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'Here We Start and in Jerusalem We Meet:' the Motivational and Organizational Influences of the Israeli Occupation of Palestine on Transnational Salafi Jihad

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'Here We Start and in Jerusalem We Meet:' the Motivational and Organizational Influences of the Israeli Occupation of Palestine on Transnational Salafi Jihad University of Mississippi eGrove Honors College (Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors Theses Honors College) Spring 5-1-2021 'Here we start and in Jerusalem we meet:' The Motivational and Organizational Influences of the Israeli Occupation of Palestine on Transnational Salafi Jihad Charlotte Armistead Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis Part of the Arabic Studies Commons, Defense and Security Studies Commons, International Relations Commons, Islamic Studies Commons, Islamic World and Near East History Commons, Military History Commons, Near Eastern Languages and Societies Commons, New Religious Movements Commons, Political History Commons, Regional Sociology Commons, Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons, Social History Commons, and the Terrorism Studies Commons Recommended Citation Armistead, Charlotte, "'Here we start and in Jerusalem we meet:' The Motivational and Organizational Influences of the Israeli Occupation of Palestine on Transnational Salafi Jihad" (2021). Honors Theses. 2165. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis/2165 This Undergraduate Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College (Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College) at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “HERE WE START AND IN JERUSALEM WE MEET:” THE MOTIVATIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL INFLUENCES OF THE ISRAELI OCCUPATION OF PALESTINE ON TRANSNATIONAL SALAFI JIHAD ©2021 By Charlotte S. Armistead A thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for completion Of the Bachelor of Arts degree in International Studies Croft Institute for International Studies Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College The University of Mississippi University, Mississippi May 2021 Approved: _____________________________________ Advisor: Prof. Ashleen Williams _____________________________________ Reader: Dr. Emily Fransee _____________________________________ Reader: Dr. John Winkle ©2021 Charlotte S. Armistead ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii Abstract The Israeli occupation of Palestine and its impact on the proliferation and longevity of transnational Salafi jihad is largely underestimated in current literature. In this thesis, I argue that Palestine, defined as both the nation and physical borders before the Balfour Declaration, largely contributed to the twentieth century revival of transnational Salafi jihad and is used by both Al Qaeda and ISIS as liberation and annihilation movements, respectively. In order to assess the motivational and organizational influences of the Israeli occupation of Palestine on transnational Salafi jihad, I examine the works of Abdullah Azzam, a selection of Osama Bin Laden’s fatwas, and open source recruitment propaganda from Al Qaeda and ISIS. In considering this selection of primary source material, I found that Israel’s occupation of Palestine and the conflict in general has made substantial motivational and organizational contributions to both the proliferation and longevity of transnational Salafi jihadi movements and, in this case, Al Qaeda and ISIS and each organization’s respective grand strategies. iii “Our slogan is: ‘Here we start, and in Jerusalem we meet.” -Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Inspire Magazine, Issue 2 (Fall 2010) iv Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction and Historical Background…………………………………………...1 Section 1.1: Introduction and Research Question ………………………………………...1 Section 1.2: Historical Background……………………………………………………….9 Section 1.3: Research Methods and Limitations………………………………………....15 Section 1.4: Overview of Chapters……………………………………………………....19 Chapter Two: Defense of Muslim Lands………………………………………………………....21 Section 2.1: The Life and Death of Abdullah Azzam…………………………………....21 Section 2.2: Afghanistan and Bin Laden………………………………………………...24 Section 2.3: Azzam’s Literature……………………………………………………….....28 Section 2.4: Conclusion……………………………………………………………….....30 Chapter Three: Al Qaeda………………………………………………………………………...32 Section 3.1: Early History………………………………………………………………..32 Section 3.2: Magazine Analysis……………………………………………………….....33 Section 3.3: Inspire……………………………………………………………………....34 Section 3.4: The Palestine Nasheed……………………………………………………...35 Section 3.5: Organizational Links……………………………………………………….36 Section 3.6: Motivational Links…………………………………………........................39 Section 3.7: Al Qaeda, “Defender of Palestine”………………………………………...40 Chapter Four: The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria……………………………….......................42 Section 4.1: The Emergence of the Islamic State……………………………………….42 