CENTER FOR AUSTRIAN STUDIES AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Vol. 18, No. 1 Spring 2006 Reflections on William Fulbright’s legacy by Lonnie Johnson

In April 2005, Fulbright commissions all over the world commemorated the centennial anniversary of the birth of J. William Fulbright (1905-1995), the founder of the US government’s flag- ship international educa- tional exchange program. As a junior senator from Arkan- sas, Fulbright endorsed a pro- active internationalist agenda during and after World War II and made a name for him- self not only as an advocate of the United Nations and educational exchange pro- grams, but also as one of the most courageous opponents of Joseph McCarthy. In August 1946, Fulbright was responsible for tagging an amendment on to the Sur- plus Property Act of 1944, which stipulated that for- U.S. Fulbright grantees visiting the Melk Monastery during their orientation program in September 2005. eign income earned overseas by the sale of US wartime property could be used to finance educational Salzburg, Klagenfurt, Linz, Graz, and Vienna, as well as collaborative exchange with other countries. This amendment laid the foundations for awards for students and scholars at the Diplomatic Academy, Internation- the educational exchange program that came to bear his name. The pro- ales Forschungszentrum Kulturwissenschaften (an international research gram is currently based on the Fulbright-Hayes Act of 1961, which pro- center for cultural studies), the Sigmund Freud Museum, and the Muse- vided US funding for the program as an annual line item in the federal umsQuartier in Vienna. The Fulbright Commission also cosponsors an budget and included provisions facilitating contributions to the program continued on page 25 by foreign governments and other entities. Since 1946, approximately 275,000 “Fulbrighters”—100,000 students, In This Issue teachers, scholars, scientists, and professionals from the United States and Letter from the Director 2 175,000 from countries all over the world—have participated in the pro- Minnesota Calendar 3 gram, whose objective is to promote mutual understanding between the ASN Interview: Peter Gerlich 3 people of the United States and other nations. Today some 6,000 Fulbright Letter from Diane Walters 7 grants are awarded annually for research and study in over 150 countries. ASN Interview: Mitchell Ash 8 It is managed by binational commissions in 50 countries and by the public CAS Student Group News 10 affairs sections of US embassies elsewhere. Program: Religion and Authority in East Central Europe, part 2 11 The Fulbright Program with Austria was among the “first generation” of ASN Interview: Jean-Paul Himka 12 programs established shortly after the Fulbright legislation was enacted. A Publications: News and Reviews 14 bilateral agreement between the U.S. and Austrian governments in 1950 Hot off the Presses 16 provided for the establishment of a binational Fulbright commission in News from the Field: Robert Zischg 18 Vienna, and the first Austrian and American students and scholars par- SAHH News 18 ticipated in the exchange during the 1951-52 academic year. Over 5,000 Salzburg Festival: 22 Mozart Operas and More 19 Austrian and U.S. students and scholars have participated in the program HABSBURG Happenings 20 since its inception. News from the North 21 In recent years, the development of the Fulbright program in Austria has A Look at Vienna’s MuseumsQuartier 22 been characterized by the establishment of jointly sponsored awards: eight Dispatch from CenterAustria 24 Fulbright Distinguished Chairs at Austrian universities in Innsbruck, Announcements 26 v College of Liberal Arts AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Letter from the Director

