Andrew Carnegie John Quincy Ad

HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS 1 JOHN QUINCY ADAMS ANDREW CARNEGIE

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1767 - 1848 John Quincy Adams The Gag Rule was repealedRuledue in to was part in 1844, Gag The Some believe John Quincy Adams’s most heroic heroic most Quincy Adams’s believeSome John table to voted Representatives of 1835, the House In “[T]he stake in the question is your right to petition, petition, to right your is in the question stake “[T]he the freedom and action, of and thought of freedom your The declared. he Representative,” your of Congress in Adams and each session, be to had renewed Rule Gag Over time. each those it against fought courageously even and accused was treason of Adams years, nine down. backed never he But threats. death received First the for fight courageous Quincy Adams’s John petition. of freedom to right Amendment contribution to his country came after he was President. President. he was after country his came to contribution the was in 1767. He born was in Massachusetts Adams serving After in various Adams. John President of son Adams John Quincy Presidency, the including offices, in 1830. elected Congress was to slavery. about petitions any hearing) without (postpone still was mid-seventies, vigilant. then in his Adams, in the fight Representatives of led a small group He one’s whatever that said Adams Rule. the Gag against the of violation a was Rule the Gag slavery, on position petition. of freedom of protection Amendment’s First

1835 - 1919 Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie’s rags-to-riches story is one of of story one is rags-to-riches Carnegie’s Andrew learn about to Carnegie also the initiative took Carnegie became Andrew a in life, Later perseverance, initiative, and resourcefulness. Carnegie resourcefulness. and initiative, perseverance, He family. Scottish a working-class born in 1835 to was others). helps who actively (someone philanthropist the Carnegie Corporation found to used fortune his He International for Carnegie Endowment York, New of in Pittsburgh. University Carnegie Mellon and Peace, came to the United States with his family when he was was when he family his with States the United to came a as away: right began working He old. thirteen years operator. machine steam and boy, bobbin a messenger, railroad a at operator telegraph jobas a took he 1853 In took He intelligent. and charming was He company. at advanced quickly and work in his interest active an the company. equipment in money his invested wisely He investing. the to good for believed he were that technologies and theCarnegie founded he 1889, In industry. railroad with combined company This Company. Steel meet the helped Steel U.S. Steel. U.S. create to others railroads, in steel—used for demand great country’s technological great of examples other and skyscrapers, America. build helped literally He achievements.

BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 1 CESAR CHAVEZ HENRY CLAY HENRY

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1927 - 1933 Cesar Chavez A humble and deeply religious man, Chavez’s hunger hunger Chavez’s man, religious deeply and A humble Cesar Chavez struggled throughout his life for for life his struggledCesar Chavez throughout the National organized and founded 1962, Chavez In brought together churches, unions, and consumers. His His consumers. and unions, churches, together brought be can done.”) it (“Yes, .” se puede “ Si, was motto attention, America’s got marches and strikes, boycotts, critics his Though thousands. of the lives improved and in great resulted labor farm unionized that out point away being turned workers willing migrant of numbers the brought perseverance Cesar jobs, Chavez’s from attention. national to workers migrant experiences of better working conditions for union farm workers. workers. farm union for conditions working better their lost parents His Arizona. born in Yuma, was He moved the family and Depression, in the Great farm attended He the fields. working place, to place from experiencesThese early schools. thirty-seven different had purpose. father His life his gave and mark left their grade, eighth so after accident, car in a beeninjured support help to became worker a farm Chavez young family. his called the United later Association, Workers Farm and its kind, of first was the union This Workers. Farm and higher wages, conditions, safe contracts, for fought led a nationwide He members. union job security for the United for support increased that grapes of boycott called Cosa La movement a In Workers. Farm

1777 - 1852 Henry Clay Henry Clay’s perseverance and moderation earned moderation and perseverance Henry Clay’s aswell as challenges great brought new The frontier Congress. leaving after died in 1852, a year He him his reputation as the “Great Compromiser.” Clay Clay Compromiser.” the “Great as reputation his him County, Hanover in siblings eight his raised with was trained was he schooling, formal little With Virginia. the expanding on opportunities saw He a lawyer. as in 1797. He Kentucky to west moved and frontier, eloquent an as known was and success, great found speaker. courteous and in both the Kentucky represented Clay opportunities. the integrity put he a lawmaker, As Senate. and House to made a dealHe in the Senate first. the Union of threatened when Carolina slowly tariffsSouth lower the Tariff to in response the secedenation) to (leave lead helped the young he the House, of Speaker As Act. able was Clay slavery. struggles through over nation secure both sides to passage on calmto the bitterness of the Compromise and Compromise the Missouri of the allow would hoped he laws pass helped 1850. He survive. to nation country a whole his as to commitment Henry Clay’s North— no know “I headstone: his on clear made was East—no West.” South—no no

BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 1 ROBERTO CLEMENTE ROBERTO FREDERICK DOUGLASS

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1934–1972 Roberto Clemente Roberto Roberto Clemente was an impressive outfielder outfielder impressive an was Roberto Clemente philanthropist and a humanitarian was Clemente and wife his dream, his and Clemente honor To and hitter for the Brooklyn Dodgers and Pittsburg Pittsburg Dodgers and the Brooklyn for hitter and League the 1950s baseball from teams Major Pirates he and Puerto Rican, was Clemente 1972. through of members the some from discrimination with dealt courage great showed baseball He and fans. the press Player Valuable Most voted was and perseverance and in 1971. people, other of the rights protecting with concerned Clemente’s of One descent. especially Hispanic those of disadvantaged for a sports center open to was dreams 1972, while Clemente In athletes. Puerto youth Rican Series in World in the Amateur a team managing struck earthquake the country. a devastating Nicaragua, committee the relief of became the chairman Clemente for collect supplies and money raise to helped and and supplies with load plane a helped thevictims. He aftertake- exploded plane The soon the flight. boarded was killed. and Clemente off, in City Sports Roberto startedThe son Clemente inducted was Clemente death, his After California. received and Fame Baseball of Hall the National into Honor. of Medal the Congressional