Section 4.2: Magazine Analysis………………………………………….......................45 Section 4.3: Dabiq………………………………………………………………………46 v Section 4.4: Rumiyah………………………………………………………………….46 Section 4.5: The Palestine Nasheed…………………………………………………...47 Section 4.6: Motivational Links……………………………………………………....47 Section 4.7: Organizational Links…………………………………………………….48 Chapter Five: Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..51 Section 5.1: Overview………………………………………………………………...51 Section 5.2: Palestine as an Annihilation Movement…………………........................51 Section 5.3 Palestine as a Liberation Movement……………………………………..52 Section 5.4: Looking Forward………………………………………………………...53 Section 5.5: In Conclusion…………………………………………………………....53 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………….55 vi Chapter I: Introduction Section 1.1: Research Question The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a relatively localized phenomenon in regard to the concept of physical borders in Israel and Palestine, however the sustained political, social, and regional security implications of the conflict have transformed the modern Middle East. Israel’s occupation of Palestine has divided nations, complicated regional security and diplomatic cooperation, contributed to the deepening polarity of American politics, increased anti-Semitic and anti-Zionist sentiments on a global level, and inspired both local and international nationalist liberation movements. Notably, the case of Palestine,1 after the creation of the Israeli state in 1948 and the Six Day War of 1967, contributed to the revival of militant Islamic jihad in the twentieth century.2 While current scholarship on Salafi jihadism attributes the rise of militant Salafi jihad to markers such as the entrance of the Muslim Brotherhood onto the world stage, legacies of Western colonialism, the Soviet-Afghan War, 9/11, or the U.S. invasion of Iraq, I argue that the revival of Salafi jihadism and its evolution into a transnational movement can be directly traced back to a relatively local and ongoing phenomenon: the Israeli occupation of Palestine. While the above factors contributed to the twentieth century revival of Salafi jihad, the cultural and religious significance of Jerusalem and the proliferation of an Israeli state in Palestine and the subsequent ethnic cleansing of Palestinians are significantly overlooked factors in current Salafi jihadi literature. In order to understand the foundations of modern transnational Salafi jihadi movements and how Palestine has come to be utilized as both an annihilation and liberation movement by 1 Palestine is definitive of both the nation and physical borders of Palestinian land before the creation of the Israeli state. 2 Thomas Hegghammer, "The rise of Muslim foreign fighters: Islam and the globalization of Jihad," International Security 35, no. 3 (2010): 53-94. 1 said groups, a brief history of contemporary Islamist phenomenons and ideological contributions to the movement must be considered. Hassan Al Banna, the late founder and leader of the Muslim Brotherhood (concieved in Egypt in 1928) was only active on social and political levels in Iraq, Yemen, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Algeria, and Sudan3 until Israel came into being, which in turn gave incentive for the group to engage in jihad against the Israelis and colonial powers in the region.4 The Muslim Brotherhood made monumental contributions to the rise of modern Salafi jihadism in the twentieth century and played a large role in actually acting on the militant jihad ideas of Ibn Taymiyyah and Sayyd Qutb,5 particularly regarding the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt’s recruitment of over 10,000 Palestinian mujahid to fight for Palestine and the rights of its citizens following the UN resolution on the partition of Palestine in in 1947.6 Al Banna himself wanted to equip over 70,000 mujahid to defend Palestine.7 In addition, the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt supported Palestinians against the British during the Arab Revolt in the mid-1930s, established the General Central Committee for Palestine’s Aid, and ran a Palestine campaign that attracted thousands of new members and resulted in a number of new branches- including branches with military wings.8 Within the next decade, the Muslim Brotherhood effectively mobilized in terms of political jihad and organized a series of widspread, pro-Palestine protests in Egypt that turned violent with police intervention.9 However, the Muslim Brotherhood is not a violent organization 3 Kamal Helbawy, “The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt: Historical Evolution and Future Prospects,” in Political Islam: Context versus Ideology, ed. Khaled Hroub (SOAS, 2010). 4 Richard H. Shultz, Global Insurgency Strategy and the Salafi Jihad Movement, USAF Institute for National Security Studies 66, 2008. 5 John M. Calvert, “The Striving Shaykh: Abdullah Azzam and the Revival of Jihad,” Journal of Religion and Society 2 (2007). 6 Helbawy, “The Muslim
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