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365 Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia Pada Masa Jurnal HISTORIA Volume 6, Nomor 2, Tahun 2018, ISSN 2337-4713 (e-ISSN 2442-8728) SISTEM KETATANEGARAAN INDONESIA PADA MASA DEMOKRASI LIBERAL TAHUN 1950- 1959 Johan Setiawan Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah, Program Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta [email protected] Wahyu Ida Permatasari Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah, Program Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta [email protected] Dyah Kumalasari Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah, Program Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta [email protected] Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana landasan dasar sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia, kelengkapan alat-alat negara dan kabinet-kabinet yang memerintah pada masa demokrasi liberal tahun 1950-1959. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah dengan langkah sebagai berikut: (1) heuristik, (2) kritik sumber, (3) interpretasi, (4) historiografi. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh yaitu: (1) Landasan dasar yang digunakan dalam demokrasi liberal yaitu UUDS 1950,(2) Alat-alat kelengkapan negara menurut UUDS 1950 yaitu Presiden dan Wakil Presiden, menteri-menteri, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Mahkamah Agung dan Dewan Pengawas Keuangan, (3) Kabinet yang memerintah masa demokrasi liberal di Indonesia 1950-1959 yaitu Kabinet Natsir, Kabinet Sukiman, Kabinet Wilopo, Kabinet Ali Satromidjojo I, Kabinet Burharuddin Harahap, Kabinet Ali Satromidjojo II dan Kabinet Djuanda Kata kunci: sistem ketatanegaraan indonesia, demokrasi liberal, 1950-1959. Abstract This study aims to find out how the basic foundation of the Indonesian state administration system, the completeness of state tools and the cabinets that ruled during the liberal democracy of 1950-1959. This study uses historical method with the following steps: (1) heuristics, (2) source critic, (3) interpretation, (4) historiography. The results of the research are: (1) The basic foundation used in liberal democracy is UUDS 1950, (2) State apparatus according to UUDS 1950 namely President and Vice President, Ministers, House of Representatives, Supreme Court and Supervisory Board, (3) Cabinet governing the period of liberal democracy in Indonesian 1950-1959 is Natsir Cabinet, Sukiman Cabinet, Wilopo Cabinet, Ali Satromidjojo I Cabinet, Burharuddin Harahap Cabinet, Ali Satromidjojo II Cabinet and Djuanda Cabinet. Keywords: indonesian state administration system, liberal democracy, 1950-1959. PENDAHULUAN 1945 dan maklumat tanggal 3 November Pelaksanaan Demokrasi Liberal yang 1945, tetapi kemudian terbukti bahwa dijalankan oleh Indonesia sesuai dengan Demokrasi Liberal yang meniru sistem konstitusi yang berlaku pada saat itu, Eropa kurang sesuai di terapkan di yakni Undang-Undang Dasar Sementara Indonesia. 1950. Kondisi ini bahkan sudah dirintis Demokrasi Liberal yang sejak di keluarkannya maklumat berlangsung pada tahun 1950 hingga Juli pemerintah pada tanggal 16 Oktober 1959 merupakan waktu di mana partai- 365 Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia Pada Masa Demokrasi Liberal..., Johan Setiawan,dkk, 365-378 partai politik berkiprah. Saat itu Partai Di Indonesia, sistem politik liberal PNI dan Partai Masyumi merupakan dua berjalan kurang lebih 9 tahun dari 17 partai politik yang terkuat dalam Agustus 1950 sampai dengan 5 Juli 1959. memimpin kabinet. Karena sering Akan tetapi pada waktu yang singkat itu bergantinya kabinet pada masa Indonesia telah 7 kali pergantian kabinet demokrasi liberal berimplikasi terhadap yang memerintah antara lain: Kabinet ketidakstabilan pada politik, sosial, Natsir (6 September 1950-21 Maret ekonomi, dan keamanan. 1951), Kabinet Sukiman (27 April 1951-3 Sistem Politik pada masa April 1952), Kabinet Wilopo (3 April Demokrasi Liberal di Indonesia pada 1952-3 Juni 1953), Kabinet Ali tahun 1950-1959 mendorong untuk Satromidjojo I (31 Juli 1953-12 Agustus lahirnya partai-partai politik. Hal ini 1955), Kabinet Burharuddin Harahap (12 dikarenakan menganut sistem Agustus 1955-3 Maret 1956), Kabinet Ali multipartai atau lebih dari satu partai Satromidjojo II (20 Maret 1956-4 Maret yang mencoba untuk silih berganti dalam 1957), dan terakhir Kabinet Djuanda (9 memperoleh kekuasaan eksekutif April 1957-5 Juli 1959). maupun legislatif. Di mana lembaga Berdasarkan latar belakang legislatif seperti DPR dan Parlemen diatas, maka rumusan masalah dalam memiliki kekuasaan yang lebih besar penelitian ini adalah bagaimanakah dibandingkan dengan lembaga eksekutif sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia pada yang terdiri dari Presiden dan Wakil masa demokrasi liberal tahun 1950- Presiden maupun menteri-menteri. 1959?. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk Sistem pemerintahan yang mengetahui bagaimana landasan dasar dikehendaki pada masa demokrasi liberal sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia, menggunakan Undang-Undang Dasar kelengkapan alat-alat negara dan Sementara (UUDS) tahun 1950 adalah kabinet-kabinet yang memerintah pada sistem parlementer, dimana dalam hal masa demokrasi liberal tahun 1950-1959. ini kabinet tidak bertanggung jawab METODE kepada Presiden seperti yang ditentukan Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian oleh Undang-Undang Dasar (UUD) 1945. ini adalah metode penelitian historis, Tetapi dalam UUDS 1950 bertanggung karena penelitian ini mengambil objek jawab kepada Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat dari peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi atau dalam istilah yang hidup ketika itu pada masa lampau. Menurut Nugroho disebut sebagai parlemen (Zulfikar Notosusanto (1984: 11) langkah-langkah Gazali, Anhar Gonggong dan JR dalam penelitian historis, yaitu: (1) Chaniago,1989: 11-12). Heuristik adalah proses mencari untuk 366 menemukan sumber-sumber sejarah. menandakan babak baru periode Peneliti mencoba mencari serta pemerintahan bangsa Indonesia. mengumpulkan sumber-sumber sejarah Kesepakatan antara RIS dan RI untuk yang diperlukan. Kegiatan heuristik juga membentuk negara kesatuan tercapai difokuskan untuk mencari buku-buku pada tanggal 17 Mei 1950, dengan literatur yang sudah ditulis oleh ditandatanganinya Piagam Persetujuan sejarawan, (2) Kritik adalah menyelidiki antara RIS dan RI. Isi piagam tersebut apakah jejak sejarah itu asli atau palsu. menyatakan bahwa kedua belah pihak Dalam penelitian ini peneliti mencoba antara RIS dan RI dalam waktu yang untuk mencari tahu dan membuktikan sesingkat-singkatnya dan secara kealsian dari sumber-sumber yang bersama-sama akan melaksanakan peneliti dapat, setelah itu peneliti pembentukan negara kesatuan membandingkan dan memilih dari (Soepomo, 1950: 133-139). beberapa buku dan sumber yang peneliti Periode ini berlangsung mulai 17 yakini bahwa berita dan sumbernya Agustus 1950 sampai 5 Juli 1959 yang dapat dijadikan pedoman dalam disebut dengan sistem Parlementer. penulisan penelitian ini, (3) Interpretasi Perancang landasan dasar demokrasi setelah mendapatkan fakta-fakta yang liberal atau sistem parlementer di diperlukan maka kita harus Indonesia dirancang oleh Panitia merangkaikan fakta-fakta itu menjadi Gabungan RIS dan RI atau disebut dengan keseluruhan yang masuk akal, (4) Panitia Persiapan Undang-Undang Dasar Historiografi adalah suatu kegiatan Negara Kesatuan yang diketuai oleh penulisan dalam bentuk laporan hasil Menteri Kehakiman RIS yaitu Prof. penelitian yang menggunakan Supomo dan wakil ketua yaitu Perdana keterampilan dalam mengutip dari buku Menteri RI, Dr. Abdul Halim (Anhar dengan sumber-sumber yang ada. Gonggong dan Musa Asy’ari, 2005: 57). Penyusunan dan penulisan ini Pekerjaan rancangan UUD Negara menggunakan pemikiran yang kritis dan Kesatuan baru selesai tepatnya pada analisis sehingga menjadi sebuah kisah tanggal 20 Juli 1950. Undang-Undang sejarah yang sistematis. tersebut kemudian dibahas oleh DPR masing-masing, dan diterima oleh senat HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN dan parlemen RIS maupun KNIP. Barulah Landasan Dasar Sistem Parlementer pada tanggal 15 Agustus 1950 Presiden (Demokrasi Liberal) di Indonesia Soekarno menandatangani rancangan Pembentukan negara kesatuan setelah UUD tersebut yang kemudian dikenal masa Republik Indonesia Serikat (RIS) dengan Undang-Undang Dasar Sementara 367 Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia Pada Masa Demokrasi Liberal..., Johan Setiawan,dkk, 365-378 Republik Indonesia tahun 1950 (Marwati menjalankan pemerintahan dipegang Djoened Poesponegoro dan Nugroho oleh perdana menteri dan menteri- Notosusanto, 2008: 307), kemudian menteri terpilih. Sebenarnya UUDS 1950 secara resmi Negara Kesatuan dibentuk hanyalah bersifat sementara, sifat pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1950. kesementaraan ini jelas terlihat dan Landasan demokrasi liberal ini tertulis pada pasal 134 yang menyatakan adalah Undang-Undang Dasar Sementara konstituante yaitu Lembaga Pembuat (UUDS) 1950. Undang-Undang Dasar UUD yang bersama-sama dengan Sementara 1950 terdiri dari dari pemerintah selekas-lekasnya Mukadimah dan Batang Tubuh, yang menetapkan UUD Republik Indonesia meliputi 6 bab dan 146 pasal (Zulkarnain, yang akan menggantikan UUDS ini 2012: 10). Enam bab tersebut mengatur (Zulkarnain, 2012: 111). tentang Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, alat-alat kelengkapan negara, Kelengkapan Negara Pada Masa Sistem tugas alat-alat perlengkapan negara, Parlementer pemerintah daerah, daerah-daerah Alat-alat kelengkapan negara menurut swapraja, konstituante dan perubahan, UUDS 1950, ketentuan Umum, pasal 44, ketentuan-ketentuan peralihan dan ialah; Presiden dan Wakil-Presiden, ketentuan penutup. menteri-menteri, Dewan Perwakilan Sistem pemerintahan yang dianut Rakyat, Mahkamah Agung dan Dewan dan diterapkan pada masa berlakunya Pengawas Keuangan. Jika melihat pasal UUDS 1950 ini adalah sistem 45 ayat (1) tertuang bahwa Presiden pemerintahan
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