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UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Suburban Occupation: Contradictory Impulses and Outcomes of Life in Israeli Settlements in the Occupied West Bank Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0b12f7nn Author Hughes, Sara Nichole-Salazar Publication Date 2017 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Suburban Occupation: Contradictory Impulses and Outcomes of Life in Israeli Settlements in the Occupied West Bank A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Geography by Sara Nichole-Salazar Hughes 2017 Copyright by Sara Nichole-Salazar Hughes 2017 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Suburban Occupation: Contradictory Impulses and Outcomes of Life in Israeli Settlements in the Occupied West Bank by Sara Nichole-Salazar Hughes Doctor of Philosophy in Geography University of California, Los Angeles, 2017 Professor John A. Agnew, Chair The hundred-year conflict in Israel/Palestine is, at its core, a struggle over competing territorial claims and narratives. But this is not just an asymmetrical territorial conflict between two competing national groups—it is a settler colonial struggle between colonizer and colonized. Since 1967, the conflict has centered on the occupied Palestinian territories (oPt), which include the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem. Israeli settlement in the occupied territories began in 1967 following the Arab-Israeli War, despite the fact that the occupation and transfer of civilian population into the Palestinian territories is illegal according to the Fourth Geneva Convention and often criticized under international law. Since the beginning of the military occupation of the West Bank (or “Judea and Samaria”) in 1967, the settler population there and in East Jerusalem has risen to well over half a million Israeli Jews. Despite the fact that this ii territory remains contested and in a constant state of war and violence, settlement residents describe their communities as safe, desirable places to live. My dissertation analyzes the considerable discursive and material work required to construct and maintain settlements as desirable places to live; the ways in which territorial control is utilized to make the occupation possible and sustainable; and how settlers are responding to and shaping their physical and social environment in relation to the Palestinian “other.” In three substantive chapters, in addition to a chapter examining the history of settler colonialization, I deal with various contradictions of settler life in the West Bank. This research is based on seven months of ethnographic fieldwork in the occupied West Bank, over 100 in-depth interviews with settlement residents and local council officials, participant observation at community events, and document analysis of settlement periodicals, literature by and about settlers, newspaper articles, and marketing materials. In my research I am interested in the conceptual frameworks that settlement residents use to make sense of their lifestyle in a military-occupied, contested area, and also in critiquing their interpretation of the world and in understanding how it is linked to geopolitics, settler colonialism, and unequal relations of power. iii The dissertation of Sara Nichole-Salazar Hughes is approved. Lieba Faier Adam Moore Gershon Shafir John A. Agnew, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2017 iv Table of Contents 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………...……………… 1 1.1 Introduction: Suburban Occupation………………………………………...................... 1 1.2 Settling the Occupied Palestinian Territories Post-1967…………....……....................... 4 1.3 Why Study Settlers?.......................................................................................................... 9 Where are the Palestinians?.............................................................................................. 13 1.4 Positioning……………………………………………………………………………..... 16 1.5 References………………………………………………………………………………. 19 2. The Setting and the Research………………………………………………...................... 21 2.1 Community Settlements in the Occupied West Bank……………………………...…… 21 2.2 Field Sites, Access, and Representativeness……………………………………………. 26 Eastern Gush Etzion: Tekoa, Nokdim, Kfar Eldad, Sde Bar, Ma’ale Rechavam………………………………………………………………………..……… 28 (Central) Gush Etzion: Efrat, Alon Shvut…………………………………..................... 30 Mateh Binyamin: Talmon, Neria……………………………………………………….. 32 Site Selection, Access, and Representativeness…………………………………………. 32 2.3 Methodology………………………………………………………………..................... 36 Interviews………………………………………………………………………………... 37 Written Sources: Primary and Secondary………………………………………………. 