Hawaii (island) 1 Hawaii (island)

Hawaiʻi

Nickname: The Big Island

Landsat mosaic, 1999–2001.

Geography

[1] Location 19°34′N 155°30′W

Area 4,028.0 sq mi (10,432 km2)

Area rank 1st, largest Hawaiian Island

Highest elevation 13,803 ft (4,207.2 m)

Highest point Mauna Kea

Country

United States

Symbols

Flower Red Pua Lehua ('Ohi'a blossom)

Color ʻUlaʻula (red)

Demographics

Population 185,079 (as of 2010)

Density 46/sq mi (119,14/km²) Hawaii (island) 2

Hawaii County, Hawaii

Seal

Location in the state of Hawaii

Hawaii's location in the U.S. Founded 1905

Seat Hilo

Largest city Hilo

Area

• Total 5,086.70 sq mi (13,174 km2)

• Land 4,028.02 sq mi (10,433 km2)

• Water 1,058.69 sq mi (2,742 km2), 21%

Population

• (2010) 185,079

• Density 46/sq mi (17.7/km²)

Congressional district 2nd

Time zone Hawaii-Aleutian: UTC-10

[2] Website co.hawaii.hi.us

Hawaiʻi, also called the Island of Hawaiʻi,[3] the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island (/həˈwaɪ.i/ or /həˈwɑːiː/; Hawaiian: [həˈwɐiʔi] or [həˈvɐiʔi]), which comprises Hawaiʻi County and the Hilo, HI Micropolitan Statistical Area, is an island, county, and Micropolitan Statistical Area located in the U.S. state of Hawaii in the Hawaiian Islands. It is the largest and the southeastern-most of the Hawaiian islands, a chain of volcanic islands in the North Pacific Ocean. With an area of 4,028 square miles (10,430 km2), it is larger than all of the Aerial view, 3D computer-generated image other islands in the archipelago combined and is the largest island in the United States. The island is often referred to as the "Big Island" to reduce confusion between the island and the state.

As of the 2010 Census the population was 185,079. The county seat and largest city is Hilo. There are no incorporated cities in Hawaiʻi County (see Hawaii Counties). Hawaiʻi County has a mayor-council form of Hawaii (island) 3

government. Hawaii County is one of seven counties in the United States to share the same name as the state in which it is located (the other six counties are Arkansas County, Idaho County, Iowa County, New York County, Oklahoma County, and Utah County).

History Main article: History of Hawaii Hawaiʻi is said to have been named for Hawaiʻiloa, the legendary Polynesian navigator who first discovered it. Other accounts attribute the name to the legendary realm of Hawaiki, a place from which the Polynesian people are said to have originated (see also Manua), the place where they go in the afterlife, the realm of the gods and goddesses. Captain James Cook, the English explorer and navigator who discovered the Hawaiian Islands, called them the "Sandwich Islands" after his patron, the Earl of Sandwich. Cook was killed on the Big Island at Kealakekua Bay on February 14, 1779, in a melee which James Kealoha Beach, "4-Mile Beach", in Hilo followed the theft of a ship's boat.[4]

Hawaiʻi was the home island of Paiʻea Kamehameha, later known as Kamehameha the Great. Kamehameha united most of the Hawaiian islands under his rule in 1795, after several years of war, and gave the kingdom and the island chain the name of his native island.

Geology and geography Hawaiʻi County has a total area of 5,086.70 square miles (13,174.5 km2); 4,028.02 square miles (10,432.5 km2) is land and 1,058.69 square miles (2,742.0 km2) is water (mostly all off the ocean shoreline but counted in the total area by the U.S. Census Bureau). The county's land area comprises 62.7 percent of the state's land area. It is the highest percentage by any county in the United States. (Delaware's Sussex County comes in second at 48.0 percent, while Rhode Island's Providence County is third at 39.55 percent.) In greatest dimension, the island is 93 miles (150 km) across and has a land area of 4,028 square miles (10,430 km2) comprising 62% of the Hawaiian Islands' land area. Measured from its sea floor base to its highest peak, Mauna Kea is the world's tallest mountain, taller than Mount Everest is above sea level.[5] Hawaii (island) 4