. It was very was . It 1818 - 1895 Frederick Douglass Frederick Frederick Douglass wrote and spoke about the the about spoke and wrote Douglass Frederick to went he where settledDouglass in Massachusetts for work persevered his in Douglass Frederick injustices of slavery and helped open the eyes of a a of the eyes open helped and slavery of injustices his speeches on giving began He meetings. abolitionist nation. He was born a slave in Maryland, in 1817 or or in 1817 in Maryland, born slave a was He nation. enslaved teach to the law against was it 1818. Although also and read learned to Douglass read, to people and reading knew that He so. do to slaves other taught great slaverya see was people that help would learning escaped Douglass attempts, failed two After injustice. slavery in 1838. from Americain traveled soonbegan experiences,he and his also published He lectures. giving Europe and important most His newspaper. in a weekly thoughts of Life the of Narrative autobiography, his was work Slave American an Douglas, Frederick amendment constitutional a of favor in wrote and former liberties other for and rights securing voting slaves. women, also for and slaves, former for equal rights died. he until popular and, like his speeches, opened many peoples’ peoples’ speeches, many his opened like and, popular advised Douglass two slavery. of the horrors eyes to Johnson, Andrew and Lincoln Abraham Presidents, spoke He African Americans. of the treatment about

BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 1 THOMAS EDISON GLORIA ESTEFAN GLORIA

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1847 - 1931 Thomas Edison Thomas Edison saw every obstacle as an opportunity. opportunity. everyan as saw Edison obstacle Thomas and the telegraph improved had 1868, Edison By theyhad years, perfected telephone the five Within worthwhile anything “The to achieve essentials three “Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration,” he he perspiration,” 99% and inspiration 1% is “Genius a young from deaf was and schooling little had He said. resourcefulness with interests his pursued he but age, was He mechanics. science and loved He passion. and invent. to driven and recorder electric an made vote He the typewriter. money enough had he later, years Two ticker. a stock only He was factory.” “invention first his open to engineers of team the talented and He twenty-three. the world. change would hired he scientists and they became Next, the phonograph. created and they Later bulb. light the incandescent for famous talking movies, camera, picture the motion on worked lifetime, his In machine. x-ray an and battery, a car 1,093 patents. registered Edison third, stick-to-itive-ness; second, work; hard first, are, business a booming With said. Edison sense,” common helped Edison Thomas enthusiasm, boundless and the modern age. America into bring

b. 1957 Gloria Estefan Gloria Estefan Gloria Estefan was born in Havana, Cuba. Her Her Cuba. born in Havana, was Estefan Gloria In 1990, Estefan, her husband, and son were in a were son and husband, her 1990, Estefan, In parents fled Communist Cuba and headed to Miami, Miami, headed to and Cuba fled Communist parents she her life Throughout a child. was when Florida she career in her perseverance and courage great showed the with success gained Estefan life. personal and in the 1980s. Machine, Sound the Miami group, music Spanish, in fewalbums first their recorded The band the was Estefan in English. music also hit released but also she became involved and the band, for lead singer producing. and songs in writing were injuries spinal Estefan’s accident. bus terrible be would if she wondered people many and severe, the injuries persevered through Estefan recover. to able again. performing was she year, the next within and successful solo many released she the accident, Since all over toured and English and in Spanish albums America. North

BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 1 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN FANNIE LOU HAMER LOU FANNIE

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1706 - 1790 Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin dedicated his life to improving improving to life his dedicated Franklin Benjamin his put He filled was firsts. life with Franklin’s Yet Franklin made his greatest contributions to to contributions greatest his made Franklin Yet the lives of his fellow citizens. He did this by creating creating did this by He citizens. fellow his of the lives “The most goods,services,government. of form a and he serviceacceptable good Man,” God to of doing is author, a citizen, this principle—as by lived He said. statesman. and scientist, inventor, department, fire the first create ideas to in action hospital public first and the library, public the first and humor homespun shared He in Philadelphia. Almanack Richard’s Poor popular in his advice also improved peoples’ lives with his inventions. He He inventions. his with lives peoples’ also improved bifocal iron and rod, glasses, lightning the first made furnace stove. sense strong a had He governments. first America’s office. refused a public never and responsibility of served he the at the faithfully new build republic, To the draft helped He Congress. Second Continental negotiate helped He Independence. of Declaration War. the Revolutionary ending Paris, of the Treaty he where Convention, the Constitutional joined He to hard worked and union stronger a for stood up was Franklin Benjamin tyranny. from citizens protect of much gave and future; America’s about optimistic grow. her help to life his

1917 - 1977 Fannie Lou Hamer Fannie Lou Hamer courageously fought for her her for fought courageously Hamer Lou Fannie the Democratic at out spoke 1964, Hamer In Hamer decided she wanted to help other African other help to decided wanted she Hamer right to vote. Hamer was born in Mississippi in 1917. In In in 1917. born in Mississippi was Hamer vote. to right being illegally people about Convention National 1962 she attended a voter registration meeting. It was was meeting. It registration a voter attended 1962 she Amendment learned Fifteenth the first she that there left She vote. to ability African Americans’ protected vote. to register determined to meeting that She democracy. in American participate Americans On drives. registration organize to the initiative took In hymns. singing for becamethese famous she drives, Montgomery in jail. thrown was she 1963 drive, one workers. rights civil fellow and her beat guards County but threats, death even received job and her lost She persevered. she in 1965, President later A year voting. from prevented law This Act. Rights signed the Voting Johnson see as it many and voting, barriers to many removed promise. Amendment’s of Fifteenth the a fulfillment had perseverance and courage Hamer’s Lou Fannie wavered. never

BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 1 THOMAS JEFFERSON MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. KING, MARTIN LUTHER

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1743 - 1826 Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson spent his life fighting for the for fighting his life spent Jefferson Thomas to promise new nation’s the for fought Jefferson his to retired he president, as terms two After integrity of each person’s beliefs, and the integrity of his of the integrity beliefs, and person’s each of integrity a respected was in 1743, he Born in Virginia country. Jefferson old, years 33 was he When writer. and lawyer of the Declaration to signed name his and wrote but this treason, considered King The Independence. and had courage the other signers and the Jefferson their beliefs. by stand to integrity for Statute the Virginia authored He rights. protect stillis which statute, in 1786. This Freedom Religious church. thestate to end an brought law, Virginia partof was servingwhile France the Constitution in Jefferson He involved. stayed he But in 1787. being drafted was that urged He delegates. Convention to letters wrote Years be the Constitution. added rights to of bill a against fought he adopted, was of BillRights the after the criticize federal a crime to it made that a 1798 law elected was he president. later, years Two government. founded Jefferson 1819, Thomas In Monticello. home, proudest his of one Virginia, of the University achievements.

