DOCSLIB.ORG

Peripheral Viewing During Exposure to a 2D/3D Video Clip: Effects on the Human Body

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Peripheral Viewing During Exposure to a 2D/3D Video Clip: Effects on the Human Body Environ Health Prev Med (2015) 20:79–89 DOI 10.1007/s12199-014-0424-4 REGULAR ARTICLE Peripheral viewing during exposure to a 2D/3D video clip: effects on the human body Masumi Takada • Yuta Fukui • Yasuyuki Matsuura • Motohiko Sato • Hiroki Takada Received: 30 October 2014 / Accepted: 10 November 2014 / Published online: 24 December 2014 Ó The Japanese Society for Hygiene 2014 Abstract changed remarkably after the 3D video clip was viewed Objectives Symptoms of three-dimensional (3D) sickness, peripherally and produced a persistent instability in equi- such as intoxication and eye fatigue, have been observed in librium function. The questionnaire findings also signifi- subjects viewing 3D films and vary according to the image cantly changed after the subjects viewed the video clips quality and visual environment. In addition, the influence of peripherally. stereoscopic vision on the incidence of 3D sickness has not Conclusions Subjective exacerbation and deterioration of been explored sufficiently. Therefore, it is important to equilibrium function were observed after peripheral view- examine the safety of viewing virtual 3D content. ing of 3D video clips. This persistent influence may result Methods The present study examines the effects of when subjects view a poorly depicted background element peripheral vision on reported motion sickness during expo- peripherally, which generates depth perception that con- sure to 2D/3D video clips for 1 min and for 1 min afterwards tradicts daily experience. in human subjects. Stabilograms were recorded during exposure to video clips with or without visual pursuit of a 3D Keywords Body sway Á Stabilogram Á Stereoscopic object and compared, and subjects were administered the image Á Simulator sickness questionnaire Á SSQ simulator sickness questionnaire after stabilometry. Results There were no significant main effects of solidity of the visual stimulous (2D/3D) and the vision method Introduction (visual pursuit/peripheral viewing) in accordance with the two-way analysis of variance of the sway values, although In recent times, the familiarity towards three-dimensional the sway values during the 2D/3D video clips were higher (3D) images has increased greatly because 3D movie than in control subjects. A consistent trend in the main contents providing binocular parallax are loaded onto dif- effect of stability was observed. Further, the sway values ferent sources of amusement, such as cinema, home tele- vision, and game machines. Although the visual presence has been enhanced by the progress in 3D technology, & M. Takada ( ) Á M. Sato Á H. Takada which enables portrayal of movie scenes more realistically, Department of physiology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan each merit has its demerit. In this case, motion sickness is e-mail: [email protected] induced while viewing stereoscopic video clips [1]. The standing posture in humans is maintained by the Y. Fukui Á H. Takada body’s balance function, which is an involuntary physio- Department of Human and Artificial Intelligent System, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, logical adjustment mechanism called the ‘‘righting reflex’’ 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan [2]. This righting reflex, which is centered in the nucleus ruber, is essential to maintain the standing posture when Y. Matsuura the body is stationary. For this, the body’s balance function Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Yamanohata, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, utilizes sensory signals such as visual, auditory, and ves- Aichi 467-8501, Japan tibular inputs, as well as proprioceptive inputs from the 123 80 Environ Health Prev Med (2015) 20:79–89 skin, muscles, and joints [3]. The evaluation of this func- the stabilograms of individuals with high SSQ scores, tion is indispensable for diagnosing equilibrium distur- while the length for individuals with low scores is less bances like cerebellar degenerations, basal ganglia affected by such a stance [15]. We reported that VIMS disorders, or Parkinson’s disease [4]. Since long, stabil- could be detected by the total locus length and SPD, which ometry has been employed for a qualitative and quantita- were used as the analytical indices of stabilograms [16]. tive evaluation of this equilibrium function. In this, a The recent widespread use of stereoscopic vision facil- projection of a subject’s center of gravity onto a detection itates provision of virtual reality and sensation; however, as stand is measured as an average of the center of pressure discussed, since long, there has been concern over the (COP) of both the feet. The COP is traced for each time symptoms caused by stereoscopic vision. Accordingly, in step, and the time series of the projections is traced on an the present study, we have examined whether our visual x–y plane (this has been explained in detail in the following