Volcanism

The Island of Hawaiʻi is built from five separate shield volcanoes that erupted somewhat sequentially, one overlapping the other. These are (from oldest to youngest): • Kohala—extinct • Mauna Kea—dormant • Hualālai—active • Mauna Loa—active, partly within Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park • Kīlauea—active: has been erupting continuously since 1983; part of Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Geological evidence from exposures of old surfaces on the south and west flanks of Mauna Loa led to the proposal that two ancient volcanic The five shield volcanoes shields (named Ninole and Kulani) were all but buried by the younger Mauna Loa. Geologists now consider these "outcrops" to be part of the earlier building of Mauna Loa. Another volcano which has already disappeared below the surface of the ocean is Māhukona.

Because Mauna Loa and Kīlauea are active volcanoes, the island of Hawaii is still growing. Between January 1983 and September 2002, lava flows added 543 acres (220 ha) to the island. Lava flowing from Kīlauea has destroyed several towns, including Kapoho in 1960, and Kalapana and Kaimu in 1990. In 1987 lava filled in Queen's Bath, a large, L-shaped, freshwater pool in the Kalapana area. The southmost point in the 50 States of the United States, Ka Lae, is on Hawaii. The nearest landfall to the south is in the Line Islands. To the north of the Island of Hawaii is the Island of Maui, whose Haleakala volcano is visible from Hawaii across the Alenuihaha Channel. About 35 km (22 mi) southeast of Hawaii lies the undersea volcano known as Loihi. Loihi is an erupting seamount that now reaches about 3,200 feet (980 m) below the surface of the ocean. Continued activity

from Loihi will likely cause it to break the surface of the ocean Steam plume as Kīlauea red lava enters the ocean sometime from 10,000 to 100,000 years from now. at three Waikupanaha and one Ki lava ocean entries. Some surface lava is seen too. The image was taken on April 16, 2008.

The Great Crack The Great Crack is an eight-mile-long, 60 feet (18 m) wide and 60 feet (18 m) deep fissure in the island, in the district of Kau. According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), The Great Crack is the result of crustal dilation from magmatic intrusions into the southwest rift zone of Kilauea.[6] While neither the earthquake of 1868 nor that of 1975 caused a measurable change in The Great Crack, lava welled out of the lower 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) of the Great Crack in 1823. Hawaii (island) 5

The visitor can find trails, rock walls, and archaeological sites from as old as the 12th century around the Great Crack. Approximately 1,951 acres (7.90 km2) of private land were purchased during the Presidency of Bill Clinton, specifically to protect various artifacts in this area as well as the habitat of local wildlife.

Lava entering the Pacific at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in April 2005, increasing the size of the island.

The Hilina Slump

Main article: Hilina Slump The Hilina Slump is a 4,760 cubic miles (19,800 km3) chunk of the south slope of the Kīlauea volcano which is slipping away from the island. Between 1990 and 1993, Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements showed a southward displacement of about 10 centimeters (four inches) per year. Undersea measurements show that a Punalu'u Black Sand Beach Park "bench" has formed a buttress and that this buttress may tend to reduce the likelihood of future catastrophic detachment.