1929 - 1968 Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Martin Luther King, Jr. persevered for civil rights civil rights persevered for Jr. King, Luther Martin led rights civil King followed, that the years In The most important march of King’s career was was the career King’s of march important most The marches in Selma, Alabama. He always urged urged always He in Selma, Alabama. marches awarded was King protest. in non-violence moderation throughout his life. King was born in Georgia in born Georgiain was King life. his throughout equal rights and desegregation for fought 1929. He leading and speaking out by African Americans for means a as non-violence preached always He marches. for change. a million of in 1963. A quarter Washington on March the stood on King Mall. the National packed people speech, his King In Memorial. the Lincoln of steps their and republic” our of the “architects to referred with electrified He crowd freedom. the to commitment this day one that a dream have “I speech,his saying, its the of true meaning out live will and rise up nation all these be that truthsto hold self-evident, ‘We creed: equal.’” created are men assassinated was in 1964. King Prize Peace the Nobel funeral attended was Jr.’s King, Luther in 1968. Martin continues life courageous his and 300,000 people, by today. people inspire to

BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 1 JAMES ARMISTEAD LAFAYETTE ABRAHAM LINCOLN

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1748 - 1830 James Armistead Lafayette James Armistead Lafayette Armistead was born into slavery in 1748 in slavery in 1748 born was into Armistead Armistead soldier, a not and Becausea spy was he Virginia. He wanted to fight for independence from independence from for fight to wanted He Virginia. serve to permission him gave master his and England, courageously in 1781. He Army in the Continental a as Posing de Lafayette. the Marquis for became a spy the British into allowed was Armistead slave, runaway including officers, British as closely listened He camps. Benedict General detailed Cornwallis, and Arnold crucial then sent information He theirstrategies. General George and the Lafayette to their plans about inaccurate also the British pass would He Washington. was It movements. American about information would he been had he discovered, If work. dangerous been hanged. have surely act a 1783 Virginia under freedom for eligible not was He who served Army. slaves freeing thein Continental for legislature the Virginia petitioned owner his and a recommendation included petition his freedom; his his granted the legislature When Lafayette. from Lafayette. to surname his changed Armistead freedom, raised a large became he a farmer, a free man, As the army from pension a monthly received and family, services. his for

1809 - 1865 Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln rose from obscurity to celebrity, obscurity celebrity, to from rose Lincoln Abraham courageously Lincoln Civil War, Elected the of eve on Lincoln surprised them. He called for forgiveness forgiveness called surprised for Lincoln them. He from boyhood on the Kentucky frontier to President President to frontier boyhood the Kentucky on from of the United States. Despite election defeats, he he election defeats, Despite States. the United of he 1858, In office. public of pursuit perseveredhis in expansion the western over in debates became famous survive half-slave, not could nation The slavery. of said. he half-free, years. tumultuous bloody, four through led the nation to all Americans inspired in 1863, he Gettysburg At ideals. The its theircountry and of the integrity recover dedicated and in liberty, “conceived was States United For equal.” created all are men that the proposition to the speech, stood on Lincoln inaugural second his of end The 1865. 4, March the Capitol, of EastPortico to had gathered Thousands in sight. was the Civil War him. They expectedhear a victoryspeech. would the nation knew the challenges He unity. and the ages: through echo words Lincoln’s Abraham face. all … let for charity with none; malice toward “With up bind to in, are we work the finish to on strive us lasting and a “just at arrive and wounds...” the nation’s peace.”

BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 1 JAMES MADISON THURGOOD MARSHALL

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1751 - 1836 James Madison James Madison’s ideas formed the backbone for for the backbone ideas formed Madison’s James to resourcefulness and the initiative had Madison the states, to sent was the Constitution When the United States’ plan for self-government. Madison, Madison, self-government. for plan States’ the United small, thin, and up grew planter, Virginia a wealthy many with compete not could he Physically, sickly. a giant. was he Intellectually, Founders. 1787, In else could. one no in ways a nation nurture He Convention. the Constitutional a leader was at he to come helped people and often, spoke notes, took the abuse about vigilant ever was He compromises. He it. prevent to worked and power, government of He factions. be about to worried wisewas enough also He balances. and checks of a system suggested the and the states of the balance power to worked American parts key of Both are federal government. government. When it. defend articles to newspaper wrote Madison pass not would the Constitution that became clear it Madison of BillRights. the drafted he it, without of work “the was believed the new government has however, History, hands.” many and heads many the of the “Father as famous Madison James made Constitution.”

(1954) before the Supreme Court. the Supreme (1954) before 1908 - 1993 Thurgood Marshall Thurgood Marshall may be best known as the as the be known best may Marshall Thurgood end to decided use talents his to Marshall Court in the Supreme to appointed was Marshall

1967, becoming the first African American Associate African American the first 1967, becoming a quarter almost spent Marshall Thurgood Justice. the Constitution’s the Court,century on supporting civil rights. and individual for protections This decision declared segregation in public schools schools public in segregation declared decision This unconstitutional. first African American Supreme Court Justice, but his his but Justice, Court Supreme African American first his before long clear were determination and courage born1908, thewas in the Court. to He appointment with college from graduated He a slave. of grandson the University at down turned was 1930, he In honors. law completed He black. was Maryland because he of University. Howard black the historically school at legal victory first came His life. in public segregation admission Maryland’s of the University against policy—the in very him let not did which school the for counsel became chief He race. his because of Colored of the Advancement for Association National began a theNAACP and Marshall (NAACP). People schools. in public segregation against legal campaign v. Brown argued struggle This Marshall ended when Education of Board

BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 1 ROSA PARKS WILLIAM PENN

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1913 - 2005 Rosa Parks Parks Rosa Parks has been has of Civil calledthe Mother “TheParks buses city of boycott a led to courage Parks’ county was powerful—Montgomery The boycott Rights Movement.” She was born in Tuskegee, Alabama born in Tuskegee, was She Movement.” Rights in the shadow up grew She a farm. raised on was and On society. whichrigidly segregated laws, Crow Jim of home, the riding bus was December Parks 1, 1955, as further move and seat her up give to asked was she arrested. was and refused, Parks in theback bus. Reverend unknown the relatively by championed others. many with along Jr., King, Luther Martin community the black of members During the boycott, made sacrifices cars) afford not could whom of (many the with in solidarity drivers, cab Some their rights. for per 10 cents only blacks charging began boycotters, the with came that the hardships with ride assist to announced government the city When boycott. bus leaders began a these drivers, cab prosecute they would transportation. coordinated offering taxi plan” “private and brutality police but arrest, only not They risked violence. mob it 75% African American—and were passengers bus 1956 of November In a year: than 381 days. more lasted was buses the on District Court ruled segregation that ended. officially boycott and unconstitutional

