or in both. We must thus also reexamineour definition of a Palladian. AGIAS AT DELPHI AND AT PHARSALOS: Steven Latti- more, University of California, Los Angeles

Epigraphical evidence indicates that Lysippos made a THE COMPOSITION OF ATTALOS'S VICTORY MONU- statue of the fifth-centurypankratiast Agias for the athlete's MENTS AT PERGAMON:John R. Marszal, Bryn Mawr Pharsalos.A statue of the same formed hometown, Agias College part of a nine-figure family group commissionedfor Delphi in the 330s by his great-grandsonDaochos II. It is generally Three monuments were erected by or for Attalos I of believed that the Pharsalos statue was part of a group by Pergamon (241-197 B.C.) in the Sanctuaryof Athena on Lysipposand that at least the athletes of the Daochos dedi- the PergameneAcropolis to commemoratehis victoriesover cation were fourth-century copies of the Lysippan works. the Gauls and Seleucids: the Round Monument (IvP 20), The arguments from epigraphy, style, and sculpturaltech- the Battle Monument (IvP 21-28), and the Epigenes Mon- used to nique support this relative chronology, however, ument (IvP 29). Suggested reconstructionsof the figural have all been in seriously questioned recent scholarship.A compositions have always proceeded from the assumption new that an on suggestion athlete a Panathenaicvase dated that two well-known statues, the Dying Trumpeter in the 360/59 B.C. and resembling the preserved Delphi Agias Capitoline Museum and the Suicidal Chieftain in the Terme, reproduces Lysippos'sstatue for Pharsalos is implausible. and associated others actually reproduce the lost bronze Historicalprobability favors the priorityof the Delphi com- originals. The statues have been linked at some time with mission. While the statues show the of Delphi influence the each of the three bases, although current scholarly opinion there is Argive-Sikyonian school, nothing unmistakably Lys- favors setting them on the Battle Monument, where they are about them. The choice of ippan marble, expertly worked, isolated, one in each section, and displayed without oppo- argues against Peloponnesianartists and permitsattribution nents (most recently and including comments on earlier to a Thessalianschool; such an attributioncan be supported reconstructions,H.J. Schalles,IstForsch 36 [1985] 49-85). with stone discoveredin by comparisons sculpture Thessaly. Examination of the bases, their remains, inscriptions, and If statue of was made later than Lysippos's Agias the group typologyshows that they could not have supported the sup- at it is that a Delphi, quite possible Roman copy survives: posed bronze originals.Particularly important are two frag- the Vatican which Apoxyomenos, is thought to be a copy of ments of capping blocksfrom the Battle Monument (JdI 53 the Lysippan Scraper-never satisfactorilyidentified with [1938] 133, figs. 4-5) that show attachment traces for the any specific commission-placed by Agrippa in front of his original statues. The Round Monument'sbase once held a baths in Rome. colossal image of Athena (as now broadly accepted); the Battle Monument comprised several approximately life-size battle one in each with the victors on BRONZE STATUES ON THE ATHENIAN ACROPOLIS: Di- groups, section, horse- back and the defeated below them; and the Epigenes Mon- ane Harris, Princeton University ument held a probablyheroically scaled image of Attalos, During the massive reorganization of the sanctuaries and flanked by divinities. festivals of Athens in the 330s B.C., an inventory was made of the bronze statues that stood outside on the Acropolis. The resulting inventory list, now in at least five marble RECURRING FIGURE-TYPES IN GRAVE STELAI: EVI- fragments, has received little attention since its publication DENCE FOR PATTERN-BOOKS?: Carol A. Benson, (IG II', 1498-1501). A new examination indicates, however, Princeton University that the contents of the inventory may have important ram- ificationsfor the history of Greek sculpture. Many scholars have noted the phenomenon of recurring More than 32 bronze statues are described in the inventory figure-types in Classical relief sculpture. Some consider these list. The stele originally must have catalogued many more figures to be a product of the sculptor's visual memory, while

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 297 others have attributedthe repetition to the use of pattern- SESSION II D: COLLOQUIUM: GREEK AR- books. The friezes of the Lycian heroon at Gj6lbaschi-Trysa CHAEOLOGY IN SOUTHERN ITALY AND provide persuasive testimony in support of the latter expla- SICILY nation. The clearly regional sculptors have here in some sections employed the figures and compositions of the Clas- sical Greek while in other iconographic tradition, sections THE CAMPANIAN TRADITION IN ARCHAIC ARCHITEC- the inspiration is purely Oriental. Scholars have speculated TURE: Barbara A. Barletta, University of Florida that pattern-books, possibly derived from monumental painting, are responsible for these "echoes" of major Greek The existence of a specifically local style of Archaic archi- monuments in remote places. tectural terracottas in and around Campania has long been of Descriptions Classical grave stelai of the late fifth and recognized. In the past, sources for this style were assumed fourth centuries B.C. refer to their "stock" commonly figures to derive from the Italic cities of Campania, especially Capua. and "standard" compositions, but little notice has been given With the more complete publication of architectural terra- to the high degree of two-dimensional similarity in a few cottas from Cumae (L.A. Scatozza,Klearchos 13 [1971] 45- in extremely popular figure-types. Significantly, grave reliefs 111), scholarly opinion has reversed itself, seeing instead a of the later in fourth century particular, the characteristics Greek background for this tradition. Yet because of the held in common seem to be the design, pose, and drapery almostcomplete lack of stratigraphicalevidence, such a view of the while details arrangement primary figure(s), and an- is based primarily on the similarity of types and the pre- cillary figures are highly variant. sumed priority of Greek over Italic terracotta decoration. The of testimony findspots far outside Attica for a number This paper examines the Campanian tradition in Archaic of reliefs with grave the popular recurring figure-types sup- architecture, focusing especially on the terracotta decora- the that an medium ports theory easily transportable might tion. It offers a stylistic analysis of the distinctive types of have assisted who sculptors worked abroad. The contrast architectural terracottas (particularly antefixes and revet- between the of the and the va- conformity primary figures ment plaques) that, although drawing upon the typology riety of the secondary ones additionally suggests, however, establishedby V. Kaistner (ArchaischeBaukeramik der West- that have been used not because were patterns may they griechen, Diss., Berlin 1982), differs in its interpretation by required by the sculptor, but because they contained the arguing a greater role for the Italic centers. The evidence the images preferred by patron. from temple architecture is also discussed. Although such buildings are generally very fragmentary, in their plans or preserved elements of their entablatures, many reflect a PROPORTIONS IN ACHAEMENID ART: Davis- Jeannine similar mixture of styles. The paper thus argues that the Kimball, University of California, Berkeley Campanian architectural tradition results not simply from the dissemination of purely Greek ideas to Italic peoples, The Achaemenid Persians, who dominated the world but from a more complex interaction of two important cul- from India to Egypt between the sixth and fourth centuries tures. B.C., imported foreign artisans to embellish architectural facades with glazed brick or carved stone images. In this paper I address the question of whether or not multiple REGIONAL SYSTEMS IN ARCHITECTURAL TERRA- canons of existed the proportions during Imperial Achae- COTTA REVETMENTS IN SICILY IN THE ARCHAIC menid period, and if so, whether or not a trend may be seen PERIOD:Anna M. Moore, Princeton University in any observable change. Photogrammetry, adapted to bas-relief sculpture, is the Sicilian architectural terracotta revetments of the Archaic principal methodology employed. A chronology was first period represent one of the most distinctive artistic and assigned to images portraying kings, nobles, guards, and technical achievements of Western Greek architecture. Sicil- tribute bearers from Susa, Bisitun, Persepolis, and Naqsh ian revetments develop a large repertoire of decorative mo- i-Rustam. I then identified and measured the anatomical tifs and various combinations of elements (geisa, simae, units and costume divisions. These data were entered into a antefixes) that are unequaled for their creativity and exu- prepared computer spreadsheet that generated propor- berance in the rest of the Greek world. These revetments tional The ratios relationships. images' were compared have been largely ignored in recent scholarship; the last within and between the chronological periods. major study was by E. Van Buren in 1923 (Archaic Fictile This study suggests that each king mandated a distinctive Revetmentsin Sicily and Magna Graecia).The most recent canon of proportions, and with only two exceptions, the study by C. Wikander in 1986 (SkrRom 80, XV) was written king's face is always depicted proportionately much larger in conjunctionwith her work on the terracottasfrom Ac- than that of any other personage in the same relief. The quarossa and was based solely on the published material. In Treasury Relief reveals three distinct hierarchical systems. these and other publications, Sicilian architectural terracot- Using proportions, I have identified the portrayal of four tas have been grouped into three categories: Blatstabsima, social classes: the king, the heir apparent, the grand vizier, Geloan, and Selinuntine. The results of this study have and guards and attendants. The deviations in the images' shown that this is an oversimplified schema that does not ratios suggest new aspects of the king's affiliation with his take into account the many local systems found in Sicily. A attendants and nobles. Furthermore, as the magnification of more comprehensive and detailed study is needed to define the royal face is dramatic, it emphasizes the king's powerful these systems and include the recent spectacular finds from earthly position, and perhaps suggests more than temporal such sites as Himera, Naxos, Morgantina,and Megara Hy- potency. blaea. This paper describes some of these local systems. One

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 298 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 surprising result of this study has been that the type of rived on Motya as booty from some Greek city in Sicily. roofing system used is not related to the type of ground Proposals for dating have been widely divergent, ranging plan. In addition,an examinationof the artisticand technical from the 470s to the period after the completion of the connections between mother colony and sub-colonies(e.g., Parthenon. Naxos, Leontinoi, and Catane) showed few similarities. The present paper argues that the subject of the sculpture Closerconnections can be seen between politicallyunrelated is an Akragantine charioteer, that it was carved by a mainland citiessuch as Naxos and Agrigento, perhapssuggesting trav- master early in the second quarter of the fifth century B.C., eling workshops. and that it was taken to Motya after the Carthaginian sack of Akragas in 406 B.C. Literary evidence is brought to bear on the question of the specific identification of the subject PANHELLENIC EXCHANGE OF ARCHITECTURALIDEAS: of the sculpture.In this view the work belongs to the artistic Margaret M. Miles, Institute for Advanced Study, culture of the era of tyranny in the second quarter of the Princeton fifth century B.C., when, as we know from the sources, many sculptors and poets from the mainland worked in Sicily. The The battles of Himera and Plateia and the tyrannies of Motya sculpture can be associated with other works that the Deinomenids in Syracuse ushered in a period of ex- argue for the presence in Sicily of artists from the mainland. change betweenEast and Westin the artsand in architecture, These can help to illuminate the heretofore somewhat ob- conveyed through Panhellenic sanctuariesand migrant ar- scure development of sculpture in the period between the tisansand architects.By the fifth centuryB.C., the distinctive Persian Wars and the Parthenon. regional styles developed by temple-buildersin Sicily and Southern Italy in the Archaicperiod were partiallyadapted to the "norms"established in mainland Greece. Already Western Greece had contributed architecturalideas to the SESSION II E: COLLOQUIUM: TOWARD A mainland, such as the invention of carved metopes (most DISCIPLINARY HISTORY OF CLASSICAL recently,G. Szeliga,AJA 90 [1986] 297-305), and now spe- ARCHAEOLOGY cificfeatures of Westerndesign entered into the architectural vocabularyin the mainland,especially Athens. Centralto the process of diffusion of architecturaldesign THE CONTRIBUTION OF PIRRO LIGORIO TO CLASSICAL in the second of the fifth was the Great quarter century ARCHAEOLOGY:L. Richardson, jr, Duke University Temple of Apollo on Delos. It must have been a majorsource of inspirationfor the design of the Parthenon,asJ.J. Coulton Pirro Ligorio appears as one of the greatest rogues in has observed (Parthenon-KongressBasel [Mainz 1984] 40- archaeologicalscholarship, a liar and a forger. That judg- 44). This paper presents the evidence for the date ca. 475- ment needs revision. A Neapolitan nobleman trained as a 430 B.C. for most of its superstructure,close to Courby's painter, he emigrated to Rome in 1534, and soon made originaldate (DelosXII [Paris1931] 97-106) ratherthan the himself a name as a decorator and architect, as well as a early Hellenisticdate proposed by Dinsmoor(Architecture of collectorof antiquitiesand authorityon Roman institutions. AncientGreece3 [London 1950] 184), and its "Western"fea- An admired member of the intelligentsia of the day, he tures, whichwere adaptedin the Parthenon.Other Periclean associated with men such as Antonio Agustin, Onofrio Pan- buildingsshow borrowingfrom the West, such as the design vinio, and Fulvio Orsini. In 1549, because of his eminence of the pierced sima in the Temple of Poseidon at Sounion. as an artistand scholar,he was charged by CardinalIppolito In turn the Parthenon and its kin on Delos, the Temple of d'Este with designing the Villa d'Este at Tivoli, particularly the Athenians, stimulated the use of fresh proportions in the elaborate allegorical program of the decorations and Sicily,as in the Temple at Segesta (D. Mertens,Der Tempel fountains. His interest in architecture led him, while his von Segesta [Mainz 1984] 220-27), and Temple A in Seli- workmen were ransacking Hadrian's Villa for building ma- nous. By the late fifth century, architectsin both East and terials and antiquities that might be used decoratively, to Westcombined traditional design reflectingregional identity attempt a comprehensive plan of that immense complex and with ideas developed in other cities:the cosmopolitanaware- reconstruction drawings of its pleasances and pavilions. This ness in temple design characteristicof later periods had was so successful that when it came to designing the mar- begun. velous Rometta Fountain at Villa d'Este, Ligorio embarked on a project to reconstruct the plan of ancient Rome at the height of its glory. In this he was helped by the plan of THE CHARIOTEER FROM MOTYA: Malcolm Bell III, Leonardo Bufalini published in 1551. Ligorio's two plans, University of Virginia the first a plan on which only the place designations he could identify were inscribed (1553), and then a grand plan on six In 1979 a marble sculpture of a youthful, standing draped large sheets on which he lavished everything he knew about man was found in excavations on the island of Motya, the the ancient city and its remains (1561), were a magnificent Punic stronghold off the western coast of Sicily. Generally accomplishment, far ahead of every earlier effort. Had he accepted as an original Greek work of the fifth century B.C., refrained from filling the lacunae with flights of learned the sculpture has been variously identified. Some have ar- imagination, his work should rank with that of Lanciani. gued a Punic religious subject,associating the work with the One has only to compare his map with that of Canina to see place where it was found, while others have consideredit to how much better Ligorio understood the remains and aes- be a charioteer or figure from mythology,and to have ar- thetics of Roman art and architecture. And as for filling in

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 299 the lacunae, that criticism can be leveled with a vengeance two great collections and the grand publications he spon- against Gismondi. Ligorio paved the way for Du Perac and sored of each of them made Europeans suddenly aware of Cartaro, who plundered his work and eclipsed him by being the interest and value of Greek vases. His vase publications less perceptive and inventive. He is really the father of the are examined in the light of those of his predecessors, and study of ancient architecture, and his voluminous and long- their impact is assessed. neglected manuscripts on antiquities, in Paris, Oxford, Na- New evidence for the ways in which Hamilton displayed ples, and Turin, deserve study and publication. his pieces, in the form of contemporary paintings and draw- ings, is compared with the sparse evidence for the way other collectors may have exhibited their pieces. The correspon- THE ORIGINS OF THE MODERN TRADITION IN CLAS- dence reveals precious glimpses into his thoughts on the SICAL PORTRAIT ICONOGRAPHY:FROM FULVIO OR- display of antique pottery, including comments about crowd- ing vases into small spaces, and on the storage of his collec- SINI ENNIO TO QUIRINO VISCONTI: Eugene Dwyer, tions in the "lumber room." Kenyon College The turn of the 19th marks the end of one century phase BOOKS ON TRAVEL IN GREECE: Mortimer Chambers, of the study of Classical portrait iconography and the begin- University of California, Los Angeles ning of another. The great work of E.Q. Visconti, Iconogra- 1811-1829), references and sums the phie angienne (Paris up Among the means by which the knowledge of archaeolog- work of Renaissance with Fulvio iconographers beginning ical and artistic finds in Greece are preserved, a major place Orsini, and with the work of Canini, Bellori, continuing must be assigned to the books on travel to Classical lands. Gronovius, and Winckelmann. contrast, the next By great After Pausanias, we must make a vast leap to the first voy- critical of studies to that of synthesis iconographic appear, agers of the Mediaeval and early modern periods. These Bernoulli, utilizes Visconti as a of earlier scholar- repertory early travelers, like Wheler and Spon, were fortunate and omits all but a few references to of ship, iconographers enough to visit Greece before the period of destructive and the Renaissance. Hence, it is that we appropriate designate deliberate spoliation-indeed, they preserve charming and the work of Visconti as the terminus of the first in period valuable drawings of the monuments, such as "Temple of the of modern history archaeological iconography. Minerva" before it was blown up in 1687. Their accounts In Visconti's estimation, the commencement of systematic served as personal recollections of the exotic lands they studies should be attributed to Fulvio Orsini iconographic visited and helped to establish preferred itineraries of sites (d. 1600), librarian to the Farnese and a serious collector of and monuments for those few who had the resources to in his own Orsini first the antiquities right. applied principles make the trip. of historical criticism in the of texts to the developed editing The opening of Greece to foreign travelers after the War of (He should be contrasted rigorous study iconography. of Independence marked a distinct shift in the genre of with the humanist and falsifier of a earlier, Pirro generation travel literature and its intended audience. The first guide- In his et virorumillustrium (Rome Ligorio.) Imagines elogia book per se since Pausanias appears to be that of John 1570), Orsini to establish the of famous sought iconography Murray in 1840, which reached a seventh edition (1900). He Greeks and Romans, his to classifying subject according was followed by the great house of Baedeker, which enlisted to numismatic evidence, and occupations, giving priority Habbo Lolling, the successor of Col. Leake as the connois- identifications unfounded in sources. rejecting antique seur of the Greek landscape, to write its Griechenland. Loll- This studies from Orsini to paper surveys iconographic ing's first edition appeared in 1883; in subsequent editions, Visconti, with attention to the role of numismatics. special the firm enlisted other scholars such as A.J.B. Wace for special areas. Murray and Baedeker were followed by the "Guide Joanne," the forerunner of the French Guide Bleu. ANCIENT VASES: 18TH-CENTURY APPROACHES TO The German Greichenlandkunde of Kirsten and Kraiker, PUBLICATION AND DISPLAY: Nancy H. Ramage, Ith- based on sheets distributed to German soldiers during the aca College war, is more technical and omits all information about routes, customs, and daily life. In due course, the English Blue Guide The collector's interest in ancient vases lagged far behind split off from the French series; the Blue Guide of today is his interest in sculpture or gems over a period of several clearly the leading guide book for the general traveler. centuries. Thus, throughout the Renaissance, despite the This paper traces the development of the guidebook fascination with antiquity among the educated classes, there within the historical context of earlier travelers' accounts, is only the occasional reference to antique pottery, and then and explores the genre as a reflection of changes in the it is more often to Arretine than to painted vases. European reception of Classical antiquity. In the early 18th century, some of the pioneering archae- ological books, such as those by Gori, Montfaucon, and Caylus, began to include Greek pottery (under the name of AESTHETIC GRACE: THE ROLE OF "ANTIQUITY" IN Etruscan vases), and each devised ways of depicting the SHAPING ART HISTORICAL PRACTICE: Donald Pre- vases in a readable Around the middle of the painted way. ziosi, University of California, Los Angeles century, Mastrilli opened a "musaeum" in Naples, in which his pieces were exhibited to a selected public. But the biggest This paper argues that the modern discipline of Art His- breakthrough came by way of Sir William Hamilton, whose tory, since the time of its academic institutionalization in

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 300 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 Europe and America a century and a half ago, has in large In this paper it is hypothesized that the Etruscansmay measure been a product of a certain aesthetic sensibility have also thought of the reflectingsurface as revealing hid- fabricated around an Enlightenment vision of the role of den knowledge. Comparativeanthropology shows that a antiquity in the shaping of modern aesthetic taste. While mirror was sometimes consulted by an unmarried maiden visions of the Antique have of course explicitlyand covertly in order to determine who her husband would be. This shaped the development of modern artistic practice, little specificusage maybe alluded to in the numerousengravings attention has been given to the ways in which the actual that show the bridal figure Malavischgazing into a mirror. stagingof academicArt Historyhas itself been a simulacrum In addition, Lasa Vecuvia, generally acknowledged to be of a similaraesthetic sensibility. equivalent to the prophetic Nymph Begoe mentioned by Such a sensibility,termed here, after Winckelmann,"aes- Roman authors (e.g., Serv. ad Aen. 6.72), is shown gazing thetic grace," may be seen as a nexus of complementary into a mirror on an Etruscan gold ring seal (Villa Giulia, attitudes toward order, harmony, and fittingnessin the re- Rome),perhaps in an act of foreseeing the future. A general lationshipsbetween subjectsand objectsof study underlying usage of the mirror as instrumentof vision may be implied the material organizationand rhetoricalprotocols of disci- by the popularityof the other engraved mythologicalscenes plinary practice. It is argued here that in its finest details, of prophecy. the discursive apparatus of the modern discipline of Art Historypromotes a particularaesthetic sensibility under the of scientific on guise perspectives history and artistic or PELEUS, THETIS, AND OTHERS IN THE METROPOLITAN cultural evolution. The paper examines several facets of MUSEUM:Eleanor Earle, Narragansett Society modern disciplinarypractice in arguing its point, including: the of archivalmaterials and historical formatting argumen- The symbol of the Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum is, tation;the and of research conceptualization staging activity; appropriately,a goddess holding a mirror in which her the theoreticaland of methodologicalassumptions ancillary image is reflected. This symbol is taken from a fourth- such as and classical enterprises museology "archaeology"; century B.C. Etruscanmirror in the MetropolitanMuseum and, not least of all, the fabricationof a certain epistemolog- collection.The scene shows Peleus surprisingThetis, accom- ical domain of and illumination in the visibility physical panied by Calaina,at her toilette. Inscriptionsidentify them. of art historicaleducation. staging In the light of recent publications,the time is appropriate for an examinationof this and other mirrors in the collec- tion. SESSION II F: WORKSHOP: ETRUSCAN MIR- RORS ANALYSIS OF TWO ETRUSCAN MIRRORS IN THE SE- ATTLE ART MUSEUM: Helen Nagy, University of MIRRORS AND MANTEIA: THEMES OF PROPHECY ON Puget Sound ETRUSCAN MIRRORS: Nancy T. de Grummond, Flor- ida State University The CorpusSpeculorum Etruscorum project is providing a tremendous impetus for the study of Etruscanmirrors. Al- A surprisinglylarge numberof scenes relatedto prophecy though Gerhard'smonumental volumes offered a wealthof appear engraved on Etruscan mirrors. The Etruscanpro- scholarlyinformation and rich illustrations,the new fascicles' phetic figures Cacu, Pavatarchies,and Lasa Vecuvia are all more scientificapproach allows us to study these objects in represented on mirrors;the Greek seers Calchas,Teiresias, new contexts. and Orpheus also appear in scenes of prophecy, Etruscan- The two mirrors under considerationare of the tanged ized in varyingdegrees. In addition, a number of mytholog- type and bear inciseddecoration on their concavesides. They ical scenes include a mask or bodiless head (comparableto represent two diverse approachesto the decoration of mir- the head of Orpheus, but bearded; perhaps at least some- rors. No. 48.23 may be dated to the fifth century B.C. on times it is Silenus) that seems to prophesyor narrate. technicalevidence. The style of the decorationsupports this Why were Etruscan mirrors considered an appropriate date. The single figure of a heavily draped maenad strides medium for such themes?There is evidence that the Greeks to her left as she pulls on the legs of a small doe (?). Her and Romanspracticed catoptromancy-gazing into a mirror drapery billows around her and fills the circularfield most or other shiny surface in order to foretell the future. Pau- effectively. The execution is bold; the lines are thick and sanias (7.21.12) reports that at Patrai, an oracle revealed simple. The effect is one of expressive energy with an em- whether a sick person would recover or not; a mirror was phasis on decoration rather than narrative. No. 48.36 be- lowered into the water in a well and raised back up; the longs to a later group, probablythe late fourth/early third inquirer then looked into the mirror for a vision of the century.The four-figuredscene placed before a pedimented patient in the future, either alive or dead. The Roman structureis complex, executed by a fine point. The figures' emperor Julian employed a child to look into a mirror and proportionsare odd, their gesturesfrozen. The artistrepeats foresee the future (Did. lul. Vita 7.10). It has been argued a well-wornformula that the Etruscansadapted to a variety that the painted cycle in the Villa of the Mysteries(Pompeii), of iconographicsituations. The theme here is probablythe showing a Silenus holding a silver bowl as a young satyr Judgment of Paris, but very similar compositionsmay rep- gazes into it, representsan oracularact, somehow related to resent different groups of mythological figures. From an the mysteriesrevealed to the bride in the paintings. iconographic point of view this mirror may deserve more

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 301 attention. The earlier example, however, is a far more suc- pleted. Given their heights (high in comparison to the cessful decorativecomposition for a functionalobject. weights of engraved mirrors)and relative rarity,relief mir- This paper analyzesthese objectsprimarily from the com- rors must have functioned as prestige objects indicativeof positional and technical angles and places them in a larger their owners' wealth and social status. The shapes and figural cultural context by comparison with parallelsof secure ar- styles found on the relief mirrors closely correspond to those chaeological provenance to suggest a number of questions found on engraved mirrors, suggesting that the same crafts- regarding the "taste"and social statusof their owners. people and workshops were responsible for both types. The stories depicted on relief mirrors are unusual, unique, or infrequentlyportrayed. Yet similaritiesin shape, border THE ETRUSCAN BRONZE MIRRORS IN BERKELEY: decoration,and figural style among them and other objects Evelyn E. Bell, San Jose State University in Greek and Etruscan art have enabled scholars to establish a relative chronology of types and to hypothesize on their The Robert H. Lowie Museum of at the Anthropology place of manufacture. The earliest were traditionally placed of has in its collection of University California, Berkeley, in the EtruscanProto-Classical period (480-450 B.C.): new ancient Mediterraneanart 30 Etruscanbronze mirrorsand chronologicalevidence suggests dates in the late sixth cen- These are for in a fragments. being prepared publication tury B.C. The majorityseem to date to the mid-fifthcentury fascicleof the Etruscorum CorpusSpeculorum by EvelynBell, B.C. The relief mirrorswith known archaeologicalcontexts of San State and Helen of the Uni- Jose University, Nagy, come from the region surrounding Vulci. Given the stylistic of Sound. versity Puget and typological similarities between the Vulcian mirrors and Seven of the mirrors are with Berkeley engraved figural those without proveniences, Vulcian workshops may have while the mirrors and are un- scenes, remaining fragments also been responsible for the production of the majority of decorated. Of the engraved mirrors, six have a tang for the Etruscan relief mirrors. insertion into a separate handle (none of the handles has been preserved), and one has a disc cast in one piece with its handle, which terminatesin the head of a ram. This last mirror is engraved with a scene of four figures, two males SESSION III A: EXCAVATIONS IN GREECE dressed in tunics, one female in a Phrygian cap, and one AND CYPRUS nude male, set against an architecturalbackdrop. These figures are probablyto be interpreted as the Dioscuri with Minervaand a nude hero (perhaps Menelaos).Two of the NEW DISCOVERIES IN THE ARCHAIC TEMPLE OF PO- mirrors with tang depict a nude, winged female figure of SEIDON AT ISTHMIA: Frederick P. Hemans, Isthmia Lasa Another mirror the of Lasa with type. replaces figure Excavation Project one of Minerva,winged and fully armed, moving, like Lasa, in.a field of flowers. One of the Berkeley mirrorsis said to Since the appearance of Oscar Broneer's work on the represent a woman with two children; unfortunately,heavy Archaic temple at Isthmia (Templeof Poseidon,Isthmia I, corrosion allows only a tantalizing glimpse of the figures, 1971), his reconstruction of the remains as the earliest Doric which are accompaniedby at least one inscription. temple on the mainland of Greece has been controversial. Stylisticallythe finest of the mirrors in Berkeley features The reconstruction was admittedly conjectural in several key Eros, who holds a dead hare, and a warrior in a rocky respects since very few remains were uncovered in situ. landscape.This mirrorhas been publishedby G. Matteucig, Broneer's proposed date for the temple, not long after 700 who attributesit to the same artist as two mirrorsfrom the B.C., has also been questioned because the primary evidence vicinityof Chiusi (AJA50 [1946] 60-66). he presented was the Daedalic style of the moveable, marble perirrhanterion,the base of which was discovered at the eastern end of the building. In 1989, the University of ETRUSCAN RELIEF MIRRORS: A STYLISTIC AND ICON- Chicago Excavations at Isthmia conducted new excavations OGRAPHIC ANALYSIS: Alexandra Carpino, Univer- at the sanctuary and uncovered evidence in situ that estab- lishes the size and form of the sity of Iowa temple's plan. Furthermore, floor deposits were excavated that yielded ceramic evidence A rare class of mirrors in the extant corpus of Etruscan for the construction date of the temple (690-650 B.C.). metalwork is a type with the principal decoration on the Two new sections of the building were discovered that reverse, cast in relief, and embellishedwith incisions,inlays, now allow an accurate reconstruction of the plan of the and/or punches. Antecedents for this type are difficult to temple. At the west end of the building a long robbing trench find in Near Eastern or Classicalart (the Greeks did not was discovered that connects with previously known robbing begin producing box mirrors in the relief technique until trenches on the northern and eastern sides. These trenches the Hellenistic period); Etruscan examples represent nearly mark the location of a continuous stylobatefor three sides unique prestige objects that speak of Etruscan wealth, cre- of the temple's peristyle and establishan overall east-west ativity, and skill during the Archaic and Classical periods. length of ca. 39.25 m. Viewed as a series, these relief mirrors present a progres- On the south side of the temple the location of the south sion of types that correspond to mirror production from the cella wall is also preserved by the fill from the robbing of its late sixth and early fifth centuries, when Etruscan society blocks. Excavation on the southern edge of this robbing was politically and economically stable, to the third century, trench exposed a series of 10 pits against the cella wall that before the Romanization of the city-states had been com- are evenly spaced at intervals of 2.26 m. Based on the