Earthquakes and tsunamis

On April 2, 1868, an earthquake with a magnitude estimated between 7.25 and 7.9 on the Richter scale rocked the southeast coast of Hawaii. This was the most destructive earthquake in the recorded history of Hawaii.[7] It triggered a landslide on Mauna Loa, five miles (eight kilometers) north of Pahala, killing 31 people. A tsunami claimed 46 more lives. The villages of Punaluu, Ninole, Kawaa, Honuapo, and Keauhou Landing were severely damaged. The tsunami reportedly rolled over the tops of the coconut trees up to 60 feet (18 m) high, and it reached inland a distance of a quarter of a mile in some places. Big Island Beach On November 29, 1975, a 37-mile (60 km) wide section of the Hilina Slump dropped 11.5 feet (3.7 meters) and slid 26 feet (7.9 m) toward the ocean. This movement caused a 7.2 magnitude earthquake and a 48 feet (10 m) high tsunami. Oceanfront property was washed off its foundations in Punaluu. Two deaths were reported at Halape, and 19 other people were injured. The island suffered tsunami damage from earthquakes in Alaska on April 1, 1946, and in Chile on May 23, 1960. Downtown Hilo was severely damaged by both tsunamis, with many lives lost. Just north of Hilo, Laupahoehoe lost 16 schoolchildren and five teachers in the tsunami of 1946. In March 2011, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake off the east coast of Japan again created a tsunami that caused significant damage in Hawaii. The estimated damage to public buildings alone was about three million dollars.[8] In the Kona area this tsunami washed a house into Kealakekua Bay, destroyed a yacht club and tour boat offices in Keauhou Bay, caused extensive damage in Kailua Kona, flooded the ground floor of the King Kamehameha Hotel, and permanently closed the Kona Village Resort. Hawaii (island) 6

Adjacent counties

• Maui County - northwest

Anaeho'omalu Beach Panorama

Demographics

Historical population Census Pop. %±

1900 46,843 —

1910 55,382 18.2%

1920 64,895 17.2%

1930 73,325 13.0%

1940 73,276 −0.1%

1950 68,350 −6.7%

1960 61,332 −10.3%

1970 63,468 3.5%

1980 92,053 45.0%

1990 120,317 30.7%

2000 148,677 23.6%

2010 185,079 24.5%

Est. 2012 189,191 2.2%

U.S. Decennial Census 2012 Estimate Hawaii (island) 7

As of 2010[9], the island had a resident population of 185,079[10] There were 64,382 households in the county. The population density was 17.7/km² (45.9/mi²). There were 82,324 housing units at an average density of 8/km² (20/mi²). The racial makeup of the county was 34.5% White, 0.7% African American, 22.6% Asian, 12.4% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and 29.2% from two or more races; 11.8% of the population were Hispanics or Latinos of any race

There were 64,382 households out of which 32.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.60% were married couples living together, 13.20% had a woman whose husband did not live with her, and 30.40% were non-families. 23.10% of all households were

Lehua blossoms (ʻōhiʻa lehua), made up of individuals and 8.00% had someone living alone who was Hawaiʻi 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.24.

The age distribution was 26.10% under 18, 8.20% from 18 to 24, 26.20% from 25 to 44, 26.00% from 45 to 64, and 13.50% who were 65 or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 100 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98 males.

Government and infrastructure

County government

Green turtle on an old lava flow and Hawaiian Executive authority is vested in the Mayor of Hawaii County who is temple at background in Kona elected for a four-year term. Since 2004, the election by the voters has been on a non-partisan basis. In 2008, William "Billy" Kenoi was elected Mayor, succeeding Harry Kim who had served a two-term limit. Legislative authority is vested in a nine-member County Council. Each member represents a geographical region of the island, which closely correlates to one of the nine tax map districts of Hawaiʻi County. Members of the County Council are elected on a non-partisan basis to two-year terms, with the latest election occurring in November 2010.

Administrative districts were originally based on the traditional land divisions called Moku of Ancient Hawaii. Some of the more heavily populated districts have since been split into North and South districts to make them more comparable on a population basis. The number following each district is the Tax Map Key (TMK) number, used to locate state property information. They are assigned in a counter-clockwise order beginning on the eastern side of the island.[11] Hawaii (island) 8

Nr. District Area Population moku Map mi² 2000

1 Puna 499.45 31335 Puna

2 South Hilo 394.38 47386 Hilo

3 North Hilo 370.65 1720 Hilo

4 Hāmākua 580.50 6108 Hāmākua

5 North Kohala 132.92 6038 Kohala

6 South Kohala 351.72 13131 Kohala

7 North Kona 489.01 28543 Kona

8 South Kona 335.38 8589 Kona

9 Kaʻū 922.22 5827 Kaʻū

Hawaiʻi County 4028.02 148677 6 moku

County council districts do not directly match the property tax districts because of the variation in the population density of voters in urban areas to rural areas; Hilo & Kailua (Kailua-Kona) towns are densely populated areas, while other districts such as Kaʻū, Puna, Hāmakua, and North & South Kohala are more sparsely populated. Several government functions are administered at the county level that are at the state or municipal level in other states. For example, the county has its own office of liquor control.