1644 - 1718 William Penn William Penn’s fight for religious liberty spanned religious for fight Penn’s William in became interested Penn older, grew he As Penn called it his “Holy Experiment.” As governor, governor, As Experiment.” called “Holy his it Penn America. In 1681, the King gave him the largest the largest him gave the King 1681, In America. and York between land New of piece remaining Penn father. his to debt a of payment as Maryland “Pennsylvania” calling it father, his for the colony named they and colonists, advertised for He Woods. Penn’s or four decades and two continents. At twenty-four twenty-four At continents. two decades and four of in the Tower imprisoned was Penn age, of years “I repent. did not he But life. in 1668 for London declared. he mortal no man,” to conscience my owe been his had he persecuted for Quaker, devout A Within well-connected. was Penn beliefs. Fortunately, write to continued He released. was he months eight religious support to continued speeches. He give and force to efforts protest to continued He toleration. faith. one follow to Englishmen in droves. came a force not could good believed government he that Respect individual for conformity. require or faith argued, Penn William self-government, beliefs and Pennsylvania— to peace prosperity bring and would they did. and

BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 1 JACKIE ROBINSON JACKIE BENJAMIN RUSH

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1919 - 1972 Jackie Robinson J born in 1919. in Georgia was Robinson ackie Dodgers in the Brooklyn with signed on Robinson sports. In in American a trailblazer was Robinson Abandoned by his father and raised with his four four his with raised and father his by Abandoned life early Robinson’s their mother, by siblings movie in restaurants, segregation: of experiences were him self- taught mother His school. at and theaters, talents athletic His perseverance. and respect, courage, sports. many at excelled He high in school. blossomed League, Robinson’s American in the Negro a player As .400. approached average batting in professional segregation of 80 years 1947, ending road. bea tough would knew it baseball.Robinson bat, at was he When strike. to threatened players Some crowd The head. his miss narrowly ballsfast would received family His racial him with epithets. taunted as And down. back did not Robinson But mail. hate deny not could ball players fellow his on, time went the team. to contributions and talents his League Major game, first his of the anniversary on 1997, a number—42—as Robinson’s baseball Jackie retired perseverance. and courage his to testament

1745 - 1813 Benjamin Rush Benjamin Rush The fourth of seven children born to Quaker Quaker born seven to children of fourth The the Founding of many by respected and Known thinking, worked his he in Decidedly revolutionary parents, Benjamin Rush was the most famous famous the most was Rush Benjamin parents, and alcoholism, social cure to slavery, as ills such education. about passionate was He addiction. tobacco virtue and virtue, promoted schools knew that He physician of his time. time. his of physician as illnesses such treated Rush Benjamin generation, great at himself putting smallpox, and fever yellow the of epidemic fever During the yellow do so. to risk a patients hundred one than more saw often 1790s he in 1793. findings his of account an published and day also He medicine. to ingenuity his limit did not He attending politics, revolutionary in role a major played the signing and 1776 of Congress the Continental Wilson James and He Independence. of Declaration the become to Pennsylvania of state led their home ratify the new to Constitution. state second freea in society key was republic. the American like a illness and mental of in the study a pioneer was He that, said often He reforms. humanitarian of champion change, much-needed about bringing to came when it for was reputation His a rascally is virtue.” “Prudence of the point to if sometimes candor, and innovation tactlessness.

BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 1 ELIZABETH CADY STANTON ELIZABETH CADY HARRIETT BEECHER STOWE

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1815 - 1902 Elizabeth Cady Stanton tanton was disturbed by women’s lower legal legal lower women’s by disturbed was tanton E S the idealsof for fought lizabeth CadyStanton bigger something for fighting was knew she Stanton the Declaration of Independence—that all people are all are people Independence—that of the Declaration in State York born was in New Stanton equal. created unlike most education, a formal received 1815. She impressing in school, did well She time. her of women But intelligence. her with classmates and teachers her her of the college attend not could she woman, a as choice. rights women’s the first organize helped She status. At York. in the US in Seneca New Falls, convention and Sentiments of the Declaration convention, that on based document, the This read. was Resolutions Stanton, by written and Independence of Declaration and women, and men of the legal equality declared including have, should the women legal rights listed helped launch work Her (voting). suffrage of theright women won which eventually movement the women’s vote. to the right the see of to the passage live did not She herself. than wrote Anthony B. Susan Amendment. Nineteenth was Stanton “Mrs. died, whenElizabeth Cady Stanton and thought a leader of woman, a courageous always new movements.”

, told of the abuse the abuse of , told sold 10,000 copies in its first first in its sold 10,000 copies sped up the outbreak of the Civil of the outbreak sped up 1811 - 1896 Harriet Beecher Stowe Harriet Beecher Stowe used the power of her pen her of used the power Beecher Stowe Harriet When Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act in Act Slave passed the Fugitive Congress When Cabin Tom’s Uncle Uncle Tom’s Cabin Tom’s Uncle to open the eyes of a nation to the injustices of slavery. slavery. of the injustices to nation a the of eyes open to in a born was in Connecticut lived She in 1811. She Protestant, abolitionist tradition: her father a minister, a minister, father her tradition: abolitionist Protestant, a clergyman. husband her a theologian, brother her women the time, act. to At knewhad she 1850, Stowe run not could She in politics. engage to ways few had Ever undeterred. was she but vote, oreven office, for writings. in her a political voice found she resourceful, slaves interviewing former by do research began to She whopersonal experience had slavery. with others and Cabin Tom’s Uncle novel, first Her emotional, in families and people enslaved by suffered terms. human reached She a bestseller time. was in its and week, had politicians that way a in minds hearts and peoples’ believe the publication Historians do. to been able not of had believed the nation people more and more as War, writing Beecher Stowe’s Harriet slavery. end to a duty justice. view of a nation’s truly changed

BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 1 MARY BETH TINKER MARY MARY TSUKAMOTO MARY

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b. 1952 Mary Beth Tinker (1969) Tinker won her case. her won (1969) Tinker Moines Des v. Tinker Mary Beth Tinker fought for the right of students students of the right for Mary Beth fought Tinker faced was she believed the punishment Tinker In to respectfully express their personal views in public their personalviews public in respectfully to express middle a thirteen school was old year Tinker school. opposed in 1965. She Iowa Des Moines, from student and John, brother older her She, in Vietnam. the war to armbands black decided wear to students other the dead. When mourn and the war protest school to be they would told theyschool, were to theygot without they school until returned from suspended the armbands. views her in express to believed a right had She unjust. courageously She way. a respectful non-disruptive and would knew she she though even the armband wore She fight. her up give refused to be She suspended. Court. their case took the Supreme to brother her and pure “akinto were armbands the The Court that said order, keep to the ability have Schools must speech.” they school, truly do not disrupt students unless but speech of freedom to rights their constitutional “shed Mary Beth gate.” the schoolhouse at expression or victory justice a landmark became for fight Tinker’s rights. students’ school public for