and equilibrium systems are affected by an hour-long section). By connecting the temporally vicinal points, a session of stereoscopic viewing [17, 18]. In an earlier study stabilogram is created. Several parameters are widely used by Yoshikawa et al. [18], the sway values measured after in clinical studies to quantify the degree of instability in the visual pursuit of the stereoscopic sphere in a video clip standing posture; for instance, the area of sway (A), total tended to become smaller than those after (peripheral) locus length (L), and locus length per unit area (L/A). It has viewing without purposeful pursuit of the object. In addi- been revealed that the last parameter is particularly related tion, when the subjects were not allowed to fix the point of to the fine variations involved in posture control [2]. Thus, gaze as they wished, they looked at the objects with dif- the L/A index is regarded as a gauge for evaluating the ferent virtual depth. Each time subjects change their point function of the proprioceptive control of standing in human of gaze, interaction occurs between systems to control beings. However, it is difficult to clinically diagnose dis- accommodation and convergence. A state of non-equilib- orders of balance and identify the decline in the equilib- rium in the control system for visual information process- rium function by utilizing the abovementioned indices and ing imposes additional load on the human body. Further, measuring patterns in a stabilogram alone. In addition, the intermittent inconsistency between accommodation and large inter-individual differences might make it difficult to convergence is considered to cause imbalance in our understand the results of such a comparison. Accordingly, autonomic nervous system. To examine this hypothesis, we we proposed a new index, called sparse density (SPD) [5, measured the severity of the influence of peripheral view- 6], which depends on the density of COPs in some local ing, which is expected to cause uncomfortable symptoms area of the stabilograms. With reference to the mathemat- of motion sickness, and compared it with the influence of ical model of systems to control upright postures, the SPD the visual pursuit of a virtual object on the equilibrium quantifies the stability of the systems, and is deemed sig- function. In addition, we discussed the relationship among nificant (see ‘‘Appendix’’). convergence, accommodation of lenses, and depth of the Watching 3D movies, though, can produce certain virtual object observed when subjects complain of the adverse effects such as asthenopia and motion sickness [7]. discomfort caused by 3D sickness. It has been considered that this visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) is caused by the sensory conflict that results from the disagreement between convergence and Materials and methods visual accommodation while viewing 3D images [8]. Thus, stereoscopic images have been devised to reduce this dis- Eleven healthy men (mean ± standard deviation, agreement [9, 10]. In this paper, we also examine whether 22.6 ± 0.7 years), who may have had any otorhinolar- the VIMS is caused by this kind of the sensory conflict. yngologic or neurological diseases in the past, participated Visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) can be mea- in this study. The experiment was sufficiently explained to sured by psychological and physiological methods, and the the subjects, following which written consent was obtained simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) is a well-known from them. The research was approved by the Ethics psychological method for measuring the extent of motion Committee, Nagoya City University Graduate School of sickness [11]. The SSQ has been used in the present study Natural Sciences: Project ID Number 42. to verify the occurrence of VIMS. In addition, the fol- In this experiment, the body sway was measured while lowing parameters of autonomic nervous activity are con- viewing 2D/3D video clips. The subjects stood on the sidered appropriate for the physiological method: heart rate detection stand of a stabilometer GS3000 (Anima Co. Ltd., variability, blood pressure, electrogastrography, and gal- Tokyo), without moving, with their feet together in the vanic skin reaction [12–14]. It has been reported that a Romberg posture, for 30 s before the sway was recorded. wide stance (with the midlines of the heels from 17 to Each sway of the COP was then recorded at a sampling 30 cm apart) significantly increases the total locus length in frequency of 20 Hz. The subjects were instructed to 123 Environ Health Prev Med (2015) 20:79–89 81 designed in our experimental protocol to evaluate the severity of the VIMS during and after viewing the video clips. In stabilometry, the COP on an x–y plane was recorded at each time step where x and y directions were defined as the right and the anterior planes on their faces, respectively. Stabilograms were obtained each experi- mental period from the time series of their COP. Finally, we calculated the new index SPD, and the previously stated sway values such as area of sway, total locus length, total locus length per unit area, defined in Suzuki et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Specific Eye Conditions with Corresponding Adaptations/Considerations