History and the other humanities disciplines in the United States have scholars in Austrian and Habsburg studies today to open whole new areas their own versions of the New Year’s honors list as several of the national of inquiry as well as find new dimensions of understanding for the great associations announce their annual prizewinners at annual conventions political processes that have long been a focus of research. Healy’s study between November and early January each year. The Center for Austrian ranges over issues of food shortages and consumption patterns, propa- Studies joins in as well with announcements of its prizes. Historians of the ganda and wartime entertainment, censorship, rumors, denunciations, the Habsburg monarchy and modern Austria have much to celebrate in the changing social roles of women and men on the home front, and the impact prizes this year. of the war on children. That much of the richness of this book comes from Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire: Total War and Everyday Life the systematic application of gender analysis in a variety of contexts is a in World War I (Cambridge, 2004) by Maureen Healy of Oregon State reminder to all of us in the field of how much we have to gain by more thor- University has won two major prizes. At its annual meeting in November, ough examination of gender issues than we have undertaken previously. the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies awarded Also during the AHA annual meeting in January, I had the pleasure to the Barbara Jelavich Prize to Healy’s book. This prize is awarded annually announce the awarding of the R. John Rath Prize for the best article in the to a distinguished monograph on any aspect of Southeast European or Austrian History Yearbook in 2005 to “Early Modern Urban Immigration Habsburg studies since 1600 or on 19th- and 20th-century Ottoman or in East Central Europe: A Macroanalysis” by Jaroslav Miller of the Palacký Russian diplomatic history. The jury praised Prof. Healy for leading the way University in Olomouc, Czech Republic. The jury for the Rath Prize, com- toward a new understanding of the processes by which the Habsburg state posed of Gerald Stourzh, Cathleen Giustino, and Paula Fichtner, praised collapsed. She developed cogent, convincing arguments concerning the far- Miller for his enormous skill in dealing with difficult and often fragmen- reaching disintegration of civic life and popular confidence in the state in tary sources in constructing a careful comparative analysis of migration Vienna and, by extension, on the home front more generally well before the patterns and demographic trends for a range of cities. Miller’s essay is end of World War I. The jury noted in particular Healy’s highly original exemplary in its use of an elaborate statistical apparatus with a clarity and research in “teasing out the attitudes and actions of women in breadlines, directness that elucidates for the non-expert reader the complex dynam- would-be child heroes, demasculated former soldiers, and others who chal- ics of urban society and migratory processes in the early modern era. The lenged the unity of wartime Viennese and the idea of empire.” great virtues of this article remind us that the skills required for important In early January 2006, the American Historical Association announced work in historical demography are both valuable and rare in the historical that it has also awarded its prestigious Herbert Baxter Adams Prize for a profession today. best first book by a North American scholar in European history to Healy. As I conclude this letter, I welcome the return of David Good, former This great honor underlines the significance of the book in a much wider CAS director, to the leadership of the Center for Austrian Studies. Always scholarly arena beyond Habsburg and modern Austrian history. the loyal colleague, David has graciously agreed to serve as interim director Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire is a wonderfully original for the spring 2006 semester while I take a sabbatical to do some scholarly work of social and cultural history and demonstrates vividly the ability of writing of my own. CAS will surely be in the best of hands. Gary B. Cohen EDITOR’S NOTE AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Volume 18, No. 1 • Spring 2006 Once again, it’s time for a hello, a goodbye, and even a semi-goodbye at the Center for Austrian Studies. Editor: Daniel Pinkerton First, the goodbye. Arnold Lelis, editorial assistant for our con- Editorial Assistants: Linda Andrean, Jules Gehrke, Arnold Lelis, ference volumes, ASN editorial assistant, and website editor, is leav- Nicole Phelps, Annett Richter ing the Center to be a visiting assistant professor at University of Hawaii, Hilo, for a semester (we Minnesotans sigh every time he says ASN is published twice annually (February and September) and dis- “Hawaii”). When he returns to Minnesota, he will spend his time tributed free of charge to interested subscribers as a public service of furiously working on his dissertation rather than at CAS. We’ll miss the Center for Austrian Studies. Director: Gary B. Cohen his meticulous work and quiet wit. Administrative Manager: Linda Andrean The semi-goodbye is for Nicole Phelps, editorial assistant and Editor: Daniel Pinkerton copyeditor for the AHY. She will teach a class in spring 2006 and will Send subscription requests or contributions for publication to: continue to be AHY’s copyeditor, but will relinquish her duties as edi- torial assistant and be a physical presence in the office a lot less. She’ll Center for Austrian Studies still be working for us, but there will be fewer opportunities to discuss Attn: Austrian Studies Newsletter film, theatre, and the ouvre of the Muppets. 314 Social Sciences Building, 267 19th Avenue S. We have already welcomed Annett Richter, who is taking over as Minneapolis MN 55455 Phone: (612) 624-9811 Fax: (612) 626-9004 AHY assistant editor, ASN editorial assistant, and is coordinating the website: http://www.cas.umn.edu spring conference. We now ask you to welcome Jules Gehrke, who will Editor: [email protected] be taking over Arnold’s duties as website editor, editorial assistant for Subscriptions: [email protected] conference volumes, and ASN editorial assistant. Jules is a PhD can- didate in European history, with a focus on 19th- and early 20th-cen- The Center for Austrian Studies is an independent unit of the College tury Great Britain. We look forward to working with him. of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota. The University of Minnesota Daniel Pinkerton is an equal opportunity educator and employer. 2 SPRING 2006 News from the Center