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 302 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 relationship of their position to the stylobate and other A test trench was started at the eastern edge of the en- evidence, these pits must be interpreted as the locations closed harbor to locate the original water's edge. A quay where the foundations of buttressesfor the cella wall were built with massiveblocks was discovered.Door socketsto the removed. Furthermore,the position of the wall buttresses east probablyled to a floored storage area. can be used to reconstruct the spacing of the columns on Finally, the conservatorcontinued the work of cleaning the stylobate, since the buttresses and columns supported the cistern associated with the south tower and partially the beams of the roof. cleared the pebble mosaic floor. The silt trap and drain in With the discoveryof these two elements, the interpreta- the cistern now prove to have been made from one large tion of the temple that seemed so enigmatic is now clear. sheet of lead. The peristyle temple held seven columns on the ends and 18 on each flank spaced at intervalsof ca. 2.21 and 2.26 m, respectively.Overall dimensions at the outside of the stylo- KALAVASOS-KOPETRA,1990: Murray McClellan, Bos- bate were ca. 39.25 x 14.10 m, and the cella was ca. 7.9 m ton University, and Marcus Rautman, University of wide with a single row of columns in the center. Missouri-Columbia Floors within the pteron are preserved on all four sides of the building and their excavation yielded ceramic evi- The fourth season of the Kalavasos-KopetraProject, con- dence for the date of the construction and subsequent re- ducted in May and June 1990, continued the examination modelings. The latest ceramics found in the construction of the late antiquityof the VasilikosValley on the southern layers and beneath the earliest floor are fragments of a coast of Cyprus. As in previous years, the Project concen- Middle Protocorinthian aryballos and conical oinochoe, tratedon a sixth-seventh centuryA.C. agriculturaland min- dated 690-650 B.C. The fill from two later floors shows that ing community that lies on a plateaujust above the river there were minor repairs made to the temple in the middle valley,combining topographic reconnaissance of the site and of the sixth century and again in the late sixth or early fifth its vicinitywith excavation of different partsof the settlement century. area. The new discoveriesin the temple confirm its importance This season a limited set of sondages were conducted for understanding the early development of monumental within the basilicaand ecclesiasticalcomplex on the hill of Greek architecture.Although the temple at Isthmia is con- Sirmata(Area I), which had been nearlycompletely exposed temporarywith the second Temple of Hera at Samos, the in the 1988 and 1989 campaigns.Here the Projectcontinued constructiontechniques of the latter are primitive in com- to reveal fugitive tracesof a domestic and agriculturalreoc- parison. At Samos, a thatched roof was used and its stones cupation of the area following a probablemid-seventh cen- are dressed only at the face. At Isthmia, the roof was made tury A.C. destructionof the site by Arab invaders. with a sophisticatedsystem of large terracottatiles and its The main effort of the 1990 season was in Kopetra(Area walls were constructed of squared stone that employs an II), where the Projecthas uncovered a contemporaryEarly early form of anathyrosis.Study of the wall blocks is con- Christianthree-aisled basilica with an attached side chapel tinuing and at the conclusion of this work a full reconstruc- to the south. In its earliest phases, this basilica had been tion of the temple will be presented. decoratedwith molded gypsum plasterarchitectural details, includinga small relief sculptureof the Theotokos,and with elaboratewall mosaicsover the apses. The wall mosaicsare no longer in situ and are extremely fragmentary, EXCAVATIONS AT PHALASARNA, WESTERN CRETE, although a few of the over 600 preserved fragments do show that it 1989-1990: Frost, of California, FrankJ. University originallycontained figural representations. The basilicaap- Santa and Barbara, Elpida Hadjidaki-Marder, Ar- parently was abandoned for some period of time, perhaps chaeological Museum, Chania as a resultof incursionsby Arabsin the mid-seventhcentury A.C., after which time small churches were built over the During the short season of 1989, brush was cleared and central bema of the basilicaand over the eastern end of the an was drawn of the visible fortifications. improved map At southern chapel. The later church over the bema had the same time a team from the of GeophysicalLaboratory benches running around the walls and the interior of the the of Patrasconducted a University magnetometersurvey apse, and it was floored with a tessellatedmosaic containing of the field north of the harbor wallswith the perimeter goal a geometric pattern of interlocking squares and circles. A of walls and associatedwith a ashlar locating buildings long stone-lined tomb, set up outside the southern wall of the wall excavatedin 1988. later church, contained the skeletal remains of two adult In 1990 the trench containing this ashlar wall was ex- males of advancedage. tended to find crosswalls indicated by the magnetometer survey. The major crosswallproved to be made of rubble and is possiblyassociated with the final siege of Phalasarna. 1990 EXCAVATIONS AT MOCHLOS: Jeffrey S. Soles, Excavationin the area of the northern harbortower contin- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, and ued, leading to the discoveryof an earlier,well-constructed Costis Davaras, Archaeological Institute of Crete tower contemporarywith the round tower at the southeast corner of the harbor.The later tower had been built against The Greek-Americanexcavations at Mochlos, begun in the western edge of the earlier one, probablyin an attempt 1989 under the auspicesof the AmericanSchool of Classical to improve the defenses in this sector. Associated pottery Studies at Athens and the ArchaeologicalInstitute of Crete, indicatesa date in the second centuryB.C. for the rebuilding. continuedin the summerof 1990. Excavationscontinued on

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 303 the island of Mochlosin the Prepalatialcemetery and in the and 1977. This year, Steinhauer'strenches were cleared to settlementarea along the south coast, where RichardSeager uncover the stratigraphicalsequence. Also, three new 5-m2 excavated in 1908, and began on the adjacentcoastal plain trenchesaligned with those of Steinhauerwere opened. in an area behind the village of Mochloson the road leading In one of the trenches,below a layer containingskeletons to Limenari,and at PaliaVardia. Twenty new trencheswere of post-antiquedate and a Hellenistic layer, a stratum was opened and remains of five different chronologicalperiods found containinga mixtureof fourth-centuryand Late Geo- were uncovered. metric material, indicating a dump created at the time of On the island a settlement of the EarlyByzantine period, the buildingof the fourth-centurytemple. Furthernorth, in with some reoccupationin the 13th century,has been found two adjoiningtrenches, the unexpectedlydeep foundations to overlie much of the Neopalatial settlement, sometimes of relativelyrecent houses had destroyed the archaeological with wallsof the seventh century A.C. resting directlyon top layers above the Archaicperiod. In a sixth-centurystratum of walls of the 16th century B.C. Parts of three seventh- in this area, burned bones and stones (not in situ) were century houses have now been excavated. found with significantfragments of Archaic pottery, terra- A roughly cobbled road found last year, dating to the LM cottas,and bronzes.These objectsgive hope of further finds III reoccupationof the site, was followed to its end this year. in the earlier stratain future seasons. The road, which runs on top of the western facades of the In the process of cleaning a trench from Steinhauer's Neopalatialhouses in Seager's Block D, leads up from the excavations,two large pieces of bronze slag were found in a coast to a large LM IIIA2 house extensively remodeled in stratigraphicalcontext datable to the seventh century B.C., the LM IIIB phase. It is the first house of this period found in a thicklayer with much carbon,bronzes, and pottery.This on the island and is contemporarywith the chambertombs find indicatesthat the workingof bronze took place at Tegea excavated directly across from the island in 1986 by N. at least as early as the seventh century B.C. It is hoped that Papadakis. in future seasonswe may locate the bronze workshop. Workcontinued on the two Neopalatialhouses discovered last year and parts of four more houses and three streetsof this date were exposed. The majordiscovery of this period, however, is a large LM IB settlement located across from THE RACHI SETTLEMENT AT ISTHMIA: REPORT ON the island behind the modern village. Four trenchesopened THE 1989 EXCAVATIONS: Virginia R. Anderson- here revealed an industrialestablishment for the manufac- Stojanovi4, Wilson College ture of bronze objects and stone vases in one area and a small bench shrine in another. This site representsa major Under the auspices of the Universityof Chicago and the expansion of the LM IB settlementat Mochlosand is appar- AmericanSchool of ClassicalStudies at Athens, excavations ently due to the arrivalof new settlers. were carried out by the author on the ridge known as the Additional rooms of the Prepalatialhouse, partiallyex- Rachi,south of the Sanctuaryof Poseidon at Isthmiaduring posed last summer beneath the Neopalatial settlement on the autumnof 1989. The long seasonof excavationsrevealed the island, were uncovered, and a paved street with EM II/ an extensiveEarly Hellenistic settlement along the south side III pottery was found running behind the house. of the hill, as well as additionalstructures at the top of the ridge, an area partlyuncovered in earlierexcavations by the University of Chicago (0. Broneer, Hesperia 24 [1955] 124ff., 27 [1958] 17-20, 31-32, 36; C. Kardara, 65 THE 1990 EXCAVATIONSAT THE ATHENA ALEA SANC- AJA [1961] 261-66). The remains of vats and workingfloors in TUARY AT TEGEA: E. Mary Voyatzis, University of those structureswere interpreted by Kardaraas part of a Arizona, and Erik Ostby, Norwegian Institute of dyeing establishment. Archaeology at Athens Five new areasof the settlementwere investigated,includ- ing severalnew workshopswith cement-linedvats and tanks, The first of five seasons of excavationsat the Sanctuaryof and adjacentbasement storerooms cut from bedrock;several Athena Alea at Tegea began in 1990, directedby ErikOstby. of these chamberscontained intactCorinthian pan tiles and The is a project cooperativeeffort of the Norwegian,French, architecturalpieces, perhaps awaiting reuse. All contained and Swedish schools of Italian, archaeologyin Athens, the great quantitiesof pottery and loomweights.One complete Greek and the of ArchaeologicalService, University Arizona. four-partstructure, with steps cut into the rock connecting The of the principalpurpose program is to investigatethe upper- and lower-levelworking areas, with living quarters outlying regions of the Sanctuary,mainly in the northern perhapsabove, was of particularinterest. part, with a particularemphasis on the Archaic period. A The large public building on the north edge of the hill related long-term goal is to determine, by stratigraphical (the Poros Building) was fully excavated, revealing a fifth criteria,the date of the Archaictemple, argued by 0stby to room at the east, and the line of the back wall at the north. be late seventh century B.C. (OpAth16 [1986] 75-102). A The plan and its associationwith the workshopssuggest that general topographicalsurvey of the area of the Sanctuaryis it housed shops for the products produced on the hill. also underway. Preliminarystudy of the pottery indicates a construction In the 1990 preliminaryseason the surfaceof the northern date for both in the second half of the fourth century B.C. area was cleared and excavationbegun. Previousinvestiga- The entire settlementwas destroyed by fire in the lastquarter tion in this region consisted of a small trial trench dug by of the third century B.C., and abandonedshortly afterward the French in 1910 and a number of trenches excavatedby as suggestedby the evidence of ceramics,coins, and stamped G. Steinhauer,of the Greek ArchaeologicalService, in 1976 amphora handles. This destruction provides a significant

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 304 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 terminusante quem for the broad range of Corinthianand The littoralzone betweenTerracina and Formiawas made Attic pottery types found in the debris. more accessibleafter the constructionof the coastalroad by The identificationof the site as a center for processing the censor LuciusValerius Flaccus in 184 B.C. Shortlythere- textiles has not yet been substantiatedby the 1989 excava- after, remains associatedwith coastalvillas appeared in this tions, but analysis of earth and residues in large vessels, as area. The promontory of Sperlonga, with its large grotto, well as in the variousvats and tanks, when completed should became the site of a large villa maritima.During the first help to clarify the nature of the products manufacturedin century B.C. the area around the grotto was modified. The this unique settlementon the Rachi. cave was adapted to form part of an elaboratefishpond fed primarilyby springs, emanating from the cave, and supple- mented by salt water from the sea. In a pavilion located in the center of the pond, diners could recline surrounded by SESSION III B: ROMAN ART IN CONTEXT fish-filledwaters, listening to the sea while enjoying a clear view of the grotto. The west side of the promontory,with its decorated grotto, fishpond, and dining places, formed only PORTRAITS AND PORTRAIT STATUARY FROM COSA: a small secluded portion of a much larger residence that Jacquelyn Collins-Clinton, Wells College extended to the east side of the hill. Close examination of the architectureassociated with the fishpond and adjacent The Roman from Cosa unpublished imperial portraits structuressuggests that the grotto was the focus of one wing include two male one of which fragmentary heads, probably belonging to a large Republican villa. Subsequent phases and two female one of which is a portraysClaudius, heads, placed more emphasison the cave and the west side of the bust of the other a veiled head of Agrippina Minor, possibly promontory. Nero's first wife. A head of Hadrian is also said to Octavia, This paper traces the chronologicaldevelopment of the have been found on the site. the headless statues Among villa at Sperlongawith particularattention to the structures four come from the forum and three from the arx. Mostare in and around the grotto. The careful examinationof these which accords well with the reconstruction Julio-Claudian, buildingsprovides an importantbasis for the understanding and embellishmentof the town under beginning Augustus of this villa and its sculpturaldecor. after the disaster of the late Republic, when Cosa was se- verely damaged. Three of the four statues from the forum decorated the THE ESQUILINE HORTI IN ROME: NEW RESEARCH: scaenae of the odeum near where were found: a frons they Ruth Christine Hiiuber, Museum Ludwig "hip-mantle,"a togatus,and a draped female. The drapery style of the last two and the statuarytype of the female are Ten yearsago I becameinterested in the statuesthat might Neronian. Epigraphicalevidence for the constructionof the be attributedto the Gardensof Maecenason the Esquiline, odeum by Nero just before he became emperor reinforces and I have been studying them ever since. To attributethe the Neronian date for these three. They must represent statues I had first to establish precisely where they were Nero, Octavia,and probablyAugustus in the "hip-mantle." found, and in order to do that, I had to tackle the difficult This group may be associated with similar statuarygroups problem of the ancient topographyof the Esquilineand its commemoratingthe Julio-Claudiandynasty that have been Horti. Helga St6cker, of the R6misch-GermanischesMu- found all over the Mediterranean,but principallyin Etruria seum in Cologne, has drawn a new map, on which with the and Umbria. These groups are often displayed in theaters, help of the originaldrawings of the 1866 Land Survey (the such as the well-knowngroup from Caere. survey current at the time of the excavations)it has proved The three statues from the arx include a seated Jupiter possibleto locate about 40 of the ancient buildingsrecorded Capitolinus,a cuirassed figure, and a fragmentarytogatus. in sketches by the excavators.We paid particularattention The cuirassed statue may be Flavian,for the decorationon to any evidence for ancientroads in the hope that they would the cuirass seems to be Flavian. Moreover, Vespasianwas reflect the boundaries of the Horti, and in this regard we reared on his grandmother'sestate near Cosa (Suet. Vesp. also incorporatedEmilio Rodriguez-Almeida's proposed po- 10.2); see also inscriptions naming Vespasian found near sitioning of some fragments of the Severan Marble Plan, Cosa (CILXI, 2632 and Maremma8.3 [1933] 5). The statues which has been confirmed by recent excavations by the were probablyerected in the Capitolium. Soprintendenza of Rome. Consequently, we now have a much clearerpicture of the Oppian as it was when Maecenas laid out his novis hortis(Horace). His Horti were bounded THE ROMAN VILLA AT SPERLONGA: AN ARCHITEC- on the west by the via in figlinis, where no less than four TURAL REEXAMINATION:James Higginbotham, Bow- compitalshrines were located. Within his Horti, as we hear doin College in Elegy I, Maecenasalso revered Apollo, the Muses, and Minerva.On the new map I propose a reconstructionof the Since the accidental discovery of many sculptural frag- Diaeta Apollinis (describedin some detail in a lost inscrip- ments in the grotto of Sperlonga in 1957, the site has been tion) and would suggest that it was built by Maecenas, in the center of scholarlydebate over the dates and disposition imitationof the Museionin Alexandria,for the reception of of the restored sculptural groups. The architectureof the his famous circle of poets. Lastly,because the ancient Via site has received less attention and its study may hold the Merulana, which has long been thought to represent the key for the understandingof the context in whichthe groups eastern boundary of the Horti Maecenatis,appears to be a are placed. creation of the fourth century A.C., I propose that the

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 305 buildings hitherto believed to form part of the neighboring process of the abandonmentof Pompeii, which appears to Horti Lamianiwere in fact part of Maecenas'sproperty. The be much more complex than generally believed, nor those location of the Horti Lamianiis unresolved. on room identificationand use in Romanhouses, whichhave often relied on the interpretationof the archaeologicaldata from the standpointof Roman literature. THEATRICAL TASTES IN Two POMPEIAN HOUSES: This study of artifact assemblagesis providing a clearer THE STAGING OF OWNERS AND EMPERORS: Ann picture of the chronology of the last years of Pompeii. It Olga Koloski-Ostrow,Brandeis University forms an excellent basis for questionsrelating to, e.g., disas- ter behavior; our capacity to determine depositional pro- Two Pompeianhouses, reputedly associatedwith the gens cesses; and our ability to isolate "normal"and "abnormal" Poppaea, are unusually rich in the imagery of Hellenistic conditionsin the archaeologicalrecord. and Romandrama: 1.10.4 (Casadel Menandro)and VI. 16.7 (Casa degli Amorini dorati). Both of these houses are so and theatricalthat physically thematically they immediately SESSION III C: PREHISTORIC MEDITERRA- make us recall the description in the Cena of Trimalchionis NEAN I Trimalchio'shouse and household as one long and noisy stage show. Why would privatehouses be so decorated,and what specificallymight have been the inspirationfor such tastes? MESOLITHIC CREMATION AT FRANCHTHI CAVE, This paper suggests that the artistic fascinationsof the GREECE: EVIDENCE AND IMPLICATIONS: Tracey Cul- Julio-Claudianemperors (my focus is on Nero, given the len, American Journal of Archaeology, and Della dating of the houses) had a rather more direct influence on C. Cook, Indiana University house decor of the period than has previouslybeen observed, and concurs with the work of A. Wallace-Hadrill(BSR 56 The human remainsdiscovered in Upper Palaeolithiclev- [1988] 43-97) that the Roman aristocratic house was a els at FranchthiCave consist mainly of isolated teeth, some "stage"for the patronus--emulatingthe emperor'sown pol- of which were shed naturallyduring childhood. The Meso- icy of "staging"himself. Argument defends the claimsfrom lithic levels, by contrast,provide the earliestevidence at the the inside out and back again. Firstthere is considerationof site for formal treatment of the dead: a cluster of eight stage-like architecturalfeatures, small paintings of masks, burials(seven adults, one infant)was discovered at the mouth and Julio-Claudiansymbolism (such as scenes with the Tro- of the Cave. jan theme or Venus and Amor) in the houses seen in con- Recent reexamination of the excavated bones indicates nection with the broader issue of theater and entertainment that two of the adults (one male, one female) had been in the context of the private house (Mart.5.78; Petron.Sat. cremated. The scorched condition of the bones had been 31.4, 32.1, 33.4, etc.; PlinyEp. 1.15, 3.19; Sen. QNat. 7.32.3). noticed earlier,but attributedto accidentalburning. A com- Suetonius (Ner. passim) provides the evidence for imperial parisonof human and animalbones from the relevantunits, taste, the theatricalityof the emperor, and the emperor as a however, makes it clear that the human bones had been spreader of popular culture and imperial symbolism. In burned much more thoroughly--often totally calcined- conclusion this Pompeian material reveals a more accurate probablyat higher temperaturesfor a longer period than measure of imperial influence on aristocratictastes when the animalbones, whichare only superficiallycharred. More- viewed as a response to a whole cultural setting emanating over, signs of differential burning suggest that the human from the Julio-Claudiancourt. bones were burned while encased in flesh. There is no evidence for cannibalism. The discovery of cremated individuals at Franchthi, as A COMPUTER DATA BASE OF POMPEIAN HOUSE CON- well as the smallcemetery at the Cavemouth, is unparalleled TENTS AND ITS APPLICATION: Penelope Allison, Uni- in the MesolithicAegean. The significanceof mortuaryritual for the versity of Sydney hunter-gatherersusing Caveis explored by reference to other aspectsof the archaeologicalcontext (e.g., contem- From my interest in the relationshipbetween decoration porary interest in personal ornamentation, suggested by and room function in Roman houses I have discoveredthat large numbers of pierced Cyclopeneritea shells). Examples room function studies have traditionallydepended on ar- of Mesolithiccremation from Europe and the Middle East chitecturaland literary evidence, paying little heed to the are brieflydiscussed. house contents found in situ at Pompeii. Using the unpublished excavationreports in the Pompeii archivesand the extant remainsin Pompeianhouses, I have TECHNOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS OF LATE compiled a data base of the contents of some 40 Pompeian NEOLITHIC POTTERY FROM KITRINI LIMNI (WEST- houses, to set a from which to artifact up sample study ERN MACEDONIA): Alexandra Indiana distribution. Even when one takes into consideration the Kalogirou, University inadequateexcavation techniques and post-eruptionlooting, the emerging patternsof distributionthrow new and inter- This paper deals with the manufacturingtechnology of esting light not only on habitual room use but also on the excavated pottery from the Late Neolithic mound Megalo state of the city immediatelybefore the final volcanicerup- Nisi Galanis,one of 13 Neolithic mounds identified in the tion. The results support neither the currenttheories on the southern end of the Ptolemaisbasin (KitriniLimni).

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 306 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 An internationalproject of archaeologicalexploration in the southern part of the well-knownNeolithic toumba.Part the basin, combining surface survey and excavation, was of an impressiveMiddle Helladic settlementwas unearthed, begun in the summerof 1987 under the directionof Mihalis the remainsof whichbelong to houses and fortificationwalls. Fotiadis (University of Michigan) and the auspices of the The ruins extend for over 50 m east-west along the south Greek ArchaeologicalService. side of the toumba.A secondaryburial was discoveredwithin Given the geographic location of the Ptolemaisbasin and the foundationsof a fortificationwall. This calls for specu- its probableties with both the Balkan (present-dayAlbania, lations regarding the importanceof such practice, testimo- Yugoslavia,and Bulgaria)and the Aegean Neolithiccultures, nies of which have survived in Classical literature. The questionsof interactionand exchange during the Late Neo- cemeteryof this MH communitywas located ca. 200 m east lithic period are addressed on the basis of the ceramic evi- of the settlement. dence. The analysis is carried out on three levels: 1) local The discoveryof a new MH site in Boeotia, and not far (the Ptolemaisbasin), 2) regional (WesternMacedonia), and away from Orchomenos,is of special interest, as is the first 3) interregional(Western Macedonia and the Aegean, West- archaeologicallyattested secondaryburial within the foun- ern Macedoniaand the Balkans). dations of fortificationwalls.

IF THE GREEK STONES WHAT ARE THEY SAY- SPEAK, CAPO ALFIERE 1990: CONTINUED EXPLORATION OF ING? THE ANALYSIS OF STONE TOOLS: P. Nick Kar- THE STENTINELLO NEOLITHIC IN EASTERN CALA- dulias, Kenyon College BRIA: Jonathan Morter, University of Texas at Aus- The analysisof flaked stone tools from variousregions of tin Greece provides considerable information on site chronol- A firstseason in 1987 at the Neolithicsite of Alfiere, ogy, subsistencepractices, exchange networks,and the evo- Capo near Crotone, Calabria,uncovered of an unusual lution of technology. This report compares material from part large stone structure(see Morter, 94 [1990] 328). Excava- the Stanford University Southern Argolid Survey and the J. AJA tions the Institute of Classical of the Uni- British School excavationat Agios Stefanos in Lakonia.Ar- by Archaeology of Texas at Austin, resumed at Alfiere golid sites give us a broad understandingof various trends versity Capo during the summerof 1990, have revealedthat the wallswere that can be checkedagainst individual sites with stratigraphic large of the third of five of Neolithic occu- contexts, such as Agios Stefanos. A brief description of probablypart phases at the site. Indeed, data that all five analytical techniques precedes discussion of the lithics as pation present suggest of these phases of occurred within the Middle important cultural markers. Time periods represented by occupation the lithics from the two cover the Neolithic period alone-a rare stratigraphicfind for this regional projects span area. from Middle Palaeolithic(ca. 55,000 B.P.) to EarlyModern Of interest are the first and third The in the Argolid and Bronze Age to Late Byzantineat particular phases. Agios earliestlevel of has Stefanos. Research has determined dates for the survey occupation produced pottery suggesting a transitional with Neolithic motifs materialby technologicalattributes, geological associations, episode Early impressed Stentinello The lim- and a chronometric method (Uranium-Thorium decay). lingering alongside impressed designs. ited area also demonstratedstructural remains from Stratigraphicassociations yield chronological data for the exposed this and different stone raw materials Agios Stefanos lithics. The type of materialused in the two phase chipped usage. The third also of a Stentinello was the regions indicatesthe relative importanceof lithic resources phase, character, best preserved The walls and ease of access to exotic sources. The thesis that acquisi- architecturally. very large appar- an enclosure around a smaller structure tion of Melianobsidian was an adjunct to the procurement ently represented with a cobble floor. A kitchen area with hearth and mortars of other resources is supported by the results of this study. survived in the smaller structure. Both of these finds are The skill exhibited by knappersand the quantityof material without immediate local Bone and seed materials provide insights into the development of stone working parallels. were recoveredfrom several levels and are now under anal- techniquesthrough time and the degree of craft specializa- ysis. '4C dates are tion. This study suggests the presence of a specializedob- expected. sidian production center in the Southern Argolid, but not in Lakonia.The analysisindicates inhabitants in both regions LA MUCULUFA THE 1989 AND 1990 manufactured similar tool types that reflect similar subsis- (LICATA, SICILY): tence adaptations.The productionof obsidianblades in both FIELD SEASONS: Brian E. McConnell, Brown Uni- regions during the Bronze Age exhibits tight statisticalclus- versity tering and indicatesconsiderable sharing of technology be- tween different sociopoliticalunits. Continuingfieldwork at La Muculufais wideningour view of life during the Early Bronze Age in Sicily at the only Castelluccianvillage to be explored systematicallysince Piero CHAERONEIA EXCAVATIONS, 1989: MIDDLE HEL- Orlandini'spioneering researchat Manfrianear Gela in the LADIC BURIAL PRACTICES: Hara Tzavella-Evjen, 1950s. Excavationduring the summerof 1989 by the Center University of Colorado for Old WorldArchaeology and Art (Brown University)for the Soprintendenzaai Beni Culturalied Ambientalidi Agri- The 1989 excavation of Chaeroneia, Greece, sponsored gento has completed the examinationof four hut-structures by the ArchaeologicalSociety of Athens, concentrated on at the center of the village (see AJA 93 [1989] 276-77). A