State government Hawaii Department of Public Safety previously operated the Kulani Correctional Facility in Hawaii County, on the Island of Hawaii.[12] In 2009, the Hawaii Department of Public Safety announced that Kulani Correctional Facility would close.[13]

Economy

Sugarcane was the backbone of Hawaiʻi Island's economy for more than a century. In the mid-twentieth century, sugar plantations began to downsize and in 1996, the last plantation closed. Most of Hawaiʻi Island's economy is based on tourism, centered primarily in resort areas on the western coast of the island in the North Kona and South Kohala districts. More recently, Hawaiʻi Island has become a focus for sustainable tourism. Kohala Coast Beach on the Big Island

Diversified agriculture is a growing sector of the economy. Major crops include Macadamia nuts, papaya, flowers, tropical and temperate vegetables, and coffee beans. Only coffee grown in the Kona District of this island may be branded Kona coffee. The island's orchid agriculture is the largest in the state, and resulted in the unofficial nickname "The Orchid Isle." The island is home to one of the United States' largest cattle ranches: Parker Ranch, on 175,000 acres (708 km2) in Waimea. Hawaiʻi is also known for astronomy, and numerous telescopes are operated on the summit of Mauna Kea, where atmospheric clarity is excellent and there is little light pollution. NELHA (Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority), a 675 acre state developed site, is a green economic development ocean science and technology park on the west side of the Hawaii island. It provides resources and facilities for energy and ocean-related research, education, and commercial activities in an environmentally sound and culturally sensitive manner. Hawaii (island) 9

Business tenants on this unique coastal site include microalgae farms, aquaculture, solar technology and marine biotech. Tenants have access to three sets of pipelines delivering deep sea water from a depth of up to 3000 feet, as well as pristine sea surface water and almost constant sunshine. NELHA is a success story for the State of Hawaii and the Big Island. A 2012 study by the University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization (UHERO [14]) found the total economic impact of activities at NELHA was $87.7 million and created 583 jobs. Aerial view of Cyanotech Corp. microalgae [15] [16] ponds at NELHA.

Top employers According to the County's 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[17] the top employers in the county are:

# Employer # of Employees

1 State of Hawaii 8,115

2 Hawaii County 2,745

3 United States Government 1,364

4 Hilton Waikoloa Village 984

5 Wal-Mart 852

6 KTA Super Stores 800

7 Mauna Loa Resort 685

8 The Fairmont Orchid 577

9 Four Seasons Resort Hualalai 562

10 Hapuna Beach Prince Hotel 487 Hawaii (island) 10

Places of interest

• Akaka Falls; one of the taller waterfalls on the island. • Amy B. H. Greenwell Ethnobotanical Garden houses many endangered endemic plants. • East Hawaiʻi Cultural Center • Hawaiʻi Tropical Botanical Garden • Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park; comprising the active volcanoes Kīlauea and Mauna Loa • Huliheʻe Palace; a royal palace in Kailua-Kona • ʻImiloa Astronomy Center of Hawaiʻi in Hilo • Ka Lae, the southernmost point in the United States • Laupahoehoe Train Museum • Lyman House Memorial Museum in Hilo • Manuka State Wayside Park • Mauna Kea Observatory; Mauna Kea Observatories • Nani Mau Gardens ʻAkaka Falls on Kolekole Stream • Onizuka Center for International Astronomy • Onizuka Space Center; museum dedicated to the memory of Challenger astronaut Ellison Onizuka located in Kona's Keahole Airport • Pacific Tsunami Museum overlooking Hilo Bay • Pana'ewa Rainforest Zoo in Hilo • Pua Mau Place Arboretum and Botanical Garden • Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park • Rainbow Falls State Park • Sadie Seymour Botanical Gardens • Umauma Falls • University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo Botanical Gardens • World Botanical Gardens • Waipiʻo Valley • Wao Kele o Puna Hawaii (island) 11

Maps

National parks, mountains and cities on the island Topographical map of the island of Hawaii

Localities

The island was traditionally divided into districts called moku. The names of the districts are (counter-clockwise, from the southeast): Puna, Hilo, Hāmākua, Kohala, Kona, and Kaʻū. The county government subdivides some of these to form elective districts of the county council. There are no incorporated municipalities on the island.

Census-designated places

• Ainaloa [18] • Captain Cook Hawaii from space, January 26, 2014 • Eden Roc • Fern Acres • Fern Forest • Halaula • Hawaiian Acres • Hawaiian Beaches • Hawaiian Ocean View • Hawaiian Paradise Park • Hawi • Hilo • Holualoa • Honalo • Honaunau-Napoopoo • Honokaa • Honomu • Kahaluu-Keauhou • Kailua Hawaii (island) 12

• Kalaoa • Kapaau • Keaau • Kealakekua • Keokea • Kukuihaele • Kurtistown • Laupahoehoe • Leilani Estates • Mountain View • Naalehu • Nanawale Estates • Orchidlands Estates • Paauilo • Pahala • Pahoa • Papaikou • Pepeekeo • Paukaa • Puako • Volcano • Waikoloa Village • Waimea • Wainaku

Unincorporated communities • Ahualoa • Hakalau • Waiohinu

National protected areas • Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail • Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge • Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park • Honokōhau Settlement and Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park • Kona Forest National Wildlife Refuge • Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park • Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site Hawaii (island) 13

Colleges and universities • University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo • University of the Nations • Hawaiʻi Community College

Transport

Roads Two roads connect the two major cities, Hilo on the east coast and Kailua-Kona on the west coast of the island:[19] • State highways 19 & 190, the northern route via Waimea • State highway 11, the southern route via Hawaii Volcanoes National Park There are also State highways 270 (Kawaihae – Hawi) and 180 (the "Kona coffee road", from Honalo to State highway 190), Saddle Road (Hilo to Waimea, passing between Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea), South Point Road (Highway 11 to South Point), etc. There are presently three Hawaii Scenic Byways [20] on the island of Hawaii: • Mamalahoa Kona Heritage Center • Royal Footsteps Along the Kona Coast • Ka'u Scenic Byway – The Slopes of Mauna Loa Rental car offices are at the international airports. Taxi service is also available. Island-wide bus service is provided by the "Hele-On Bus".[21]

Airports Two commercial airports serve Hawaiʻi Island: • Hilo International Airport (ITO) • Kona International Airport (KOA) There is also: • Waimea-Kohala Airport (MUE) • Upolu Airport (UPP)

Seaports Major commercial ports are Hilo on the East side and Kawaihae on the West side of the island. Cruise ships often stop at Kailua-Kona.

Sister cities Hawaii County has 10 sisters:[22] • Hualien City, Taiwan (1971) • La Serena, Chile (1994) • Legazpi City, Philippines (1970) • Nago City, Okinawa, Japan (1986) • Ōshima, Japan (1962) • Sao Miguel Island, Portugal (1980) • Shibukawa, Gunma Prefecture, Japan (1997) • Sumoto, Japan (2000) • Tasmania, Australia (1997) Hawaii (island) 14

• Yurihama, Tottori Prefecture, Japan (1996)

References

[1] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Hawaii_%28island%29& params=19_34_N_155_30_W_type:isle_scale:1000000

[2] http:/ / co. hawaii. hi. us [3] According to the Geographic Names Information System, Island of Hawaii is the preferred name, see .

[4] http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ history/ historic_figures/ cook_captain_james. shtml

[5] Highest Mountain In The World (http:/ / geology. com/ records/ highest-mountain-in-the-world. shtml)

[6] Are We Breaking Away – The Great Crack (http:/ / hvo. wr. usgs. gov/ volcanowatch/ 1998/ 98_07_16. html), USGS, July 16, 1998.

[7] Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (26 October 2006) "Destructive Earthquakes in Hawai`i County Since 1868" (http:/ / hvo. wr. usgs. gov/

earthquakes/ destruct/ ). Retrieved 21 Mar 2012

[8] Nakaso, Dan (14 March 2011) "Tsunami damage estimate for Hawaii now tens of millions" (http:/ / www. staradvertiser. com/ news/

breaking/ 117965429. html). Star Advertiser, Retrieved 15 Mar 2011

[9] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Hawaii_(island)& action=edit

[10] http:/ / quickfacts. census. gov/ qfd/ states/ 15/ 15001. html

[11] Hawaii County: 2000 (http:/ / co. hawaii. hi. us/ databook_2008/ Table 1/ 1. 7. pdf)

[12] " Kulani Correctional Facility (http:/ / hawaii. gov/ psd/ corrections/ institutions-division/ prisons/ kulani-correctional-facility)." Hawaii Department of Public Safety. Retrieved on September 30, 2010.

[13] " Closure of Kulani Saves $2.8M Annually; Facility to Help At-Risk Youth (http:/ / hawaii. gov/ gov/ news/ files/ 2009/ july/ psd-to-close-kulani-prison-facility-to-help-at-risk-youth)." Hawaii Department of Public Safety. July 2009. Retrieved on September 30, 2010.

[14] http:/ / www. uhero. hawaii. edu/ products/ view/ 19

[15] http:/ / nelha. hawaii. gov/ [16] NELHA.Economic.Impact.Study.May.18.2012

[17] County of Hawaii CAFR (http:/ / www. hawaii-county. com/ finance/ cafr/ COH_CAFR09. pdf)

[18] Hawaii January 29, 2014 (http:/ / earthobservatory. nasa. gov/ IOTD/ view. php?id=82975)

[19] The maps in the This Week (http:/ / www. thisweek. com) Big Island Magazine

[20] http:/ / www. hawaiiscenicbyways. org

[21] Hele-On Bus website (http:/ / heleonbus. org/ ) retrieved 2009-045-08

[22] State of Hawaii’s Sister States/Cities A Report to the Hawaii State Legislature 2006 (http:/ / hawaii. gov/ dbedt/ main/ about/ annual/ 2006/

2006-sister-states. pdf)

External links

• Hawaii (island) (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Regional/ North_America/ United_States/ Hawaii) at DMOZ

• Hawaii State overview (http:/ / www. state. hi. us/ dlnr/ dofaw/ cwcs/ files/ NAAT final CWCS/ Chapters/

CHAPTER 6 hawaii NAAT final !. pdf)

• The West Hawaii Today (http:/ / www. westhawaiitoday. com/ )

• Hawaii Tribune-Herald (http:/ / www. hawaiitribune-herald. com/ ) – East Hawaiʻi Newspaper

• Big Island Video News (http:/ / www. bigislandvideonews. com/ ) – video news for Hawaiʻi island

• Hawaii Weather Today (http:/ / www. hawaiiweathertoday. com/ ) – Glenn's daily Weather Narrative

• Pacific Disaster Center (http:/ / www. pdc. org/ ) – The Source for Daily Pacific Disaster News

• http:/ / hvo. wr. usgs. gov/ earthquakes/ destruct/ 1975Nov29/ – Hilina Slump information from Hawai'i Volcanoes Observatory

• Hawaii Scenic Byways Information (http:/ / www. hawaiiscenicbyways. org/ )

• Official Hawaii County website (http:/ / www. co. hawaii. hi. us)

• Volcanoes National Park (http:/ / www. nps. gov/ havo/ )

• Economic background from the Revision of the Hawaii County General Plan (http:/ / www. co. hawaii. hi. us/

general_plan_rev/ revision/ economic. doc) • Media related to Hawaii (island) at Wikimedia Commons

Coordinates: 19°34′N 155°30′W (http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Hawaii_(island)& params=19_34_N_155_30_W_type:isle_scale:1000000) Article Sources and Contributors 15 Article Sources and Contributors

Hawaii (island) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=610456001 Contributors: (jarbarf), 2004-12-29T22:45Z, 24.4.254.xxx, 63.167.108.xxx, 72Dino, A Softer Answer, ACSE, AVand, Acalamari, Acsenray, AgnosticPreachersKid, Air.light, Al E., AlaskaDave, Ali'i, Amaury, Anaxial, And a hero will come, Andre Engels, Andrei Stroe, Antandrus, Aoi, Arbenk, Ashkani, Auntof6, Avenue, Awien, AxelBoldt, BANi, Backspace, Baja1, Baleywik, Basketball110, Bayscribe, Bdiscoe, Before My Ken, Bemoeial, Bender235, Bhuck, Bigislandgirl, Black Falcon, BlastOButter42, Bleh999, BlueMoonlet, Bobblewik, Bongwarrior, BrittaniaCacher, Bryan Derksen, Buaidh, C messier, CR85747, Calabe1992, Calu2000, Canderson7, Captain panda, Chris Kyrzyk, Chris1299, ChrisGualtieri, Closedmouth, Conversion script, Coojah, Crusader1089, Cst17, CultureDrone, CyberMaus, D6, DC, DVD R W, Daderot, Dale Arnett, Darth Panda, Davewild, David Newton, Dc2002, Defaultdotxbe, Deflective, Delldot, [email protected], DerHexer, Diderot, Dolphinman, EHMJR, EatingPie, Ebyabe, Echtoran, Emerson7, Emmette Hernandez Coleman, Ermanon, EurekaLott, Everyking, Fabrictramp, Fellnearshiva, Fieldday-sunday, FisherQueen, Florian Blaschke, Fotaun, Frietjes, Funandtrvl, Fæ, Gareth E Kegg, Gerald Farinas, Geraldcarmack, Gilgamesh, Gilliam, Global Architecture, GoingBatty, Gomm, Graham87, Greygibbons, Guanlongwucaii, Gunnerdevil4, HamburgerRadio, Hannanco, Hawaii2010, Hawaiiangirl22, Head, Hike395, Hires an editor, HkCaGu, Hmains, Hobbema, Howcheng, Hula Rider, Ian Pitchford, Icairns, Iridia, Ivyleaguerabbit, Ixfd64, JaGa, Jackaranga, Jackmcbarn, Jamesx12345, JereKrischel, Jjojo13, John, Jonathan.s.kt, JorisvS, Jumping Trampoline, JustAGal, Kahuroa, Kalathalan, Kanagashi, KeithH, Kennethaw88, Kevin512, Kikos, Klemen Kocjancic, Kmusser, Kohalakayak, Konaq, Kralizec!, Kwamikagami, Lapaki, Latitude0116, Leandrod, Lexor, Lfstevens, Lightmouse, Lights, Lillingen, Ling.Nut, MJCdetroit, Mark Arsten, Marox79, Marshman, Mart572, Materialscientist, MattWright, MauiMac, Maxim, Mbz1, MelanieN, Melesse, Mhockey, Micaqueen, Michael Patrick, MichaelBillington, Mikenorton, Milton Stanley, Mistamagic28, Mistermistertee, Momo Hemo, MorrisIV, Nankai, Nathan Johnson, NawlinWiki, Neutrality, Nik42, Noctibus, Northamerica1000, Numbo3, Nv8200p, Ocdnctx, Oda Mari, Ottawahitech, Owl1, Oxymoron83, Palfrey, Paliku, Palm dogg, Paraplegicemu, Patrick, Peaceray, Pebs96, Pepper, Phe, PhilKnight, Piano non troppo, Piast93, Pinethicket, PootisSentry, Quixada, QuizzicalBee, Ran, Randydeluxe, Resident Mario, RevelationDirect, Richardprins, Rickterp, Rickyrab, Rjwilmsi, RobHar, Robkelii, Rtggds, Ruy Pugliesi, Ryulong, SABO12365, SBaker43, Scriptum.anon, Search4Lancer, Sellyme, Shyam, Sir Intellegence, Skymanak, Skywayman, Smallbones, Smilingdolphin, Snowolf, Socal gal at heart, Stephenb, Supersexyspacemonkey, Swalker, TDogg310, TUF-KAT, TastyCakes, TastyPoutine, TenPoundHammer, Textorus, Texture, ThT, Than217, The Man in Question, The Obento Musubi, Theda, Theodoranian, Tholme, Tide rolls, Tikilady, Tkynerd, Tmsmith, Tommy2010, Toussaint, Travis.Thurston, Ttownfeen, Twobells, UBJ 43X, Ultramandk, Urmas, Van helsing, Vanka5, Viralxtreme14, Viriditas, VirtualGodot, Vision3001, Vsmith, W Nowicki, Waikola123, Waiting4acure, West wiki edit, Wester, WhisperToMe, Widr, Wiki Wikardo, Wikipelli, Will102, WolfmanSF, Woohookitty, WriterHound, Yoshi Canopus, Youngnoah, Yug, Zbxgscqf, Zforsyth, Zoe, Zundark, 456 anonymous edits Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Island of Hawai'i - Landsat mosaic.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Island_of_Hawai'i_-_Landsat_mosaic.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Hawaii Land Cover Analysis project, NOAA Coastal Services Center File:Map of Hawaii highlighting Hawaii (island).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Map_of_Hawaii_highlighting_Hawaii_(island).svg License: Public Domain Contributors: MattWright File:Map of Hawaii highlighting Hawaii County.