    Specific Eye Conditions with Corresponding Adaptations/Considerations # Eye Condition Effect on Vision Adaptations/Considerations 1 Achromotopsia colors are seen as shades of grey, tinted lenses, reduced lighting, alternative nystagmus and photophobia improve techniques for teaching colors will be with age required 2 Albinism decreased visual acuity, photophobia, sunglasses, visor or cap with a brim, nystagmus, central scotomas, strabismus reduced depth perception, moving close to objects 3 Aniridia photophobia, field loss, vision may tinted lenses, sunglasses, visor or cap with fluctuate depending on lighting brim, dim lighting, extra time required to conditions and glare adapt to lighting changes 4 Aphakia reduced depth perception, inability to sunglasses, visor or cap with a brim may accommodate to lighting changes be worn indoors, extra time required to adapt to lighting changes 5 Cataracts poor color vision, photophobia, visual bright lighting may be a problem, low acuity fluctuates according to light lighting may be preferred, extra time required to adapt to lighting changes 6 Colobomas photophobia, nystagmus, field loss, sunglasses, visor or cap with a brim, reduced depth perception reduced depth perception, good contrast required 7 Color Blindness difficulty or inability to see colors and sunglasses, visor or cap with a brim, detail, photophobia, central field reduced depth perception, good contrast scotomas (spotty vision), normal required, low lighting may be preferred, peripheral fields alternative techniques for teaching colors
    [Show full text]
  • Two Eyes See More Than One Human Beings Have Two Eyes Located About 6 Cm (About 2.4 In.) Apart
    ivi act ty 2 TTwowo EyesEyes SeeSee MoreMore ThanThan OneOne OBJECTIVES 1 straw 1 card, index (cut in half widthwise) Students discover how having two eyes helps us see in three dimensions and 3 pennies* increases our field of vision. 1 ruler, metric* The students For the class discover that each eye sees objects from a 1 roll string slightly different viewpoint to give us depth 1 roll tape, masking perception 1 pair scissors* observe that depth perception decreases *provided by the teacher with the use of just one eye measure their field of vision observe that their field of vision decreases PREPARATION with the use of just one eye Session I 1 Make a copy of Activity Sheet 2, Part A, for each student. SCHEDULE 2 Each team of two will need a metric ruler, Session I About 30 minutes three paper cups, and three pennies. Session II About 40 minutes Students will either close or cover their eyes, or you may use blindfolds. (Students should use their own blindfold—a bandanna or long strip VOCABULARY of cloth brought from home and stored in their science journals for use—in this depth perception and other activities.) field of vision peripheral vision Session II 1 Make a copy of Activity Sheet 2, Part B, for each student. MATERIALS 2 For each team, cut a length of string 50 cm (about 20 in.) long. Cut enough index For each student cards in half (widthwise) to give each team 1 Activity Sheet 2, Parts A and B half a card. Snip the corners of the cards to eliminate sharp edges.
    [Show full text]
  • Binocular Vision
    BINOCULAR VISION Rahul Bhola, MD Pediatric Ophthalmology Fellow The University of Iowa Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences posted Jan. 18, 2006, updated Jan. 23, 2006 Binocular vision is one of the hallmarks of the human race that has bestowed on it the supremacy in the hierarchy of the animal kingdom. It is an asset with normal alignment of the two eyes, but becomes a liability when the alignment is lost. Binocular Single Vision may be defined as the state of simultaneous vision, which is achieved by the coordinated use of both eyes, so that separate and slightly dissimilar images arising in each eye are appreciated as a single image by the process of fusion. Thus binocular vision implies fusion, the blending of sight from the two eyes to form a single percept. Binocular Single Vision can be: 1. Normal – Binocular Single vision can be classified as normal when it is bifoveal and there is no manifest deviation. 2. Anomalous - Binocular Single vision is anomalous when the images of the fixated object are projected from the fovea of one eye and an extrafoveal area of the other eye i.e. when the visual direction of the retinal elements has changed. A small manifest strabismus is therefore always present in anomalous Binocular Single vision. Normal Binocular Single vision requires: 1. Clear Visual Axis leading to a reasonably clear vision in both eyes 2. The ability of the retino-cortical elements to function in association with each other to promote the fusion of two slightly dissimilar images i.e. Sensory fusion. 3. The precise co-ordination of the two eyes for all direction of gazes, so that corresponding retino-cortical element are placed in a position to deal with two images i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Collaborative Treatment for Vision After TBI