Peter Gerlich: Minnesota Calendar

Vienna to Minneapolis via February 8. Lecture. John A. Rice, musicology, Rochester, Minn. “Mozart in the Theatre.” Wednesday, 3:30 p.m., New Orleans 280 Ferguson Hall. Cosponsored with the School of Music. by Daniel Pinkerton February 17. Lecture. Michael Lorenz, Peter Gerlich was a Visiting Fellow at musicology, Univ. of Vienna. “Mozart: the University of Minnesota’s Institute New Possibilities for Source Studies.” for Advanced Study for fall semester Friday, 2:30 p.m., 280 Ferguson Hall. 2005. He also gave a lecture for CAS, Cosponsored with the School of Music. “Can Europe Learn from America? The US and the EU in a Comparative Per- February 22. Lecture. Poul Houe, spective.” Just before the holiday break, German, Univ. of Minnesota. “Arthur ASN interviewed him. Schnitzler and Georg Brandes: A Liter- ary Correspondence.” Wednesday, 3:30 ASN: First of all, I’d like to get some p.m., 448 Social Sciences Bldg. background information. March 26. Lieder recital. Mike Schmidt, PG: I was born in Vienna in 1939. baritone, winner, “Voices of Vienna” After the bombings we went into the Scholarship. With Susan Heiserman, countryside, and I went to elemen- piano. Sunday, 3:00 p.m., German- tary school and high school in Upper American Institute. Austria. In the middle of my high school years, we returned to Vienna March 27. Lecture. Manfred Früh- and I earned my matura at a school wirth, Univ. of Economics, Vienna; there. I studied law at the University Schumpeter Fellow, Harvard Univ. of Vienna. I originally wanted to go “Real Options in Business Valuation.” into medicine, but my parents talked Monday, 4:00 p.m., Carlson School of me out of it. After three years of law Mgmt., Room 2-213. Cosponsored with studies, I had the good fortune to get a Dept. of Finance, CSOM, and Dept. of scholarship to study at Columbia Law Applied Economics. School for one year. This determined March 30. Lecture. Eagle Glassheim, my future development to a large Left to right: Peter, Ferdinand, and Karin Gerlich. history, Univ. of British Columbia. extent, because I then got a master’s “Most, the Town that Moved: Coal, degree at Columbia. I then returned to Vienna students take a highly specialized two- or three- Communism, and Modernity in Post- and finished my doctorate in law, which seemed year program in economics, sociology, political War Czechoslovakia.” Thursday, 4:00 easy because one didn’t have to write a thesis at science, and some statistical and mathematical p.m., 710 Social Sciences Bldg. that time. I spent a year in Germany and became applications. This proved to be a very important much more interested in political science. How- event in intellectual history in postwar Austria April 13. Reading. Josef Haslinger, ever, as a discipline, political science did not yet because it trained social scientists in a rigorous, Austrian essayist and novelist. Migra- exist in Austria. Fortunately, in 1964, the Insti- modern methodology. Most of the professors of tory Birds: A reading from his new tute for Advanced Studies (IAS) was founded political science in Austria are graduates of the collection of short stories. Thursday, in Austria with enormous assistance from the IAS. I was very fortunate to be accepted. Inter- 7:00 p.m., Wilkins Room, 215 Hubert H. Ford Foundation, mainly by émigré Austrian estingly, our teachers, at the beginning, and still Humphrey Center. scholars—one economist, Oskar Morgenstern, to some extent today, were famous professors and the famous sociologist, Paul Lazarsfeld— from America. In political science, some of the April 21-22. International Symposium. who had emigrated to the States. They wanted future members of the American Political Sci- “Religion and Authority in Central to return and to do something to improve the ence Association—for example, Heinz Eulau— Europe from the Middle Ages to The state of social sciences at the universities in Aus- taught there. Eulau liked IAS, and he liked Enlightenment. Part I: Political and tria, which were very conservative. The concept Vienna. He was an émigré too. He left Germany Social Developments.” Friday & Satur- of this institute—which is still flourishing after when he was a little child and the Nazis took day, Radisson Hotel Metrodome. Call over forty years—has remained the same. It’s over; when he came back, he trained a small 612-624-9811 to make reservations for a postgraduate institution that takes a limited group of Austrians in the latest approaches to Friday’s lunch and dinner. number of scholars, graduates from Austrian American political science. universities and other universities, and makes the continued on page 4 3 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER

Gerlich from page 3 tive aspects of the city. As it slowly became clear to us that we could not ASN: After graduating from IAS, did you get a position in a political science return as we initially intended, we started communicating with colleagues department in Austria? and friends. That’s when we saw who our real friends were. For example, PG: Not quite. I completed my habilitation after working at IAS for about the Austrian authorities were not very helpful. They just told me I should ten years. After that, I got a job for one year at the Technical University in go the “Dienstweg,” as you know, and that I should call Günter Bischof, the Braunschweig, Germany. Then there were all these new chairs being estab- director of CenterAustria at UNO, who had invited me. At first, it was not lished in Austria, and I was invited to take a chair in political science at possible to contact anybody because all the communication infrastructure Innsbruck. On that basis, I was put on the list at Vienna and ultimately had broken down, but we had, of course, done so as soon as we could. That took my present chair in Vienna. Yet there were chairs, but no department. was all the help we got from the Austrians. There was a quarrel among faculties about where political science should UNO generously agreed to pay my salary for winter term, for which I go. A philosopher said it’s really a philosophical subject, and a lawyer said was immensely grateful. Many American friends contacted us—some on it’s a legal and social science subject, and the Solomonic judgment of then- their own initiative—and offered to bring us to other places so that I could education minister Alois Mock was to establish two chairs, one in phi- do some work there. We finally decided to accept the very generous offer losophy and one in law. Eventually an Institute for Political Science was of Gary Cohen, who was really going out of this way to assist us. All these established; the chairs are still in different departments, but the Institute friendly calls we received when we were confused and didn’t know what to helps us cooperate. There have been attempts to restructure and modern- do were important to us psychologically. And so we came up here to Min- ize Austrian universities, but not much has changed in this respect. neapolis, which was, of course, a big change in the “venues.” Down in New Orleans, it had been incredibly hot. If one went out of an air-conditioned ASN: So, you had a good career, you were enjoying your scholarship and teach- room into the open air, it hit one almost physically. And up here, though ing, and you accepted a guest professorship at the University of New Orleans. we had a very nice autumn, it’s now very cold. However, I can stand this PG: Yes [laughs], that was quite an adventure. We had these discussions in much better, especially since it has been sunny and bright most of the time. my family, and it turned out that this was the year when we could arrange a In addition, we got a lot of assistance from people and institutions at the stay in the United States, which I wanted to do again. I was thinking about University of Minnesota. They helped us find an apartment and a school going to Columbia for a term and then maybe to another university. But for Ferdi which is very good—probably even better than the school had for our little boy that would not have been very convenient, so we wanted been in New Orleans. We are now well settled, and I am looking forward to have a place where we could stay for a year. Ironically, we considered to teaching a large introductory course in the spring term for the political coming to Minneapolis at first because I had been here once or twice, I science department. This will be some kind of experience also [laughs]. had a very good impression of the university, and I knew that the Center for Austrian Studies was here. But in general, and particularly for my wife ASN: During the fall, you were at Minnesota’s brand-new Institute for Karin, New Orleans seemed much more interesting and exciting. We had Advanced Study. known Günter Bischof for some time, and colleagues who had been there PG: Yes. They offered me a fellowship and a small room in a beautiful before me recommended UNO very highly. Therefore, I applied for this building, and they are very friendly people, Ann Waltner especially, who chair