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Tirana Builds an International4
After Enver On April 9, 1985, Enver Hoxha suffered a cardiac arrest; the doctors were able to revive his heart, but he was deprived of consciousness. Enver Hoxha died 11th April 1985 in Tirana, Albania. In the 1980s Enver Hoxha's state of health had worsened, he suffered from diabetes and in 1983 he was stricken with a cerebral ischemia, and again in 1984. He withdrew into semiretirement, turning over most state functions to Ramiz Alia, who succeeded him upon his death. This succession had been achieved partly by eliminating Mehmet Shehu, Hoxha’s righthand man since 1948, who was prime minister and minister of the interior. In 1981 it was announced that Mehmet Shehu had suffered a nervous breakdown and committed suicide. The official (highly improbably) story was that he had been spying for the Americans, the British and the Vatican. His wife was sentenced to 20 years in a labour camp (where she died in 1988) and the state security was purged of his supporters. After his death on 11th April 1985 Enver Hoxha was buried next to the Mother Albania statue in the Martyr’s Cemetery overlooking Tirana. However, the counter-revolution that took place in 1990 allowed his political enemies to take their revenge and Enver’s remains were moved to the public cemetery in Kombinat in April 1992. Unified Communist Party of Albania, Political Developments in Albania since the Death of Enver Hoxha 'ISML', No. 7, 2000, pp. 5-11. The death of Enver Hoxha in April 1985 marked the beginning of a process of liberal-bureaucratisation of the Party and the state, which eventually led to the overthrow of people's power (the dictatorship of the proletariat). -
How the Soviet-Albanian Relations Came to an End
ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 12 No 4 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) www.richtmann.org July 2021 . Research Article © 2021 Geri Pilaca and Alban Nako. This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) Received: 4 May 2021 / Accepted: 21 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021 Splitting Apart: How the Soviet-Albanian Relations Came to an End Geri Pilaca Alban Nako Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Epoka University, Tirana, Albania DOI: https://doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2021-0028 Abstract Albania was the only Eastern European country to exit from the Warsaw Pact and consequently become diplomatically isolated by its member states by late 1961. Such an event was the result of the continuous accusations exchanged between the Albanian and the Soviet Leaders, primarily between Enver Hoxha and Nikita Khrushchev. In the midst of the turbulent Soviet-Albanian relations, China offered its alliance to Albania which only worsened the situation. This study aims to illustrate how the curve of the Albanian- Soviet partnership changed over time, starting from the Stalin era and finishing with the Khrushchev era. More precisely, this study explains how Khrushchev’s decision-making concerning other countries, especially Yugoslavia, pushed the Albanian leaders into changing attitude towards the Soviet Union and make alliances with Mao Zedong. Keywords: Albania, Soviet Union, split, China 1. Introduction The story of the Soviet-Albanian split remains a particular and interesting case study not only because Albania was the second communist state after Yugoslavia to seize all the possible relations with the USSR but also because of the main factors that lead to the disruption of what was seen as very close relations. -
June 27, 1962 Memorandum of Conversation Between First Vice Premier Hysni Kapo and Albanian Labor Party Politburo Member Ramiz Alia with PRC Premier Zhou Enlai
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified June 27, 1962 Memorandum of Conversation between First Vice Premier Hysni Kapo and Albanian Labor Party Politburo Member Ramiz Alia with PRC Premier Zhou Enlai Citation: “Memorandum of Conversation between First Vice Premier Hysni Kapo and Albanian Labor Party Politburo Member Ramiz Alia with PRC Premier Zhou Enlai,” June 27, 1962, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Central State Archive, Tirana, F14/ L14/ D7/ Viti 1962. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/110807 Summary: Original Language: Albanian Contents: English Translation MEETING OF THE COMRADES HYSNI KAPO AND RAMIZ ALIA WITH THE CHAIRMAN OF THE COUNCIL OF STATE OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, COMRADE ZHOU ENLAI, AT 11 A.M. OF THE DATE 27 JUNE 1962 (At the meeting our side was also represented by our ambassador to the People's Republic of China, comrade Reis Malile, who also took the notes appearing below.) From the Chinese side the following were present: comrade Chen Yi, Deputy Chairman of the Council of State and Minister of Foreign Affairs; comrade Zhou Enlai, Deputy Chairman of the Council of State; comrade Wu Xiuquan, Deputy Director of the [International Department of the] Central Committee of the Communist Party of China; and comrade Luo Shigao, PRC ambassador to the People's Republic of Albania. Comrade Hysni Kapo: We have been received very warmly at every place we have visited around your country. I take this opportunity to express the gratitude of our party and people for everything that the Communist Party of China, the PRC government, and the Chinese people have done for our party and people. -