She also worked with also worked She Despite her experience, her Despite 1915 - 1998 Mary Tsukamoto (left) Mary Tsukamoto Mary Tsukamoto devoted her life to ensuring civil ensuring to life her devoted Mary Tsukamoto the story of sure make to worked Tsukamoto In 1941, the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor and and Harbor bombed Pearl 1941, the Japanese In Japanese Internment would not be forgotten by history. history. by be forgotten not would Internment Japanese rights for all Americans. She was born in San Francisco Francisco born was in San She all Americans. for rights She Japan. California from to come who had parents to family her helped and school, segregated a attended Japanese banning laws despite modest crops grow they the land farmed. owning from people II. President War World entered States the United Japanese of people that Roosevelt concerned was Roosevelt signed an the Japanese. aid might descent 120,000 camps. detention creating Order Executive them American of descent—most Japanese of people in the live to forced and up rounded citizens—were livelihoods, their They lost their possessions, camps. their dignity. and People: the experience her in a book: We recorded She America. in Internment of A Story 1990, In self-government. to committed remained she democracyin a can “Only wrote: MaryTsukamoto beAmerican.” to an proud I am mistakes. correct we the California History Museum and the Smithsonian the Smithsonian and Museum the California History exhibits develop to D.C. in Washington, Institution Internment. Japanese about

BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 1 HARRIETT TUBMAN GEORGE WASHINGTON

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1820 - 1913 Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman, an enslaved field hand who could could who hand field enslaved an Tubman, Harriet freedom, securing with own her content Not spy, became scout, a she War, theDuring Civil not read, escaped to freedom in 1849. Thirty years of in 1849. Thirtyyears freedom escaped to read, not and her small left had body abuse battered and poverty “There was unstoppable. was spirit her But scarred. death. to—liberty a right I had things or two of one she the other,” have would I one, have not could I If said. later escape. others helping then to turned Tubman caught, if re-enslavement or faced death she Although the Underground on became a “conductor” Tubman to returned south she first, Railroad in the 1850s. At of hundreds saved Over she time, family. rescue her so capture, avoiding at gifted and clever was She slaves. Nineteen “Moses.” nicknamed was she successful that 650-mile journeyfrom thedangerous made times, she “never and caught, never was She Canada. to Maryland a passenger.” lost the Union freedmen to recruited cook. She and nurse, more freed hundreds that lead raids helped and cause, pursued Tubman unequalled courage, With slaves. so became every libertydoing in for and American, a legend.

1732 - 1799 George Washington G be to presidency his wanted Washington eorge he he knew but stay, to him wanted The people The decision to step down kept with Washington’s Washington’s with kept down step to decision The an example of moderation, just as he had lived his life. life. his lived had he as just moderation, of example an On September 19, 1796, Washington gave his Farewell Farewell his gave 19, 1796, Washington On September the limit did not the Constitution Although Address. of knew the system Washington term, President’s abuse designedprevent balances was to and checks a third forbid not did of law the letter The power. of did. spirit believed he its term, but a follow to worked he life, his Throughout character. and moderation including values held strongly set of he but person, tempered a hot was He responsibility. the call answered always He actions. his moderated the Continental in Chief of Commander duty—as of the Constitutional of president as and Army, when the down stepped always he And Convention. against warned fact, Washington In done. was job abuse to the ability and power” of a “love with leaders no greater liberty, to danger no greater was There it. a freeperil people. for president, the first as that aware was He not. could all for everything example be an setting did would he resigning, By States. the United of presidents the future Washington, George To moderation. a model of was he more was republic the American of the preservation personal gain. than important

BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 1 IDA B. WELLS B. IDA THE WRIGHT BROTHERS

©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE AMERICAN HEROES PAST AND PRESENT HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 1

1862 - 1931 Ida B. Wells Wells Ida B. Ida B. Wells worked to bring national attention attention national bring to worked Wells B. Ida close friends three a lynch lost to 1892, Wells In published she where Chicago to moved later Wells to ending the injustice of lynching. Wells was born was Wells lynching. of the injustice ending to children. eight of in 1862, the oldest in Mississippi raised she 14, and died was when she parents Her through herself put She herself. siblings younger her Tennessee. in Memphis, became a teacher and college These gruesomebut headlines,killingsmade mob. and a journalist As charged. or arrested was one no courageously Wells editor, and owner newspaper a murders. such motivated that the racism about wrote mob A as a scoundrel.” “black her attacked press The she but life, her and threatened office her ransacked speak lynching. to the truth about continued statistical documented , the first Record Red The became a respected public She lynching. on report the co-founded She widely. traveled and speaker, Colored for the Advancement for Association National and courage Well’s B. in 1909. Ida (NAACP) People and injustice, on-going an end helped perseverance States. in the United change important about brought

1867 - 1912 Wilbur Wright

Wright Brothers Wright 1871 - 1948 W but machines,” “flying of dreamed had People Orville Wright and resourcefulness Orvilleand ilbur Wright’s on December 17, 1903, succeeded.theyTheirThen, no one had ever been able to build one that could could that one build to beenever had able one no 12 feet,flew landing 120 airplane engine-powered as a invention their patented They takeoff. after seconds Great world. the changed forever and machine,” “flying perseverance changed a nation—and the world. When When the world. a nation—and changed perseverance a toy home brought their father young, were the boys controlled a rubber-band their interest: caught that helped that machines with fascination Their helicopter. their life. throughout continued travel people the took Brothers Wright The in flight. be controlled and manufacturing earned from they’d resources inventing of their dream into it put and selling bicycles tunnels. Theywind with experimented airplane. an One failed again. and failed, They hypothesized. They that so was disappointing a glider, attempt, failed up. gave almost Wilbur weeks of instead be in days could spanned distances quickly, the globe more across ideas spread months, or in partthe to in due ushered was the modern age and Wright. Orville of perseverance Wilbur and

BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS 2 JOHN QUINCY ADAMS ANDREW CARNEGIE

©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE AMERICAN HEROES PAST AND PRESENT HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 2

1767 - 1848 John Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams was a man of of man a was Quincy Adams John Representatives of the1835, House In was Rule in 1844 the Gag Finally, perseverance and vigilance. His father, father, His vigilance. and perseverance the of President the 2nd was Adams, John of the 6th was President He States. United President, he was After States. the United Congress. of became a member he petitions any to listening against voted Adams Rule.” slavery called a “Gag about the against was Rule the Gag that said the petition to right Amendment First government. John Adams. from repealed help with because he heroic was Quincy Adams to right Amendment the First for fought petition. of freedom

1835 - 1919 Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie’s life story shows story shows life Carnegie’s Andrew Carnegie the Carnegie 1889, started In to Carnegiecontinued life, in his Later perseverance, initiative, and resourcefulness. resourcefulness. and initiative, perseverance, a railroad for work to began 1853, he In by initiative Carnegie showed company. invested He money. investing about learning the railroad helped in technology that other and company This Company. Steel Steel. U.S. make to combined companies the produced Steel U.S. Carnegie and railroads the country needed that for steel build to Carnegie helped buildings. and work. charity through lives people’s improve company grow. grow. company America.

BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 2 CESAR CHAVEZ HENRY CLAY HENRY

©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE AMERICAN HEROES PAST AND PRESENT HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 2

1927 - 1933 Cesar Chavez Cesar Chavez’s life was based on based was life on Cesar Chavez’s started the National 1962, Chavez In perseverance and initiative. He struggled He initiative. and perseverance union for conditions working better for their farm lost family His workers. farm so they Depression the Great during in working place to place from moved was father his When fields. peoples’ other started Chavez accident, in a car injured family. his help to working the name Later Association. Workers Farm The Workers. Farm United to changed fought Association Workers Farm National better and conditions work better for Cesar Chavez’s workers. union for pay workers farm for unions for perseverance Americans. many of the attention got

1777 - 1852 Henry Clay Henry Clay was a man of perseverance perseverance of a man was Henry Clay Clay was a member of the U.S. House House the U.S. of a member was Clay and moderation. These values helped helped These values moderation. and the “Great of him earn the nickname of lot a have not did He Compromiser.” law. studied he but education, formal Senate. the U.S. and Representatives of the very country was of the unity felt He tariffs a deal made lower to He important. secede to wanted when Carolina South also the young helped He the nation). (leave He struggles through slavery. with nation and Compromise the Missouri pass helped these hoped 1850. He of the Compromise survive and the nation help would laws united. remain

BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 2 ROBERTO CLEMENTE ROBERTO FREDERICK DOUGLASS

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1934–1972 Roberto Clemente Roberto Roberto Clemente played Major League Major played Roberto Clemente people about concerned was Clemente baseball for the Brooklyn Dodgers in Dodgers in baseball the Brooklyn for in Pirates the Pittsburgh the 1950s and showed 1970s. He early the 1960s and through perseverance and courage great the press of members by discrimination from was baseball because he and fans Valuable Most voted was He Puerto Rico. in 1971. Player the protect help to especiallyand wanted killed was Clemente minorities. of rights in 1972 while on crash was he in a plane supplies deliver to Nicaragua to way his death, his victims. After earthquake to the National into inducted was Clemente a awarded was and Fame Baseball of Hall Honor. of Medal Congressional

1818 - 1895 Frederick Douglass Frederick Fredrick Douglass was a man of integrity, integrity, of a man was Douglass Fredrick Massachusetts to moved Douglass perseverance, and resourcefulness. He was He resourcefulness. and perseverance, abolitionists with work to began and born a slave in Maryland. As an enslaved enslaved an As Maryland. in bornslave a read to learned Douglass how man, young illegal was It too. slaves, other taught he and knew Douglass But read. to slaves teach to show help would reading and learning that was Douglass bad was. slavery how people in 1838. freedom escape to to able slavery). He stop to who wanted (people Europe America and around traveled an also wrote He slavery. speaking against L ife the of called Narrative autobiography Slave American an Douglass, Fredrick of the about was people even more show to misery slavery. of

BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 2 THOMAS EDISON GLORIA ESTEFAN GLORIA

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1847 - 1931 Thomas Edison Thomas Edison lived a life of of life a lived Edison Thomas the improved had 1868, Edison By resourcefulness and initiative. He believed He initiative. and resourcefulness every opportunity. an was that challenge from deaf was and schooling little had He invent. to driven was he but age, a young later, years Two telegraph. typewriter and factory.” “invention own his opened he of team his and he years, five Within and perfectedengineers the telephone they Next, the phonograph. created the incandescent for becamefamous the on they worked later and bulb, light talking movies, camera, picture motion Not machine. x-ray an and battery, a car success, a was everythingon they worked Edison Thomas persevered. Edison but a modern age. America into bring helped

b. 1957 Gloria Estefan Gloria Estefan Gloria Estefan was born in Havana, born Havana, in was Estefan Gloria In 1990, Estefan, her husband, and son son and husband, her 1990, Estefan, In Cuba. Throughout her life she showed showed she life her Throughout Cuba. Estefan perseverance. and courage great group, the music with success gained the Miami Sound Machine, in the 1980s. Machine, Sound the Miami the band, for the lead was singer Estefan in writing alsoshe becameinvolved and producing. and songs Estefan’s accident. bus in a terrible were many and severe, were injuries spinal to be able would if she wondered people the within and persevered Estefan recover. After again. performing was she year, next successful many released she the accident, and English and in Spanish solo albums America. North toured

BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 2 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN FANNIE LOU HAMER LOU FANNIE

©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE AMERICAN HEROES: PAST AND PRESENT HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 2

1706 - 1790 Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin was a man of of a man was Franklin Benjamin helping also for was veryFranklin famous initiative and resourcefulness. He wanted wanted He resourcefulness. and initiative in America. citizens of the lives improve to goods, services, creating and this by did He the first created He government. of a form and library, public first the department, fire Philadelphia. in hospital public the first bifocal rod, lightning the first invented He surface stove. iron glasses, and a was He governments. first America’s Congress, the Second Continental partof of the Declaration write helped he and the also end helped He Independence. a part was of and War Revolutionary Franklin Convention. theConstitutional from Americans protect to vigilantly lived forms. in all its tyranny

1917 - 1977 Fannie Lou Hamer Fannie Lou Hamer fought courageously courageously fought Hamer Lou Fannie convince helped words Hamer’s President Lyndon Johnson to sign the sign the to Johnson Lyndon President law 1965. This of Act Rights Voting for her right to vote. In 1962, she learned 1962, she In vote. to right her for protected the 15th Amendment that She vote. to right African Americans’ wanted Hamer vote. to decided register to participate African Americans other help to people so helped she in the government in put was 1963, she In vote. to register her lost She beaten. and jail Alabama an she but threats, death received and job persevered. promise the 15th defended Amendment’s African Americans for rights voting of Hamer Lou Fannie minorities. other and perseverance in and courage great showed rights. voting for fighting

BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 2 THOMAS JEFFERSON MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. KING, MARTIN LUTHER

©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE AMERICAN HEROES PAST AND PRESENT HANDOUT B CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.) 2