    Collaborative Treatment for Vision After TBI Tom Wilson, OD, COVD Terri Cassidy, OTR, CDRS Vision is Primary • Human vision is a complex process that involves the coordinated efforts of both the eyes and the brain. • We use central vision (focal) to see detail. • We use peripheral vision (ambient) to inform us of movement or a direction we should point our eyes. • Even if we feel like our eyes (and brain) are not giving us accurate information – we believe our eyes. 2 Case Study 1 56 y/o woman involved in a motor vehicle crash. She was able to walk and talk. MRI was negative. Not long after she notices symptoms of not being able to read correctly, headaches, motion sickness is much worse than normal, she can’t go back to work on the computer, she is very tentative about driving. Her eye doctor tells her that her eyes are fine, it must be her medications. Finally she is referred to Dr. Wilson who does an evaluation and refers her to vision rehab with OT. Presentation Title – Date (month #, ####) 3 Evaluation Neuro-optometric Assessment • Eye health • Binocular Vision • Prism evaluation • Function Occupational Therapy Vision Assessment • Goal of OT is to improve the client’s level of performance in a needed ADL. • Deficiencies in visual processing are significant to the OT Process if they interfere with occupational performance – doing the tasks that she wants and needs to do. Presentation Title – Date (month #, ####) 4 Evaluation Results OD Finds: OT Finds: Characteristics of Post Trauma Pt is not able to work more than 2 Vision Syndrome
    [Show full text]
  • 20/20 VISION Part I: Eyesight, Perception and Vision
    20/20 VISION Part I: Eyesight, perception and vision In this first part of our three-part exploration of 20/20 vision, we are going to look at our physical eyes and how they work. Then we will explore perception and how the brain actually converts all that sensory information into images. Finally, we will look at some of the techniques for improving our vision naturally and ask if these really work. 20/20 vision is a term used to express normal visual acuity (the clarity or sharpness of vision) measured at a distance of 20 feet. ... If you have 20/100 vision, it means that you must be as close as 20 feet to see what a person with normal vision can see at 100 feet. Having 20/20 vision does not necessarily mean you have perfect vision. 20/20 vision only indicates the sharpness or clarity of vision at a distance. Other important vision skills, including peripheral awareness or side vision, eye coordination, depth perception, focusing ability and colour vision, contribute to your overall visual ability. Some people can see well at a distance but are unable to bring nearer objects into focus. This condition can be caused by hyperopia (far-sightedness) or presbyopia (loss of focusing ability). Others can see items that are close but cannot see those far away. This condition may be caused by myopia (near-sightedness). Is it possible to see better than 20/20? Yes, it's indeed possible to have sharper than 20/20 vision. In fact, most people with young, healthy eyes are capable of identifying at least some of the letters on the 20/15 line or even smaller letters on the Snellen chart.
    [Show full text]
  • An Adaptive Blur in Peripheral Vision to Reduce Visual Fatigue in Stereoscopic Vision
    ©2016 Society for Imaging Science and Technology DOI: 10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2016.5.SDA-438 An Adaptive Blur in Peripheral Vision to Reduce Visual Fatigue in Stereoscopic Vision David AURAT; MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, Centre for robotics; Paris; France Laure LEROY; Paris 8 University; Saint-Denis; France Olivier HUGUES; MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, Centre for robotics; Paris; France Philippe FUCHS; MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, Centre for robotics; Paris; France Abstract Related Work For some years, a lot of Stereoscopic 3D contents have As we described previously, the accommodation ver- been released. Even if the depth sensation is realistic, it gence conflict is a cause of eye strain in stereoscopic 3D is still not perfect and uncomfortable. The objective of our vision. A lot of people have studied this conflict. Some work is to use the gaze of the user to bring closer artificial people created multi-focal system to limits the distance be- vision and natural vision to increase the precision of the per- tween the convergence point and the accommodation point ception and decrease visual fatigue. For example, a differ- like Hoffman et al. [4]. They concluded that multi-focal ence in artificial vision is the accommodation point and the system decrease viewer fatigue and discomfort, increase convergence point of the eye. In natural vision, these points stereoacuity, reduce time to identify a stereo stimulus and are the same whereas in artificial vision event if the con- reduce distortion in perceived depth. Neveu et al. [1] vergence point is on the looked object, the accommodation showed that beginning with a small conflict and increasing point remains on the screen.