40 Participant Observation………………………………………………………………… 42 2.4 Interlocutors: Who are the Settlers?.................................................................................. 43 2.5 Figures…………………………………………………………………………………... 46 2.6 References………………………………………………………………………………. 69 3. Settler Colonialism: Review of the Field and Locating Israel/Palestine………………… 71 3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….. 71 Land, Capitalism, and Settler Colonization………………………………..................... 73 3.2 Part I: The Morphological Continuity of Settler Colonialism……………..................... 76 Population Economy…………………………………………………………………… 79 Sovereign Entitlement………………………………………………………………….. 88 Consciousness………………………………………………………………………….. 98 Narrative……………………………………………………………………………….. 107 Possible Outcomes……………………………………………………………………... 113 Challenging Hegemonic (Settler) Narratives………………………………………….. 119 3.3 Part II: Settler Colonialism in Israel/Palestine……………………………..................... 129 Challenging Notions of Israeli Exceptionalism………………………………………... 131 Possible Outcomes and Challenging Hegemonic Narratives………………………….. 146 3.4 References……………………………………………………………………………… 153 v 4. Domesticity and Diasporic Homeland: Constructing “Home” in Israeli Settlements in the Occupied West Bank……………………………………..................... 160 4.1 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………… 160 4.2 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………. 161 4.3 Discursive Construction of “Home” …………………………………………………... 164 1. Torah/Return………………………………………………………………………... 166 2. Pioneering/Frontier Spirit…………………………………………………………... 169 3. Quality-of-Life………………………………………………………………………. 172 4. Jewish Community & Identity……………………………………………………….. 178 4.4 Concluding Remarks…………………………………………………………………... 182 4.5 Figures…………………………………………………………………………………. 185 4.6 References……………………………………………………………………………… 189 5. With a Wink and a Nod: Settlement Growth Through Construction as Commemoration in the Occupied West Bank…………………………………………… 192 5.1 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………… 192 5.2 Introduction: Construction as Commemoration……………………………………….. 193 5.3 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………… 196 5.4 Theoretical Framework: Settler Colonialism in Palestine/Israel………………………. 197 5.5 “Land for Lives”: the Discursive Framing of Construction as Commemoration……………………………………………………………………….. 202 Sequence of Events: Summer 2014…………………………………………………….. 203 Discursive Framing……………………………………………………………………. 204 5.6 Return to Sender, Address Unknown: Sending a “Message” to Palestinians…………………………………………………………………………….. 209 5.7 “Settling in the Hearts” of the Israeli Public…………………………………………... 211 5.8 The “Green Light”: Settler-Government Relations………………………..................... 213 5.9 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………... 216 5.10 Figures………………………………………………………………………………... 218 5.11 References……………………………………………………………………………. 221 6. Unbounded Territoriality: Territorial Control in the Occupied Palestinian Territories…………………………………………………………………….. 224 6.1 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….. 224 6.2 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………... 225 6.3 Terminology and Conceptual Blindness……………………………………………… 228 The Territorial Trap: Sovereignty, Territoriality, and the Nation-State System Traditionally Conceived………………………………………………………………. 233 6.4 Unbounded Territoriality: Nondecision-making, Legibility, and Territorial Control in the West Bank…………………………………………………. 237 The Operation of Unbounded Territoriality…………………………………………... 240 The Limits of Unbounded Territoriality………………………………………………. 248 6.5 Conclusion: the Logic of Unbounded Territoriality…………………………………... 249 vi Consequences of Re-Drawing the Map of Sovereignty……………………………….. 251 Unbounded Territoriality and World-Making…………………………….................... 255 6.6 Figures………………………………………………………………………………… 258 6.7 References…………………………………………………………………………….. 263 7. Concluding Remarks………………………………………………………………………. 266 7.1 Conclusion: Suburban Occupation…………………………………………………….. 266 7.2 Closing Thoughts………………………………………………………………………. 269 7.3 References……………………………………………………………………………… 275 8. Appendix: Interview Protocols…………………………………………………………. 276 8.1 Interview Protocol for Residents………………………………………………………. 276 8.2 Interview Protocol for Key Informants………………………………………………… 279 vii List of Figures and Tables Figure 2.1 Development Towns and Ex-urban Settlements in Israel. Source: Yiftachel (1997, p. 514)………………………………….…………..................................46 Figure 2.2 Single-family Homes in Tekoa, July 2015. Source: Author’s collection………………………………………………………………………4 7 Figure 2.3 Community Swimming Pool in Tekoa, July 2014. Source: Author’s collection…………………………………………….………………………. 48 Figure 2.4 Van for Tekoa’s Organic Mushroom Farm. Source: Author’s collection………………………………………………………………………49
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