̱ ͵ͶͲ ̱ Disruption of Albanian-Soviet Relations
E-ISSN 2281-4612 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol 3 No 3 ISSN 2281-3993 MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy June 2014 Disruption of Albanian-Soviet Relations Phd Research Student. Brisejda Lala History and Geography [email protected] Doi:10.5901/ajis.2014.v3n3p340 Abstract THEME: “Disruption of Albanian-Soviet Relations” aims at presenting a part of the history of Albanian people as well as the soviet influence in the internal and external policy of our country. The relations between these two countries, whose relations where extended up to 12 years, are characterized by the close unity in the first decade as well as the divergences of the last few years. Our country, Albania, and its internal and external policies were oriented towards the communist camp, and at that time “Stalinism” was the best example to be followed. The external policy of this place changed after the death of Stalin, this was reflected even in the policy which would have been followed by the state. Nikita Khrushchev, the Stalin’s successor, followed the steps towards the “destalinization” and the reduction of the tensions with the West Europe countries. These policies followed by Hrushov contradicted the interests of the Albanian leader, Enver Hoxha, who was obliged to renounce from lots of political posts in order to punish the cult of personality. In 1959 the communist leader, Khrushchev, visited Albania, but this visit flustered even more the issues between these two countries. In 1960 the relations between them were irreparable, and in 1961 they decided to disconnect their diplomatic relations. Lets highlight the reasons that pushed Enver Hoxha toward the great Russian country and the reasons of this immediate disconnection of these diplomatic relations. -
"The Anglo-American Threat to Albania (Memoirs of the National
The electronic version of the book is created by http://www.enverhoxha.ru ************************ ENVER HOXHA The Anglo - American Threat to Albania Memoirs of the National Liberation War THE INSTITUTE OF MARXIST-LENINIST STUDIES AT THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE PARTY OF LABOUR OF ALBANIA THE «8 NËNTORI» PUBLISHING HOUSE TIRANA 1982 «THE ANGLO-AMERICAN THREAT TO ALBANIA» is another book in the series of Comrade Enver Hoxha's memoirs from the time of the National Liberation War. It reflects events he lived through, his personal impressions, and gives conclusions, which provide lessons for all periods, drawn from the hostile activity carried out openly or behind the scenes, against our National Liberation Movement, our people's revolution and socialist Albania by the Anglo-American bourgeoisie. It brings out clearly the clash between the diabolical plans, attempts, manoeuvres and concrete activities of Anglo-American imperialism to put Albania under its sway, on the one hand, and the vigilance, the blow for blow struggle of the Communist Party of Albania and its General Secretary, the leader of the Army and the National Liberation Front and the whole patriotic Alba• nian people, Comrade Enver Hoxha, on the other hand, to discover, unmask, defeat and destroy the imperialist strategy and tactics in regard to Albania. These memoirs now being published, were written in 1975. The book is available in Albanian and several foreign languages. 3 I A LITTLE HISTORY Albania — a token for barter for the «Brit- ish Lion». Disraeli and Bismarck: «We are not interested in a few Albanian cottages.» Zog — the «open-door» policy. -
TS No. 104642/62 , Copy No. CURRENT INTELLIGENCE STAFF STUDY SOVIET
I I 22 June 1962 TS No. 104642/62 , --. I Copy No. I I APPROVED FOR RELEASE DATE: MAY 2007 I CURRENT INTELLIGENCE STAFF STUDY SOVIET - ALBANIAN RELATIONS, 1940-1960 (Reference Title: ESAU XIX-62) I Office or Current lnzelllge ,I 1 CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY I I WITHIN THE TITLE 18, USC, STN OR REVE I PERSON IS PROHIBI 1 SOVIET-ALBANIAN RELATIONS, 3.940-1960 This is a working paper, reviewing the course of Ssviez- Albanian relations from the birth of the Albanian Communist party in 1940 through the walkout of the Albanian leaders from the meeting of the 81 Communist parties in Moscow in November 1960. The paper examines the origins and course of the Soviet-Albanian differences and their relationship to the Sino-Soviet controversy. In preparing the paper we have had valuable assistance from a number of analysts-andcomponents of the Agency. Personnel of the Biograpbic Register of OCR have been very helpful in assist- ing us to obtain information on the early members of the AP- banian Communist party; and others of QCR, as well as OO/F.DD and @O/FBHS personne1,have been helpful in obtaining for us <' useful documents and translations of foreign Ilofthe Sino-Soviet Bloc Area of OCI and of ONE have given us useful comments and especially grateful toIr1of SsBA/QcI, whose excel- lent files have proven inva ua e and who has offered many helpful suggestions throughout the preparation of the study. The Sino-Soviet Studies Group would welcome further comment on this paper, addressed to Carroll-VaaDeventer, who -wrote the paper, or to the coordinator of the group, both at SOVIET-ALBANIAN RELATIONS 1940-1960 SU.ARY .................................................... -