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 307 circularhut (6 m dia.) with an interior bench provides the the fringes of both the Mycenaean and Classical worlds. earliestexample of an indigenousarchitectural tradition that Should we, therefore, abandon the ancient texts in inter- would last through the SicilianIron Age and the arrivalof preting the archaeologicaldata from this region? Or should Greek colonists. A larger hut (9 m long) was found to have we attempt to relate fluctuatinghabitation patterns to the had terracottaphalli set around its stone wall-socle,probably history of the better known regions beyond its borders?Or for apotropaic protection. Rich ceramic and other finds, can an understanding of cultural change in areas beyond includinga shell-and-pendantnecklace, have been recovered the frontiers of the Classicalworld help us understand the from these structures. Bits of charred wood provide cali- processesof culturalchange in its core? brated radiocarbondates around 2000 B.C., as well as evi- Such are the challengesthat lie before us. If archaeologists dence for the presence of the olive tree in EarlyBronze Age workingin the Classicalworld were to abandonthe study of Sicily.Other botanicalremains are currentlyunder analysis. Classicalliterature, they would deprive themselves of evi- The total area covered by the village is estimatedto be at dence from which analogies for the interpretationof their least 30,000 m2. A geophysicalsurvey performed by Bruce archaeologicaldata can be derived. Surely it is better to W. Bevan (Geosight)during the summer of 1990 identified formulatethese analogieson the basis of contemporaryev- electromagneticanomalies, which may indicate the lines of idence than on the studyof a modern culture that we assume terracesupon which the village was built. to be similar to that of the Classicalworld. On the other Excavation near the prehistoric structures has revealed hand, to use the ancient literarysources alone would also be the presenceof a single-roomfarmhouse of Hellenisticdate, foolish, as they do not provide a complete descriptionof all while continued exploration on the rocky crest above the aspectsof ancient life. village has produced evidence for the cremationof human remains during the Early Bronze Age, perhaps in relation THE WOMEN OF AETNA AND THE POETICS OF COLO- to ritual caretaking that took place at the entrance to the site's prehistoricnecropolis. NIZATION: Carol Dougherty-Glenn, Wellesley Col- lege When Hieron founded the city of Aetna, Aeschyluswrote III D: AIA/APA SESSION JOINT SESSION: the Womenof Aetnaas "anomen of good life for the settlers PERSPECTIVES ON THE PAST: PUTTING of the city."In this paper, I discuss the survivingfragment TOGETHER ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY, from the play Womenof Aetna within the specific historical AND PHILOLOGY and culturalcontext of Hieron'scity foundation, for it con- tains the kind of bilingual,etymological pun that is typical of Greekcolonization literature. CHALLENGES IN USING TEXTS AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL Four lines remain from the Womenof Aetna in which that Zeus established that mortals will DATA TOGETHER: Nancy Wilkie, Carleton College Aeschylus explains now call certaindeities the Palikoi("the Returners") because Archaeology in general, and prehistoric archaeology in "theyhave returned from the darknessto the light."Within particular,received much of its initialimpetus from the study the fragment, the name Palikoi is pointedly derived from of ancient authors. The elucidation of our texts, therefore, the Greek phrase palin hikousi.Later sources explain that owes a great deal to the work of archaeologistsduring the Aeschylus refers to an indigenous cult honoring twin gods last century. The desire to confirm literary evidence with called the Palici.Archaeological evidence confirms the exis- "on-the-groundreconnaissance" remains a strong motivat- tence of an important local cult site sacred to the Palici, ing force in much archaeologicalresearch even today. dating back to the Bronze Age, and Diodorus provides a But have those archaeologistswho are also trained in the detailed descriptionof the nature and history of the cult. Classicsalways been the best interpretersof the archaeolog- Providinga Greek etymology for elements of local topog- ical evidence?Several examples can be cited in which knowl- raphy or cult is common in the literary traditions of the edge of Classicaltexts has led archaeologistsastray in their Archaiccolonization movement. Colonialoracles, in partic- interpretationof the data they have uncovered.Would it be ular, take advantageof the ambiguityof Delphic language preferable for archaeologiststo devote their time to study- to incorporate bilingual puns into a colony's foundation ing, for example, the scientifictechniques underlying their tradition. Returning to the Womenof Aetna, I argue that discipline,making their interpretationssolely on the basisof Aeschylusborrows from a rich tradition of colonial poetics. the archaeologicalevidence, while allowing those who are As the Greeks establishnew cities amid foreign cultures in better grounded in the Classicaltradition to find the rela- the Archaicand EarlyClassical periods, they take great pains tionships with ancient culture as we know it from the liter- to represent their colonial activityin civilizedand civilizing ature? terms. In particular,the myths and legends of colonization The so-called "New Archaeology,"through its emphasis reinterpretwhat is native and local in terms that make sense on the more mundane aspects of ancient life, has led ar- in the Greek language. Aeschylususes this same strategyto chaeologiststo consider aspectsof the ancient world outside celebrateand legitimateHieron's founding ambitions.What- the "high art" that has been its focus for so long. But what ever the larger issues of the play, the colonization theme in our ancient texts can lead us to a greater understanding highlights the successful establishmentof a Greek city on of the dailylives of ancientpeople? In my workin the Nomos foreign land. of Grevena, the ancient identity of the area is difficult to Putting the strategies of colonization literature together determine, even with the aid of ancient texts, since it was on with the archaeologicalfacts of Greek/nativeinteraction pro-

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 308 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 duces a more comprehensivepicture of the Archaiccoloni- goddess Hera, presuppose a dramatizedsetting of authori- zation movement. The myths and legends alone paint a tative speech intended for the communityat large. deceptive picture of Greek colonists, sponsored by Apollo, This argument draws not only on the philological per- settling unoccupied Golden-Age sites. The archaeological spective, by way of comparison with other passages from evidence points to contact between the Greeks and the in- ancient Greek poetry: it depends also on the archaeological digenous peoples, but without the literary evidence, it is and historicalperspectives, which illuminate the social con- difficult to appreciate the context for that interaction. A text of this poetry.The mode of argumentationis meant to synthesisof literaryand physicalevidence, however, suggests illustratea fundamentalpoint about method in philology:it that the Greeks acknowledged the potentially hostile and is advocatedthat the primaryempirical given should be not imperialisticnature of their colonial activity.Through their so much what the Archaic Greek poet says but rather the myths and legends, they look for ways to validatetheir new traditionin which he or she says what is being said. city.

How PALAEOGRAPHYCAN HELP: SOME INSTANCES:

THE PRECINCT OF THE THREE GODS IN A FRAGMENT Alan Boegehold, Brown University OF ALCAEUS: A CONVERGENCE OF PERSPECTIVES IN The term "palaeography"sometimes seems to refer pri- ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY, AND PHILOLOGY: Gre- marilyto the studyand interpretationof manuscriptswritten gory Nagy, Harvard University on vellum, although it includes quite properly the study of texts writtenon stone, metal, and terracotta(epigraphy), on This presentationbrings together a set of heretofore un- papyrus(papyrology), and on clay tablets(mycenology). The connected or only partlyconnected observationsconcerning focus here will be on writing that was painted and baked a sacred precinct mentioned in the poetry of Alcaeus. onto artisticallydecorated terracottavessels. There are illu- It has been argued by Louis Robert in REA 62 (1960) minatinginstances in which a single letter or a word or two 300ff that the temenos mentioned in Alcaeusfr. 129.2 Voigt add substanceto our understandingof the historyof Athens. (also in 130b.13), describedin the language of the poet as a The vessels in question are black-figureand red-figure great federal sacred space common to all the people of the cups and amphoraswhose potters or painters added signa- island of Lesbos, can be identified with a sanctuaryby the tures or explanatory labels to their paintings. The dates name of Messon, mentioned in two inscriptionsdated to conventionallyassigned to these pots dispose them over a the second century B.C., which he equateswith the name of period of about 200 years.The earliestof them, the Nessos present-dayMesa, excavatedby R. Koldewey.The meaning Amphora, seems to have been made around the beginning of this sanctuarysite, "the middle place,"corresponds to its of the sixth century.Others are assigneddates from around central location on the island. It also corresponds to the the middle of the sixth century (viz., the AmasisPainter and of description the sanctuary,in the wordsof Alcaeushimself, the Princeton Painter),the early fifth century (the Brygos as xunon ("commonground") of the people of Lesbos (fr. Painter), and the end of the fifth century (the Meidias 129.3). Painter). Reinforcing the arguments of Robert, Marcel Detienne The data providedby these scrapsof writinglead to varied 2 (Maitresde verite [Paris 1973] 97) connects the name of observations.One is that odd, non-Athenianletters or spell- Messonwith the politicalexpression es meson,which conveys ings provideevidence for workof artisanswho were brought the agonisticconvergence of divergentinterests at the center up outside of Atticabut nonethelessworked in an idiom that of a symmetricallyvisualized civic space. For comparison,he is now characterizedas essentiallyAttic. Odd, foreign-sound- adduces a Herodotus report by 1.170.3 where we see Thales ing names,on the other hand, may be an index to an aspect of Miletus to offering the Pan-lonian general assembly a of collegialityamong artisans,rather than to foreign birth to establisha council for all Ionian proposal single cities, to and upbringing. On one occasion an abstract word may be located in centrally Teos as the meson("middle") of the signify popular recognitionof an anti-warslogan. Such in- Ionian world. terpretativeefforts have met with some success,but for the The of with perspective archaeology, help from the related sake of contrast,an instance of wrong interpretationis an- of makes it discipline epigraphy, possible to locate the pre- alyzed to show how lack of attention to palaeographicdetail cinct mentionedby Alcaeus.The perspectiveof historysheds leads to serious misconstruction. light on the politicaland religiousreasons for the centralized To turn from particularsto general observations,a histo- location of this precinct on the island of Lesbos. What re- rian needs experts of every kind, students who are trained mains to be explained, however,is the actual reason for the to see patterns and anomalies in all sorts of bodies of evi- reference to this precinct in the poetry of Alcaeus. Up to dence-pollen counts on lake bottoms, tree rings, speech now it has generally been assumed that the reference is patterns,conceptions of heroism, and potters'signatures. If incidental: that Alcaeus refers to the precinct because he relevanceto, e.g., social-economichistory is not at a glance happens to be there. I propose, however,that this setting of obvious, those students are nevertheless constantlyfinding a centralizedsacred space is intrinsic to the message that is new and illuminatingbits of information. In the instances being delivered by the poetry. With the help of parallel noted above, philology is very much to the point, for the passages taken from a variety of Archaic Greek poets, I crucialpart of determiningthe use of vase inscriptionsis in argue that the words of Alcaeus, envisioned in fr. 129 and being able to read the writingand in having a wide capacity fr. 130 as speaking from the central precinct of Lesbos on to understandthe different sorts of things writing can con- the occasion of a choral performance at a festival of the vey.

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 309 SESSION III E: COLLOQUIUM: THE MEDI- growth of the towns is for interaction with the adjacent TERRANEAN AND THE NORTH: ARCHAE- peoples of northern Italy, who were in contact with the OLOGY OF INTERACTION Etruscans,who were in turn in contact with the Greeks. In order to understandthe overall pattern of interaction betweenthe Mediterraneanand the North in the EarlyIron MEDITERRANEAN CONTACT IN BRONZE- AND IRON- Age, and how it fits into the ongoing developmentsof 1,500 it is to examine the deviant case AGE EUROPE-THE LONG PERSPECTIVE: Peter S. years, necessary apparently of Slovenia.This paper summarizesthe relevantarchaeolog- Wells, of Minnesota, Twin Cities University ical data from Early Iron Age Slovenia and discusses the and cons of various models that could the From the Late Bronze Age until the early Mediaevalpe- pros explain evidence. riod-a span of 1,500 years-there is abundantevidence for interactionbetween societies of temperateEurope and those of the Mediterraneanworld. Tens of thousands of Greek, THE TRANSITION FROM HALLSTATT TO LA TENE IN Etruscan,and Romanimports providethe clearestindication EASTERN EUROPE AND THE BALKANS: H.A. of this interaction, but many other, more subtle, kinds of Bankoff evidence are apparent in the archaeologicalrecord. Rather and F.A. Winter, Brooklyn College than these indicationsas results of discrete contact viewing The mid-first millennium B.C. transition from Hallstatt events, we can understand them in terms of long-term pro- cesses at work in the ancient world. to La Tene in central and western Europe is marked by a The contactscan be examined in the context of commer- numberof changes in materialculture. Majortrading settle- ments of the final Hallstatt such as the ones at Mount cial, political,military, and social patterns,but they can also period, Lassoisand the are abandoned.Rich, be understood in terms of changing perceptionsabout the Heuneburg, "princely" burials become much less and in those that do world, especiallyabout relationsbetween different societies. frequent, occur four-wheeledcarts are two-wheeledchar- Evidence from burialsin temperateEurope providesimpor- replaced by iots. The use of the wheel, restrictedto a tant informationabout such changes. potter's previously few centers, becomes common. Three gravesin temperateEurope that reflectcontact with majorEuropean in this environment of is the archae- Mediterraneanpeoples, and show changes in attitudes to- Noteworthy change of these transformations.In recent de- ward that contact, are presented. They are from the Late ological perception cades, scholarshave these in terms of a Bronze, Early Iron, and Late Iron Age, respectively.The explained changes of economicand socialmodels, most of them themes expressed in these burialassemblages illustrate long- variety focusing on mercantileinteraction between the term changes that took place in the characterof the inter- Europeanpopulations and their Mediterranean to the south. actions, and in the participants'attitudes toward them. neighbors Conspicu- ously absent have been explanations that utilize the tradi- tionalarchaeological answer for changes in materialculture: the of on a number of COMMERCE AND COMPLEXITY: SLOVENIA AND THE replacement populations. Relying continuitiesthat establishlinks between the Hallstattand La MEDITERRANEANIN THE EARLY IRON AGE: Michael Tene eras, archaeologistshave either implicitlyor explicitly N. Geselowitz, Massachusetts Institute of Technol- accepted the idea of population continuity in mid-firstmil- ogy lennium B.C. central and western Europe. The situationin eastern Europe and the Balkansis some- The centuries B.C. were times of in eighth-sixth change whatdifferent. In these regions, the Classicalliterary sources the ongoing interaction between the Mediterraneanworld indicate that the La Tene Celts were settlers from outside and to the north. In temperate Europe temperate Europe the region. Arrivingas partof large-scalemigrations, groups during this period, called by archaeologiststhe Early Iron such as the Skordisci in Serbia established themselves in societies achieved what was for them Age, unprecedented previouslynon-Celtic territories. Reviews of the patternsin levels of that included the of the first complexity emergence the materialassemblages from Hallstattand La Te'neeastern towns. The same in the Mediterranean saw period region Europe suggest a standardby which the question of popu- the and of ClassicalGreek culture. development expansion lation continuityin the West may be reevaluated. The new European towns were concentrated in three areas:Poland; west centralEurope; and the southeastAlpine region, centered on what is today the Federal Republic of ROMANS AND THE NORTH: THE WINE TRADE: Eliza- Sloveniain The towns were centersof manufac- Yugoslavia. beth Lyding Will, Amherst College ture and exchange, and are thought to have been tied into trade with the Greeks. This trade is, in fact, felt to have Interactionsbetween the Romans and distant marketsin played a role in the origins of the towns. all directions, from northern Europe to India, were pro- The towns in Slovenia were the earliest and the largest, foundly stimulatedby Rome'svictories over Carthagein the and Slovenia was the region in closest proximity by both third and second centuries B.C. Finds of Roman wine am- land and sea routes to the centersof Greekculture. However, phoras in Germanyand Switzerland,to considerjust those while the more western and northern towns show evidence two areas of temperateEurope, go back at least to the early of direct and extensive Greek contact, excavations in Slo- second century B.C. Taken with the parallel finds from the venia have revealed relativelyfew Greekimports until some- lower Grand Congloud wine freighter, sunk off Marseilles what later times. Instead, the evidence from the time of the about 200 B.C., and with the material from other Roman

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 310 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 shipwrecksin the western Mediterranean,the finds of early understandingof how we approacha field of knowledgecan Roman amphoras from, for example, the great Celtic oppi- only come from a considerationof the intellectualand ideo- dum of Manching, north of Munich, reflect the energetic logical forces that have shaped the study of the field. The expansion of trade by sea and river between Italy and the Romanizationof Western Europe is an especially rich area peoples of the North as soon as Carthagehad been tempo- for such studies, since scholars in countries like Germany, rarily removed as a trading competitor in the West at the France,and Britainhad to combine a profound respect for end of the Second Punic War in 201 B.C. The Transalpine Classicalcivilization, an enthusiasmfor imperialismthat led peoples became an insatiablemarket for Italian wine, and to a strong identity with Rome, and a growing sense of finds of later amphorasat Manchingbelong to the same type nationalism that forced the glorification of resistance to as the jars in the huge cargo of the upper Grand Congloue Rome. ship, wrecked in about 100 B.C. on its way from Cosa to The subject is vast and this paper focuses on only a few Marseilles.Still later amphoras at Manching were of the representative developments in the three countries. For same type as part of the cargo of Italian winejars from the France, the focus is on the archaeological policy of Napoleon Spargi wreck, which met its fate off Sardiniain the 80s or III. In Germany it is on the complex intellectual and ideo- 70s B.C. In the last part of the first century B.C., amphora logical forces that led, on the one hand, to pioneering ar- finds at such Augustan camps as Oberaden, Haltern, and chaeologicalwork at Roman sites on the Rhine and Danube Hofheim show that the taste for Italian wines persisted in frontiers,yet also the promotion of the cult of Arminiusas the North into the first century A.C. After that time, Italian hero in the anti-Roman struggle. Britain had much less of a vintages graduallygave place there to wines of the Roman formal archaeological policy. Similiar conflicts, however, provinces.Wine is a fragile and ephemeral commodity,but were present in the popular imagination.This can be seen fragments of many of the Roman shipping amphoras and in the glorificationof Boudiccaand the depiction of Roman some of the wrecked Roman ships in which that wine was Britainin the writingsof Kipling. carried survive as testimony to its exportation to the North The paper concludes with some general considerations of and to the interaction between temperate Europe and the how these attitudes continue to influence studies of contacts Mediterraneanworld representedby that exportation. between the Mediterranean and the North today.

NORTH-SOUTH CULTURAL INTERACTIONIN THE OLD SESSION IV A: EXCAVATIONS IN ITALY AND ROMAN WEST AND THE BIRTH OF THE MIDDLE THE WEST AGES: SOME ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONSIDERA- K. TIONS: Bailey Young, Assumption College EXCAVATIONS AT DYSART, COUNTY KILKENNY, IRE- Over the past century archaeology has often been called LAND: Mark E. Hall, University of California, upon to support a view of north-south culturalinteraction Berkeley in the Roman West between the fifth and eighth centuries, derived from literary sources, which can be caricaturedas: The above-groundruins at Dysart,Thomastown, County North invades South; South Christianizes/civilizes(?)North. Kilkenny,Ireland consist of a 13th-centurychurch and a Recent researchemphasizes that the interactionswere more 15th-centurytower house. In the summer of 1989, excava- complex and subtle. This paper focuses on three aspectsof tions were conducted at the site in advance of restoration the evidence: 1) Does funeraryarchaeology support the view work. of massive population movements ("barbarianinvasions") The excavations revealed a thriving Early Christian (ca. recognizableby distinct cultural markers(burial practices)? A.D. 450-1169) community at Dysart. A mass grave contain- 2) Can the Christianizationof northwest Europe in this ing at least 12 individuals was discovered. The grave predates period fairly be characterizedas the impositionof Mediter- the 13th-century church since three of the bodies extended ranean religious models on pagan northern societies? 3) underneath its foundation. No grave goods were found and Does the evidence of goods-exchange during this period there are no visible signs as to the cause of death. Two Early support the view that the North was increasinglycut off Christiangrave slabs, reused as buildingstones in the church economicallyfrom the South over this period and developed and tower, and a Romanesquecapital and window frame economic autarchyin consequence?We suggest that, freed were also discovered. of preconceptions deriving from the literary sources, ar- Excavation yielded little information on the size of the chaeology reveals a new cultural dynamicemerging in this Mediaeval community at Dysart. It does appear that the period, centered in MerovingianGaul, which laid the foun- church had been abandoned before the tower house was dations of MediaevalEurope. built. Window frames and other pieces of Gothic stonework were recut and used in the construction of the tower house. Also, the architectural features of the tower indicate that it ANCIENT IMPERIALISM AND MODERN NATIONALISM did not join the church. IN THE STUDY OF ROMANIZATION IN 19TH-CEN- From the archaeological and documentary evidence one TURY BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND GERMANY: Stephen L. can argue that Dysart was abandoned in the early 14th and taken over a secular lord later in the Dyson, Wesleyan University century possibly by 14th century. This challenges the traditional assumptions of This paper reflects the thinking of the late MichaelFou- Irish scholars on the seizure of monastic lands by King Henry cault on the Archaeologyof Knowledge.It argues that our VIII in 1540.

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 311

THE IDENTIFICATION OF LOCAL WARES AT PAESTUM: EASTERN AND TUNISIAN AMPHORAS FROM A VANDAL THE EVIDENCE FROM SANTA VENERA: Theresa D. CEMETERY AT CARTHAGE: Joann Freed, Wilfrid M. Menard, University of Michigan Laurier University The identificationof local wares produced in the Greek In 1987 to 1989, MarkGarrison, Susan Stevens,and John cities of MagnaGraecia is an ongoing concern to excavators Humphrey, codirectorsof the Michigan Cemetery Project, working in southern Italy. The potters in the Greek cities excavated a Vandal cemeteryjust outside the Theodosian were similarlyinspired by Corinthianand Attic models and Wallon the north side of the ancientcity of Carthage.Among thus shared similarshapes and decorativestyles. Moreover, the more than 200 burials, 25 amphora burials were exca- the naturalclays of southern Italyare very homogenous and vated. Most of these were infant burials in the relatively visuallymuch alike. smallimported late Easternamphoras commonly designated No objective criteria yet exist to aid in the identification byJohn Riley'sCarthage classification. Of these, LateRoman process. The pottery assemblagerecovered from the 1982- Amphoras 1 (Antioch?),4 (Gaza),and 5 (Palestine)were the 1985 excavationsjointly conducted by the Kelsey Museum most common. In addition, there were several restorable of the Universityof Michiganand the Institute of Archae- examplesof new or rare Easternimported types. One infant ology of the Universityof Perugia at the extramuralsanc- burialamphora copied Late Roman Amphora 1 in Tunisian tuaryat localitdSanta Venera in Paestumis used as a sample fabric. A number of adult burials used Vandal types of from which to discuss the issue of local production. Tunisiancylindrical amphoras, among which Keay Type 62 Such criteriaas homogeneity of fabric,shape, decoration, was the most common. The head of one adult burial was and qualityas well as the quantityof examplesare important. markedby a globularTunisian amphora body of a new type, The excavations at Santa Venera produced numerous ex- which can be seen as an imitation of the globular-bodied amples of vases dated to the Archaic period that fit the Easternamphoras such as Late Roman Amphora 2, which criteriafor local production.Three potterywares produced appear in the WesternMediterranean as importsin the sixth at this period in ancient Paestum-here named Paestan A, century A.C. PaestanB, and PaestanC-were identifiedfor the first time. This group of amphoras,though "selected"for the cem- Furthermore, several shapes apparently produced locally etery by appropriatenessfor the burial function, is never- only for the sanctuaryat Santa Venera were discovered. thelessof great interestas an ensembleformed over a limited period within the Vandal era. This is the first context at Carthagefor which it is possible to discuss Tunisian activity in the amphora production of the Vandal In this RESEARCH AND EXCAVATION AT LA PIANA, 1987- period. paper I analyze the group in terms of 1990: K. Cornell types, provenances, Jane Whitehead, University numbers, lines of trade, and the cross-culturalinfluences that most in the of Easternforms La Piana is an Etruscansettlement of the fourth to early appear clearly copying by Tunisian first century B.C., located within the economic and cultural potters. orbit of ancient Volterra. Previous reports (AJA 87 [1983] 268-69; 89 [1985] 355; 91 [1987] 311-12) have described the emerging structures,which are of monumentalpropor- A NEW ITALIC TOWN IN MAGNA GRAECIA. EXCAVA- tions with foundation wallsalmost a meter thick. Since then, TIONS AT OPPIDO MAMERTINA (CALABRIA) IN 1988 two seasons of research and in 1987 and 1988 have survey AND 1990: Paolo Vison'd,University of Colorado explored the surrounding territory and the agricultural lands of the site, its road system and means of trade with The fourth and fifth seasons of fieldwork at the Italic other cities, the access to the site itself, the watersupply, and stronghold of the Taurianoi, on a hill near the watershed the tombs. A coin, found on the ancient road at the base of between the Tyrrhenianand Ionian coasts,at the foot of the the site, may be Celtic of the second century B.C. Aspromonte,were aimed at reconstructingthe architectural Two seasons of excavationin 1989 and 1990 have concen- historyof the residentialquarter located on a terraceon the trated on the larger of the two structuresso far unearthed, western slope of the site, the area of which encompasses in that Field A. It now appears that the buildings in Fields nearly 12 ha (for a previous report, see AJA 92 [1988] 264). A and B are with exactly aligned each other along an axial Excavationuncovered portions of four houses separatedby road, and, thus, that the site is orthogonallyplanned. This a narrowambitus running at right angles to a paved street fact suggests that La Piana is a more urban settlement than aligned with the main northeast-southwestaxis of the ter- we had previously hypothesized it to be. The structure in race, and orthogonal to another street partiallyexcavated Field A, then, may not be merely a single living unit, and we on the hilltop in 1986, confirmingthat the settlement had a must no longer seek its prototypeamong Etruscandomestic regular plan (comparanda for house plans and masonry typologies. techniquesare found at Cauloniaand Locri Epizephyrii:cf. Finds within the individualrooms of this larger structure M.T. Iannelli and S. Rizzi, in Rivistastorica calabrese n.s. 6, have shed light on the activitiesconducted there. Inscriptions nos. 1-4 [1985] 281-316; M. Barra Bagnasco,in LocriEpi- on small vessels have given us the names of several of the zefiri II [Florence 1989] 7-65). Following prehistoricoccu- inhabitants,and these names indicatea connectionto Chiusi pation in the EarlyIron Age, the earliestarchitectural phase as well as to Volterra. A lead acorn missile, found in the can tentatively be assigned to the first half of the third 1990 season, is our first tenuous clue that the site was de- century B.C. The internalorganization of this sector of the stroyed by foreign attackers. site appearsto date to the late third century,when the street

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 312 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 waslaid out (PhaseII). Subsequentarchitectural phases (III- THE ISIs: A LATE ROMAN SHIPWRECKSURVEYED BY V) are dated stratigraphicallybetween the early second and ROBOTS:Anna Marguerite McCann, Woods Hole the first half of the first century B.C., and prove that this Institution settlement, unlike most Italic centers, flourished after 200 Oceanographic B.C. (presumablybecause the Taurianoi were Roman allies The discoveryof an ancient Roman trade route and a late during the Hannibalicconflict: cf. Livy 25.1.2). Roman shipwreckwith a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) The destruction of the site may be related to the Social working at depths of over 800 m represents a first for War,or to Spartacus'sbellum servile . The discoveryin 1988 underwater archaeology. This happened in May 1989 in of a concentration of Italian sigillata, however-including internationalwaters off Sicily where the first Jason Project an inscribedfragment (CVA2292d) datableto the early first took place especiallyfor the educationof Americanchildren century A.C.-with debris possibly representing slide from in the sciences.Directed by Robert D. Ballardof the Woods the collapse of a building overlooking the street, raises the Hole OceanographicInstitution, the Jason Projectscombine possibility that life continued at the site even under the the latest deep sea and communicationtechnologies to pro- Empire (or that the street remained in use for some time duce the first live televisionbroadcasts directly from the sea after the destruction).Finds of roof tiles with Greekstamps, floor. Over 225,000 childrenin 14 museum sites in America also knownfrom Hellenistictombs in the environsof Oppido and Canada saw on their television monitors exactly what Mamertina(cf. E. Galli, NSc 1929, 273), suggest that this Ballardand his team were seeing over 8,000 miles awayand Italic town may have had a mixed population. The large asked questions-in one half second-thanks to fiber optics, number of Mamertine bronzes found in 1988 and 1990 computers,and satellites. among the nearly350 coins recoveredto date-representing It was shown that ROVJason could work in a grid pattern the largest concentrationof these issues at any Mediterra- at a speed of about 0.5 knots and cover an area of about 500 nean site outside Sicily-poses the question of the identifi- x 250 m as well as work precisely in a 10-m square where cationof the site with the city of Mamertion,which is reputed remains of a late Roman ship, christened the Isis, were to have been located in this area of Bruttium in the Late found. Selected objects were successfully recovered with Hellenisticperiod (Strab.6.1.9). ROVJason's manipulator arm to date the wreck probablyin the late fourth century A.C. Besides amphoras, these include a North Africanlamp, commonwarepottery, iron tools(?),a copper coin of Constantius II (A.D. 355-361), and wood THE MORGANTINA MASONRY CHAIN AND THE FOR- samples yielding 14C dates of approximately A.D. 401. Found at a depth of 818 m, the Isis is the deepest ancient TIFICATIONS OF GREEK SICILY: Lars Karlsson, Uni- wreck found and one of the very few known from this of versity G6teborg period. The 1989 Jason Projectreceived the American As- sociation for the Advancementof Science (AAAS)Westing- The fortificationsat were studied Prince- Morgantina by house Award and the ComputerworldSmithsonian Award. ton Universityfrom 1955 to 1961 and by the Universityof Virginia from 1982 to 1985. Already in the '50s a series of wall features had been found, which the excavators later called Punic Chains. These chains are used in the face of a SESSION IV B: EXCAVATION AND SURVEY wall and are built of headers and A up stretchers. single IN ASIA MINOR AND THE EAST stretcher is first placed on the projecting footing course. Upon it is placed a header, which, by penetrating into the rubble and earth behind the wall, anchorsthe entire face of KAZAKH/AMERICAN RESEARCH PROJECT EXCAVA- the wall to the filling behind. The chain goes verticallyfor TIONS IN KAZAKHSTAN:Pia-Kristina Anderson and the entire of the wall. At we have been height Morgantina Davis-Kimball, of California, able to establish that these chains were located at intervals Jeannine University of approximately 3 m. This cannot be coincidental, but Berkeley ratherit must equal the length of 10 Doric feet. It should be In April to June 1990, the Kazakh/American Research added that the chains at Morgantinawere used not only in Project, under the direction of Jeannine Davis-Kimball and public architecture,but also in privatehouses. archaeologists at the Institute of History, Ethnography, and The original name Punic Chain has today been replaced Archaeology, Academy of Sciences, Kazakhstan, conducted with MasonryChain. I have not been able to record a single joint archaeological excavations at two culturally distinct sites instance of the Masonry Chain in a Punic context. The in Kazakhstan. Surveys were also made of ethnographic Carthaginiansemployed a similar wall building technique, materials considered for research in subsequent seasons. the Loom Wall, but there the horizontal member is totally The principalobjectives of the project were to explore the lacking. The chain does appear in Roman times in former culturalhistory and interculturalcontacts of the area. Punic cities in North Africa. In these contexts the technique Before modern archaeologicalresearch began some 40 is called Opus Africanum. In the Hellenisticperiod the use years ago in Kazakhstan,the Saka nomads who inhabited of the MasonryChain seems to be confined to the area of the steppes and mountain valleys of the region were known influenceof Syracuse.The chain techniquemight be Phoen- only through Achaemenid and Greek contemporary writ- ician in origin, but it was developed to perfection and em- ings. Kurgans, the burial mounds constructed for the de- ployed extensively by the Greeks in Sicily (e.g., Megara ceased Saka chieftains, are now the primary source of Hyblaia,Kamarina, Tyndaris, Troina, Halaisa,and Heraklea information on these nomads. At the Issyk II cemetery, Minoa). North American volunteers excavated one of a group of