    [Show full text]
  • Vision Challenges with Vestibular Disorders
    5018 NE 15TH AVE · PORTLAND, OR 97211 · FAX: (503) 229-8064 · (800) 837-8428 · [email protected] · VESTIBULAR.ORG Vision Challenges with Vestibular Disorders By Michael C. Schubert, PT, PhD with the Vestibular Disorders Association, and contributions by Kenneth Ciuffreda, O.D., PhD, FCOVD-A and Allen H. Cohen, O.D., FCOVD A common complaint for people with patients consult with an optometrist who vestibular disorders is that they have specializes in Neuro-optometric difficulty with their vision. They may Rehabilitation. The neuro-optometric experience problems focusing on an object evaluation specifically assesses the visual, or perceive that objects are moving from ocular motor and focusing skills important side to side or revolving around them for stabilizing the sensory motor (vertigo). They may see their visual field components of the vestibule-ocular reflex jiggle or bounce during head motion (or “VOR”). (oscillopsia) or have double vision (diplo- pia). When they hold their heads still, HOW DO VESTIBULAR DISORDERS these visual instability problems might AFFECT VISION? resolve. The vestibular system and the visual Many people with vestibular disorders system coordinate with each other through consult an eye care professional due to brain pathways in order to control visual their visual symptoms. The typical eye fixation. The ‘ear to eye’ connection is examination is done while the patient’s known as the vestibulo-ocular reflex head is resting against a head rest, (VOR). The VOR has a critical role of thereby reducing the head motion, which keeping the eyes still during head motion. may mask the visual symptoms. With a This is known as gaze stability.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Stroboscopic Vision Training on Dynamic Visual Acuity Scores: Nike Vapor Strobe® Eyewear
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Plan B and other Reports Graduate Studies 5-2013 Effect of Stroboscopic Vision Training on Dynamic Visual Acuity Scores: Nike Vapor Strobe® Eyewear Joshua Holliday Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports Recommended Citation Holliday, Joshua, "Effect of Stroboscopic Vision Training on Dynamic Visual Acuity Scores: Nike Vapor Strobe® Eyewear" (2013). All Graduate Plan B and other Reports. 262. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports/262 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Plan B and other Reports by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Plan B and other Reports Graduate Studies 4-2013 Effect of Stroboscopic Vision Training on Dynamic Visual Acuity Scores: Nike Vapor Strobe® Eyewear Joshua Holliday Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports Recommended Citation Holliday, Joshua, "Effect of Stroboscopic Vision Training on Dynamic Visual Acuity Scores: Nike Vapor Strobe® Eyewear" (2013). All Graduate Plan B and other Reports. Paper 262. This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Plan B and other Reports by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU.
    [Show full text]
  • Perceived Speed of Motion in Depth Is Reduced in the Periphery
    Vision Research 40 (2000) 3507–3516 www.elsevier.com/locate/visres Perceived speed of motion in depth is reduced in the periphery K. Brooks *, G. Mather Experimental Psychology, Biology School, Uni6ersity of Sussex, Brighton BN19QG, UK Received 24 February 1999; received in revised form 30 November 1999 Abstract The perceived speed of motion in depth (MID) for a monocularly visible target was measured in central and peripheral vision using a 2AFC speed discrimination task. Only binocular cues to MID were available: changing disparity and interocular velocity difference (IOVD). Perceived speed for monocular lateral motion and perceived depth for static disparity were also assessed, again in both central and peripheral vision. The purpose of the experiment was to assess the relative contributions of changing disparity and IOVD cues to the perceived speed of stereomotion. Although peripheral stimuli appeared to lie at approximately the same depth as their central counterparts, their apparent speed was reduced. Monocular/lateral and binocular/MID speeds were reduced to a similar extent. It seems that reduced apparent monocular speed leads to reduced perceived MID speed, despite the fact that the disparity system appears to be unaffected. These results suggest that the IOVD cue makes a significant contribution to MID speed perception. © 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. Keywords: Motion in depth; Speed discrimination; Peripheral vision 1. Introduction motion in depth (MID) could be encoded by the mo- tion system, without the need for disparity sensitive Consider the motion of an object approaching an mechanisms. A unit capable of assessing the difference observer along the median plane. Three major cues to in velocity of each monocular motion signal could be the speed of the object are available.
