Chapter 19 Industrialization 1865-1914 Railroads • The original railroad lines were local – They did not connect with each other – The track gauge (with) was not uniform • After the civil war railroads expanded, connected and became uniform • Competition between RR companies hurt profits so they began to consolidate 1 Railroads • The RR companies offered rebates (discounts) to their largest customers • They often overcharged smaller customers to make up for the loss • RR companies also would agree to set certain prices with in an area this was known as pooling Railroads • RR construction created markets for timber and iron/steel ties • RR allowed farm products from the west reach the cities in the east • RR allowed manufactured goods from the east to reach the cities in the west Steel • The Bessemer Process allowed the mass manufacture of Steel • Steel is stronger and more rust resistant than iron • The leading steel magnate was Andrew Carnegie 2 Inventors • Samuel Morse = telegraph • Alexander Gram Bell = telephone • Orville & Wilber Wright = airplane • George Eastman Kodak = affordable camera • Henry Ford = affordable car (assembly line) Assumptions of Science that can’t be proven • This is a real Universe • It’s a orderly Universe • All effects proceed from causes • The human mind is capable of perceiving all of the above Andrew Carnegie • Started life as a poor Scottish immigrant • Carnegie worked his way up to better and better jobs • He opened his own steel mill in Pittsburgh • His company began eating up it’s competitors 3 Andrew Carnegie • Carnegie then bought up companies that supplied him with raw materials and transportation (vertical integration) • Carnegie believed to die rich was a sin and did everything he could to create charities with his fortune John D. Rockefeller • Started life as the poor son of a traveling salesman/con-artist and a devoutly religious mother • Rockefeller bought up oil refineries John D. Rockefeller • Rockefeller then bought up companies that supplied him with raw materials and transportation (vertical integration) • He then consolidated his companies into Standard Oil Trust 4 Factory Conditions • Before the Civil War factories were small and family owned • After the CW factories were large and management did not know individual workers or care either Factory Conditions • Factories were very dangerous • 1900 census reported nearly 2 million children under the age of 15 worked in factories Knights of Labor • At first Unions were only open to highly skilled workers and meet in secret • The Knights of labor hoped to change the world by improving conditions for workers • Knights goals: Shorter workday, an end to child labor and equal pay for women 5 Knights of Labor • The knights did not believe in strikes • During an unauthorized strike of Knights of Labor at a factory in Chicago violence broke out • Police shot into the crowd and killed four workers Knights of Labor • Thousands of workers met to protest the killings in Haymarket square • At the end of the meeting a bomb went off killing ten and injuring fifty • The Knights of Labor were blamed by the public and their membership declined American Federation of Labor • The A.F.L. was a union of unions • To join the A.F.L. you had to belong to a trade union that was part of the A.F.L. • It had a strike fund so that workers had $ when striking 6 American Federation of Labor • Goals were limited: higher wages, shorter hours, improved conditions • Became very powerful and popular Strikes • Very unpopular with most people • The government and business interests tried to crush them • Courts gave injunctions (court orders) to stop them 7.