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 313 fifth-third century B.C. Saka kurgans.Among the finds are been completed. This paper summarizesthe evidence due two silver plaques with a motif that attests to ancient Near to appear in the final report. Easterncontacts with the Semirechyeregion. Potteryand coins indicatethat the site has been inhabited The group also excavateda Mediaevalsettlement site. To since the Middle Iron Age, perhaps since the late ninth provide for and maintain the ancient silk route, hundreds century B.C. and possiblycontinuously. of fortified Mediaevalsettlements lay stretchedacross south- The earliest monumentalremains include the important ern Kazakhstan.Near Djambul, finds from cemeteries as- fort of the Lycian period, which was decorated with relief sociatedwith the sixth-13th centuryA.C. walledcitadel, Kos sculpture and probablywas built by a landed nobleman in Tobe, reveal forms of Christianity, Zoroastrianism,and the first half of the fourth century B.C. Eleven rock-cut Buddhism, practicedsimultaneously by indigenous inhabit- tombs and two sarcophagifound nearby appear to be con- ants. temporaryor date to the late fifth century B.C. Finally, the group surveyed two petroglyph sites dating Coins revealthat there was considerableactivity at the site from the Neolithic through the Mediaevalperiod. The pet- in the second to first century B.C., and the settlement was roglyphs reveal not only fauna that had a direct bearing connected by a major (unpublished)road with the interior upon lifeways of these inhabitants, but also mythological and Demre (Myra)during the Roman period. A waterchan- beliefs and ritual practicesof the times. nel leading to Demre and Andriake, its port, was also built Joint American/Kazakharchaeological excavations and sometime in antiquity. anthropologicalresearch will continue in 1991. Coins and sherds suggest that the Roman or late Roman settlement at Dereagziwas substantial,and numerous frag- ments of EarlyByzantine architectural sculpture establisha EXCAVATIONSAT NINEVEH, 1990: David Stronach and Christianpresence by the fifth or sixth century A.C. The final constructionat this of the site dates to the Stephen Lumsden, University of California, Berkeley part Middle Byzantineperiod, when the Lycian fort was rebuilt and The past season at Nineveh took placebetween early April considerablyexpanded, apparentlyin the last two-thirds of the ninth or the and early June, 1990. Following the pattern of the 1989 century early 10th. The neighboring season,excavations were undertakenin five main areas(here church, which we have suggested previously was closely labeled 1 to 5). In Area 1, a deep sounding on the southeast connected with Constantinople,was constructedaround the same time. flankof the ancientcore mound of Kuyunjik,the excavations revealed more of the characterof the Akkadiancity wall. In Area 2, within the limits of the Palaceof atten- Sennacherib, SURVEYWORK AND EXCAVATIONSIN THE BAYBURT tion was concentrated on the western limits of the palace AND KELKIT VALLEYS,EASTERN TURKEY: E.G. where a cache of glazed brick fragments was found in a sealed context. Within the northern sector of the Neo- Pemberton and A.G. Sagona, University of Mel- Assyrian Lower Town, excavations in the vicinity of the bourne, and I.D. McPhee, La Trobe University Mashki Gate (Area 3) continued to document a seemingly In 1988, the of Melbourne a elite quarterthat appearsto have been markedby substantial University began survey, under the direction of Antonio of the of buildingsand broad roadways;and a third successiveseason Sagona, province and of the in northeast- of work at the Northwest Mound (4) helped to expand what Bayburt part Guimuishaneprovince, ern Turkey.Very little workhas been carriedout in this area was alreadyknown of a densely occupied industrialquarter. of Anatolia, south of Trebizondand the Pontic In the meantime,work at the Halzi Gate (5), near the south- lying ranges. The one site that has had some Satala east corner of the city, saw the recoveryof further evidence investigation, (Sadak), for events connected with the fall of Nineveh in 612 B.C. lies southwestof the area of our current exploration. For four weeks and the Here more skeletons-some of them severely charred and during August September, 1988, was concentratedin the wide between many lying in distinctly dramatic poses-were recovered survey BayburtPlain, the towns of and The narrower Kelkit from the excavated portion of the narrowedgateway. Last Bayburt K6se. upper between and Kelkit, was also but in but not least, our newly instituted surface survey in the Valley, K6se explored to the Plain to have been Lower Town was expanded to include a good part of the comparison Bayburt appears sparsely in The surface scatters indi- entire availablearea north of Kuyunjik.A topographicplan populated antiquity. cated two chief of settlement in the of the area was partly completed and, from such results as periods antiquity, Early Bronze and later Hellenistic/Roman.In order to inves- are to hand, it is now possible to begin to define the orga- Age this one site with remains of both nization of the seventh-centurycity and to characterizethe tigate pattern, significant main patternsof settlement that existed in the LowerTown periods was selected for excavation.It lies northeastof Bay- from the early first millennium B.C. onward. burt:Biyuiktepe H6yfik, a large flat-toppedoutcrop, ca. 250 x 160 x 18 m, ascendingto the north, with a saddlejoining it with a second lower rise. THE FORTAT DEREA4ZIAND OTHER REMAINS IN ITS A five-weekexcavation was carried out during June and VICINITY: James Morganstern, Ohio State Univer- July, 1990. Trenches on the top of the site showed little sity depth of fill and much disturbanceby intrusiveburials and plowing. But a possible watchtoweron the highest point of In 1974 a survey of the unpublishedfort at Dereagziand the rise and wallsfurther to the south are provisionallydated the other remainsnear it in southwesternAnatolia was begun to the Hellenisticperiod. A deep test to the west where the under the speaker'sdirection. Fieldworkwas concluded in slope is more gradual showed an Early Bronze Age level 1982, and the final report on this part of the site has just below Hellenistic/Roman.Excavations in 1991 will be con-

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 314 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 centrated on this western slope where the settlement has the first season of work conducted here in 1987 and com- greaterdepth of deposit.The firstyear's work has apparently plemented the survey of the 'Abu Sha'ar-Nile road and confirmedthe resultsof the survey,that there is a significant installationscarried out in 1989. gap in the archaeologicalrecord between the Early Bronze Excavationthis season concentratedon the west gate, two Age and the last centuries of the first millennium. of the barracksin the northwest part of the fort, a section Survey work also continued along the valleysof the Bay- of the main east-west street, the apsed building, and the burt Plain.The number of sites now recorded is close to 80, trash dump outside and north of the fort. ranging from Palaeolithicto Mediaeval.On the last day, the Dates for activityat the fort, originallyestablished in 1987 finding of a significantscatter of stone hand axes and scrap- as fifth to seventh century, were, based upon this season's ers indicated what appears to be a Middle Palaeolithicsite, work, expanded to include the late third and fourth centu- the first Palaeolithicremains recorded in this part of Ana- ries and, possibly, the Islamic period. tolia. The discovery of fragments of two monumental Latin The work was made possibleby a grant from the Austra- inscriptions at the west gate confirmed an initial foundation lian Research Council and was carried out in collaboration of the fort under Galerius (Augustus 305-311) with a re- with the Museumat Erzerum. dedication during the reigns of Licinius and Constantine I (313-324). Mention on the latter inscription of LIMITIBUS NPTAIN LITQ[RUM] leaves no doubt that the fort was an THE THEATER AT ILION: PRELIMINARY INVESTIGA- important coastal installation on the Roman limes in the TIONS:C. Brian Rose, University of Cincinnati desert east of the Nile in Upper Egypt by the early fourth century. It might be suggested that the establishment of this the theater of Ilion was excavated Although partially by fort here was part of the Tetrarchic-Constantinian Schliemannand it has been discussed reorga- Blegen, only briefly nizationof the Egyptianlimes after the abandonmentof the scholarsand it does not on most of the site. by appear plans Dodecaschoinos by Diocletian (cf. Procop. De Bell. Pers. the summer of 1989 weeks were During five devoted to 1.19.27-37). the areaof brushand the of earlier clearing removing dumps Multiphaseuse was also suggested by three to four and some conclusions repav- excavators, preliminary concerning ings of the east-west street, the addition of terracottawater the theater's and are now Three layout chronology possible. pipes at a later date in the historyof the fort, and renovation different of constructioncan be identifiedbased phases upon and repavingin the apsed building. The apsidaledifice may evidence and the architecturalblocks of the epigraphical have been originally the headquarters, which was subse- scaenae.The caveaand scaenaewere under construction by quently heavily remodeled and, perhaps, converted into a the late fourth century B.C. and probablyfinished in the church. third The of the theater at this time early century. building Ceramic and numismaticevidence provided a late third seems to be related to the establishment contemporaneous to fourth century date for the trash dump outside the fort. of the koinonof Athena Ilias, which would have needed a However, questions about the location of the fifth to seventh theater for the celebrationof its "Panathenaic"festival large century remain; we that these later at Ilion. dumps tentatively suggest dumps were inside the fort on the south side. The theater was in Fimbria'sattack on probablydamaged The survey located towers, cairns, installations, and the in 85 B.C. and restored city by Augustus. The renova- stretches of road between the fort at 'Abu Sha'ar and the tions seem to have involved the constructionof a new three- small fort at the juncture of the Wadi Belih and Wadi Umm storied scaenae,with Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian aediculae, Deheis. Clearly, the road bypassed this small fort and headed and the addition of a velum over the cavea. A perhaps directly for the fort at Badia'. medallion relief of Romulus and Remus was unearthed in the vicinityof the scaenae by Schliemann,and it is possible that this relief originallyformed part of a series chronicling THE 1990 ABILA OF THE the early history of Rome. Ilion did not begin to exploit its DECAPOLIS EXCAVATION, legendary ties to Rome in coinage and inscriptionsuntil the NORTHERN JORDAN: W. Harold Mare, Covenant Augustan period, and the relief may have been set up at Theological Seminary that time. At a later date in the Roman period, the theater was damaged by an earthquake,resulting in modifications The sixth season of excavation at Abila of the Decapolis, in the waterchannel and the constructionof a new wallwith northern Jordan, was conducted from 16 June to 4 August reused theater seats in front of the orchestra. Future work 1990. Excavation at this mile-long site was done on both in the theater should provide a better perspective on the tells, Tell Abila (north) and Umm el 'Amad (south), in the city's politicaland religious activitiesduring the Hellenistic saddle between the two tells, and in the cemetery. and Roman periods. On Tell Abilaexcavation at the sixth-centuryA.C. basilica showed that this structurehad been built on and used part of an earlier Roman/Byzantine temple or church; extensive UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE SURVEY AND EXCAVA- mosaicfloors were found in the atrium/plazaarea. Further TIONS AT 'ABU SHA'AR, EGYPT 1990: Steven E. Side- excavationjust northeast of the basilica revealed further botham, University of Delaware evidence of extensive Iron and Bronze Age habitationon the tell. The city wall on the north edge of the tell proved The 1990 season of survey and excavation in and around to have been constructedinitially in the Iron Age and Hel- the fort at 'Abu Sha'ar (Red Sea coast), Egypt, expanded on lenistic period. On Umm el 'Amad extensive mosaic floors

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 315 were found in rooms just beyond the south wall of the numerousearly delays and a summerstorm that closed down basilica,a structurethat had a centralexternal apse and two the workearly-provided one of the best controlledtrenches inscribedside aisle apses. in the harborexcavations to date. Workcontinued in Areas In the terraced civic center in the saddle, work at the F and N on the inside of the Southern Breakwaterwhere theater cavea exposed more of the Islamicbuilding, uncov- large platforms extending from the principaljetty are yet ered marble altar posts and a Naxian marble column of a unexplained.Area Qon the north side of the presentbreak- church or ecclesiasticalstructure, a 160-ft section of a basalt water was surveyed and drawn and excavationsexpanded street, and a lower earlier street/plazawith a thresholdlead- in Area I, the silted inner harbor where a mooring stone ing into the theater cavea. Just north of the theater work was discovered in 1983. The most exciting news of the began on what is projected to be a bath/nymphaeumcom- summer came from Area K-2 at the northern tip of the plex. Further to the northeast excavationwas begun on a Southern Breakwaterwhere, during a survey of what we large basilicawith basalt piers and Ionic capitals;evidence believewas the lighthouseof the ancient harbor(the Drusion points to the church being of cruciformconstruction. In the of Josephus), extensive remains of Herod's foundations Roman/Byzantinecemetery east of the site several graves came to light. A large block of concrete had been cleared of and tomb complexes were excavated. Excavationshows a sand by heavy winter storms so that little excavation was long historyof habitationat Abilaof the Decapolis,from the necessary.Standing exposed was the upper level of a large third millennium B.C. to A.D. 1500. wooden formwork 18 m wide (east-west) and of undeter- mined length. The structureinto whichconcrete was poured wascarefully built in mortise-and-tenonconstruction similar THE ASHKELONREGIONAL SURVEY: LOOKING FOR to parallels reported from North Africa and France. The other formworkdiscovered at Caesarea GOLIATH:Mitchell Allen, University of California, only well-preserved was in Area G on the westerntip of the Northern Breakwater Los Angeles (see J.P. Oleson, AJA 87 [1983] 248). The same area was over a x 40 The Ashkelon Surveyis a full-coverageregional survey of surveyed 20 m zone, mapping the spill of large concrete the Philistinecoastal plain of Israel east and southeastof the blocks that we believe is the collapsed pharos.De- tailed ancientcity of Ascalon. Conductedbetween 1986 and 1990, plans and sections will, we hope, enable us to build a it represents a regional complement to the current excava- model of the area in order to determine the size and nature tions of the Leon Levy Expeditionto Ashkelon.To date, the of collapseof this building.Additional excavation and survey Ashkelon Survey has identified over 150 pre-modern sites are expected in Area K-2 in 1991. in the region, covering the span from Palaeolithictimes to the 20th century.Notable among the trendsin the settlement A LATE OIL FARM IN EASTERN patternare: 1) localizedsettlement during the Neolithicand ROMAN CILICIA: J.J. Chalcolithicperiods; 2) the almost complete absence of re- Rossiter, University of Alberta mains Bronze or Iron settlement in the re- signifying Age Excavationscarried out in 1989 a Canadian-Turkish gion; 3) a slow increase in the number of sites from the by archaeologicalteam at the site of Domuz in the terri- Persianperiod to late Roman times and a gradual decrease Tepe toriumof Castabala in eastern Cilicia thereafter; 4) an elaborate of wine and Hierapolis produced system production new evidence for olive oil at the distribution late Roman times. In this production site during the during presentation, Late Romanand I describethe and its on earlyByzantine periods. Structuralremains palaeoenvironmentalsetting impact uncovered a tank and as- of settlement, and to the absence include large cylindricalsettling patterns attempt explain sociated floors. The of of remains and the factors that have led to the press type pressing apparatus em- early may can be similar increase in settlement after the middle of the first millen- ployed paralleledby pressesfound in northern nium B.C. Data from the are with Syria (0. Callot, Huileriesantiques de Syrie du nord, Paris survey compared findings Callot's of these now of other in southern Israel and with exca- 1984). analysis presses can be supple- regional surveys mented vation data from urban Ashkelon. by relevant information from recently published papyri that contain reference to oil processing facilities at farms in Late Roman Egypt (J. Rea, OxyrynchusPapyri 55, London 1988). A tentative reconstruction of the Domuz EXCAVATIONS IN THE HARBORS AT CAESAREA MARI- Tepe oil presses is suggested, based on a comparativestudy TIMA: THE 1990 SEASON: Robert L. Univer- Vann, of the newly found structuralremains and previous record- sity of Maryland, and Robert L. Hohlfelder, ings of scatteredpress- and millstones found at the site (H. University of Colorado Bossert et al., KaratepeKazilari, Ankara 1950). Analysisof the pottery from the excavations,by Joann Freed of Wilfrid The 1990 seasonof underwaterexcavations in the harbors Laurier University,indicates a date of ca. 450-550 A.C. as of CaesareaMaritima marked the last year of a second five- the main period of occupationof the Domuz Tepe oil farm. year program that has focused upon the explorationof the Surface pottery collected from several other sites in the various harbors at Caesarea Maritimafrom the Hellenistic immediatevicinity of Domuz Tepe suggests that this area of installationsat Straton'sTower until the present time but the CeyhanValley was intensivelyfarmed for oil production with an emphasis upon the program of Herod the Great. at this time. In terms of its agriculturaleconomy, therefore, During the months of May and June, work was undertaken the region may be closely tied to patternsof oil and farming in the followingfields. Area H, south of the NorthernBreak- previouslystudied in parts of neighboring Syria (G. Tcha- water, was an experiment in caisson airlifting that-after lenko, Villagesantiques de la Syriedu nord, Paris 1953).

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 316 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 SESSION IV C: PREHISTORIC MEDITERRA- organization was based on an entrepreneurial system of NEAN II individualobligations, or o-pa, in which raw materialswere the responsibilityof the craftsmen. The palace took on re- sponsibilityonce it received the product of the craftsmen's labors, but the craftsmen'slabor was not monitored by the RELIGION AND THE ROLE OF IDEOLOGY IN MYCEN- palacedirectly. AEAN SOCIETY:James C. Wright, Bryn Mawr College Lookingat the Jn series specifically,one sees the elaborate industrialta-ra-si-ja system at work. Instead of reinforcing The study of Mycenaean religion has revolved around ideas about the uniformJn groups often discussed,my study identifyingindividual deities and rituals,their placesof wor- shows that these tabletsare more diverse and reflect a more ship, and the influence of Minoan religiousbelief and prac- comprehensiveview of the Mycenaeanindustrial economy tice. Less attention has been placed upon religion as one than has been previouslyrealized. Their diversitylies partly subset of the ideology of a society and its role in the forma- in their physical form. Some tablets are variouslycut and tion of the society. This paper examines those issues, with riddled with erasures,while others are neater, showing that focus on the special establishmentof formal centers of cult the scribeknew exactlywhat he needed to write in the space at Mycenaean sites and the use of religion as a way of provided. There are also significant variations in the ter- reinforcing the ideology of Mycenaeanpalace society. minology used to define worker groups. This shows that A methodological distinction in the study of ideology different tablets concerned different stages in the bronze- shows that and icons symbols may be used in three ways:as workingactivities. While a few tabletsfollow seemingly pre- representationsof supernaturalbelief, of attitudes toward set formulas as noted by Mabel Lang, others were written death, and for membershipin corporategroups. Evaluating for specialpurposes. the evidence from LH I through LH III accordingto these Connections of the Jn series with other Linear B tablet it is to that criteria, possible clarify virtuallythe entire corpus series indicate how bronzeworkersfunctioned in the larger of artifacts from LH I-LH IIIA:1 derives from mortuary economicpicture. References to specificcraftsmen show that contexts and with few that, exceptions, there exist no formal the palace administrationsupervised both part- and full- places of worship until the developed palace period (LH time bronzeworkers.General references to bronzeworkers IIIA:2-LH From this it is IIIB). hypothesized that the es- reveal that they were freed from certain responsibilitiesin tablishment of centers of cult and the standardizationof the country-widesystem of taxation precisely because they was an of ideology importantcomponent palace formation. were bronzesmiths.Overall, it is possibleto place the Mycen- That this process is distinctly Mycenaean is seen in the aean bronzeworkerwithin the broader context of what we evidence for the cult centers, which, although incorporating understand about the economic and industrial systems of some elements of Minoan iconography, is Mycenaean in Mycenaeansociety. flavor. Examination of the diversity of places advertising the ideology of the Mycenaean palaces shows that the major ATHIENOU ARCHAEOLOGICAL 1990: focus was on reinforcingthe position of the ruling authority PROJECT, EXCA- by emphasizinglineage, militaristicauthority, and the locale VATIONS AT ATHIENOU-MALLOURA, CYPRUS: Mi- of the palace and its extension into the territorycontrolled chael K. Toumazou, Davidson College by the palace. The Athienou ArchaeologicalProject, sponsored by Da- vidson College, completed its firstseason of investigationsat the site of Athienou-Malloura.This is the first BRONZEWORKERS AT PYLOS: THEIR PLACE IN MYCEN- systematic archaeologicalundertaking in the area of Athienou since the AEAN ECONOMY AND INDUSTRY: S. Smith, Joanna summer of 1974 when a large portion of the village lands, Mawr Bryn College includingthe site of Golgoi,came under Turkishoccupation. Malloura is situated 2 km south of the tiny village of Recent research has further clarified aspectsof economic Petrophaniin south-centralCyprus, about halfwaybetween terminologyand industrialorganization found in the Linear Nicosia and Larnaka.Its location, at the confluence of two B tablets. This focuses on the paper industrialactivity re- streamsnear the center of a small, fertile valley surrounded corded in the bronzeworking tablets from Pylos, the Jn by hills, made Malloura ideal for habitation under most an economic for series, parallel which is found at Knossos circumstances.This is confirmed by the long period of oc- in the wool and cloth tablets,studied in detail byJohn Killen. cupation ranging (intermittently?)from the sixth century Both of these series deal with complex branchesof a multi- B.C. to the early 18th century A.C. faceted Mycenaeaneconomy, which monitored raw materials A rural sanctuaryof Archaic-Hellenistic(?) date, scores and finished of craft products activities, both through a of rock-cuttombs of undetermineddate, and the Byzantine/ palace-controlledsystem of taxation, and an industrialsys- Mediaevalsettlement in the area have been the target of tem that was partiallyoperated by the palace. extensiveclandestine operations, especially in the 1930s and The industrial system functioned in two basic ways. One between 1963 and 1974. Most of the artifactsand statuary method operated on a redistributivebasis under the palace found their way to foreign museums and collections, re- organized ta-ra-si-ja system. Here the palace was in full portedly in the United Statesand France. control;consequently it was responsiblefor the allotmentof The Project'sobjectives for the short first season were raw materials to workers, and the finished products were modest and were largelyrealized. AAP memberscompleted the property of the palace. The other form of industrial a topographicalsurvey of the area and excavated at three

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 317 localities, and geophysical mapping of portions of the site A REINTERPRETATIONOF THE VOUNous BOWL was carried out a team from the of Patras by University MODEL:Marcia K. Mogelonsky,Cornell University under S. Papamarinopoulos. The excavationsrevealed portions of two structuresdating The judicioususe of cross-culturaland ethnographiccom- to the Byzantine-Mediaevalperiod. The size and layout of parandaoffers the possibilityof significantreinterpretation one of the structures suggest that it may have been an of well-knownbut incompletely understood artifacts.This industrialinstallation. Besides pottery,the excavationof this paper discussesone case in point, the famous terracottabowl building yielded a substantialamount of animal bones, two model from Tomb 22 at Vounous, now on display at the iron knives, and a stone weight. Although the most diagnos- Cyprus Museum, Nicosia. I argue that this object is not a tic potteryrecovered (sgraffitoware) can be dated to ca. 14th shrine model, as is usually thought, but rather a represen- century,more precise dating for the constructionand use of tation of a burial or memorial ceremony taking place in a the building will have to be determined in future seasons. cemetery. Neither artifacts nor architecturalremains from the Ar- Dubbed a "sacredenclosure" since its publicationby Di- chaic-Hellenistic(?) sanctuarywere encounteredduring this kaios (Archaeologia88 [1938] 118-25), this model has be- year's excavations. The sanctuary'spresence in the imme- come the prototype for sacred architecture from a period diate vicinityof investigationsis virtuallyassured, however, for which there are no extant remains of shrines or cult by fragmentaryvotive statuettesand life-size statuaryfound places. A more accurate interpretationof the model-that on the surface. The results of the geophysicalmapping and is, as a depiction of a funerary ceremony--can be derived the presence of the above surface finds, corroborated by from similaritiesfound in worksfrom other ancient cultures witness accounts of previous clandestine operations in the and ethnographicstudies of Mediterraneanrural societies. area, are reassuring and promise location of the sanctuary Materialfrom ProtogeometricCrete, ClassicalAthens, and during next summer'scampaign. modern Greece and Cyprus can be used to explain the significanceof such elementsas the smallfigure looking over the wall and the figures seated on a bench. Interpreted in this fashion, the Vounous bowl provides proof of organized THE 1990 EXCAVATIONS AT LATE BRONZE AGE KA- ceremonies prior to the interment of the dead in tombs the LAVASOS-AYIOSDHIMITRIOS, CYPRUS: Pamela Rus- contents of which suggest systematizedburial practices. sell, Harvard University, and Alison South, Brandeis University TARSUS IN THE MIDDLE AND LATE BRONZE AGE: A REAPPRAISAL: Bonnie S. Magness-Gardiner, Bryn The 1990 season of Brandeis excavationsat the University Mawr College, and Dorothy Slane, University of Late CypriotIIC (1300-1200 B.C.) town of Kalavasos-Ayios Maryland Dhimitrios,directed by Ian A. Todd, provided further evi- dence of complex organizationrequiring sophisticated town Locatedon the coast of southern Turkey near the current planning. Syrian border, the region of Cilicia is a natural frontier Furtherinvestigation in the palatialashlar building (Build- between the Central Anatolian Plateau and North Syria, ing X) confirmed the existence of a second large storage Mesopotamia,and the Levant.A series of cuneiform letters magazine where additional capacity (rows of pithoi) was and treatiessuggests that this area (calledKizzuwatna during added in a late phase of use, bringing the total storage the Bronze Age) was important to the competing states of capacity of the building to at least 50,000 liters. Study of Western Asia, both for its good passes to the plateau, and botanical remains from a deep shaft (found with animal for its other resources:good harbors,fertile plains,navigable bones and a rich group of ceramics)revealed new evidence rivers, and mines in the surrounding Taurus and Amanus of diet and suggests that the feature may have been used as mountains. a latrine. At the foot of the Taurus,guarding the road to the Cilician Excavationin several new areas was aimed at exploring Gates,the town of Tarsuswas a vitalmilitary and commercial the architecturalsetting of Building X. A building in semi- center within Kizzuwatna.The archaeologicalinvestigations official style to the west with a magnificenthuge stone basin conducted by Hetty Goldmanjust before and after World may have been the location of a specializedindustrial pro- WarII reveal the materialdimensions of those roles, but her cess. Immediately south of Building X is another, badly publicationsare lacking in the stratigraphicprecision nec- robbed ashlar building at least 15 x 23 m in extent with essary to a detailed evaluationof Tarsus's internal organi- stepped pillar bases. On the north and east, Building X was zationand development,as well as regional and international bounded by a large enclosure wall separating it from do- ties. In her recent dissertation (Bryn Mawr 1987), Slane mestic style structures a little further east. A domestic or reexamines the architecturalsequence and associatedstrat- light industrial building to the southeast revealed a rich ified pottery from the Middle and Late Bronze Age levels, variety of finds including small pithoi, large stone weights, identifies major breaks and reorientation of architecture, fine bronzes including a complete bowl, slag, and a tuyere and puts the pottery into its internationalcontext. Slane's fragment. analysis also provides the basis for Magness-Gardinerto It is now clear that several specialized buildings were construct a formal pottery typology for the site. The type required for the administrationof the town, and that they series is used to illustrateboth continuitiesand discontinui- were separated from more domestic quartersby a massive ties in Tarsus'sinternal development in relation to architec- wall. Further work is necessary to clarify the nature and tural changes, and to assessthe possiblechanges in function relationshipof these structures. in variousareas of the site over time.