History of the Party of Labour of Albania. Second Edition
The electronic version of the book is created by http://www.enverhoxha.ru Workers of all countries, unite! HISTORY OF THE PARTY OF LABOUR OF ALBANIA Second edition THE INSTITUTE OF MARXIST-LENINIST STUDIES AT THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE PARTY OF LABOUR OF ALBANIA THE «8 NËNTORI» PUBLISHING HOUSE TIRANA 1982 THE HISTORY OF THE PARTY OF LABOUR OF ALBANIA IS PREPARED BY THE IN STITUTE OF MARXIST-LENINIST STUDIES AND ITS PUBLICATION IS AUTHORIZED BY THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE PARTY OF LABOUR OF ALBANIA INTRODUCTION The period since the founding of the Party of Labour of Albania (PLA) is the most brilliant period in the age-long history of the Albanian people. During this period deep revolutionary changes have been brought about in the political, economic, social and cultural life of the country, major achievements of vital importance have been attained, putting an end to oppression and exploitation of the broad working masses and ensuring a rapid and uninterrupted development of the country on the road of socialism. These achievements have been attained by the Albanian people under the leadership of the Party of Labour of Albania. With the formation of the Party, the working class, the labour ing masses brought forth from their ranks, in the heat of battle against the fascist invaders and traitors to the country, a revolutionary national leadership absolutely determined to defend the interests of the people, capable of ensuring their national liberation and social emancipation. The Party of Labour of Albania has always had Marxism- Leninism as its only and reliable guide. -
Defying De-Stalinization Albania's 1956
MëDefhyingilli De-Stalinization: Albania’s 1956 Defying De-Stalinization Albania’s 1956 ✣ Elidor Mëhilli In Beijing in 1956 the leaders of two Communist countries got to- gether in a corner and commiserated. The background was a glorious gather- ing: the Eighth National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The older of the two, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej of Romania, did most of the talking as he complained that party colleagues had taken him to task over his “cult of personality.” As evidence, they had pointed to his image adorning buildings everywhere and countless factories named after him. But Gheorghiu-Dej told his interlocutor, Enver Hoxha, the First Secretary of the Party of Labor of Albania (PPSh), that in fact no such cult had existed in Ro- mania. How could it have? He had been the ªrst to criticize exaggerations about himself. Hoxha knew what his counterpart was talking about. He, too, had occasionally objected in PPSh Politburo meetings to all kinds of excesses: plans to name factories and schools after him; party ofªcials’ eagerness to con- vert his childhood home into a Communist shrine; and the engrained habit of showering him with gifts at birthdays and anniversaries. On the other hand, Tirana, like Bucharest, was teeming with oversize silk portraits of the middle-aged leader, whose name, etched in solid red and gold, abounded on rooftops and façades. Moreover, Hoxha, like Gheorghiu-Dej, was busy grum- bling in Beijing about the onerous challenges they were forced to confront in 1956.1 1. Hoxha recounted the conversation with Gheorghiu-Dej at a Politburo meeting and at a party ple- num on 22 October. -
Enver Hoxha and the Great Ideological Battle of the Albanian Communists Against Revisionism
Anti-Revisionism in Italy The National Committee for Reconstruction of the Communist Party of Italy (Marxist-Leninist) Enver Hoxha and the Great Ideological Battle of the Albanian Communists Against Revisionism Published: North Star Compass Vol.17 No.10-11 July-August 2009 Transcription, Editing and Markup: Paul Saba and Sam Richards Copyright: This work is in the Public Domain under the Creative Commons Common Deed. You can freely copy, distribute and display this work; as well as make derivative and commercial works. Please credit the Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line as your source, include the url to this work, and note any of the transcribers, editors & proofreaders above. The ideological struggle of the Albanian communists against revisionism began already in the postwar period, in a harsh confrontation with Tito’s revisionist clique. Winston Churchill, in his Memoirs, recalled how he was directly interested in placing Tito and his group in the service of the imperialist powers. In May of 1944, he personally met Tito in Naples; in his Memoirs, Churchill wrote that Tito was ready to state publicly that “communism would not be established in Yugoslavia.” During the war there were 140,000 members of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia and another 360,000 before the middle of 1948. Tens of thousands of kulaks and bourgeois joined the party. The party did not have a normal internal life, it did not have internal political discussions, and the leaders were not elected but co-opted. In June of 1948, Information Bureau of the Communist Parties (Cominform), which was made up of eight communist parties, published a resolution which criticized the Yugoslav party. -
