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Chapter 19 Industrialization

1865-1914

Railroads

• The original railroad lines were local – They did not connect with each other – The gauge (with) was not uniform • After the civil war railroads expanded, connected and became uniform • Competition between RR companies hurt profits so they began to consolidate

1 Railroads

• The RR companies offered rebates (discounts) to their largest customers • They often overcharged smaller customers to make up for the loss • RR companies also would agree to set certain prices with in an area this was known as pooling

Railroads

• RR construction created markets for timber and iron/ ties • RR allowed farm products from the west reach the cities in the east • RR allowed manufactured goods from the east to reach the cities in the west

Steel

• The allowed the mass manufacture of Steel • Steel is stronger and more rust resistant than iron • The leading steel magnate was Andrew Carnegie

2 Inventors

• = telegraph • Alexander Gram Bell = telephone • Orville & Wilber Wright = airplane • Kodak = affordable camera • Henry Ford = affordable car (assembly line)

Assumptions of Science that can’t be proven

• This is a real Universe • It’s a orderly Universe • All effects proceed from causes • The human mind is capable of perceiving all of the above

Andrew Carnegie

• Started life as a poor Scottish immigrant • Carnegie worked his way up to better and better jobs • He opened his own steel mill in • His company began eating up it’s competitors

3 Andrew Carnegie

• Carnegie then bought up companies that supplied him with raw materials and transportation () • Carnegie believed to die rich was a sin and did everything he could to create charities with his fortune

John D. Rockefeller

• Started life as the poor son of a traveling salesman/con-artist and a devoutly religious mother • Rockefeller bought up oil refineries

John D. Rockefeller

• Rockefeller then bought up companies that supplied him with raw materials and transportation (vertical integration) • He then consolidated his companies into Trust

4 Factory Conditions

• Before the Civil War factories were small and family owned • After the CW factories were large and management did not know individual workers or care either

Factory Conditions

• Factories were very dangerous • 1900 census reported nearly 2 million children under the age of 15 worked in factories

Knights of Labor

• At first Unions were only open to highly skilled workers and meet in secret • The Knights of labor hoped to change the world by improving conditions for workers • Knights goals: Shorter workday, an end to child labor and equal pay for women

5 Knights of Labor

• The knights did not believe in strikes • During an unauthorized strike of Knights of Labor at a factory in Chicago violence broke out • Police shot into the crowd and killed four workers

Knights of Labor

• Thousands of workers met to protest the killings in Haymarket square • At the end of the meeting a bomb went off killing ten and injuring fifty • The Knights of Labor were blamed by the public and their membership declined

American Federation of Labor

• The A.F.L. was a union of unions • To join the A.F.L. you had to belong to a trade union that was part of the A.F.L. • It had a strike fund so that workers had $ when striking

6 American Federation of Labor

• Goals were limited: higher wages, shorter hours, improved conditions • Became very powerful and popular

Strikes

• Very unpopular with most people • The government and business interests tried to crush them • Courts gave injunctions (court orders) to stop them

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