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 318 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 SESSION IV D: WOMEN IN GREEK AND red-figure painters and appears almost exclusively in non- ETRUSCAN ART mythologicalcontexts through the end of the fifth century B.C. The common view that these naked women are pros- titutes (cf. L. Bonfante, AJA 93 [1989] 559), or at least THETIS, NEREIDS, AND DIONYSOS: Judith M. Barrin- intended to be understood in a pornographicsense, is prob- ger, Middlebury College ably valid through the end of the Archaicperiod: they occur almostexclusively on drinkingcups, and occasionallyappear Thetis's abduction by Peleus was a popular narrativefor with olisboiand other sexual signs. Archaicand ClassicalGreek vase-painting.Although literary During the Classicalperiod, however, female bathers ap- sources describingthe myth do not mention accompanying pear in respectablecontexts. The subject now occurs com- 100 of the abduction figures, nearly vase-paintingdepictions monly on cosmetic shapes designed for use by women. By include Nereids, the sisters of Thetis. These Nereids are the 420s B.C. the naked bather is explicitly identified as a as from the attack but usuallyinterpreted fleeing on Thetis, bride on a pyxis in New York.This change accordswell with a closer examination of the relevant and artistic literary the inclusion of Eros in contemporarywedding scenes and evidence that are The closest suggests they probablydancing. the rise of the sensuous Meidianstyle. In the fourth century artistic for these are not other parallels depictions abduction B.C. topless women appear frequentlyon nuptial lekanides, but scenes. at- scenes, Dionysiacreveling Literaryevidence and the bathermoves to the mythologicalrealm, e.g., Thetis tests to a strong affiliation between Nereids and Dionysos, capturedby Peleus. and the Peleus/Thetisabduction scenes and Dionysiacscenes may also be closely related. Altars and palm trees in many of the Peleus/Thetis ab- THE AMAZON MYTH IN ARCHAIC GREECEAND ITALY: duction scenes are references to a sanctuarysetting, that is, Marilyn Y. Goldberg, University of Maryland, Bal- one sacred to Artemis, protectressof parthenoi(C. Sourvi- timore nou-Inwood,BICS 32 [1985] 125-46;JHS 107 [1987] 145- County 46). If the images of the Nereids bear strong compositional Recent scholarship has again focused attention on the similaritiesto those of Bacchae,and if the Nereids dance in myth of the Amazons.Yet this researchhas dealt primarily a sanctuaryof Artemis, what relationship, if any, is there with materialfrom Athens and the episode of the myth in between Artemis, protectress of parthenoi,and Dionysos, which the Amazonsare defeated by either Heraklesor The- leader of Bacchae? R. Seaford (JHS 108 [1988] 125-28) seus, and it has not taken into account the significanceof posits a close relationship between the two deities, noting the different media in which the Amazons were depicted. that their respective celebrations,the arkteiaand Dionysiac Of crucial importance is the construction of at least 23 revel, involve similar elements. Moreover, there is a close buildingsin Greece and Italy between ca. 530 and 480 B.C. relationshipbetween Nereids and Bacchae.Thetis is a wild with Amazonsin their sculpturaldecoration. virgin, who transforms herself into wild animals in an at- An examinationof these depictionsreveals that the figures tempt to elude Peleus'sgrasp, and is finallydomesticated by were understood differently in Athens and in Etruria. In marriage.In dancing, the Nereids and Thetis, wild women Caere and Veii, where Amazons on buildings were never because of their virginity,behave as Bacchae,who are wild shown in defeat, they were emblemsof strong female divin- women through the enchantment of Dionysos. Ino/Leuko- ities who had regenerativeas well as warlike functions and thea, a Dionysiacfigure whojumps into the sea and becomes were accompanied by a young male consort identified as a Nereid, provides a further instance of the associationof Hercle. Their identificationwith these divinities explains Nereid and Bacchae. The myth of the abduction should, their inclusionin the decorativeschemes of cineraryurns in therefore,be read as an abductiontaking place in a sanctuary Capua and Etruria.In Athens the picture is more complex of Artemis, while Nereids, including Thetis, dance in cele- because the image of the Amazons is an ambiguous one; bration of some festival. The festival may celebratethe im- they are shown both victorious and defeated. The same of Peleus and Thetis, and the Nereids thus pending nuptials of can also be detected the of serve as witnessesand escorts of Thetis a criticallife pattern ambiguity in image during Athena, as well as in the sexual between transition. these abduction scenes borrow both asymmetry upper Moreover, class women and men at the end of the Archaic In and from and dem- period. imagery meaning Dionysiacdepictions, Etruria,on the other hand, as there is no in onstrate a of the distinctionbetween and just ambiguity blurring Nereids the of the there seems to have Bacchae. depiction Amazons, been none in the position of the aristocraticwomen.

FEMALEBATHERS ON ATTIC POTTERY: Robert F. Sut- WEDDING DOLLS DEDICATED TO PERSEPHONE AND ton, Jr., Indiana University at Indianapolis THE NYMPHS: James Redfield, University of Chicago Scenes of bathing women on Attic vases, the first major group of female nudes in Greek art, are importantartistic The naked figurines found at Locriand elsewhere,wear- precursorsto Praxiteles'Knidia and provide importantevi- ing an elaborateheaddress and (often)jewelry but nothing dence for new attitudes toward female sexualityduring the else, have been taken as representationsof temple prosti- fifth century B.C. tutes. We do not, however, find them associatedwith Aph- Feminine bathing is associatedwith sensualityas early as rodite;early Locrianexamples are dedicatedto Persephone, Hesiod. Over 100 Attic vases show female figures bathing later examples to the Nymphs. Probablythese were dolls, alone and in groups. The subject is virtually restricted to and like other types of Greekdolls, were made naked so that

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 319 they could be dressed. These were peculiarin that each came SESSION IV E: COLLOQUIUM: THE ROYAL with a separablestand; evidently they were not meant to be TOMBS AT VERGINA: CONTINUING IS- carried about and played with, but to be adorned and dis- SUES played. Their pose is characteristic of the bride being adorned; I suggest that children adorned them as brides. The ancientGreeks did not makebabydolls; the doll rather THE HUMAN REMAINS FROM VERGINA TOMBS I, II, the adult life to come. At dolls like represented maturity AND III: AN OVERVIEW: Jonathan H. Musgrave, other toys might be dedicated.To dedicatea toy bride would University of Bristol be a bride's proper farewellto childhood, most probablyat the proteleia. Both Nikolaus Xirotiris and I have studied-indepen- Nymphe,"bride," also means "doll." For the Greeks the dently-the bones from Tombs I, II, and III at Vergina(see bride is woman as decorated object; she is a kind of living Xirotiris,ArchEph 1981, 142-60; and Musgrave,JHS 104 doll, handed from father to son-in-law.Another word for [1984] 60-78; CurrentTopics in Oral Biology[Bristol 1985] "doll"(or "votivefigurine," as in koroplathes)is kora,"girl"; 1-16; and BSA 85 [1990] in press). We are largelyin agree- this is also a name of Persephone,the typicalbride, snatched ment, but not entirely. My findings may be summarizedas away by her husband. But nympheis also a type of divinity, follows: typically the object of personal rather than state cult; the Tomb I contained the inhumed, unburned, and incom- nymphs are powerful figures who snatch away men. Perse- plete remainsof: 1) an apparentlywell-built but not very tall and the phone Nymphs can thus be seen as contrasting (165-166 cm) man probablyin the prime of life, 2) a young representationsof marriage. woman of ca. 25 years, and 3) a full-term fetus or neonate. I have not seen Xirotiris'report. Tomb II contained: 1) in the main chamber,the almost A FAMILYGATHERING AT RHAMNOUS?WHO'S WHO complete,cremated skeleton of a quite lightlybuilt man 160- ONTHE NEMESISBASE: Kenneth D. Shapiro Lapatin, 170 cm tall and aged 35-55 years. Changes to the right side of his face and before death and not University of California, Berkeley jaws---caused by fire-- are clearlyvisible. Xirotiris does not agree with this finding. The recent physical reconstruction of the fragmentary 2) In the antechamber: 1312 g of well-burned bone of a marblebase of Agorakritos'scult statueof Nemesis at Rham- woman aged 20-30. No baby bones were found among the nous has established that it was decorated with 14 human adult bones from the antechamber. figures carved on three sides (B. Petrakos,BCH 105 [1981] Tomb III contained 615 g of generallywell-burned bone 227-53 and Archaischeund klassischegriechische Plastik 2 belonging to an adolescent male aged 13-16, probably [Mainz 1986] 89-107). These figures, however,are at vari- nearer to 13-14. ance with the 12 apparentlynamed by Pausanias(1.33.7-8). The three collectionsof burned bone are very different Petrakosis unwilling to identify the figures on the recon- in weight of bone recoveredand skeletaldistribution. These structedbase precisely,but he does marshallarguments for differences may reflect different attitudes to the status of their relative placement and proposes that the two figures the deceased, and should certainlybe borne in mind in any not mentionedby Pausaniasare Oinoe and perhapsTheseus. attempt to identify the individuals.This is particularlyim- I revise Petrakos'srelative placementof the figures men- portant in the case of the occupants of Tomb II. Each tioned by Pausanias using a well-known Roman relief in received very different treatmentindeed. Stockholm,which I identify as a copy of the left half of the front of the original base. Employingthe evidence of con- THE VERGINA FINDS AND PROBLEMS OF DATING: temporaryvase-painting, I also propose that the newly dis- Beryl New York covered female figure positioned on the front of the base, Barr-Sharrar, Society alongside Nemesis herself, is not Oinoe, but Klytaimnestra, The controversyover datingthe grave finds from the three who should be counted Pausanias's t~ among TIv6ad'Q&Ev tombs in the Great Tumulus at Vergina has xa and is in no out of with the other persisted toS0g tacLbag way place throughout the 13 years since their in 1977. This members of her whom Pausaniasdoes name. This discovery family paper is a reexaminationof a careful selection of the finds identificationand the view that the other figure not explicitly from these tombs with the purpose of reviewing the most named by Pausaniasis Zeus support one another. Thus, I important disagreements and problems, and examining reconstructAgorakritos's as follows: the mem- composition closely some comparativematerial. Finds from Macedonian bers of Helen's family on the left half of the base (Zeus, tombs discoveredsince 1977 are, for the most part, difficult Kastor,Helen, Leda = father, son, daughter,mother) mirror to date preciselywithin the second half of the fourth century those on the (Nemesis, right Klytaimnestra,Polydeukes, B.C., although recent publicationsof some of this material Tyndareos) while the divine alternatewith the mortal. may be helpful. The striking presence of Klytaimnestraamong the mem- bers of the Spartanruling house suggests that this Athenian monument offered to Nemesis during the course of the THE FEMALE BURIAL IN THE ANTECHAMBER OF TOMB War carriesan rather than con- Peloponnesian anti-Spartan II AT VERGINA: Elizabeth D. Carney, Clemson Uni- ciliatory message. In light of the calamitous of the plague versity early 420s, moreover, the monument should also be read as acknowledgmentof the goddess's power, a warning to any The burial in the antechamberof Tomb II at Vergina overweeningspirit, that of Athens included. raises three interlockingand yet separate issues: the iden-

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 320 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 tity of the woman buried there; the problem of the owner- SESSION V A: ARCHITECTURE IN ROME ship of the objects found in the antechamber;what the AND THE PROVINCES contents of the tomb and the nature of the burial suggest about the role of royal women in Argead monarchy. Anatomical evidence cannot resolve the problem of the A LATE ANTIQUEDOMUS ON THE PALATINEHILL, of the of the antechamber, our identity occupant granted 1989-1990: Eric Hostetter, University of Illinois, limited knowledge of the ages of the two most likely candi- Champaign-Urbana dates, Cleopatra,the last wife of Philip II, and Adea-Eury- wife of Arrhidaeus. A more fruitful dice, Philip approach In 1989 and 1990, the SoprintendenzaArcheologica di lies in the evidence from the tomb in the examining physical Roma and the American Academy in Rome began large- of the knowncircumstances each light surrounding woman's scaleexcavations of an apsidalhall and associatedstructures burial. on the northeast slope of the Palatine Hill, immediately Becausethe contentsof the tomb include armorand weap- southwestof the Arch of Constantine.This area is largely ons and little the excavatorhas yet very jewelry, suggested unexplored save for excavation/landscapingin the 1930s. that the to the of the militaryequipment belongs occupant In the north half of the excavationarea, the stratigraphy main chamber. Two other alternatives exist: the military abuttingand within the apsidalhall appearsto be Mediaeval to the woman or it to neither equipmentbelonged belonged in date. In the southernhalf, severallayers may be associated of Tomb Each occupant II. possibilityrequires analysis. with the Vigna Barberini of the 17th century and later. The burial in the antechamber a amount implies certain Beneath these, sealing the south rooms of the complex, are of of women into the Macedonianmonar- integration royal fourth- and early fifth-centurydump layers containing the the constructionof the tomb that the double chy: suggests productsof a modest bone-workingestablishment. burial was and the somewhat nature of the planned parallel The buildingsunder investigationinclude the apsidalhall, male and female burials larnakesand (similar iconography) the smaller, often apsidal chambers to the south, and the also hints at some however of the sharing, unequal, image large vaultedchambers built againstthe hillside to the west. of basileia. It is still unclear whether these are associatedparts of one or more complexes.There is evidence of marblerevetment, hydraulicappurtenances, and frescoes, both Roman figural CASSANDER,ALEXANDER IV, AND THE TOMBS AT work and Mediaevalimitation marble paneling with Greek inscriptions. studyof the the VERGINA:Winthrop Lindsay Adams, University of Pending brickstamps, technique of the brick-facedconcrete construction Utah suggests dates in the third and fourth centuriesA.C. Certainunderlying walls A dozen years later,the excavationsof the GreatTumulus may date as early as the second century, while several later alterationsare at Vergina (Aigai) pose as many questions as answers,and probablyMediaeval. The characterof the later Roman some surprisinglyinteresting possibilities.Two points, how- buildings suggests an aristocraticdomus ever, are beyond doubt. First, the three burials (and the of the type represented by Santa Balbina, Sette Sale, and S. Lucia in Selcis. In the Mediaeval heroon), although of different dates, were ultimatelypart of period, the have become church. a single physical context provided by the Tumulus itself. complex may a It is hoped that future excavation will shed on the area Second, scholars immediately and unanimously identified light during the the bones of the young boy in Tomb III as those of Alex- period of transformationfrom paganismto Christianityand ander IV Aegis, the son of Alexander the Greatand the last will also reveal underlying Early Imperial predecessorson the site. Argead monarch. The debate has concerned the possible occupants of Tombs I and II, which present a bewildering display of FORVM choices. The archaeologicalevidence, thanks to the surpris- TRAIANI RESTITVTVM: NEW RECON- ing lack of epigraphicalor numismaticmaterial, has proved STRUCTIONS OF THE EXCAVATED BUILDINGS IN inconclusive for identification, to although subject partisan TRAJAN'S FoRuM:James Packer, Northwestern Uni- debate, and therefore useful to all the advocates. virtually versity This paper argues that the two universallyaccepted points the (on complex itself and Alexander IV) are crucial and Since 1973, I have reported on my studies of the Forum bound in that together the circumstancesof the burial and of Trajan in several papers: AJA 77 (1973) 223; 86 (1982) presumablythe erection of the Great Tumulus itself were 280; 87 (1983) 165-72; 90 (1986) 189-90; 91(1987) 303; the work of the same man: Cassander,the young boy'suncle 94 (1990) 313. That workhas establishedthe generaloutlines and murderer.This provides two lines of interpretationout of the architecture of the various excavated buildings; and of the maze of for possibilities Tombs I and II that would to announce the full publication of these materials in my link all three burialsand explain the context as a whole: that monograph, The Forum of Trajan in Rome:A Study of the these are the tombs of the last Argead monarchsburied at Monuments(Berkeley, forthcoming), this final paper on my or Aigai, that they are Argeads somehow connected to Cas- research in Trajan'sForum from 1972 through 1989 pre- sander himself. Archaeologicalevidence provides the pos- sents new reconstructions of the excavated buildings. sibilities,whereas art and Classicalliterary sources are the From the open area of the Forum, three steps of Numidian logical context to provide support for this contention. marble led to a Corinthian portico with a high attic. In the

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 321 semicircularhemicycle behind the Colonnade, bays sepa- funerary monuments of the region as evidence for interac- rated by pilasters flanked a central rectangularrecess. The tions among Greek, Roman, and indigenous cultures and BasilicaUlpia had a two-storiedcolumnar facade, Corinthian for external connections with the Near East. The study, below, Ionic above. On a larger scale, the high attic repro- conducted with the aid of OliviaJames (AIA) and Albright duced the atticsof the Eastand West Colonnades,and over- (ASOR)fellowships, is the first comprehensivediscussion of life-size statuaryof gilt bronze crowned the three projecting the funerary monuments of Cilicia Tracheia. Rock-cut porches. The Ionic portico served as a clerestory;and the tombs, tower tombs, temple tombs, and sarcophagi are all two opposed apses had timber-truss roofs. Flanking the found in this region, which played an intermediary role Column of Trajan, the West Librarywas a rectangularcon- between East and West due to its criticalgeographical loca- crete pavilion roofed by high groin vaults. Inside, two su- tion. Study of the history of the region and of the ruins in perimposedCorinthian colonnades flanked book niches that the area reveals influences from all directions from the housed about 22,000 scrolls. During the day, "thermalwin- earliesttimes, such as Syriaand Egypt, as well as Greece. In dows" in the vaults on all four sides of the building must spite of Hellenization, the indigenous population of the have furnished the readers inside with ample naturallight. region retained its independence. A major aim of the study is to see how local traditionsare affected by variousexternal influences. COLLIVIARIA AND SUTERAZIS: ISRAELI EVIDENCE ON The region is divided into four areas in order to establish the distributionand of the ROMAN AQUEDUCT HYDRAULICS: A. Trevor Hodge, regional chronology distinctive types of monuments. Tombs are classified as Carleton University freestanding (tower tombs and temple tombs) and rock-cut tombs. The in date from Classical Since Vitruvius's(8.6) enigmaticremarks upon colliviaria, funerary monuments,ranging the to the Roman which he specified should be inserted into siphons to release period, reflect a wide variety of burial customs. An is made to examine different the vis spiritus,much ingenuity has been expended trying to attempt but connected of the traditions identify what they were; the two most popularexplanations aspects funerary in the region. The exten- sive of the has revealed distinctive have been that they were some sort of pressurevalves in the survey region regional variationsin the architecturaland decorative siphon pipe, and that they were raised open tanks like the elements of "pressuretowers" at Aspendos. Technically,the valves will tombs. Externalinfluences identified through a comparison with Near Eastern and Greek tombs of similar not work, and the open tank, at least as exemplified at form are noted. There are close Aspendos, is something very much larger than what sounds parallels,for example, between the like, in Vitruvius'stext, a small, routine device. tower tombs of CiliciaTracheia and those of Syria, in par- In Ottoman hydraulics,the suterazi,or "water-balance," ticular the ones at Palmyraand Doura-Europos.Whether the arose was a common feature, but one known to us almost entirely types locally or were introduced from the Near East is discussed from the written descriptions, themselves rare, of 18th- or since it may provide us with a better un- of the nature interconnections 19th-centurytravelers. Essentially,it was something like a derstanding of between these small version of the Aspendos towers. Now, a study of a regions. preserved(but later)suterazi tower at Akko (Israel)suggests This study can help to show that CiliciaTracheia was not that this may be something very like Vitruvius'scolliviaria. an isolated geographicalunit cut off from the rest of Asia Minor but that there were several The identificationis supported by a series of colliviaria-type rather, routes of com- tanks, raised a meter or so above the main channel, on the munication by which it held close ties with the Anatolian It can in additionaid in northern aqueduct of Caesaraea(Israel), and is apparently plateau. defining the culturalbound- confirmedby the discoveryin 1989 of a series of tanksof an aries of this remote region and in shedding light on the true character even more suitable type on the yet unpublished southern of the land and its peoples. aqueductat Caesaraea.These seem to meet Vitruvius'sspec- ificationbut the definitiveidentification must awaitthe con- AMPHITHEATERS IN THE ROMAN LANDSCAPE: Alison firmation of similar discoveries elsewhere, for which this Futrell, of paper should provide an incentive. If they are forthcoming, University California, Berkeley then the of the can long-standingmystery colliviaria finally The of this is to define more the be declared solved. purpose paper clearly placementof amphitheatersin the of the western In the meantime, it is also hard to resist a landscape seeing parallel European provinces, as a means of the of between the suteraziand the street-cornerwater towers at gauging impact Romancivilization in terms of its abilityto impose an urban Pompeii, which, if they were served by the water mains on institutionon the countryside.Such analysiscan be mean- the suterazi principle in series and not in would parallel, ingfully done in reference to CentralPlace Theory (CPT),a acquirea new hydraulic and purpose significance. model of urbanizationinitially developed by Walter Chris- taller in the 1930s. According to CPT, inhabited landscape consists of centers and their hinterlands. Centers perform THE FUNERARY MONUMENTS OF CILICIA TRACHEIA: specificservices for those dwelling in the surroundingarea, Yasemin Arnold, Cornell University including administrative,judicial, commercial,and political functions. Higher order centers, those with a larger hinter- This paper presents the resultsof fieldworkconducted by land, would perform the same basicfunctions as lower order the author in Cilicia Tracheia in 1989-1990 to study the centers,but would have, in addition,specialized services that

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 322 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 might be utilized on a less frequent basis but by a larger many such distributedthroughout the port city, but rather segment of the regional population. as a uniquelywell-planned and architecturallywell-inte- How does this relate to the amphitheater,in particular? gratedensemble. On the basisof 19th-centuryexcavation As a typicallyRoman building type, the amphitheateris often accountsand drawings,unpublished results of soundings cited as a standard component of the Roman urbanization madein themithraeum area in the 1960s,structural analysis packageexported in tototo the provinces. If so, the amphi- of theextant remains, and recent mythographic studies, this theatershould prove a kind of "marker"for regionalcenters, paperproposes to reconstructthe decorativeprogram and as functional units of the Empire. I have compared the the activelife of the shrinein its architecturalcontext. scatter of amphitheaters to that of urban centers in four major areas: Britain, the Iberian peninsula, Gaul, and the northeasternRhine/Danube provinces. The specificityof the amphitheatricalpattern makes it clear that motivationalfac- SESSION V B: GREEK VASE PAINTING tors other than simple urbanizationdetermined the place- ment of these structures, factors such as traditionalcultic necessity, imperial expediency, financial resources (or lack ARCHONS' NAMES AND INSCRIPTIONS ON PANATHEN- thereof), and the presence of a militarizedfrontier zone. AICVASES: Richard Hamilton, Bryn MawrCollege The interactivenature of the Romanizationprocess is once again made apparent. Rome provided technologicalsophis- For most of the fourth century B.C., names of eponymous ticationand the catalystfor development, but the exchange archons were inscribed on Panathenaic amphorae. Extant produced a new creation of interpretatio provincialis. amphorae, in almost every case, also bear the inscription "from the Games at Athens," considered by scholars the markdistinguishing Panathenaic amphorae given as prizes THE LIFE OF THE SHRINE: THE MITHRAEUM OF THE at the quadrennialPanathenaic games ("prizePanathenaics") "PALAZZO IMPERIALE" AT OSTIA: Joanne M. Spurza, from other similarlyshaped and decoratedblack-figure am- the two dozen different ar- Princeton University phorae. Remarkably,among chons' names appearing on over 60 vases, none certainly Although the mithraeumof the "PalazzoImperiale" is the belongs to an archonin office during the Panathenaicgames most thoroughly studied feature of that little-knownbuild- at which the vases, filled with olive oil, were awarded as ing complex at Ostia (G. Becatti, Scavi di Ostia II: I Mitrei prizes. A. Mommsen (Feste der Stadt Athen im Altertum [Leip- [Rome 1954] 53-57), its chief attractionhas been the wealth zig 1898] 82) suggested that since the archons were respon- of small finds and artifactsfound there. Since its excavation sible for collecting the prize oil, the inscriptionsmust mark by P.E.and C.L.Viscontiin 1860-186 1, it has been celebrated each archon's quota and that the archon during a Great as an especially rich source of Mithraicstatuary and other Panathenaia was exempted because his oil had not been cult furnishings.In particular,an inscribedCautes base with harvestedby the timeof the games.This universallyaccepted the consulardate of A.D. 162 (CILXIV, 58, 59) makesit the theory rests on several untested assumptions, ignores the earliestof the firmlydated mithraeaat Ostia.Another Ostian testimony of the Aristotelian Constitution of the Athenians inscription(CIL XIV, 66), referring to a cryptaof a palatium (our best witness to the mechanicsof the prize-giving),and reused as a Mithraicshrine, possibly in the time of Com- raises a number of difficult questions, hitherto for the most modus, has long (and erroneously)been taken as evidence partunformulated. Moreover, an amphorawas recently ex- for the identificationof this building complex as a whole. cavated bearing the name of an archon probablyin office It is argued in this paper that, on the contrary,what makes during the Great Panathenaia. It seems more likely that the the mithraeum of the "Palazzo Imperiale" exceptional archons'names, like many eventuallycanonical elements of among Ostian examples is the fact that it does not make use the standardPanathenaic iconography, were official only in of such a reworked space. Of the ca. 17 documented mith- the sense that they were part of that year'sdesign selected raea at Ostia, all but this one were installed in preexisting by the athlothetaiin awarding the contract for making the structures,as for example in the back rooms of insulae or prize amphorae. The inscription"from the Games at Ath- horrea,or the subterraneanservice corridor of a publicbath. ens" is equally decorative and so should not be used as the A study of the Palazzo'sbuilding historyshows that its mith- criterionmarking prize Panathenaics. raeumand connected antechamberswere designed and built as a unit. They formed an integral part of the expansion program that incorporated nearby structures to create a THE ORNAMENTALITY OF NATURE IN EARLY GREEK large-scalemultipurpose establishmenton the riverside in ART: Jeffrey M. Hurwit, University of Oregon the second half of the second century A.C. This included the well-appointedmithraeum with its unusually elaborate The paper examines a series of Archaic and Early Classical set of antechambers.As such, the Palazzo'sMithraic suite vase paintings that seem to question (or wittily blur) the shows a more sophisticated system of controlled access from distinction between elements of landscape (such as the trees outside the building and from various points within than is or vines often found within pictorial scenes) and ornament found in the usual more makeshift arrangements.Further (such as the floral patternsoften found at the boundariesof elaborationis seen in the presence of a secondaryshrine to those scenes). There is, it is argued, a significant conceit in Silvanus, marked by a vivid polychrome niche mosaic de- Archaic art that plays upon the ornamentality of nature and picting the deity (Helbig4I, 1145), whose significancein this the naturalistic values of ornament. context has not been fully explored. The Palazzo'smith- On many vases (especially early ones, such as the Protoattic raeum is viewed here not as an isolated cultic unit, one of Eleusis amphora) the status of isolated floral motifs that