    [Show full text]
  • Perceiving Self-Motion in Depth: the Role of Stereoscopic Motion and Changing-Size Cues
    Perception & Psychophysics 1996,58 (8), JJ68-JJ76 Perceiving self-motion in depth: The role of stereoscopic motion and changing-size cues STEPHEN PALMISANO University ofNew South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia During self-motions, different patterns of optic flow are presented to the left and right eyes. Previ­ ous research has, however, focused mainly on the self-motion information contained in a single pattern of optic flow. The present experiments investigated the role that binocular disparity plays in the visual perception of self-motion, showing that the addition of stereoscopic cues to optic flow significantly im­ proves forward linear vection in central vision. Improvements were also achieved by adding changing­ size cues to sparse (but not dense) flow patterns. These findings showedthat assumptions in the head­ ing literature that stereoscopic cues facilitate self-motion only when the optic flow has ambiguous depth ordering do not apply to vection. Rather, it was concluded that both stereoscopic and changing­ size cues provide additional motion-in-depth information that is used in perceiving self-motion. Ofall the senses known to be involved in self-motion During self-motions, different patterns of optic flow perception-the vestibular, auditory, somatosensory, pro­ are presented to the left and right eyes (due to the sepa­ prioceptive, and visual systems-visionappears to play the ration ofthe eyes and their different angles ofregard; see dominant role (Benson, 1990; Howard, 1982). This is Figure 1). Theorists have, however, generally focused only demonstrated by the fact that compelling illusions of on the motion-perspective information contained in a sin­ self-motion can be induced by visual information alone.
    [Show full text]
  • Peripheral Vision and Visual Attention Randall William Adams Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1971 Peripheral vision and visual attention Randall William Adams Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior Commons, and the Psychiatry and Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Adams, Randall William, "Peripheral vision and visual attention " (1971). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 4933. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/4933 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. I I 72-5168 ADAMS, Randall William, 1941- PERIPHERAL VISION AND VISUAL ATTENTION. Iowa State University, Ph.D., 1971 Psychology, e^erimental University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED Peripheral vision and visual attention by Randall William Adams A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subject: Psychology Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. Foi^thé/Gifeduate College Iowa State University Mes, Iowa 1971 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION MD LITERATURE REVIEW 1 STUDY I 12 STUDY II 30 GENERAL DISCUSSION 39 LITERATURE CITED ' 4.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 47 APPENDIX A. VISUAL CHARACTERS AND TIME INTERVALS USED FOR PERIPHERAL TASK (STUDY I) 4.8 APPENDIX B.
    [Show full text]
  • Vision Therapy: Beyond Compensations and Addressing the Root of the Problem + Objectives
    +Natasha Huffine MS, OTRL, CBIS Kara Christy MS, OTRL, CBIS Vision Therapy: Beyond Compensations and Addressing the Root of the Problem + Objectives Understand vision diagnoses and the functional impact they play with B/IADLs Understand how to screen for common brain injury and stroke related vision deficits. Identify “shoe box” activities for each of the outlined vision diagnoses. Improve knowledge and understanding of commonly used vision therapy equipment. Utilize iPad applications for vision therapy treatment. + Components of Vision Accommodation (focus) Oculomotor Vergence skills (near work) Depth perception (driving) Peripheral vision Binocularity Visual spatial processing/ visual perceptual skills Visual attention + Objective 1 Understand vision diagnoses and the functional impact they play with B/IADLs + Accommodation The automatic adjustment of the eye for seeing at different distances Three Components • Amplitude- Getting it clear o Can be a problem for many farsighted individuals who usually pass the far Snellen chart. • Sustenance- Keeping it clear o Print comes into and out of focus, especially with fatigue. • Facility- Changing focus from one distance to another. .Function .Ability to take notes in school shifting focus from white board to notebook .Shifting visual focus from the speedometer in the car to traffic signs .Ability to read directions on a recipe and then set the timer/oven temperature + Oculomotor Range of Motion Pursuits Saccades Function Reading Sports (tracking ball) Giving attitude + Vergence Skills Convergence Required for near work Common to have difficulty with both accommodation and convergence CITT- Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial: Compared in-office therapy, placebo, pencil push-ups, and home computer exercises. Most effective= in office, followed by home computer Pencils push-ups = placebo Scheiman, O.D., et al.
    [Show full text]