1743 - 1826 Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson fought for the integrity integrity forthe fought Jefferson Thomas He wrote rights. protect to fought Jefferson President 3rd our became Jefferson Thomas of people’s beliefs and the integrity of his his of the integrity beliefs and people’s of wrote he old, 33 years was he When country. knew he He Independence. of the Declaration for death to (even be put in trouble get could he but the Declaration, writing for treason) ideas. his defend to the courage had in Virginia. church ended thestate that law a stayed Jefferson France, in was when he Even Convention the Constitutional with involved a bill urging and delegates to letters writing by that a 1798 law against also fought He rights. of the government. criticize crimea to it made in Virginia. education public supported He needed be to in a republic knew citizens He a free society survive. for to educated he retired, he After servedterms. two and for Virginia. of started the University

1929 - 1968 Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Martin Luther King Jr. persevered persevered Jr. King Luther Martin King’s most important speech was at a speech at was important most King’s civil rights, for work to continued King for civil rights during his life. He made made He life. his during civil rights for supported and speeches, led marches, non-violence. He played in important role role in important played He non-violence. ending boycott, bus in the Montgomery buses. city on segregation in 1963. More D.C. Washington on March Washington to came 250,000 people than famous his made King the march. for the Lincoln speech at Dream” a Have “I Memorial. in 1964. Prize Peace the Nobel won he and over and assassinated, was 1968, he In His funeral. his to came 300,000 people people encourage helps life courageous today.

1748 - 1830 James Armistead Lafayette James Armistead Lafayette James Armistead lived a life of courage courage of a life lived Armistead James a soldier, not and Because a spy was he and duty. He was born into slavery in slavery in born was into He duty. and fight to wanted He 1748 in Virginia. He England. from independence for the Marquis for became a spy courageously He Army. in the Continental de Lafayette was and slave be to a runaway pretended listened He camps. the British into allowed their said about officers the British what to and Lafayette tell would then he and plans, General Washington. the after freedom gain did not Armistead who served. slaves other many like war Lafayette, from a recommendation With the Virginia asked owner his and Armistead When freedom. Armistead’s for legislature last his changed Armistead became free, he became a farmer, He Lafayette. to name a pension received and family, a raised services. his for the army from

1809 - 1865 Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln personified Lincoln perseverance. Abraham was 1865, when the Civil War March In Lincoln became President just before the before just became President Lincoln almost over, Lincoln gave his second inaugural inaugural second his gave Lincoln over, almost He lost many elections, but he never gave up. up. gave never he but elections, many lost He debates his in 1858 during became famous He He slavery. and expansion westward about survive if it thenot country could that said half-free. and half-slave was courageously he and the CivilWar, startof He theled bloody the war. country through of the Declaration of believed in the promise borna right was with one No Independence: was 1864, Lincoln In others. ruleto over term. a second for elected President speak would he thought people speech. Many thein speech, thebut war winning about the people asked surprisedLincoln them. He again together come and other each forgive to peace.” lasting and a “just achieve to

1751 - 1836 James Madison

Madison had initiative and and initiative had Madison the support to hard worked Madison resourcefulness to help the new nation in the new nation help to resourcefulness ideas helped His else could. one no ways self- for plan States’ the United form a leader was of 1787, he In government. took He Convention. the Constitutional people helped and often, spoke notes, the tried prevent to always He compromise. suggested He power. government of abuse he and balances, and checks of a system the of the balance power to also worked also He federal governments. and state because he rights, individual for fought abusing from majorities prevent to wanted minorities. of the rights articles. newspaper writing by Constitution would the Constitution that sure make To theBill of bewrite helped passed, he Rights.

1908 - 1993 (1954) in front of the Supreme Court. the Supreme of (1954) in front Thurgood Marshall Marshall worked to end segregation in in segregation end to worked Marshall Court the Supreme became a part of Marshall Thurgood Marshall is famous because he was he was because is famous Marshall Thurgood The Supreme Court said that segregation of public public of segregation Court that said Supreme The the first African American Supreme Court Justice, Justice, Court Supreme African American the first determined many and courageous was he but graduated the Court. on was He he before years of the University but honors, with college from school law him into accept not Maryland would the at law studied He black. was because he University. Howard black historically against was case first The won he life. public school (the Maryland same of the University black). was let him in because he wouldn’t that the National for lawyer became the chief He Colored of the Advancement for Association schools public in Segregation (NAACP). People Board The v. Brown argued Marshall ended after Education of unconstitutional. was schools the African first was American in 1967. He Court Justice. Supreme

1913 - 2005 Rosa Parks Parks Rosa Rosa Parks’s courage led many to to led many courage Rosa Parks’s asked was On December 1, 1955, Parks lasted Bus Boycott Montgomery The call her the “Mother of the Civil Rights theCivil Rights of call the “Mother her and born was in Alabama, She Movement.” which said laws Crow Jim under grew up be to had separated whites and blacks that (segregation). the to move and seat bus her up give to was refused and She the bus. of back a boycott led to courage Parks’ arrested. Alabama. in Montgomery, all buses city of and Jr. King, Luther Martin were her With others. many the District until Court days 381 for was buses city on ruled segregation that unconstitutional.

1644 - 1718 William Penn William Penn fought courageously for for courageously fought Penn William the believed he that governor, As In 1681, The King of England gave Penn a gave of England King 1681, The In religious liberty in two different countries. countries. liberty different in two religious was religion his and a Quaker, was Penn to a person force not could government illegal in England. When he did not change change did not he When illegal in England. in jail. life to sentenced was he religion, his people, important knew many Penn William short a after jail from released was he and people forcing the idea like of did not He time. for spoke he so religion a specific follow to liberty. religious in America between land New of piece large owed because Maryland the King and York named Penn William father. Penn’s to money Woods) Penn’s (or “Pennsylvania” the colony father. his for it believed that Penn a certain religion. follow beliefs and respect people’s to important was self-government.

1919 - 1972 Jackie Robinson J courage of a life lived Robinson ackie Robinson signed with the Brooklyn signed the with Brooklyn Robinson first his of the anniversary 1997, on In and perseverance. His early life was full was life of early His perseverance. and theaters, movie in restaurants, segregation in talents his high school, In school. at and grow. sports to began Dodgers baseball ended in 1947. This team in professional segregation of 80 years angry were baseball. the players of Some at was he When strike. to threatened and head. his miss just balls fast would bat, Robinson mail. hate received family His on, time went as and, down, back did not talent. his deny couldn’t players fellow his League Baseball Jackie retired Major game, everyone show to – – 42 number Robison’s perseverance. and courage his