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 323 haphazardly fill pictorial fields around the figures hovers ings (AntK 19 [1976] 3-18) when he observed a connection ambiguously between vegetation and "pure" ornament. On between epic history and contemporary Athenian politics. later vases (such as the "Northampton amphora" once in The Kleophrades Painter's hydria in Naples stands at the Castle Ashby) birds strut or rabbits run amid palmettes that apex of a long tradition of narrative expressions inspired by were normally treated as purely formal, subsidiary motifs, the Trojan War. But earlier painters were also captivated by transforming them into "real" vegetation by their very pres- the events in Troy and developed ingenious solutions to this ence. On a black-figure amphora in Boston, a satyr, having complicated and significant narrative. Their interest in this climbed a great arbor within a Dionysiac vintage scene, violent theme had sharpened long before the sack of Athens, probes the conventional lotus-palmette band that borders and the work of the Kleophrades Painter is only one mani- the top of the panel with his hand, testing its "nature." On festation of an Athenian artist intrigued by an ageless de- a red-figure krater by the Tyszkiwicz Painter in Boston, struction. otherwise standard lotus-palmette patterns at the handles Individual events from the Sack were combined into visual have been given sturdy tree trunks, rooting them to the narratives as early as Lydos, but the most provocative treat- groundline and thus transforming them from elements of ment of the theme occurs within the Leagros Group and the ornament into elements of landscape. red-figure painters who emerge from and follow it. Sup- The conceit-the purposeful fusion or nonfusion of na- ported by a corpus of approximately 300 vases gathered as ture and ornament-that plays on these and other works research for my dissertation on the treatment of Iliupersis may be an important clue to the general Greek conception themes in Attic vase-painting, I show that at least two other and representation of the natural world. But it is suggested early red-figure painters, Oltos and Onesimos, dealt aggres- as well that the phenomenon reveals as much about early sively with this monumental theme in their own complex Greek attitudes toward art as toward nature, and that the narratives. Yet these painters were surpassed in expression Archaic vase painter in particular was self-consciously ar- by certain members of the Leagros Group, whose fascination guing for the essential ornamentality of all art. with the gruesome aspects of the story evokes a particular sensibility different from that of most painters who fell under the spell of the Epic Cycle. What accounts for these THE BOAR HUNT IN CORINTHIAN POTTERY: Elizabeth Late Archaic developments in iconography established out- Langridge, Princeton University side of Athens? Why the emphasis upon dynastic imagery as expressed by the murders of Priam, Astyanax, and Troilos? The focus of this is Corinthian from the paper pottery The vases show that unlike other myths popular in both middle of the seventh when boar hunts first century B.C., legend and art (Theseus, for example), where Troy is con- on Corinthian the first of appear pottery, through quarter cerned the visual evidence appears to diverge from corre- the sixth B.C., when Attic to century pottery begins depict sponding textual developments. While the two were closely the boar hunt. There have been studies of the iconographic connected, they were not bound, and when it came to a boar hunt, but these have concentrated on the primarily choice of theme and presentation, the painters may have Attic material and have viewed other material in its only relied on each other more than on Calliope or Terpsichore. relationship to Attic pottery. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the Corinthian pottery depicting the boar hunt springs from a different iconographic tradition. VISUAL REPEATED ON A large amount of Attic pottery portrays the Calydonian REDUNDANCY: SUBJECTS Boar Hunt, often identified as such by inscriptions. The only ATHENIAN VASES: Ann Steiner, Franklin and Mar- boar hunt that we recognize on pottery, it is often assumed shall College to appear on Attic and other vases with otherwise unidenti- fiable boar hunts. However, the Corinthian tradition of rep- The phenomenon of a single subject appearing on two or the boar hunt resenting begins substantially earlier than the more fields of a vase is one that has received little scholarly Attic tradition; inscriptions on Corinthian vases lack all the attention. Yet it is a relatively common occurrence: of 3,700 characters known to us from the primary Calydonian Hunt, attributed vases with figural representation dating to the both on vases and in and the names that literature; do appear early Archaic period (ca. 600-530 B.C.), J.D. Beazley lists are as frequently names that exist in the historical record as nearly 600 with subjects repeated in more than one field. are These all that they purely mythological. suggest strongly Some of these repeated subjects are individual figures, and Corinthian does not the Boar pottery portray Calydonian others are apparently narrative scenes populated by anony- but falls within a local tradition of The Hunt, representation. mous figures. Still others are specific mythological episodes. paper ends with the exploration of the possibilities of iden- This paper attempts to ascertain what this sort of restate- tifying the boar hunt depicted on Corinthian pottery, by ment means in the language of Athenian vase-painters. Dis- utilizing what we know of local taste and tradition. cussion focuses on the mythological episodes. Examples demonstrate that there are three types of redundancy: that, very rare, where two or more scenes are completely identical; ATHENS AND TROY: THE ILIUPERSIS IN ATTIC VASE- that which shows narrative progression, where two or more PAINTING: Mary L. Hart, University of California, scenes depict earlier and later moments in a single event; Los Angeles and that which is comparative and is probably not, in fact, repetition of the same subject. The last examples couple an Why were Athenian vase-painters so fascinated by the aggressively mythological event, complete with identifying legends of Troy? Fourteen years ago John Boardman attributes and even inscriptions, in one field with what are opened the door to a new approach to narrative vase-paint- apparently non-divine and non-heroic protagonists engaged

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 324 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 in the same activity on the other. In these instances, the front of the body. The closest parallelis a phormiskosfrom mythologicalversion may serve as a paradigmfor the actors Metapontumpublished by R. Hampe (AA 1976, 192-202), in the more neutral scene (cf. C. Berard, "Iconographie- which is now in the Tampa Museumof Art. Iconology-Iconologique,"Etudes des Lettres [1983] 5-37 and In style the decorationof the Morgantinavase is Middle I. Scheibler,"Bild und Gefiss,"JdI 102 [1987] 57-118). Corinthian,but the fabric is definitely not. Its buff, semi- This last categoryreceives most extensive treatmenthere. coarse clay is painted with a dark brown matt slip enlivened I explore the broad implicationsthat proper understanding with incision. On the front encircling the opening is a wri- of these examples has for understanding the entire visual thing, scaly hydra with a minimum of six heads. It is con- corpus. Clearlyscholars have tended to label some scenes as fronted at the left by a sphinx, identifiableby her polos, mythologicalwhen they are actuallyonly very like mytholog- sickle-shapedwing, and tail. On the other side of the hydra ical scenes. I contend that this mislabelinghappens outside a deer (?) moves to the right. The backof the vase preserves the realm of supposedly "redundant vases" as well. As a a tall tree with luxuriantfoliage at the edge of an oval blob result, our mistakenoverprecision has obscured for us the too large to be a rosette and not incised like the others accessibilityand paradigmaticvalue of many scenes to sixth- scatteredover the vase'ssurface. Here we have a depiction, century Athenians. With recognition of the subtle distinc- rare in Greek art, of a specific locale: the swamp of Lerna tions between subjectson a single vase, we are better able to and the plane tree that served as the lair of the hydra (Paus. understand the underlying role of the implied-but-absent 2.37.4-5). mythologicalparadigm in a great deal of ArchaicAthenian Such vasesalmost certainly served as containersfor astrag- iconography. aloi, as Hampe has demonstrated.This function is related to funeraryimagery often found on Atticblack-figure phor- miskoi (0. Touchefeu-Meynier,RA 1972, 93-102), since NARRATIVE STRATEGY IN EUPHRONIOS: H. Alan knuckleboneswere used not only in games but also in divi- Shapiro, Stevens Institute of Technology nation, and are found in tombs from Sicilyto South Russia. Since the site of Herakles' second labor was also one of An exhibition of works by Euphronios,held during 1990 the proverbialentrances to the Underworld,the in Arezzo and Paris, offers an opportunity to reconsider Morgantina phormiskos a of form, func- aspectsof iconographyand narrativetechnique. It is represents unique congruence striking tion, and decoration. how often Euphroniosfills both sides of a vase with a single subject.Good examplesare the Geryoncup in Munich(2620: ARV 16, 17) and the Acropolis cup (176: ARV 17, 18) with the Wedding of Peleus and Thetis. Of his large pots, the SESSION V C: PREHISTORIC MEDITERRA- best example is the volute-kraterin Arezzo (1465: ARV 15,6) NEAN TRADE with Herakles and Telamon fighting the Amazons. This seemingly obvious device is in fact revolutionary.In all of black-figure there is only one real precedent, the LINEAR B EVIDENCE FOR THE MYCENAEAN USE OF central band on the Frangois Vase with the Wedding of THE SEA: Thomas G. Palaima, of Texas Peleus and Thetis. Significantly, Euphronios revived this University at Austin outdated version of the Wedding with the chariots of the gods in procession,to fill both sides of his Acropoliscup. In this paper I interpret the evidence in the Linear B Recent discussionsof Archaicnarrative have distinguished tablets about how the Mycenaeans made use of the sea. the "cyclical"(e.g., Theseus Cycle cups) from the "continu- Positive evidence: a) Terms possibly connected with mar- ous," in which two moments in the same story are depicted itime matters: occupational designations e-re-ta, e-re-e-u (?), on a single vase, with one majorfigure repeated(H. Froning, na-u-do-mo,de-ku-tu-wo-ko, ta-ra-za-po-ro (?), po-ti-ro (?) and JdI 103 [1988] 169-99). Euphronios's is neither of strategy materials:ka-ko (?). formed from these two, but another, called here "unifiednarrative." The na-wi-jo b) Anthroponyms roots pertainingto the sea or nauticalactivities: a mere seven two scenes take place simultaneously,but spatially a little names have been securelyconnected with maritimematters. apart (Amazon reinforcements running up, in Arezzo; c) Non-local ethnica (i.e., in texts of one but Geryon'scattle grazing as their masterdies, in Munich).Thus region, referring to places in other regions most likely to be reached the architectureof the vase helps rather than hinders the by sea): telling of a complex story. as-ku-pt-ti-jo,ku-pi-ri-jo, mi-ra-ti-ja, ze-pu2-ra-o, ki-ni-di-ja, ki-si-wi-ja(?), ra-mi-ni-ja,ki-ra-di-ja (?), ku-pa-si-ja(?), ke-re- si-jo, te-qa-ja,za-ku-si-ja/-jo, ku-te-ras. d) Foreign goods and materials A SICILIAN PHORMISKOSFROM MORGANTINA:Jenifer (e.g., spices, ivory, ku-wa-no,bronze, etc.) often Neils, Case Western Reserve University designated by loan words the source languages of which can be connected with overseas cultures. At the end of the 1959 season of Princeton University's Negative evidence: a) Maritime trade. The Mycenaean excavationsat Morgantina,an unusual vase was found on texts provide almost no direct evidence for the management the Cittadella,the site of the Archaiccity. In shape, decora- of extra-regional trade whether by sea or land. The word tion, and function, it is thus far unique among the ceramic te-qa-de on tablet X 508 from the House of the Shields at productsof early Sicily. Mycenae may refer to Boeotian Thebes, but the cloth re- Although fragmentary,the form can be restoredas a pear- corded as te-qa-de may have been transported at least par- shaped vessel, variouslyknown as a bottle (Payne)or phor- tially over land via Mycenaean built road networks miskos.A rare shape, the Morgantinaexample is even more sufficiently attested in the Argolid and Boeotia. The most distinctivein that it preserves a rectangularopening on the secure direct evidence for short-distance sea transport of

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 325 goods now seems to be the texts of the Thebes sealings that trade models. Althoughit has been more than 25 years since deal with livestockor livestockproducts and featureEuboean Cann and Renfrewintroduced the use of elemental analysis toponyms and references to Thebes, thereby seeming to for determining the provenance of obsidian artifacts, the indicate shipment of animals or materialsacross the water study presented here is the first major attempt to model from Euboeato Boeotia.b) Fishing.There are no references obsidianexchange in the WesternMediterranean. The mea- to fish or fishermen.The term de-ku-tu-wo-ko[on Un 1322.2 surement of either minor or trace elements using minimally relates to the manufactureof nets. However, the context is destructivetechniques is sufficientto differentiatethe island ambiguous (entries of GRA, NI, and *146), and the first sources of Lipari, Palmarola,and Pantelleria,and the mul- element can mean a net for fishingor for hunting (an activity tiple flows of Monte Arci in Sardinia.The analysisof statis- with a relatively certain Mycenaean attestation:ku-na-ke- ticallysignificant samples from a large numberof sites allows ta-i PY Na 248). c) Organizationof a militaryor commercial for the study of exchange systems in discrete spatial zones fleet. We have no specific evidence regarding the building, during specifictime periods. maintenance, operation, or control of commercial ships. Distributionpatterns for six cultural periods, beginning There are many series dealing with other militarymatters, about 6000 B.C., have been determined for Sardinia,Cor- but no texts deal with Mycenaeanwar-fleets, not even in the sica, France, Italy, Sicily,and North Africa. These data are archivesof the palace at Pylos,which controlleda region for then tested using mathematicalmodels developed by Hod- which a navaldefense presumablywould have been vital. At der and Renfrew to determine fall-off rates of obsidian Pylos secure information is provided by a few texts (PY An frequency in these regions. In addition to comparisonwith 1, An 610, An 724) that list large numbers of rowers (e-re- other prehistoricexchange systems, these models are used ta) with specific military,administrative, and geographical to infer diachronicchanges in socialorganization and to test associations. hypotheses regarding the development of politically con- Ships may have been built and maintainedin seasideareas strained economic networks.The data are also used to in- (cf. Minoan Kommos) remote from the palatialworkshops dicate which sites may have served as redistributivecenters, (NortheastWorkshop at Pylos) and arsenals(the Arsenal at and to identify preferentialtrade routes between the island Knossos)that worked on or housed the militaryequipment sources and mainlandsettlements. recorded in the survivingtablets. Shipbuilders (na-u-do-mo) are listed on two fragmentaryPY texts (Vn 865, Na 568), unfortunatelywithout any extant place designation. Alter- LATE BRONZE AGE CONNECTIONS: A LOOK AT GOLD the main season for natively, centrallyorganized ship repair AND GLASS: Christine Lilyquist, Metropolitan Mu- and maintenancemay have passed. Compare references in seum of Art the Pylos tablets to rowers, the month "of sailing"(PY Fr 1218, 1221, 1232, and Tn 316), and measures connected For a republicationof the tomb of Tuthmosis III's three with a possible naval emergency at Pylos, which, taken to- Asiaticwives at Thebes, the speakerhas undertakena broad gether, imply that the sailing season was underwaywhen the survey of mid-second millennium B.C. luxury goods in tablets were Pylos written. The KN V(5) set may offer evi- Egypt, the Levant,and the Aegean. Two of the three major dence for a similardeduction regardingpart of the Knossos foci have been jewelry and glass, the latter in whatever archives. format it can be recognized today. Personalexamination of objectsfound in Mesopotamiaand landsbordering or within the easternMediterranean have yielded the followingobser- BRONZE AGE SHIPS AND RIGGING: H.S. Georgiou, vations: 1) glass occurs more widely from 1600-1300 B.C. University of California, Irvine in small objects than is generally recognized by archaeolo- gists, and is used with considerableskill; 2) glass and gold Some well-ingrained exist sail- misconceptions regarding objects found in disparate places sometimes exhibit such ing in the Bronze These stem from both ancient Age. literary similar and unusual techniques or characteristicsthat one sources and interpretationsof naval technology predating must conclude that they belong to a koine (following Max- the discoveryof the ship processionfresco in the WestHouse well-Hyslop), which does not, however, necessarily imply at Akrotiri,Thera. The abilityof Bronze boats to sail to Age limited production centers (against Barag and Nolte). windward is analyzed here by examining the rigging. De- Whether the similarities observed indicate chronological scriptionsin the are matched with fac- Odyssey geographical contemporaneityas well as the closed nature of industries tors. The goal is to shed some light on the ways in which that produced expensive, status-givingobjects is still being maritime exchanges and passages could have been under- investigated,using both traditionaldating and the new 1626 taken in the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age. B.C. date for Thera.

THE OBSIDIAN TRADE IN PREHISTORIC ITALY: RE- LINEAR A AND THE MINOAN WINE TRADE: Ruth CONSTRUCTING SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ORGANI- Palmer, College of Wooster ZATION BY MODELING EXCHANGE: Robert H. Tykot, Harvard University The appearance of Linear A in the Cyclades has been interpreted as a sign of direct Minoan control over these The analysisof several hundred pieces of archaeological islands.But it is equallylikely that the LinearA scriptspread obsidian by electron microprobeand by laser ablationmass from Crete through trade. A combinationof epigraphical spectrometrymakes possible the reconstructionof socioeco- and archaeologicalevidence points to a trade in wine be- nomic organizationin prehistoric Italy through the use of tween Crete and the Cyclades.

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 326 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 The majorityof Linear A inscriptionsfrom the Cyclades in 1977 within an LH IIIA context at Tiryns. In publishing are single words or ideogramsincised into pottery.The wine the figurine, Haevernick concluded that it was of Syrian ideogram appears on a storage vessel from Kea, and on rather than Egyptian origin (AA 94 [1979] 405, 443, 447, pithoi from Crete itself. The Kea inscriptionconsists of a figs. 30, 55a-c). This assignationhas either not been ques- compound sign based on the wine ideogram;this compound tioned or has been ignored by subsequentresearchers. Con- occurs elsewhere only at Zakros in East Crete. Finds from tra Haevernick, the Tiryns figurine is clearly an 18th- the palace and town at Zakrosindicate that this center spe- DynastyEgyptian product. As such, it immediatelygains an cialized in wine production. A large pithos in the palace importancefar greater than its minute size would indicate. magazinesbears the wine ideogramand a numeral,followed It will be of primaryinterest to those following Betancourt's by two long lines of text. In the nearby town, six houses revised dating system for the LBA Aegean, which suggests containwine-making installations consisting of a spouted tub that the LH/LM IIIAl period lasted from Thutmose III's set on a platform, and a vessel placed below it. The large reign into Amenhotep III's reign (Archaeometry29 [1987] villa at Ano Zakrohas an elaborateseries of tubs and tanks 47). for large-scaleproduction. A second small blue faience monkey or ape figurine bear- The evidence of production, storage, and recording of ing the cartouche of Amenhotep II (Aa-Kheperu-Re)was wine at Zakros,and of the compound sign for wine found discoveredby Tsountas somewhereon the acropolisat My- at both Zakrosand Kea, points to a trade in wine between cenae. An Egyptianorigin has never been doubted, but the Zakros and the Cyclades. Linear A words and ideograms figurine cannot be used for chronologicalpurposes due to describing wine and other commodities would have been the uncertaintyof its find context. transmittedthrough trade ratherthan through bureaucracy. These two Egyptian figurines inscribedwith a royal car- touche can be interpreted as votive objects, gaming pieces, or simple ornaments. They may be considered heirlooms, AEGEAN TEXTILES AND TEXTILE TRADE: Elizabeth bric-a-brac,or concreteevidence of relationsbetween Amen- Barber, Occidental College hotep II and the Aegean. They are certainlyof prime im- portance to scholars studying the nature and extent of The is a bad for the Aegean particularly place preservation contacts between Egypt and the Aegean during the Late of textiles-but that does not mean that textiles interesting Bronze Age. The Tiryns figurine at least will be an integral were not there. 15 of research on the produced My years part of future discussionson this topic. early textile industries of Europe and the Near East show thatthe Minoansand Mycenaeanshad inheriteda richtextile technology, and produced ornate textiles both for them- SESSION V D: ARCHAEO- selves and for a thriving trade to Egypt. COLLOQUIUM: Evidence from numerous sites shows that Aegean textiles LOGICAL RESEARCH AT THE AMERICAN were regularlyproduced on a warp-weightedloom, and that SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT the history of this mechanismgoes back to the sixth millen- ATHENS nium B.C. in south-centralEurope, where people were pro- ducing elegantly decorated textiles already in the Neolithic. Troy, with its 10,000 spindle-whorlsand its loom area full RECENT EXCAVATIONS AT CORINTH: Charles K. Wil- of tiny gold beads, was no less involved in textile-manufac- liams, II, American School of Classical Studies at ture than the Minoan cities and villas, where loom weights Athens have come to light by the hundreds. A careful assessment of the Minoans'representations of This paper coversthe activitiessince 1980 of the American their own cloth and clothing shows us their favoritetypes of School of ClassicalStudies in ancient Corinth. The intent is textile and patterns, also demonstrates that these patterns to give an overviewof the most recent scholarshipinvolving are most woven easily by techniques developed in Europe Corinth. Because the focus of excavationin the recent past different from those in (very developed Egypt and the Lev- has been on Roman remains, the paper emphasizes the ant). Egyptianrepresentations of imported Minoan textiles, progress being made in the study of the Roman city and both on "Keftiu"porters and on certain tomb ceilings that new insights thus achieved. of representcanopies patternedrugs, correspondwell to the Of special interest are the Roman projectsthat individual native Minoan representations,and add much new infor- scholars have undertaken. K. Slane has put precision into mation-about patterns, color schemes, trade, and the the CorinthianRoman pottery chronology with her manu- changes wrought by the Mycenaeans. The result of this script on the materialfrom the AcrocorinthDemeter sanc- analysisis a remarkablydetailed picture showing the great tuary,and has further refined our understandingof Roman importance of what once seemed to be a lost Bronze Age potteryby her workon the many tons from the theater area. industry. In fact, the Demeter Sanctuary,now in its final stages of publication,should supply much new material as grist for the scholarly mill, including architecturaland coroplastic, THE FAIENCE FIGURINES OF AMENHOTEP II AT for both the Greek and the Roman periods. C. Edwardshas TIRYNS AND MYCENAE: Eric Cline, University of identified a series of marble reliefs that show captives, tro- Pennsylvania phies, and sacrificeas belonging to the main Roman arched entrance into the Corinthian forum, thus giving to it a A small blue faience monkey figurine bearing the car- triumphaliconography. D. Romano has delineated the Ro- touche of Amenhotep II (Aa-Kheperu-Re)was discovered man road plan of the city as a north-south/east-west grid,

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 327 despite the off-axis turn of the forum. A revamped chro- The 1990 season of excavations at Halai, supported in nology for the temples and associatedstructures at the west part by grants from the National Endowment for the Hu- end of the forum now makes it easier to determine the manities and the Institute for Aegean Prehistory,focused significantbuilding periods and programsin this area. on the earliestand latestoccupations of the site, the Neolithic The excavationsin the area immediatelyeast of the theater and the Late Roman/EarlyByzantine. The site was partly have been a rich source of information about the domestic excavatedby Goldmanand WalkerKosmopoulos earlier in life of Roman colonists in Greece, the outstandingelements the century. Neolithic deposits are accessiblein the temple being the pottery, the figurines, and the wall frescoes. Of area, our Area F, at the northwestside of the site because significance also is the new excavation around Temple E, the earlier excavationsremoved later deposits from above the identificationof which has been a majorpoint of contro- them. In one 4 x 4 m trench we excavatedan ashy deposit versy both in the topography of the city and in the type of and cleared walls and an oven of an early stage of the Late cult for which it was erected. Neolithic period. Two meters or more of deposit lie beneath this level. Other trenches probed the horizontal extent of the Neolithic deposits. To date, no prehistoricmaterial has RECENTEXCAVATIONS IN THE ATHENIANAGORA: been recognizedin survey or excavationfrom Halai that we T. Leslie Shear, Jr., Princeton University and Amer- would date later than the LN I phase. ican School of Classical Studies at Athens In its latest periods, the town of Halaiapparently followed the same rectangular grid originally laid out in Classical The American School of ClassicalStudies resumed exca- times. The latest occupationwas tested in trenches in Areas vations in 1989 and 1990 at the northwest corner of the C and H, near the center of the acropolis.Extensive remains Athenian Agora. Excavationswere conducted on two prop- of at least two houses were investigated,containing deposits erties lyingjust east and just west of the area exposed in the primarily of Late Roman (350-650) and Middle Roman early 1980s. The Byzantine levels in the western section (150-350) date. Our current hypothesis,which will be tested yielded the complete plans of two private houses, each con- in future seasons,is that all the domestic structuresat Halai sistingof severalsmall rooms clusteredabout a centralcourt- predate the earlier church, which, unlike them, makes use yard. Superimposed foundations on various different of concrete in its construction. alignments suggest that both houses were rebuilt several times on the same sites. Three principal phases could be distinguishedin the architecturalremains, and by the use of EXCAVATIONS AT NEMEA: Stephen G. Miller, Univer- numismaticevidence it was possible to chart the history of sity of California, Berkeley these phases from the ninth to the 13th century A.C. The courtyard well of one house produced a large quantity of Workat Nemea during 1989 and 1990 has focused upon household pottery of the 10th century, and a coin showed the preparationof final publicationsof the results of exca- that the well had gone out of use about A.D. 1035. vationsbeginning in 1974. This has involvedfieldwork which Beneath the Byzantinelevels partsof severalRoman build- can be separated into two categories. The first of these ings have come to light. Most interestingis the small temple consists of study of materialand monuments found longer of Augustan date, and of Roman podium type, one corner ago. The prime example is the series of marble and hard of which had been uncovered in 1981. The heavy poros limestone blocks that were discovered in 1924 reused in foundations for its prostyle porch and for its western flank various parts of the Early Christian Basilica south of the wall are well preserved while other parts of the structure Temple of Zeus. The temporary removal of these blocks were rebuilt in late antiquity. Pieces of its marble Ionic from their reused positions is allowingthe careful measure- colonnade show that the order was not only closely copied ment, drawing,and photographingthat will enable a recon- from the north porch of the Erechtheum, but the propor- structionof their original use in the early Hellenistic period tions of the columns and the width of the stylobate were as a massive base for a large group of bronze sculpture evidently reproduced deliberatelyat about 75% the size of locatedon foundationsat the southeastcorner of the Temple the original. The slightly earlier Temple of Roma and Au- of Zeus. During this work a part of the signature of the gustus on the Acropolis forms an exact parallel, but the sculptorwas discoveredas well as an unassociatedfragment delicate carving of the anthemion at the top of the Ionic of a sacrificialtable bearing a dedicatoryinscription. shaft compares more closely with the contemporaryRoman The second categoryof fieldworkconsists of the removal repairs to the Erechtheumitself. of earth in and around the stadium. Most of this was re- moved from beneath the modern road that had bisectedthe stadium'strack until its closure in 1989. This work revealed EXCAVATIONS AT HALAI IN LOKRIS: John E. Coleman, few surprises,but the unificationof the whole stadium,save Cornell University for the eroded northern end that can never be recovered, with its curving sidesjustifies the effort. The Cornell Halai and East Lokris Project(CHELP) is a At the western end of the entrance tunnel, landscaping long-term investigationof an area of ca. 185 km2 centered work to arrange for the visitors'entrance to the site led to on ancient Halai, near modern Theologos. Initialsurveys in the discovery of the "SacredWay," which must have con- 1988 and 1989, under the joint direction of William M. nected the Sanctuaryof Zeus with the stadium,separated by Murray,University of South Florida, and the speaker,pro- about 300 m, and approached the stadium from the north. duced, among other things, a collection of artifactsof dif- At the head of this road, andjust outside the entrancetunnel, ferent periods that are serving as a baseline for excavations lies a newly discovered building, dating to the last quarter at Halai and elsewhere. of the fourth century B.C., and measuring about 13.50 x

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 328 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 16 not it had at m. Although yet fully uncovered, certainly EXCAVATIONSAT PSEIRA, 1990: Philip P. Betancourt, least 10 interior Doric columns and a centralcourt. perhaps Temple University, Costis Davaras, Archaeological The Laconian tiles of its roof include two series stamped Institute of Crete, Richard with the names of the manufacturers.Although the precise Hope Simpson, Queen's and Hamilton function of this building is not yet known, it is clear that no University, John McEnroe, College one could enter the tunnel without this build- going through The 1990 seasonof excavationsat Pseiratook and its intimateconnection to the stadiumand the place in July ing, games and under the direction of Betancourt and is clear. It is best understood as like a early August perhaps something Davaras.Work concentrated on the Minoan settlement and locker room or apodyterion. in the larger of two Minoandams on Pseira Island. In the settlement,the plan of the town squarewas revealed to the extent the remainsallow. On the the THE 1990 EXCAVATIONSAT KAVOUSI, CRETE: William surviving north, squareis bounded by the PlateiaHouse, the largestbuilding D.E. Coulson, American School of Classical Studies in the town. Additionalbuildings front on the open area on at Geraldine C. of Ten- Athens, Gesell, University the west and east. The squareis much larger than originally nessee, and Leslie Preston Day, Wabash College thought, with set-backsalong the eastern side expanding it to an east-west width of 30 m. On the south, The final season of excavationsat Kavousiin east Crete approximately the facadewas destroyed by activityin the Byzantine took in the summer of 1990 and concentrated building place upon but it was over 20 m long north to south. Finds show the settlementon the Kastroand the lower settlement period, upper that the buildingshere went out of use in LM IB. of Vronda. On the Kastro, work took on the east, place A newly discovered house was partly explored, and its north, and west and in the area of the false slopes, peak. complete excavation awaits the final season next Excavations revealed a series of narrow rooms on project's long, year. Among the finds of this rich buildingwere the remains terraces the on the surrounding building complexes peak of an upstairsfloor consisting of red-painted excavated Harriet in 1900. On the east a plaster strips by Boyd slope, forming a rectangulargrid, with the central panels in some large structure of five rooms was cleared. On the floor of material. the centralroom were found two column baseswith a hearth perishable The largestof two dams on the islandwas excavatedunder between them and a bin in one corner. The room has a the of It was built in MM III to similar to the so-called at Dreros and supervision Hope Simpson. configuration temples LM I, and it went out of use in LM IB. Built as a wall Prinias.To the north was found a narrowroom with an oven triple of blockswith in between,the dam was in one a kitchen. Rooms continued around large packing capped corner, perhaps with stone slabs.It wasstill in times, to the north where a series of well-built stairs were large standing Byzantine slope and its upper parts were reused at that time. found leading to a higher terrace. On the west slope, tests were made beneath the floors of rooms. In two areas, large of LM were one of these was deposits IIIC pottery found; TERRA INCOGNITA NO LONGER: ARCHAEOLOGICAL associatedwith a thick destructionlevel. Chronologically,the SURVEY IN GREVENA: Carleton Col- Kastrocan now be seen to have been occupied almost con- Mary Savina, tinuously from the LM IIIC to EarlyOrientalizing periods. lege, Stanley E. Aschenbrenner, University of Min- Excavationsat Vronda revealed more of the LM IIIC nesota, Duluth, and Nancy Wilkie, Carleton College settlementand graves of the Late Geometricperiod. On the summitof the hill, investigationof BuildingsC and D showed Until the Grevena Projectbegan its survey of the nomos more houses than originallythought, all with severalbuild- of Grevena in 1987, the area was properly called "Terra ing phases. One large rectangularroom has a platform in Incognita."Chance finds had revealed the existence of an- the corner and stone supports for the roof. Remains of cient occupationat a smallnumber of sites in the nomos, but burned wooden beams near the supports reveal that this no systematicsurvey or excavationhad been undertaken.In building, unlike the others at Vronda, suffered a fiery de- addition, the lack of references to the region in the ancient struction. On and near the platform were found animal literatureled modern scholarsto ignore its ancient past. As figurinesand fine LM IIIC pottery.Another room had been a result the Grevena Projectwas designed as an all-period, disturbed by a Late Geometric cremation cist, which con- interdisciplinarysurvey covering the entire nomos, an area tained a splendid rock-crystalbead. Other cremation cists of approximately 2,500 km2 stretching from the Pindos were found to the southwest,one with an EarlyOrientalizing Mountainson the east. The Aliakmon River, which drains aryballos,the other preservingthe beams of the pyre at the the Grevenabasin, runs through the dissected plains in the bottom. West of the summit, Building I was further ex- central part of the nomos. plored, and it is now clear that severalstructures with at least In the course of their investigation,members of the Grev- two phases are represented there. On a terrace to the west ena Projecthave investigated more than 300 sites throughout are three new rooms, all connected by doorways.The north- the nomos. They range in date from Early Neolithic to ern room has a hearth on the floor, and the presence of Modern. The Early Neolithic sites are generally located on burned mudbrickssuggests destruction by fire. The three or near the major rivers in the nomos, which seem to have rooms produced much fine LM IIIC pottery. Two more served as communicationroutes. Bronze Age sites, on the rooms were found on a lower terrace to the west. One of other hand, are in more diverse locations. Moreover,this is these rooms was entered by a staircasethrough the doorway, the earliest period for which there is any archaeological and on its floor were large fragments of the same krater evidence that transhumantpastoralism may have been prac- found on the terrace above. Explorationnorth of Building ticed. I brought to light one of Boyd'smissing tholos tombsburied In conjunctionwith the archaeologicalsurvey, members under a rock pile. of the Grevena Projecthave also undertaken studies of the