Enver Hoxha. Obras Escogidas, Ed
La versión electrónica del libro fue creado por http://www.enverhoxha.ru «Cuando se echaban ios ci mientos de la nueva Albania» es otro libro de la serie de me morias y apuntes históricos del camarada Enver Hoxha corres pondientes al período de la Lu cha Antifascista de Liberación Nacional. Esta nueva obra está consa grada a dos de las más monu mentales victorias del Partido del Trabajo de Albania y del pueblo albanés: la fundación y consolidación del Frente Anti fascista de Liberación Nacional (hoy Frente Democrático) y la creación e instauración del nue vo poder popular en Albania. Este libro se publica en alba nés y en otras lenguas. ENVER HOXHA Cuando se echaban los cimientas de la nueva Albania MEMORIAS Y APUNTES HISTORICOS INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS MARXISTA-LENINISTAS ADJUNTO AL COMITE CENTRAL DEL PARTIDO DEL TRABAJO DE ALBANIA CASA EDITORA «8 NËNTORI» TIRANA, 1984 SE PUBLICA CON MOTIVO DEL 40.° ANIVERSARIO DE LA LIBERACION DE LA PATRIA Y EL TRIUNFO DE LA REVOLUCION POPULAR A MODO DE INTRODUCCION En la historia milenaria de Albania, nuestro poder popular y la unidad monolítica de nuestro pueblo, con cretada en la organización del Frente Democrático, son dos de los más grandes y esplendorosos logros, dos de las obras más monumentales de la época del Partido. Estas dos obras monumentales e inmortales, así como el propio Partido, que siempre ha sido y sigue siendo su cerebro y corazón poderosos, no surgieron en lujosas salas, no eran producto de «mentes» apoltrona das en cafés o parlamentos. No, nacieron del fusil gue rrillero en el fragor de la lucha por la libertad, cre cieron en el seno del pueblo y fueron su sede las sen cillas viviendas del pueblo. -
Pickaxe and Rifle: the Story of the Albanian People
' IMPLOSION James Montgomerie Intrigue and corruption inside a major electronics public company on the verge of a sensational technical breakthrough in colour television — a revolutionary process that will render every existing television set obsolete overnight. Jealousy, sexual inducements, and power politics are the motivations. The author, James Montgomerie, worked in the central administration of a number of the largest companies and knows at first hand the minds and motivations of those who occupy the citadels of the great corporations. In Implosion he has combined technical knowledge, subtle evocation of character with stylish writing to set a new standard for ‘Company’ novels. Film option sold. Paperback rights negt’n ISBN 0 7030 0038 1 244 pp Hardcover: £1.75 February 1974 limp, sewn-bound £1.00 IRON GUSTAV Hans Fallada A sweeping panorama of the German people - and an undoubted classic - Iron Gustav presents an uncompromising picture of Germany before, during, and immediately after the First World War; the age in the history of this great nation in which were sown the seeds of a terrible harvest. ‘ A magnificent writer.’ - New Statesman ‘An undoubted epic. ’ - The Times ISBN 0 09 307870 6 461 pp. Available now £1.65 UK only CHARLES DICKENS LONDON GUIDE 1879 Victorian London by the younger Charles Dickens. A must’ for every researcher and historian of Victoriana. ‘A remarkable guide book to Victorian London. ’ — Sunday Times ‘This volume fascinatingly illustrates London life of a century past C C VOUT- Scenesof coarse riot and debauchery . ?n . .whenT 50,000n& women were ‘on the game’ and one in every sixty houses in London was a brothel. -
The Shining Beacon of Socialism in Europe Jagiellon Ian Studies in History
THE SHINING BEACON OF SOCIALISM IN EUROPE JAGIELLON IAN STUDIES IN HISTORY Editor in chief Jan Jacek Bruski Vol. 3 Tadeusz Czekalski THE SHINING BEACON OF SOCIALISM IN EUROPE The Albanian State and Society in the Period of Communist Dictatorship 1944-1992 The publication of this volume was financed by the Jagiellonian University - Faculty of History REVIEWER Andrzej Chwalba SERIES COVER DESIGN Jan Jacek Bruski COVER DESIGN Agnieszka Winciorek Cover photography: Albanian youth work brigade, 1946 Translated from the Polish by Ian Corkill © Copyright by Tadeusz Czekalski & Jagiellonian University Press First edition, Kraków 2013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any eletronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers ISBN 978-83-233-3515-3 ISSN 2299-758X I wydawnictwo] www.wuj.pl Jagiellonian University Press Editorial Offices: Michałowskiego St. 9/2, 31-126 Cracow Phone: +48 12 631 18 81, +48 12 631 18 82, Fax: +48 12 631 18 83 Distribution: Phone: +48 12 631 01 97, Fax: +48 12 631 01 98 Cell Phone: + 48 506006 674, e-mail: [email protected] Bank: PEKAO SA, IBAN PL80 1240 4722 1111 0000 4856 3325 Contents Index of abbreviations.............................................................................................. 7 Introduction..............................................................................................................