1745 - 1813 Benjamin Rush Benjamin Rush Benjamin Rush was the most famous famous the most was Rush Benjamin alcoholism, slavery, end to worked Rush Rush also played a major role in politics in politics role a major also played Rush doctor of his time. He treated illnesses like treated He time. his of doctor himself put and smallpox, and fever yellow do so. to risk great at Congress the Continental attending by of the signing Declaration 1776 and of lead also his helped He Independence. the become to Pennsylvania of state home sign theto newConstitution. state second passionate was addiction. He tobacco and knew because he schools education about virtue believed that He virtue. promoted a free society to key was the American like the for also lead the way Rush republic. medical illnesses, of supported study the for advocated and citizens, for reforms women. of education

1815 - 1902 Elizabeth Cady Stanton E persevered for lizabeth Cady Stanton Stanton did not like the legal status the legal status like not did Stanton the idea that all people are created equal. equal. created all are the people idea that in 1815. Unlike York born was in New She Elizabeth time, her was at women most very was She successful educated. formally not could she a woman, as But in school. wanted. she the college to go a women’s organized so she women of York. in Seneca New Falls, convention Sentiments of the Declaration wrote Stanton based the Declaration on Resolutions and said document This Independence. of and, equal, were women and men that equal rights, have they should therefore, did not Stanton vote. to the right including vote to the right gain see to women live the 19th Amendment. of the passage with a was Stanton that thought people Many a leader. and woman courageous , she

Uncle Tom’s Cabin Tom’s Uncle 1811 - 1896 Harriet Beecher Stowe Historians believe that her book her helped believe that Historians Harriet Beecher Stowe was resourceful: resourceful: was Beecher Stowe Harriet passedthe Fugitive 1850, Congress In told of the abuse suffered by slaves. slaves. by suffered the abuse of told she used her writing to show the nation the the nation show to used writing her she born was in Connecticut She evil slavery. of family. abolitionist a religious, in 1811, into in free states people which forced Act, Slave their masters. to escaped slaves return to do something. to had knew she Stowe in participate or vote not could she Since about write began to she the government, and slaves talked former She to slavery. who experience had people with other book, her In slavery. slavery should believe that people more Harriet the ledCivil War. to and end change to helped writings Beecher Stowe’s justice. view of the nation’s

b. 1952 Mary Beth Tinker (1969) Tinker won won (1969) Tinker Moines Des v. Tinker Mary Beth Tinker fought for the rights of of the rights for Mary Beth fought Tinker In her case. The Court said that the armbands armbands the case. The her Court that said students that and “speech,” as the same were of freedom to right Amendment the First had school. disrupt they as did not speech long as affirmed the fight rights Mary Beth Tinker’s school. in public people young of students. She wanted them to be able to express express to be them to able wanted She students. Tinker When schools. in public their opinions John brother old her and she years-old, 13 was the protest school to to armbands black wore would be theytold were They War. Vietnam off. take the armbands if theysuspended didn’t unjust. was the punishment that felt Tinker express to the right had she believed that She She ideas peacefula in her respectful and way. knew that she though even the armband wore brother her and She in trouble. get would she Court. their case thetook Supreme to Wethe

1915 - 1998 Mary Tsukamoto (left) Mary Tsukamoto Mary Tsukamoto turned her own sacrifice own her turned Mary Tsukamoto Harbor, Pearl attacked Japan 1941, In Tsukamoto did not want people to forget forget to people want not did Tsukamoto into work for civil rights for all Americans. all Americans. for civilrights for work into helped school and a segregated to went She was there even though crops grow family her not could people Japanese that said that a law they the farmed. land own and the United States entered World War II. War World entered States the United and Japanese Roosevelt that worried was President in try Japan in America would people help to of creation the military The ordered the war. twenty- and hundred One camps. detention live to forced were people Japanese thousand them were of many though even in the camps lost almost These people citizens. American homes, theireverything belongings, including dignity. jobs, and wrote She Internment. the Japanese about experience her called booka about . America in Internment of A Story People:

1820 - 1913 Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman was a slave who who a slave was Tubman Harriet with worked in the 1850s, she Starting a was Tubman During the Civil War, courageously escaped in 1849. freedom to courageously slaves other help to also wanted Tubman did so even She become she though free. if she again become a slave have could caught. were called the Underground a secret group her helped first, Tubman Railroad. At saved Overescape. she family time, nicknamed People slaves. of hundreds free to work her because of “Moses” her the 650 traveled She people. oppressed Canada Maryland 19 times. to miles from lost never she and caught never was She person. one helped cook. She and nurse, spy, scout, the war. during slaves of free hundreds liberty for for fought she courage, With every American.

1732 - 1799 George Washington George Washington wanted his time as time as his wanted Washington George his follow to hard worked Washington demonstrated Washington retiring, By moderation. Washington thought that that thought Washington moderation. a President to be an example of moderation. moderation. of beexample to an a President how say didn’t the though Constitution Even only serve, could Washington a President long the that understood served He 2 terms. for to intended was balances and checks of system power. too much having from branch one stop system. that protect to wanted He responsibility. and moderation of values own his controlled he but temper, hot a had He served had He the the country as actions. the and Army the Continental of Commander Convention, the Constitutional of President left in every was he when the job but role, power of abuse knew that Washington done. liberty. to verywas dangerous more was preserving republic the American personal gain. his than important

1862 - 1931 Ida B. Wells Wells Ida B. Ida B. Wells worked with courage to show show to courage with worked Wells B. Ida killed friends were Wells’ of 1892, three In published and Chicago to moved later Wells the nation that lynching was evil. Her parents parents evil. was Her lynching that the nation of care took she and 14, was diedwhen she college through herself put She family. her Tennessee. in Memphis, became a teacher and headlines, made The killings mob. a lynch by as Wells, charged. or arrested was one no but a newspaper. edited and owned a journalist, that the racism about courageously wrote She called Other newspapers the murders. caused her destroyed mob A scoundrel.” “black a her she did but to kill her, and threatened office lynching. speaking about stop not called Red the The lynching on a report became a respected speaker She Record. start the to helped She the country. around the Advancement for Association National B. in 1909. Ida (NAACP) People Colored of to perseverance helped and courage Wells’ the people the way change and lynching stop racism. about thought States the United of -

1867 - 1912 Wilbur Wright

Wright Brothers Wright 1871 - 1948 - resource Orville and Wright’s Wilbur Orville Wright December 17, 1903 they on Finally, succeeded. Their engine-powered airplane airplane succeeded. engine-powered Their 12 for flew in the air was and 120 feet Brothers tried different materials and imag and materials tried different Brothers times. they many failed ined new ideas, but up. gave They almost changed machine” “flying Their seconds. became faster Traveling forever. the world the around ideas spread and easier, and and Wilbur of The perseverance world. into come the world helped Orville Wright the modern age. - the na changed perseverance fulness and Other dreamed people the world. and tion build could one no but machines, flying of Wright The be could controlled. that one