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 329 geology, geomorphology, and palaeoecologyof the nomos. shift of their capital from Petra to Bostra, has long been Other studies have focused on agriculture,pastoralism, and known,but poorlyunderstood. Recent analyses of numerous demography. The interdisciplinarynature of the project inscriptionsfrom the lava lands of southern Syria,archaeo- combined with the study of the recent as well as ancient logical investigationsat such important sites as Bostra, Si'a, historyof the nomos should help to reveal the way in which Umm el-Jimal,and others throughout the Hauran, studies the inhabitantsof Grevena have interactedwith their land- of the socioeconomiccharacter of settlementsin the region, scape over the past 8,000 years. and reexaminationsof literarysources have shed new light on this historicalevent. This presentationsynthesizes these TOPOGRAPHICALRESEARCH AT THE AMERICAN new data in support of the thesis that the Nabataeansdid not colonize southern Rather, their SCHOOLOF CLASSICALSTUDIES: McK. actually Syria. political John Camp, presence in Bostra appears to have triggered a Graeco- II, American School of Classical Studies at Athens Nabataean acculturationand concomitant sedentarization the Arab tribes of the Topographical research has long been an area of partic- among indigenous region. ular strength at the American School of ClassicalStudies. This consists of a review of some of the recent work paper NABATAEAN AND NORTH ARABIAN EPIGRAPHY: DI- done under the auspices of the School, starting with the MENSIONSOF IDENTITY: Univer- large-scaleformal surveys.This is followed by an accountof WilliamJ. Jobling, less formal topographical work carried out by individual sity of Sydney members and students of the School. Among some of the This concerns the of re- resultstouched on are the discoveryof new inscriptionsfrom presentation implications newly corded data from and the various parts of Greece, new on the travels and work epigraphic southernJordan Negev light in better the of of EdwardDodwell, and a reexaminationof the bordersand understanding sociolinguisticidentity the defenses of ClassicalBoiotia. Nabataeans.Early explorers and researchersof Nabataean historyin ArabiaPetraea defined Nabataeanculture largely in terms of the ethnographiespreserved in Graeco-Roman SESSION V E: COLLOQUIUM: EXPLORA- literarysources. To some extent, subsequentscholarship has TIONS IN ARABIA PETRAEA tended to associatethe linguisticdiversity apparent in non- textual epigraphic sources in Arabia Petraea with actual ethnic variationswithin the Nabataeanrealm. More recent HOUSEHOLD EXCAVATIONS AT PETRA: Kenneth W. investigationsof Nabataeaninscriptions have revealed that Russell, American Center of Oriental Research, both the language and its writingsystem were developments Amman of the intrusiveAramaic language, which linguisticallycon- trasted with the indigenous North Arabian dialects. Pro- This summarizesthe resultsof presentation archaeological gressive fieldworkand research on Nabataean inscriptions excavationsfrom 1974 1977 that uncoveredhouse- through found at urban centers, such as Petra in southern Jordan, hold structuresin the heart of ancient Petra. These excava- and those found in the desert areas of the incense trade tions, conducted the author as of the American by part routes of northern Arabiaprovide convincingevidence that to Petra, directed C. Hammond, re- Expedition by Philip Nabataean Aramaic actually functioned side by side with vealed a series of freestand- stratigraphicallysuperimposed, indigenous North Arabiandialects and writingsystems, sug- domestic structures. These houses date to the late ing gesting conditionsof bilingualism. Nabataean through Byzantine periods, and overlie earlier non-architecturallate Hellenisticdomestic deposits. Coupled with the architectural and stratigraphic information re- THE MANUFACTURE OF FINE NABATAEAN POTTERY: corded during excavation,the recovered material remains Khairieh Amr, Department of Antiquities, Hash- constitute a significantcorpus of data on domestic affairs at emite of and R.B. Mason, Petra during its urban history,and have allowed for a more Kingdom Jordan, James Yarmouk concise reconstructionof the culture-historyof Petra from University the Hellenisticperiod through its demise as an urban center This presentation summarizesrecent replication studies prior to the Islamicconquest. The sequence of collapse and in the manufacturingof fine Nabataeanpottery. The mate- rebuilding apparent in these domestic structures, coupled rials and techniquesthat ancient Nabataeanpotters used to with textual research, has also served to redefine and clarify produce the famous fine "egg-shell"ceramics characteristic the earthquakechronology of Late Roman/ByzantinePal- of the Nabataean civilizationhave long been a matter of estine and the Province of Arabia. Since earthquakestend speculationamong scholars.The authors have directly ad- to affect extensive regions, the chronology established at dressed this issue through replicationstudies. Earlierstages Petra now allows for the temporal articulationof the depo- of this research were presented at the ARAM First Inter- sitional records of sites throughout Palestine and North national Conference, "The Nabataeans,"held at Oxford, Arabiaon the basisof comparativearchaeoseismic evidence. England,in Septemberof 1989. It was demonstratedat that time that the specificclay local to the Petraarea could indeed THE NABATAEAN EXPANSION INTO SYRIA AND THE be used to produce bowls of over 17 cm in diameter with HAURAN:Bert de Vries, American Center of Ori- wallsca. 1-4 mm thick.Since then, furtherresearch has been ental Research, Amman conductedon the specificworking properties of the clay and the finishingof the pottery.An experimentalkiln, based on The northern expansion of the Nabataeansinto southern the plans of the Zurrabah kilns excavated near Petra in Syria in the first century B.C. and A.C., culminatingin the 1979-1981, has also been built to test the effects on pottery

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 330 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 of the different fuels availableto Nabataean potters. The ported rock-cut sanctuary. One of the three inscriptions resultsof these experimentaltechniques have served to clar- labeling the rock-cut niches of the sanctuarybears a dedi- ify and expand our understandingof this aspect of Naba- cation by an Athenian to Herakles; its letter forms appear taean technology. to date to the fourth century B.C. The worship of Herakles is extremely sparsely attested for Phokis; it is noteworthy that this new example includes a link with Athens, where NABATAEAN HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING: John Peter the worship of Herakles was extensive. Athenian women Oleson, University of Victoria regularlystopped at Panopeus on their ceremonialjourney to worship Dionysos on Parnassos (Paus. 10.4.3). In this The most Nabataean was oc- spectacular accomplishment paper we discussthe physicalremains of the Heraklessanc- of the deserts of what is now southern Israel, cupation tuary and its place in the urban structureof ancient Pano- southern and northwesternSaudi Arabia. In these Jordan, peus. We also examine relationshipsbetween Athens and deserts they engaged in caravanmanagement, stock raising, Phokisin the realm of cult. farming, and mining, and they founded a networkof small settlements and modest cities to manage and profit from such activities.Simple survival in these deserts, even apart A TROPHY FROM THE BATTLE OF CHAIRONEIA OF 86 from on skillful prosperity, depended extremely manage- B.C.: Kathryn A. Morgan, American School of Clas- ment of local water resources.The Nabataeansknew how to sical Studies at Athens, and Michael lerardi, Uni- find and trap the smallesttrickle of spring or seepage water, and they were able to conduct it long distances(up to 18 km versity of California, Berkeley at Humeima/Auara)in characteristic ground-levelaqueduct In 86 B.C., after his successful of Athens and on cisterns and siege the systems. They depended most, however, Piraeus, the Roman Sulla moved northward reservoirsthat held water harvested from run-off general into following Boiotiato confront Archelaos,general of Mithridates'forces the infrequent desert rains. Dams were occasionallyused to in Greece. A decisiveengagement was fought near the town trap and hold of water, but more often such large pools of Chaironeiain the Until now, no barriers diverted water into rock-cutor built cisterns Kephisosvalley. remains simply of this battle have been and reservoirsfrom which it was obtained Local recognized. by dipping. In 1990 five members of the American was often to increase the run-off to February School topography adjusted of ClassicalStudies a hill west of Chaironeiaon cisterns.The same were used explored the strategicallyplaced techniques south side of the In a crude rubble construction to concentrate run-off water and alluvial soil on terraced plain. just below its crest several worked fragments of fields built near or across natural water channels; with whitish-gray marblewere found. Mostimportant was a large fragmentof proper management and timing, the soil would hold suffi- an inscribedbase that carried one of the two trophies set up cient moisture to sustain grain crops and fruit trees. Much by Sulla after the battle (Plut. Vit. Sull. 19.10). The positive of Nabataeanhydraulic technology is an indigenous devel- identificationof the trophypermits us to specify the location opment basedon BronzeAge and earlyIron Age techniques, of Plutarch'sMount Thourion and provides a secure fixed but some later developmentswere influenced by Hellenistic point for our understandingof the of the battle and Roman cisterns with slabs carried topography technology. Roofing of Chaironeia.Further examination of the area allows us to on transverse arches is one technique obviously borrowed report the discovery of an apparently unpublished site, from the Aegean. Study of the water-supplysystem of an- which we consider to be the likeliestrecognized thus far for cient Auara in southern Jordan) has revealed the Temple of Apollo Thourios, and to propose a new how the Nabataean(.HumeimaKing Aretas III used hydraulictechnol- candidatefor the river Morios(Plut. Vit. Sull. 17.7). ogy to foster regional development and how patterns of water-usechanged during the Romanoccupation of Arabia. As with other ancient cultures, high-level politicalinvolve- THE SANCTUARY OF PAN AT THE SOURCES OF THE ment was necessaryto foster a more sophisticated, integrated NEDA RIVER IN ARKADIA: Pieter B. Broucke, Yale approach to water management. University

A small sanctuaryof Pan lies on a narrow ridge in the SESSION VI A: GREEK TOPOGRAPHY southern foothills of Mount Lykeionin Arkadia.The site is situated between the eastern sources of the Neda River, ca. 1.5 km to the north of the village of Neda, at an elevation A SANCTUARY OF HERAKLES ON THE SACRED WAY TO of 960 m. It is not only the oldest excavated Pan sanctuary DELPHI: Gretchen Umholtz and Jeremy Mclnerney, in all of Greece, with finds dating to the sixth century B.C., University of California, Berkeley it also contains monumental architecture,so far a unique instance for Pan. This most important sanctuary,however, The ancient Phokianborder town of Panopeuswas known happens to be the least known. Its remote setting high in in antiquityas the hometownof Epeios,builder of the Trojan mountainousArkadia, the land of Pan, makes a visit, even horse (Hom. Od. 8.493; II. 23.665). It was sacked by Philip today,quite difficultand the single brief report by K. Kour- II in 346 B.C. (Paus. 10.3.1), but survived and was still ouniotis (Prakt 1902, 72-75) adds to the sanctuary'sunde- sending delegates to the Phokikon in the second century served obscurity. A.C. (Paus. 10.4.1). Today the most striking remains of This paper reappraisesthe sanctuary'sphysical remains, ancient Panopeus are its fine fortificationwalls. On a visit to including the inscribeddedications to Pan (IG V2, 556 and the site in the spring of 1990 we found a previouslyunre- 557), many terracottaand bronze votive statuettes,a set of

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 331 foundations, and numerous fragments of ancient architec- 10,000 objects, mostly unpublished, ranging in date from ture, both limestone and marble,visible on the surface and the Geometricto the EarlyHellenistic period. built into the walls of the ruined chapel of Agios Strategos. This deposit is undoubtedlyassociated with the sanctuary Kourouniotisidentified the architecturalremains as coming of Alexandra mentioned by Pausaniasat Amyklai (3.19.6), from a temple, though he admitted that his study of the which, although not discovered, must have been located architecturewas too partial to be conclusive. My investiga- nearby.The identificationis supported by vase inscriptions tions so far have led to the interpretationthat the remains from the deposit and two Hellenistic inscribed finds from come from a stoa, 100 ft long (28.19 x 5.19 m), dated the area: a marble throne with a dedicatory inscriptionto tentativelyto the late fourth century B.C./earlyHellenistic Alexandra and an honorary decree with a provision for its period. erection in the Alexandra sanctuary(IG V 1.26). Alexandra seems to have been an old local goddess, her name appearingin Linear B, who at some point, as Pausan- TOPOGRAPHY AND HISTORY: THUCYDIDES 3.7, THE ias's text makes clear,came to be identified with Kassandra. LOCATION OF NERIKOS, AND THE DEATH OF PHOR- Agamemnon was also associatedwith the sanctuary.Pau- sanias mentions a mnema,perhaps a grave, which would be MIO'S SON: William M. Murray, University of South consistentwith a literarytradition back to Stesichoros Florida going (fr. 39) in which the hero was murdered not at Mycenaebut in Lakonia. Vase recovered from the In the summer of 428 B.C., the Athenians inscriptions deposit dispatched show that the of at least son of Phormio, to the Greek northwest at the worship Agamemnon began by Asopios, Archaic times. Further evidence for his cult from Archaic specificrequest of the Akarnanians.Thucydides (3.7) briefly times on is revealedthrough a large series of terracottarelief describeswhat happens to Phormio'sson, but failsto provide plaques depicting a seated man who holds a kantharosand the motives behind his seemingly impulsive behavior. For is often accompaniedby a snake. This motif had a example, Asopios gathered an army upon his arrival in generic qualityand was appropriatefor heroic figures. Akarnaniafor an attackon Oiniadai.But when the city failed to fall, he disbanded the army and sailed northward to Leucas where he lost his life attackinga small place called Nerikos. Thucydides reports this event without comment PAUSANIAS, THE PHOKIKON, AND THE SHRINE OF THE and leaves the reader to the senselessness of the ponder HERO ARCHEGETES: Jeremy Mclnerney, University attackand the impulsive incompetenceof the attacker. of California, Berkeley This paper argues that Thucydides had no firsthand of the around Leucas and therefore did knowledge region This reconsidersthe location, structure,and func- not know the of attack. It paper significance Asopios's integrates tion of the Phokikon,the federal of the Phok- and evidence to locate Nerikos in meeting place philological topographical ian koinon,located on the Sacred between Daulis and the Leucadian of Akarnania and reconstructs the Way peraia Delphi. The first section examines all recorded finds from likely motivesthat drove Asopios to his doom. New evidence the so-calledPhokikon field, includinga recentlydiscovered recorded by the author from Leucas'snow submergedhar- Archaic headstone, and suggests that this area originally bor supports D6rpfeld'sidentification of Nerikos (AltIthaka served as an Archaiccemetery. [Munich I, with a fortified 1927] 269-71) community op- the time of Pausanias,in the second the the of Leucas on the Akarnanianshore. It would By century A.C., posite city burial had become the site of the Phokikon. To seem from the remains that Nerikos was built to ground preserved determine when this took the second section the Akarnanian side of a two-armed harbor change place, protect long of the concentrateson remains located 1 km to the constructed the Leucadians the sixth or fifth paper mole, by in northweston Hill. French and to create a commercial harbor next to their Sanctuary Vanderpool sug- century large that these were the ruins of a shrine to the Hero If this is a gested city. interpretation correct, Asopios attempted This identificationis An exami- attack whose successful outcome would have had Archegetes. unacceptable. surprise nation of Pausanias10.5.1 shows that the shrine of the Hero wide repercussions.Leucas would have lost control of her Archegetes should not be associated with the Phokikon, harbor, the Akarnanians would have regained control of while physical evidence from the site is incompatiblewith their side of the Leucas straits,and Asopios'sinitial failure the chthonic cult described by Pausanias.A better solution at Oiniadai would have been completely forgotten. To suggests itself, that the building on SanctuaryHill is a type change defeat into victory by means of a bold and unex- of bouleuterion, not of the common 7r-shapedvariety, but pected action was a strategy used with great success by his of an older, narrower style. There was no sanctuary on father in the CorinthianGulf. Asopios may have been trying SanctuaryHill. It was the site of the original Phokikon,and something similarwhen he lost his life near Leucasin 428. associated finds suggest a fifth-century B.C. date for its construction. The presence of a monumental Doric altar nearby accords with the association between major civic PAUSANIAS 3.19.6: THE SANCTUARY OF ALEXANDRA buildings and deities such as Zeus Horkios and Athena AT AMYKLAI: Georgia Salapata, University of Penn- Polias. sylvania Sectionthree presentsarguments for assigninga terminus to this building before the end of the fourth century B.C., Between 1956 and 1961 a votive deposit was excavatedby and argues that in the early Hellenisticperiod the Phokikon the Greek ArchaeologicalService near the church of Ayia was not in use at all. The building blocks and scatteredroof Paraskevi in modern Amyklai. It contained more than tiles found in the Phokikonfield will have come from a later

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 332 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 rebuilding in the Hellenistic period, probably not earlier Study of the modern population and economy (Brumfield) than the late third century B.C. and possiblylater. has outlined the characterof the recent interactionof culture The paper concludes that the traditionalidentification of and environment.Because Classical settlement was the focus the Phokikon is only partly correct. Pausanias did see a of an earlier report (Munn and Munn, AJA 93 [1989] 274- Phokikonon the road to Delphi, but this was not the building 75), this report describesthe salient features of the prehis- used by the Phokians during the height of their power in toric (Neolithic through Early Iron Age) and Mediaeval the Classicalperiod. settlementof this mountainoushinterland. Two general characteristicsof the settlement patterns of the Skourtaplain are especiallynoteworthy. The first is the THE HISTORY OF HUMAN HABITATION IN NORTH- distinctivemanner in which the area, in most periods dotted with sites, is devoid of permanent habitationduring certain EAST ATTICA: Michael B. Cosmopoulos, University known periods of profound cultural transformation.This of Manitoba pattern occurs in EH II, and in the Geometric-Archaicpe- riod. Both periods saw the emergence of new and increas- The second season of the Universityof ManitobaOropos inglycomplex centers of sociopoliticalorganization in central Survey was conducted in the summer of 1990 (cf. Project and southern Greece. both were in which 94 An area of ca. 3 km2to the north of the Arguably, periods AJA [1990] 328). states were divided this mountain of was and 16 new sites regional by borderland. sanctuary Amphiaraos investigated The second characteristicis the ad- were discovered, the number of new sites to 31 in a noteworthy specialized raising of settlement in the more remote of total area of 6 a of aptation parts this approximately km2.Although large part environment when a central the of ancient still remains we upland during periods author- territory Oropos unexplored, outsideof the area exerted controlover its more accessible now to have a clear idea of the of ity begin relatively history and desirable the central Skourta human habitation. parts, namely, basin. Such can be the and In the Bronze the area seems to have been adaptations recognizedin Mycenaean in the Age quite Turkish eras. In the former remote settlementsin and site selection was basedon case, the densely populated proximity of and defensible a to arablelands and marine resources.After a there vicinty steep strongholdssuggest popu- long gap lation to its in the face of are slim indicationsfor habitationin the Archaic and clinging autonomy Mycenaean period, dominationof the and in the fifth the area was still A plains larger valleys;traditions local century sparsely populated. to the area allow the that these have increasetook in the fourth cen- suggestion may been significantpopulation place In the latter the is known and lasted the Hellenistic This Pelasgians. case, population to tury throughout period. have been in a boom was caused the economic of the Albanian, organized complex symbioticre- by growth sanctuary to Frankish and later Turkish overlords. and the commercial of the of lationship Small development city Oropos, settlementsand extensive field in the more which considerable to the area. The systems remote brought prosperity and of the both abandonedin the of the sites were farms or small located in rugged parts area, Modern majority villages era, that some measure of was eked the to the northwest of the and the suggest autonomy out large valley sanctuary in these areaswhile the better land was controlled absen- hills between the and the coast. mention by sanctuary Special tee landlords. should be made of the underwatersite of Kamaraki,dated to the second century B.C. and identified as Delphinion,the sacred harbor of Oropos (cf. IJNA 18 [1989] 273). The good relations of the sanctuarywith Rome seem to SESSION VI B: RELIGION AND SACRED have been the reason for the continuing prosperityof the SPACE area in the Late Republicanand EarlyImperial periods and the dense population up to the second century A.C. After that period the area seems to have been depopulated:a few SACRIFICIALAND SECULAR SPACE AT THE ISTHMIAN sherds indicate continuation of habitation Early Byzantine SANCTUARY OF POSEIDON: Elizabeth R. Gebhard, at only two sites. University of Illinois at Chicago The boundary markers that usually define the sacred THE CULTURAL ECOLOGY OF THE ATTIC-BOIOTIAN space of large and small shrinesare apparentlyabsent in the FRONTIER: PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE STAN- early phases of the Isthmian sanctuary.They occur only when tension is felt between the sacrificialarea and that FORD SKOURTA PLAIN PROJECT, Mark 1985--1990: devoted to other activities.The cult of Isthmian Poseidon H. Munn and Mary Lou Zimmerman Munn, Stan- received its first built altar and temple during the second ford University, Allaire Chandor Brumfield and quarter of the seventh century B.C. Although the altar Eberhard Zangger, University of Cambridge stretchedfor about 100 ft along the east facadeof the temple, there is evidence that sacrificialactivities continued to follow Four seasonsof archaeologicalsurvey in the Skourtaplain an earlier pattern and took place largely around its south have yielded a coherent picture of settlement history,from end. Following organization of panhellenic games in the Early Neolithic through Early Modern, of this basin in the sixth century,a stadium was built near the altar. The space Parnes-Kithaironmountain massif. Aspects of the environ- for athletic contests was thus closely juxtaposed to that of mental setting have been established through study of the the sacrifices,but no wall or other boundary marker sepa- Late Quaternary deposits and soils of the area (Zangger). rated them.

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 333

A century later the picture changed. Needs of the games THE ELEUSIS AMPHORA: MYTH, DEATH, AND RELI- those of the and a apparently superseded sacrifices, new, GION IN SEVENTH-CENTURY B.C. GREECE: Christo- larger spectatorembankment encroached well into the sac- G. Simon, of the Cross rificialspace. Then, for the first time, a physicalseparation pher College Holy was made between the altar and the stadium. One portion Greek of the seventh B.C. of the took the form of a series of at the east vase-painters century commonly boundary posts decorated their with scenes. Not and south ends of the the other to the west was pottery mythical enough long altar; attention,however, has been scholarsto the relation- furnished a to the behind the paid by by ramp leading space starting between the artist'schoice of and the function of line. On the east side of the bases for three ship myth altar, large posts the on which the For the with the for a fourth have been and four objects myths appear. example, cutting recovered, adventure of with the and the clash be- smallerbases occur towardthe west. Since to be Odysseus Cyclops they appear tween Perseus and the two common in of the same we can restore a barrier of Gorgons, episodes part system, eight art, on vases found in cemeteries that the area to the stadiumfrom seventh-century appear posts separated belonging and made for The two that devoted to ritual activitiesfocused on the south end of funerary purposes. myths appear on the so-calledEleusis These stories of the altar. The constitute the evidence of together amphora. long posts only heroic escape from danger served as comfort and consola- spatialdefinition so far at the Isthmiansanctuary. recognized tion when, at the funeral,Greeks confronted the inevitability of death. THE "PILLAR OF OINAMAOS" AND THE EARLY AR- Such an interpretationis compatiblewith contemporary non-funeraryuses of myth. finds, CHAIC STADIUM AT OLYMPIA: Eric L. Brulotte, Uni- Archaeological especially votive offerings, suggest that many shrines in the seventh of Cities versity Minnesota, Twin century B.C. played a majorrole in assistingworshippers in successful rites of The the me- Venerable relics populated the site of ancient Olympia. passage. myths decorating of B.C. have served a Perhapsthe most sacred of all was the "Pillarof Oinomaos." topes seventh-century temples may similar the of the hero's own This paper proposes that this pillarwas the turning-postfor purpose, providing example life's obstacles. the diaulos and the dialchosraces (races longer than one progressthrough In B.C. an im- stade) held in the early Archaic stadium at Olympia at the conclusion, seventh-century myth played and active in the of the time of the quadrennialOlympic games. Pausanias(5.20.6) portant part serving well-being and its values. The use of provides a vivid descriptionof the monument set up in the community reinforcing special in this is from the social Altis between the Great Altar and the Temple of Zeus. myth period inseparable changes the rise of the the of liter- According to the tradition reported by Pausanias, the accompanying tyrannies, growth and the continued contactswith the East. of the pillar was a remnant of the Palace of Oinomaos, ruler of acy, Study Eleusis and related vases thus new Pisa and Elis. There is no evidence of such a complex in the amphora helps provide on the social of Greece. Altis. Search for physical evidence began with the earliest perspectives history early excavationsat Olympia,but all tracesof it have been obliter- ated. Pausaniasmentions a pillar with an inscribed plaque set up by the Eleans. In its content, the inscription has a MUSICAL VICTORIES IN EARLY CLASSICAL VASE claim to great antiquity,but its language (xotv'i) reveals a PAINTING: Debra Schafter, University of Texas at date not earlier than the fourth century B.C. The reference Austin to Oinomaos can be only an anachronism. The physical appearance of the pillar is that of a freestanding column Evidence that musical competitions were held at the Pan- independent of any architecture. Such columns began to athenaic Festival from the mid-sixth through the fourth appear in increasing numbers in Greek sanctuariesduring century B.C. exists in the decoration of two groups of the Archaic period, serving both as funerary and votive pseudo-Panathenaic amphorae dating between ca. 550 and monuments. As argued by Elizabeth McGowan (AJA 94 490 B.C., and to a period after 430 B.C. The existence of [1990] 303), the inscriptionsof some of these monuments these Panathenaic contests is confirmed by literary refer- had echoes from Homer. Moreover,in the funerary games ences dated ca. 490 B.C. (Pind. Pyth. 12) and the mid-fifth of Patroclos(Hom. 11.23.329-33), a grave-markerserved as century (Schol.Ar. Av. II; Schol.Ar. Nub. 969; Plut. Vit.Per. the turning-post for the chariot race commemoratingthe 13.6-7). death of the hero. The use of this type of monument in the The conspicuous absence of material pertaining to musical Archaicperiod represents a prime example of an imitation contests at the Panathenaia from the second quarter of the of the Homeric usage. fifth century B.C. has led scholars to conclude that musical The location of the pillar of Oinomaosand the site of the performances may have been temporarily eliminated from early Archaic stadium are known only within approximate the event during that span (J.A. Davison, JHS 78 [1958] limits. Pausaniasplaces the pillar between the Altar and the 23-41; M.A. Vos, CVA Leiden 31). A series of vases, unre- Temple of Zeus, somewhere east of that north-south axis; lated to the Panathenaic amphora, appear at this same time the positionof the Archaicstadium is suggested archaeolog- decorated with Nike accompanying a musician or the solo ically by the evidence of clusters of well-shafts.The place- figure of Nike carrying a musical instrument (usually, a ment of the two is coincidental. The identificationof the kithara). As the personification of victory, Nike's presence pillar as the turning-postset at the western end of the early signifies a success for the musician with whom she is repre- Olympicstadium contributes to a solution to the long-stand- sented, or she replaces the victor himself. The radically ing problem of the position of the early Archaicstadium. simplified iconography on these Early Classical vases, by