and I got it. When we came there at the end of August, my wife Karin give support in technical matters and office matters. They have a peaceful had organized everything. We had rented a house, we had a good school atmosphere that I have enjoyed. I have had an opportunity that I haven’t for Ferdinand, and everything was arranged nicely. When we came there, had for a long time to really do a lot of reading and research. At home, I we had to get used to many things. There were some rumors of hurricanes, have always been involved with administrative responsibilities and teach- but people didn’t take that very seriously. They said that if there is an alarm, ing. So, I enjoyed my scholarly work, as one should on a sabbatical. you go to a motel, you take a few t-shirts, and you have a vacation, and then you return and everything continues as normal. In the New Orleans tele- ASN: Let’s turn now to the subject of your talk. One of the things that you phone directory at the beginning of each volume, there were three pages mentioned is the lack of attention paid in the US to the EU. Yet the reverse is about what to do in case of a hurricane. We took this, I think, much more not true. Why do you think this is so? seriously than they did because we hadn’t had this experience that nothing PG: That’s an interesting question. I was appalled when I was on the East had happened before, and the city was kind of inviolable. So, I still remem- Coast in 2002 for a month. I read the New York Times every day from ber we spent one week getting organized, opening a bank account, bringing beginning to end, in order to refresh my understanding of the United Ferdinand to the school, and so on. We didn’t even look at the sights; there States. And I noticed that they never, during this time, mentioned the EU. was no opportunity for that. There was not much about Europe in general, but there wasno mention of At first the news was that the hurricane would go to Alabama, and I the EU as such. Nothing. For one month. Other people have commented thought, “Serves them right, and I don’t have to worry” [laughs]. But then on this, too, but like so many other things that happened to me during the it turned out that it was coming closer to the city. We went to a party on crisis and relocation, you have to experience it to really feel it—not just Friday afternoon. Some of my colleagues said that we should take this seri- understand it intellectually. There are a number of possible explanations. ously, while others disagreed. There was lots of alcohol and people were First, everybody’s horizon of awareness is limited. When I was in South happy and funny. We decided next morning to get up early and look at the Africa, the papers were full of only news about Africa. And in America, TV. When we did this, the mayor was on, and he said it’s the real thing, of course, they have their national areas of concern. Europe is not consid- and you have to go, get out. We took this very seriously and we evacuated ered so problematic, so there is not much reporting about it. Of course right away without very great preparation, and did not have any trouble. this year, as I have read and watched more American news, I have seen So, all our damage was psychological, not really physical in any way. We that there is a certain awareness of Europe, but not much about the EU. went about seven hours by car to Shreveport. It’s the third largest city So the bad news is that Europe is on the horizon of perception—it’s far in Louisiana, but I had never heard of it before. We got to know it very away and not so interesting. The good news is that it’s not seen as prob- well in the next two or three weeks, because we were stranded there in a lematic. Second, there are two different philosophies about nations now. cheap motel, which was an experience in itself. It was like the Canterbury In Europe, we believe in the international community, which ironically is Tales. All kinds of people were there, all telling their stories. Many of these something we learned from the Americans. For example, in Europe, you stories were not very encouraging. Many were very poor people—black can appeal from a national court to an international court in different ways. people mostly. But it was interesting, and we learned about many posi- continued on page 17 4 SPRING 2006 Become a subscriber today!