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Map_of_Hawaii_highlighting_Hawaii_County.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Dbenbenn File:Map of USA HI full.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Map_of_USA_HI_full.png License: Public Domain Contributors: MattWright, Mrwojo, Vrysxy File:Hawaii-Big-Island-TF.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hawaii-Big-Island-TF.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Martin D. Adamiker File:JKB.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JKB.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:AlaskaDave File:Location Hawaii Volcanoes.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Location_Hawaii_Volcanoes.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Mapmaunaloa.png: Hawaii Volcano Observatory, USGS derivative work: Richardprins (talk) File:Three Waikupanaha and one Ki lava ocean entries w-edit2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Three_Waikupanaha_and_one_Ki_lava_ocean_entries_w-edit2.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Brocken Inaglory; edited by jjron Original uploader was Jjron at en.wikipedia File:Lava enering ocean5n.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lava_enering_ocean5n.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Daderot, Mbz1, Rémih File:Punaluu Black Sand Beach Park.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Punaluu_Black_Sand_Beach_Park.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Kevin512 at en.wikipedia File:BI Beach.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BI_Beach.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:AlaskaDave File:Anaeho'omalu Panorama.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Anaeho'omalu_Panorama.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:AlaskaDave File:Lehua blossoms hawaii 01.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lehua_blossoms_hawaii_01.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Kahuroa, ThT File:Green turtles at an old lava flow and Hawaiian temple at background.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Green_turtles_at_an_old_lava_flow_and_Hawaiian_temple_at_background.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Brocken Inaglory File:HawaiiIslandDistricts-numbered.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:HawaiiIslandDistricts-numbered.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Sn1per (talk) File:BigIslandBeach3.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BigIslandBeach3.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:AlaskaDave File:AerialCyanotechW.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AerialCyanotechW.jpg License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: Konaq File:Akaka Falls Hawaii.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Akaka_Falls_Hawaii.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: (Intentionally left blank by the uploader, presumably because the uploader didn't want his/her name associated with it anymore) Image:Hawaii national parks map.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hawaii_national_parks_map.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Liftarn, Look2See1, Rémih, Szumyk, Telim tor Image:Hawaii Island topographic map-en.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hawaii_Island_topographic_map-en.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Hawaii_Island_topographic_map-fr.svg: Sémhur derivative work: Kmusser (talk) File:ISS038-E-032755 lrg.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ISS038-E-032755_lrg.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Fotaun, Sfan00 IMG file:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Commons-logo.svg License: logo Contributors: Anomie License

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