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 334 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 whichis signifieda musicalsuccess, originates with the Berlin allowed linguists (Olzscha,Pallottino, Pfiffig) to determine Painter. An examination of this new iconography in the the names of the divinities worshipped. More controversial context of the artisticpractices of the Berlin Painterduring is the question of the extent to which the Etruscansacred his latest period, and the function of the vases on which it year influenced the Roman calendar (Heurgon, Holleman, appears,disproves the notion that musicalcontests were ever Whatmough).While more inscriptionsare needed to resolve eliminated from the Panathenaia, while positing that the those problems,archaeological evidence can be used to iden- Berlin Painterinvented a new iconographyfor the represen- tify places referred to in the preserved texts. tation of musicalvictories at the PanathenaicFestival. The location of the rituals described in Etruscan texts is often vague, and scholars (Olzscha, Pfiffig) have attempted to determine whether words such as UNIALOI (TLE 2.13) MONUMENTAL TOMBS AND HEROA IN SOUTHWEST should be interpretedas a locative,indicating specifically the TURKEY AND THE ISLAND OF RHODES: E.E. Rice, temple of Uni/Juno,or more generallya sacredarea. Pfiffig the term sacnicler in TLE as "the cella Oxford University interprets 1.VIII.11 of the temple," and other forms of the word (1.VII.6; In the fourth the western of the century B.C., satrapies 1.VII.18), coupled with cilO, have been taken to refer to the Persian Empire had distinctivetypes of monumentaltombs Etruscan three-cella temple. and heroa that combined local features with Greek artistic By analyzing the location of known Etruscan temples and elements.The CarianMausoleum of Halicarnassus,the Ner- other sacred spaces, it is possible to demonstrate that the eid Tomb at Xanthus (Lycia), and the Heroon at Limyra ritualsdescribed in the texts were held in sacred spaces not (Lycia)have the form of a Greek temple but stand on high connected with buildings. Instead, it was the type of sacrifice podia with sculpted reliefs; the Mausoleumalso has a pyra- and the divinity worshipped that determined the Etruscan midal roof and freestandingsculptures of men and animals. place of worship, and its relation to the city boundaries and A different type of tomb is the contemporary Heroon at gates in a system comparable to that described in the Iguvine Trysa in Lycia, which consists of a rock-cut sarcophagus tablets. As in other aspects of Etruscan religion, the concept inside a temenos precinctadorned with friezes. of sacred spaces preceded those of architecture and man- Various features of both types of tomb appear in Greek made manifestations of worship. monuments in the East in the early Hellenistic period. Al- exander the Greatbuilt an immensestepped pyramidaltomb for Hephaistion with statues on each tier, a type of tomb INSCRIBED BYZANTINE OIL LAMPS FROMJERUSALEM: markedlydifferent from Macedoniancustom. Similarly,the Jodi Magness, Brown University Lion Tomb at Cnidus and the Mausoleum at Belevi near Ephesus are Greek tombs with a podium, pyramidalroof, A series of oil lamps bearing inscriptions in Greek was and statues of animals. On the other hand, the sculpted produced in Palestine during the early Byzantine period temenos precinctat Trysa is reflectedin the so-calledAlcetas (sixth and seventh centuries A.C.). The four most common Tomb, built probablyin honor of one of Alexander'scom- formulae represented among the inscriptionson the lamps manders in the city of Termessus in Pisidia;it likewise has are: 1) "The light of Christshines for all";2) "of the Mother of "of reliefs sculpted on a precinct surrounding a rock-cut sar- God";3) Saint Elias";4) "good oil lamps." cophagus. Most of the discussions of these lamps until now have Strong evidence suggests that adaptationsof both types of focused on the corrupt nature of the Greek script and have the monument spread into Aegean Greece via the island of ignored significanceand meaning of the formulae.This Rhodes and her territoryon the mainland.A highly unusual paper demonstratesthat each formula was associatedwith a square tomb with a steep pyramidalroof is found near the specific Christian church or sanctuary in Jerusalem, and that village of Turgut in the Rhodian Peraea;its epitaph refers these lamps were purchased by Byzantine pilgrims as holy to a pair of lions beside the entrance and a statue of the souvenirs, or "eulogiae," when they visited these sites. For deceased on top. On the island itself, a remarkabletomb example, liturgical evidence indicates that lamps bearing the consists of a huge rectangular rock-cut structure with a formula "the light of Christ shines for all" were associated podium, engaged colonnade, and pyramidalroof. The form with the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Thus, also of the sculpted temenos is seen in the unique rock-cut these oil lamps are the products of a localJudaean ceramic courtyard decorated with a complex sculpted scene at the industry that catered to the Byzantine Christian pilgrim urban necropolisat Cova.These architecturalinfluences on trade. Rhodian tombs bear witness to the island's strong contacts with Caria and Lycia at this period, but attest intriguing cross-culturalcurrents absent from ancient literaryaccounts SESSION VI C: GREEK AND ROMAN ATHENS of Rhodian politicaldomination in the area.

ARCHAIC WELL DEPOSITS ON THE NORTH SLOPE OF NAMES, DATES, AND PLACES IN THE ETRUSCAN RELI- THE ACROPOLIS: Kevin Glowacki, Bryn Mawr Col- GIOUS CALENDAR: Ingrid E.M. Edlund-Berry, Uni- lege versity of Texas at Austin Excavationson the North Slope of the Athenian Acropolis Careful studies of Etruscan texts such as the Zagreb by Oscar Broneer and the American School of Classical mummy wrapping (TLE 1) and the Capua tile (TLE 2) have Studies (1931-1939) discovered numerous wells, pits, and

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 335 other closed deposits that provide important information These preserved architecturalfragments do not provide about the use of the North Slope area. These deposits fall any further insight into the function or placement of the into three distinct periods (Prehistoric,Archaic, and Byzan- buildings on the ArchaicAcropolis. They do suggest, how- tine). This paper considersin detail the nature,composition, ever, a considerable amount of building activity on the and distributionof the Late Archaicdeposits from Broneer's Acropolisbeginning in the second quarter of the sixth cen- excavationson the North Slope. tury and continuing into the first decades of the fifth. These deposits consist of nine wells and cuttings, all of which went out of use in the late sixth/earlyfifth centuries B.C. Five deposits seem to go out of use ca. 510-490 B.C. THE SQUARE PERISTYLE IN THE ATHENIAN AGORA: and may represent a program of reorganizationon the ITS IDENTIFICATION AND USE AS A LAW COURT: and the North Four other out Acropolis Slope. deposits go Rhys F. Townsend, Clark University of use and are filled up slightly later and may representthe cleanup of the Persiandestruction of the Acropolisin 480/ Scholarshave long suspected that a large structure built 79 B.C. The latter wells contain a greater percentage of in the northeastquadrant of the AthenianAgora at the close figured pottery with definite joins with material found on of the fourth century B.C. may have served as a law court the Acropolis,as well as an inscribedporos block, fragments (H.A. Thompson and R.E. Wycherley, Agora XIV: The of pedimentaland votivesculpture, terracotta figurines, roof Agora of Athens[Princeton 1972] 61). Known as the Square tiles, wood, etc. The pottery is mostly black-figure,predom- Peristyle,this building consisted of a central square court- inantly of the mid- to late sixth century B.C., with only a yard surrounded by four Doric colonnades, deep porticos very few pieces providingthe actualterminus post quem for uninterrupted either by internal supports or rooms. Two the filling up of the wells. Red-figure pottery is extremely entrances,a large one in the middle of the west side and a rare and, when present, is not the latest datablematerial. smaller one opposite it on the east, afforded access into the building. With outer dimensions measuring some 58.56 m on a side, the Square Peristyle a total area of A RECONSIDERATION OF THE SMALL POROS BUILD- encompassed 3,429 m2, over three-quartersof an acre. INGS ON THE ATHENIAN ACROPOLIS: Nancy L. The identificationof the Square Peristyleas a law court Klein, Bryn Mawr College has rested largely on the discovery of dikastic equipment found in the area and associatedprimarily with a series of The excavations of the Athenian in the 19th Acropolis buildingsthat preceded it. It has alwaysbeen difficult,how- century brought to the remains of several small light poros ever, to imagine in any detail how the building may have buildings.The materialwas firststudied in detail Theodor by accommodatedthe court system as described by Aristotle (1904) and Rudolf the Wiegand Heberdey (1919). Despite (Ath. Pol. 63-65.1). It is now possible to show that the care and detail with which the architecturewas published, architectof the SquarePeristyle appears deliberately to have there is at no consensus on the number, or present form, designed both the plan and dimensions of his entire struc- date of the buildings a reexamina- represented. Following ture to manage the complex distribution and seating ar- tion of the poros geisa on the Athenian it has Acropolis, rangementof the dikastsallotted to the courts each day. He been possible to distinguish more between different clearly even selected a building module expressly for this purpose. buildings on the basis of scale, and technical workmanship, Furthermore,letters inscribed on the steps of the colonnade details. This paper discusses the evidence for the dividing may be explainedspecifically in termsof the building'sfunc- small poros elements among three buildings in addition to tion as a court.With this new evidenceof the SquarePeristyle the accepted B, C, D, and E, thus for at least seven arguing in front of us, we may now picture the architectureof an small poros on the from the buildings Acropolis dating Athenian court more concretelythan ever before. second quarter of the sixth to the early part of the fifth century B.C. The architecturalelements traditionallyassigned to the ATTIC BLACK WARE AND CULTURAL RECEPTIVITY: variousbuildings A, Aa, Al, A2, and A3 can now be divided Margaret C. Miller, University of Toronto into three distinct groups. The first (A) had pediments at both ends and was constructedslightly before the middle of When B.A. Sparkespublished the Attic blackware of the the sixth The of century. presence clawchisel markson some Athenian Agora, he cautiously accepted suggestions that tops and one joint of the geisa, together with severalrepairs, some ClassicalAttic vessels reflect Achaemenid Persianme- suggeststhat the buildingwas later damaged,but stood until talware (AgoraXII, 15, 105). Others have since addressed the destructionof the Acropolisin 480 B.C. A second build- some aspectsof the question on the basis of museum collec- ing (Dinsmoor'sAa), built along similar proportionsbut at tions (B.B. Shefton, AArchSyr21 [1971] 109-11) but the a slightly different scale, is attested by two horizontalgeisa extensive and datable ceramic corpus from the Agora re- and perhaps a single lateralgeison block. The extensive use mainsthe mostreliable starting-point for studyof the process of the claw chisel suggests a date of constructionin the third and analysisof its significance. quarter of the sixth century. Two geison blocks without Classicalceramics reveal a complex response to Achae- guttae, of a completely different scale and design than the menid metalware,ranging from actual imitation as in the others, attest to a third building.Although carefullyworked, "Achaemenidphialai," through adaptationof Achaemenid the lack of detail suggests that the blocks may have been forms by the addition of handle and foot/base, to the more located at the back of a building or possibly belonged to a limited application of generic effects to traditional Greek less importantstructure. forms. Others have argued a close connection between Attic

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 336 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 ceramic and toreutic in the fifth century; receptivityin ce- the sculptureswere censuredby the Quintilii,the proconsuls ramic may reflect a prior receptivityin metalware.In any of Achaia.Twenty-seven such monuments have been found event the most importantaspect is the fact of adoption with in Attica mainly in the form of portrait herms. The text its proof of Athenian receptivity to Achaemenid material begins with the name of the one honored followed by a culture. three-clausecurse. A. Wilhelm (OJh28 [1933] 167-82) no- Does the receptivityto Achaemenidforms in Attic pottery ticed that in some cases the second and third clauses were betray the impact of the Persian War spoils? The view re- added in a different hand from the first. W. Ameling (Her- quires modification.The chronology of the ceramics indi- odes Atticus2 [1983] 23-29) attempted to connect the se- cates a response to Achaemenidtoreutic as early as the later quence of clausesto the deaths of the trophimoi,postulating sixth century. The greater volume of imitationand experi- that for the death of each a series of monuments was set up mentation(particularly in cup shapes)in the post-warperiod with a new clause, and this clause was appended to the possibly reveals the role of the spoils in shaping Athenian existing monuments. From a study of the findspots and an taste and desires. Yet a third stage in the development is analysisof the inscriptions,this paper proves that Ameling's reached after mid-fifth century, reflecting other social fac- system is not correct. These monuments were conceived as tors such as greater personal wealth in Athens and the a unit with the three trophimoiset up together. The curses aristocraticsearch for new means of ostentatiousdisplay. on the herms are carved in a different hand from that of the identifying names, and since there is also a series of herms of the trophimoibearing no curses at all, the herms POPULARITYOF KNIDIANWINE AT CORINTH:Carolyn must have stood uninscribedwith cursesbefore Herodes felt G. Koehler, University of Maryland, Baltimore the need to place threatsover them. The career of Herodes County, and Philippa M. W. Matheson, University of was troubledby frictionwith the Atheniansthat culminated Toronto during the rule of the Quintilii. It would seem that the criticismof these officials and the resentment of the Athe- Stampedamphora handles providea meansof quantifying nians may have sparked acts of vandalismagainst the mon- ancient trade and can also illuminate historical problems. uments of Herodes Atticus, which he attempted to protect One of the classes of wine jars in the Hellenisticperiod for with the addition of curses. which Virginia Grace has establishedthe chronology is the Knidian, of which several hundred stampedjars and frag- ments have been excavatedat Corinthand severalthousand SESSION VI D: ROMANIZA- at the Athenian Agora; for each city the numberof Knidian COLLOQUIUM: TION IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA: jars represented attests to its largest single source of im- FIVE ported wine. This paper comparesthe proportionsof Knid- CASE STUDIES ian stamps found at Corinth with those of Athens from the late third to late first century B.C., basing the analysisupon THE ROMANIZATION statisticsin the computerizeddata base that is being created OF TOWNS IN BAETICA: THE DE- from Grace'sfiles. VELOPMENT OF CELTI (PEl&AFLOR): Simon J. Keay, These figures would be expected to reflect the written University of Southampton sourcesabout Corinth,which describe its sackby the Romans under Mummiusin 146 B.C. and its refounding as a Roman Roman towns are among the more characteristicsymbols colony by Julius Caesar a century later. At first glance the of the Romanizationof the provinces.This was no less true drop in the number of stamped Knidianhandles at Corinth in Iberia and archaeologicalwork at sites like Italica, Em- during this interim period seems to be in accordancewith porion, and Conimbrigahas at least revealed the great po- the historicalrecord. Seen as a percentage of all the dated tentialof townsfor future study.Still far from clear,however, handles from Knidos at Corinth, it appears to show signifi- are the many processes behind their emergence. The ar- cantly reduced imports of Knidianwine. But comparisonof chaeologicalwork at Celti is attempting to unravel the de- the percentagesof Knidianamphoras at Corinthwith similar velopmentof a majortown in the lower Guadalquivirvalley, data from Athens for the same periods shows a reductionin heartlandof Roman Baetica. To date, field-surveyand ex- imports from Knidos in both places. These figures docu- cavation have started to reveal the complexity of urban menting the commercialrelations of individualcities such as developments in the area, underlining the persistence of Corinthand Athens with Knidos must be viewed in relation pre-Romantraditions well into the Republicanperiod (third to the general picture of overall exports of Knidianwine in to first centuries B.C.). Celti was well located for the exploi- the final two centuries before Christ. tation of metal and agriculturalresources and appears to have undergone little Romanizationprior to the end of the Republicanperiod. This accords with recent discoveriesat THE HERMS OF HERODES ATTICUS: THREATS, other neighboring towns like Carmo and Italica and raises CURSES, AND VANDALISM: Jennifer Tobin, Univer- questionsabout the characterand lateness of Romanization sity of Pennsylvania in central Baetica. In the early Imperial period there seems to be a clear link with the Romanizationof the town and the Philostratus (VS 2.559) mentions that Herodes Atticus emergence of the Baetican olive oil industry for the first erected statues of his dead trophimoi(Achilleus, Memnon, three centuries A.C. Work is also showing that towns like and Polydeukion)in rural settings. The monuments were Celti persisted well into the later fifth and sixth centuries inscribed with curses against anyone damaging them, and A.C.

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 337

ALTARS ON THE VIA AUGUSTA: THE STATIONS AD The decision on the part of architectand patron to adapt freely an eastern Greek type of model for the site of Bilbilis ARAS OF THE VICARELLO CUPS: Philip 0. Spann, and to employ it in an area with no prior exposure to such University of Florida a novel design must be seen as daring. It suggests that by One of the chief of Romanizationin the western the end of the first quarter of the first century A.C. the agents Romanization in some of the Iberian provinces of the empire was the Roman road system, and process regions pen- insula had reached a where the Romanized native the Roman character of that system was nowhere more point felt comfortable to make their own artis- manifest than in the mansionesor stations established by population enough tic statements.The work at Bilbilisdoes not show evidence Rome between indigenous cities and towns. of a revivalof older, traits.Rather, it bearswitness Some of the most and indeed puzzling such indigenous interesting to the full of a local Roman that stations in the Roman Empire are found in Iberia. Stations flowering sensibility per- mitted artistsand to themselvesin Graeco- designated AD ARAS on surviving Roman itinerariesare, patrons express Roman forms. The at Bilbiliswere not isolated; with one exception, found only in Roman Spain and only experiments can be architectural at Tar- on the Via between and Saetabis, where they paralleledby developments Augusta Astigis raco and later at Bilbilisshows three are listed. The AD ARASbetween Astigis and Corduba Munigua.Equally important, that were not models from is named on three of the four Vicarello (CILXI, 3281- provincials slavishly copying Cups Rome. were their ideas from those 83) as well as on the AntonineItinerary (413,4). The other They freely taking parts of the that offered solutions to two mark the beginning and the end of that desolate stretch Empire possible specific of the Via Augusta from Castuloto Saetabis,which only the problems. VicarelloCups describe in detail. In the summer of near the of El I 1988, village Garabato, ROMANIZATION IN SOUTHERN PORTUGAL AS REPRE- found what I thought were ruins of the AD ARAS between SENTED BY THE VILLA OF TORRE DE PALMA: Ste- Astigis and Corduba. Last summer, Fernando Fernandez G6mez, Director of the ArchaeologicalMuseum of Seville, phanieJ. Maloney,University of Louisville confirmed that the ruins were Roman of the (publication and evidence unnoticed find is in Epigraphic,toponymic, archaeological sug- previously forthcoming RArq).Appli- the of Romanizationwas not effec- cation was made to the de Andalucia to do a gests process uniformly Junta survey tive North of the River most of there the summer of 1990. throughout Portugal. Tagus during the native continued to the In I discussthe find at El Garabatoand population live in pre-Roman my paper, propose castra. Roman culture and to locations for the stations under discussionthat do agriculturalsystems appear probable have remained a veneer a resistant no violence to the evidence of the or the of essentially imposed upon Cups integrity native South of the in and the the Roman mile, and that, in with the Alexan- population. Tagus, Alentejo conjunction the situationwas different. drian of the function Algarve, completely pretensions Augustus, may explain Constructedin the shadow of a Celtic the and on the Via of stations as major oppidum, frequency Augusta designated villa of Torre de Palma is a of the "Altars." representativeexample fundamentalnature of Romanizationin Alentejo. Certainly in existence in the second century A.C., the villa may have been establishedas early as the first. It continued to thrive THE SANCTUARY AND THEATER AT BILBILIS: THE into the fourth centuryand to functionthrough the so-called DEVELOPMENT OF HISPANO-ROMAN ARCHITEC- Visigothicperiod. Buildings associatedwith the villa, which TURE: William E. Mierse, University of Vermont were uncovered in excavationsin the late 1940s and 1950s, cover approximately12.5 acres (5 ha). Reexcavationof the In the of the Tiberius new reign Emperor (A.D. 14-37), a villa has permitted the identificationof various phases of sanctuarywas designed and built at the small Roman-Span- growth and development including the addition of an elab- ish of in town Bilbilis the provinceof Tarraconensis.Bilbilis oratepars urbana during the third centuryand the construc- was an in unimportantoutpost the old Celtiberianterritory tion in the second half of the fourth century of one of the of western Iberia. The sanctuarythat its citizens decided to most Roman of all the Early Christianchurches so far dis- one of the most and build, however,represented impressive covered in Iberia.That the Roman villa representsa change to be undertakenin the sophisticateddesigns western prov- so fundamentaland so effective that it survived 600 years inces the during century. of Moslem domination is acutely apparent when one com- The sanctuaryconsists of a theater built into the natural pares it with the post-reconquestfarm of Torre de Palma. cleft of the rock face, a great tongue of land reinforcedwith buttressesto hold the temple platform,and perhapsa forum area behind. The entire complex was perched high up on a ROMAN LUSITANIA: DICHOTOMY, ASYMMETRY, OR cliff face, and from it were dramaticviews of the rivervalley "BACKWATER" PROVINCIALISM: Farland H. Stanley, below.The combinationof theater and was not new, temple Jr., University of Oklahoma but it had not been used before on the Iberian peninsula. The type of plan that both exploits the natural setting to Situated on the periphery of the Roman Empire, the support the structureswhile at the same time using the high remoteness of Roman Lusitania (Portugal) has caused its vantage point to allow for the view to be part of the com- image to suffer from ambiguities.On one hand, the devel- position was a design concept most fully developed in the opment of the severalsophisticated towns (Conimbriga,Au- Greek East during the Hellenisticperiod. gusta Emerita, Ebora, and Pax Iulia, etc.), as well as an

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 338 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA [AJA 95 extensive villa system, suggests a high degree of receptivity cussion is given to Roman onomastic influence, patternsof to the various aspects of Roman influence. On the other demographicmovement suggested by the epigraphicalevi- hand, the paucityof ancient literaryreferences, the survival dence, and the difference in levels of sophisticationof towns of earlier portrayals,and the greater attention given to the and villas that developed in northern and southern Lusi- other two more highly RomanizedIberian provinces, Baetica tania. and Tarraconensis,have added to its image as a "backwater," This paper concludesthat there was a sharp dichotomyin underdeveloped,and robber-infestedprovince. the effects of Romanizationin some zones, whereasin other However,with recent accumulationof archaeologicaldata regions that experience is better explained as asymmetrical. (principallydue to Jorge Alarcao,Jose D'Encarnagao,and Dichotomouseffects are evident in certain regions of north- Jean Gerard Gorges), resolution of the conflictingimagery ern Lusitania,some of which continued to warranta "back- is coming more into focus. Utilizingtheir data, and my own water" description even during the Imperial period. from research trips to Portugal, this paper considers three Furthermore, comparisons of other regions, especially specific categories of Roman influence that I believe espe- coastal versus interior and southern versus northern Lusi- cially demonstratethe ambiguitiesconcerning the effects of tania,demonstrate that despite a broad exposure to Roman- Roman influence throughout the province. Specifically,dis- ization, dissimilaritiescontinued.

INDEX OF AUTHORS

Each author's name is followed by the page number(s) in this issue on which his or her abstract is printed.

Adams, W.L., 320 Dougherty-Glenn,C., 307-308 Ajootian,A., 295-96 Dwyer,E., 299 Alexianu, M.T., 294 Dyson, S.L., 310 Allen, M., 315 Earle, E., 300 Allison, P., 305 Edlund-Berry,I.E.M., 334 Amr, K., 329-30 Ellis, L., 294 Anderson, P.-K., 312-13 Freed,J., 311 Anderson-StojanoviC,V.R., 303-304 Frost, F.J.,302 Arnold, Y., 321 Futrell,A., 321-22 Aschenbrenner,S.E., 293, 328-29 Gebhard,E.R., 332-33 Bankoff, H.A., 309 Georgiou, H.S., 325 Barber,E., 326 Gesell, G.C., 328 Barletta,B.A., 297 Geselowitz,M.N., 309 Barringer,J.M., 318 Giesen, M.J., 293-94 Barr-Sharrar,B., 319 Gifford,J.A., 293 Bell, E.E., 301 Glowacki,K., 334-35 Bell, M., III, 298 Goldberg,M.Y., 318 Benson, C.A., 296-97 Hadjidaki-Marder,E., 302 Betancourt,P.P., 328 Haggis, D.C., 291 Boegehold, A., 308 Hall, M.E., 310 Broodbank,C., 290 Hamilton, R., 322 Broucke, P.B., 330-31 Harris,D., 296 Brulotte, E.L., 333 Hart, M.L., 323 Brumfield,A.C., 332 Hauber,R.C., 304-305 Camp,J.McK., II, 329 Hayden, B.J., 292 Carney,E.D., 319-20 Hemans, F.P., 301-302 Carpino, A., 301 Henneberg, M., 294 Carter,J.C., 294 Henneberg, R., 294 Chambers,M., 299 Hershenson, C.R., 290-91 Cline, E., 326 Higashi, E.L., 295 Coleman,J.E., 327 Higginbotham,J., 304 Collins-Clinton,J., 304 Hodge, A.T., 321 Cook, D.C., 305 Hohlfelder, R.L., 315 Cosmopoulos,M.B., 332 Hope Simpson,R., 328 Coulson, W.D.E.,328 Hostetter,E., 320 Cullen, T., 305 Hurwit,J.M., 322-23 Davaras,C., 302-303, 328 lerardi, M., 330 Davis-Kimball,J., 297, 312-13 Jobling, W.J.,329 Day, L.P., 328 Kalogirou,A., 305-306 de Grummond,N.T., 300 Kardulias,P.N., 306 de Vries, B., 329 Karlsson,L., 312

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1991] THE 92ND ANNUAL MEETING 339 Keay,S.J., 336 Rapp, G., Jr., 293 Klein, N.L., 335 Rautman,M., 302 Klippel,W.E., 292-93 Redfield,J., 318-19 Koehler,C.G., 336 Rice, E.E., 334 Koloski-Ostrow,A.O., 305 Richardson,L., jr, 298-99 Kraft,J.C., 293 Rose, C.B., 314 Krattenmaker,K., 291 Rossiter,J.J., 315 Langridge, E., 323 Russell,K.W., 329 Lattimore,S., 296 Russell,P., 317 Lilyquist,C., 325 Sackett,L.H., 293 Liston, M.A., 292 Sagona,A.G., 313-14 Lumsden, S., 313 Salapata,G., 331 McCann,A.M., 312 Savina,M., 328-29 McClellan,M., 302 Schafter,D., 333-34 McConnell,B.E., 306-307 Shapiro,H.A., 324 McEnroe,J., 328 ShapiroLapatin, K.D., 319 McInerney,J., 330, 331-32 Shear,T.L., Jr., 327 McPhee,I.D., 313-14 Sidebotham,S.E., 314 Magness,J., 334 Simon, C.G., 333 Magness-Gardiner,B.S., 317 Slane,D., 317 Maloney,S.J., 337 Smith,J.S., 316 Mare,W.H., 314-15 Snyder,L.M., 292-93 Marszal,J.R., 296 Soles,J.S., 302-303 Mason,J.R.B., 329-30 South, A., 317 Matheson, P.M.W.,336 Spann, P.O., 337 Mattusch,C.C., 295 Spurza,J.M., 322 Menard,T.D.M., 311 Stanley,F.H., Jr., 337-38 Mersereau,R., 291 Steiner,A., 323-24 Mierse,W.E., 337 Strasser,T.F., 290 Miles, M.M., 298 Stronach,D., 313 Miller,M.C., 335-36 Sutton, R.F.,Jr., 318 Miller,S.G., 327-28 Tobin, J., 336 Mogelonsky,M.K., 317 Toumazou, M.K., 316-17 Moody,J.A., 292 Townsend, R.F., 335 Moore, A.M., 297-98 Tykot, R.H., 325 Morgan, K.A., 330 Tzavella-Evjen,H., 306 Morganstern,J., 313 Tziavos,C., 293 Morter,J., 306 Umholtz,G., 330 Munn, M.H., 332 Vann, R.L., 315 Munn, M.L.Z.,332 Vison~, P., 311-12 Murray,W.M., 331 Voyatzis,M.E., 303 Musgrave,J.H., 319 Wells, P.S., 309 Nagy, G., 308 Whitbread,I.K., 294 Nagy, H., 300-301 Whitehead,J.K., 311 Neils, J., 324 Wildesen,L.E., 290 Oleson,J.P., 330 Wilkie,N., 307, 328-29 O'Roark,D., 293-94 Will, E.L., 309-10 Ostby,E., 303 Williams,C.K., II, 326-27 Packer,J., 320-21 Winter,F.A., 309 Palaima,T.G., 324-25 Wright,J.C., 316 Palmer,R., 325-26 Young, B.K., 310 Pemberton,E.G., 313-14 Younger,J.G., 295 Preziosi,D., 299-300 Zangger,E., 332 Ramage, N.H., 299

This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Sat, 30 May 2015 14:01:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions