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PDF Download 7 November 2019 ISSN: 2560-1628 2019 No. 8 WORKING PAPER Sino-Albanian Relations: 70 years of diplomatic ties in retrospect Marsela Musabelliu Kiadó: Kína-KKE Intézet Nonprofit Kft. Szerkesztésért felelős személy: Chen Xin Kiadásért felelős személy: Huang Ping 1052 Budapest Petőfi Sándor utca 11. +36 1 5858 690 [email protected] china-cee.eu Sino-Albanian Relations: 70 years of diplomatic ties in retrospect Abstract People’s Republic of China and Albania are two countries with a long history and unique cultures. Currently, the two nations have bilateral cooperation on politics, trade, investments, culture, people-to-people exchange and plenty other areas. The core principles to this cooperation are mutual respect, equality, reciprocity, and mutual benefit. There still persists a common desire and fundamental interests of two peoples to continuously deepen the traditional friendship and push ahead the cooperation on the grounds of mutual understanding. Yet, there exists plenty of untapped potential. This paper is an overview of Sino-Albanian cooperation aiming to illustrate the path of unified ideology and actions under the Marxist line at the height of the Cold War., and the good relations that continued in the aftermath of China’s opening-up policy to this day. Another channel of relations, which can be highly credited, is the Chinese economic assistance to Albania in the 1960s and 1970s and the impact it had on the entire Albanian society. It tries to trace the motifs of the political disruption of the cooperation between the two countries in the late 70s and describes the mutual “obliviousness” of almost two decades. The last part observes the bilateral attitude in the beginning of the 21st century with the revival of trade, the economic cooperation after the 2008 financial crisis, and the rekindled ties with the ‘17+1’ cooperation platform. Key words: Sino-Albanian Relations, Peculiar Alliance, Political Cooperation. Introduction People’s Republic of China and Albania established diplomatic relations on November 23rd, 1949. The Albanian government welcomed and applauded the victory of 1949 (October 1st) and they were among the first countries to recognize the new Chinese state and establish friendly relations.1 The first approach of an Albanian high level delegation in Chinese territory was in 1956, on which occasion Enver Hoxha headed a delegation at the Eighth Congress of the Communist Party of China. This Albanian delegation did not have any personal knowledge 1PRIFTI, PETER R. Socialist Albania since 1944: domestic and foreign developments. Vol. 23. Mit Press, 1978. 1 on China and Chinese politics, besides the ones given to them from the soviet comrades.2 After arriving in Beijing on September 13, 1956, Hoxha held his first (and only) meeting with Mao Zedong in between sessions of the Party's Congress. The relations between China and Albania, two countries that established a unique alliance during the Cold War, remain to this day somehow underexplored by scholars. However, in light of new documents in the past decades new attempts have been made to shed light on the dynamics of the relations between China and Albania, covering both the Cold War period, and more recent developments.3 Based on primary and secondary sources, the aim of this contribution is to have an historical overview of the relations between China and Albania on the occasion of the seventy years of the establishment of the diplomatic relations. Since the beginning of the relations between Beijing and Tirana, there have been drastic fluctuations of attitude, policies, cooperation agenda and diplomatic approach. Yet, both countries have managed to maintain friendly relations and mutually beneficial cooperation regardless of the political and economic changes that both China and Albania underwent throughout these seventy years. This paper is descriptive in nature and relies mainly on secondary sources (such as books, journal articles, and various other publications), and some primary sources (such as archival documentation, memoirs of main actors of the events), few interviews personally conducted, and public speeches. The fundamental works of Lisen Bashkurti, Elez Biberaj, Ylber Marku, Elidor Mëhilli, Ana Lalaj, Miranda Vickers, Peter Prifti and the memoirs of former Albanian leader Enver Hoxha constitute the basis literature of the historical part of this paper. For the more recent events on Sino-Albanian relations, given the lack of academic studies, the analysis is based on the survey of media platforms, news outlets, commentaries and governmental press releases. 1- Ideology that defeats geography The political and ideological common backgrounds of China and Albania set the very startup of their close relations in the mid-50s. The origin and further strengthening of political relations between China and Albania are to be found in the common interests and understanding 2 HOXHA, ENVER. Reflections on China, vol. I: 1962–1972, Extracts from the Political Diary, (Tirana: 8 Nentori Publishing House, 1979). 3 For the Cold War period see Elez Biberaj, Albania and China. A Study of an Unequal Alliance (Boulder, Co, and London: Westview Press, 1986); Elidor Mëhilli, From Stalin to Mao. Albania and the Socialist World (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press), 211-225; Elidor Mëhilli, ‘Mao and the Albanians’, in Mao’s Little Red Book. A Global History, Alexander C. Cook ed., (Berkeley, CA: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 165-184. 2 of the two ruling parties in the respective countries, the Communist Party of China (CCP) and the Party of Labor of Albania (PLA). Following the death of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, in Moscow – the very center of the Communist world – winds of change was fleeing and cardinal political twists were taking place.4 Both the Chinese party and the Albanian party followed an independent policy from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). The causes of Albania’s estrangement from the Soviet Union and its quick orientation towards the People’s Republic of China, have been subject of important studies.5 The rise to power in Soviet Union of Nikita Khrushchev initiated the Albanian-Soviet split. Albania was the first country from the East European Moscow’s “Satellites” to openly challenge the leadership of the communist camp of the Soviet Union. This split from Moscow represented a real difficult struggle for Albania, since the country was small in territory, population and the size of economy. Albania’s estrangement from Moscow was difficult also because of the Albanian membership in the Warsaw Pact. Albanian leaders feared Soviet military intervention, though eventually the split with Moscow had no serious consequences on the stability of the country. Consequently from 1961, year of interruption of the diplomatic relations between Albania and the Soviet Union, China became Albania’s new strategic ally. Most definitively this curious occurrence attracted the attention of all communist camp as well as of NATO members. From a geostrategic point of view, the Albanian leadership was already prepared to aim at long-term priorities especially by having a strong international ally. Both parties, at a certain extent, needed one-another: the Chinese leadership wanted to demonstrate to its own people and to the International Communist Movement that Chinese socialism was sustained also from European countries; the Albanian leadership wanted to demonstrate its people that they were still on the right side of the Marxist movement, against Soviet revisionism, and still had a powerful ally to rely on. Furthermore, Albania would open a window to Chinese propaganda in European territory by encouraging the orientation towards Beijing for the Eastern European establishments and China would do the same in Asia by proclaiming Albania the only true country in Europe that beholds the communist principles. The Albanian orientation toward China had obviously also a pragmatic element. The complete interruption of all relations with the Soviet Union caused enormous difficulties to the 4 BYTYÇI, ENVER. Shqipëri-Kinë, Dështimi i një Bashkëjetese [China-Albania. The Failure of a Cohabitation]. ISB, Tiranë, 2014. 5 WILLIAM E. GRIFFITH, Albania and the Sino-Soviet Rift (Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1963), 35-59; Lorenz Lüthi, ‘China and East Europe, 1956-1960’, Modern China Studies, Vol. 22, No. 1, (2015): 233-257, 255-256; Lorenz Lüthi, The Sino-Soviet Split. Cold War in the Communist World (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2008), 167-174, 201-205; Mehilli, From Stalin to Mao, 198-207. 3 Albanian economy which was heavily dependent on the Soviet and Eastern European economic assistance. Hence China offered to replace Soviet assistance, with benefit for the Albanian leaders whom shared common political and ideological principles with the Chinese leaders. The other crucial point was the security dilemma: Albania needed a strong ally to face the Eastern Camp and Moscow. Formally Albania was still part of the Warsaw Pact but it had no more relations with the Soviet Union, the leading country of the communist camp in Europe; the presence in this organization was merely formal and the presence of the NATO forces in the Mediterranean were perceived as a threat. The antirevisionist/communist Albania was surrounded by antagonist powers in the East and the West. The cooperation for the Sino-Albanian relationship was sanctioned by two main documents: “The Sino-Albanian Declaration” of January 1964 and the “The Sino-Albanian Declaration” of May 1966.6 Both these documents expressed the determination of both countries to undertake a path of strong bilateral cooperation. Thereafter, both the PLA and the CCP made fruitful efforts to reach a high-level of collaboration. For the domestic policy and the internal propaganda, Albania was presented to Chinese people as a European communist country who supported Chairman Mao’s actions while PLA was introduced from the propaganda as one of the eldest in Europe and her leader, Enver Hoxha, as a world-class communist leader.
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