Founded in 1965 by the late R. John Rath, the Austrian History Yearbook remains the only English language journal devoted to the history of the Habsburg monarchy, modern Austria, and the Central European lands with a common Habsburg heritage. Volume 37 of the AHY features not one but two revised and expanded Kann Memorial Lectures among its articles. CONTENTS

Twentieth Annual Robert A. Kann Memorial Lecture Was There a “Habsburg Society” in Austria-Hungary? by Ernst Bruckmüller

Twenty-First Annual Robert A. Kann Memorial Lecture A Central European Diaspora under the Shadow of World War II: Galician Ukrainians in North America by John-Paul Himka

Forum: The Sinews of State Building Bureaucracy, Officials, and the State in the Austrian Monarchy: Stages of Change since the Eighteenth Century by Waltraud Heindl Commentary: An Eighteenth-Century Engine of Reform by Ernst Wangermann Commentary: Power and Professionalism by Alan Sked Commentary: Hungarian Contradictions by Attila Pók

Articles Annual subscription rate (includes electronic access): Coping with Rebellion: Cities, Mortgagee Lords, and Crown Institutions: $80/£50/€68* • Individuals: $38/£25/€32* Administrators in the Habsburg Vorlande, 1517–25 HABSBURG/CGCEH members: $35/£23/€30* by Ludolf Pelizaeus Students: $20/£15/€17* From Persecution to Pragmatism: The Habsburg Roma *payment in Euros can be made only by credit card. in the Eighteenth Century by David Crowe TO ORDER AHY, CONTACT: Eighteenth-Century Hungary: Traditionalism and the Dawn of Modernity In the US: by Gabor Vermes Berghahn Books, 150 Broadway, Suite 812 Why the Slovak Language Has Three Dialects: A Case New York, NY 10038 Study in Historical Perceptual Dialectology Phone: 1-212-233-6004 by Alexander Maxwell In the UK and Europe: From Apalachicola to Wilkes-Barre: Austria (-Hungary) and Berghahn Books, 3 Newtec Place, Magdalen Road, Its Consulates in the United States of America, 1820–1917 Oxford OX4 1RE, U.K. by Rudolf Agstner Phone: 44-0-1235-465500 Arbeitspflicht in Postwar Vienna: Punishing Nazis vs. Expediting Reconstruction, 1945–48 WORLDWIDE E-MAIL: by Matthew Paul Berg [email protected] WEBSITE: WWW.BERGHAHNBOOKS.COM plus reviews of 33 books 5 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER FALL 2005 in pictures

The Center and the School of Music cosponsored a recital and master class. Above, left to right: pianist David Gompper, Austrian violinist Wolfgang David, Sally O’Reilly, professor of violin, and Noel Zahler, director, School of Music.

Right: Two lecturers from the fall series. Above right: Sven Rossel, who lectured on Hans Christian Ander- sen’s travels in Austria. Right: Eva Faber, who lec- tured on the Habsburg Empire’s Adriatic frontier.

Left and below: Scenes from the 2nd annual Nikolaus Day party. Left: Left to right, Christina Vogthuber and Unknown Student. Below left: Nikolaus hands a Krampus bag to Karin Gerlich, who has obviously been bad! Below right: left to right, children Quinn and Sabine Benda and Ferdinand Gerlich are, for one brief moment, quietly occupied.

6 SPRING 2006 Dear Dr. Fisch A Word from The Center held a special outreach event in October featuring readings from Holocaust survivor and author Dr. Robert Fisch, area high school students read- ing responses to his work from local children, a group of young Hmong dancers, and the University of Minnesota Health Sciences Orchestra. Diane Clockwise from top: left to right, Bruce Karstadt, Dr. Robert Fisch; bass player during rehearsal; Student readers, Hmong dancers, two student authors of essays that were read, and teacher Michelle Rasmussen; James Riccardo, conductor and solo violinist, Health Sciences Orchestra. Walters Dear friends, It may be winter, but it’s never too early to start think- ing about spring—when we plant seeds that, with a little tending and favorable conditions, will yield results some time down the road. In the Center for Austrian Studies, the conditions are right for a bountiful harvest. The Center has seeded a fel- lowship to recognize the contributions of its first director and retired history professor, William E. Wright. An incen- tive still available, but ending soon, is the University of Minnesota’s 21st Century Fellowship Match, which matches the payout of the endowment fund. Professor Wright gave colleagues and students alike his special brand of thoughtful and critical guidance regarding Austrian, Habsburg, and Central European history. Because of all that he contributed to the Center and the academic world, we sent letters inviting many of you to join us in honoring Professor Wright with a fellowship in his name. If you have responded, we (and the students who receive the fellowship) thank you for your gift. If you have not, you may still do so. You will find a contribution coupon on the back page of this newsletter. It is thanks to Professor Wright and to all who have so generously supported the Center for Austrian Studies that we have so much good news to share with you in this newsletter. Thanks to dedicated donors and friends, we can continue to preserve and build on the impressive body of scholarship related to Austria, the Habsburg Empire, and its Central European successor states. One highlight of this year’s programming was the Robert A. Kann Memorial Lecture (launched in 1984 during Professor Wright’s tenure as the director of the Center For Austrian Studies), which showcased the work of John-Paul Himka of the University of Alberta, Edmonton. The subject of his lecture was “A Central European Diaspora under the Shadow of WWII: The Galician Ukrainians in North America.” With your support, programs such as these will continue. We hope that you will consider making a gift to ensure the Center’s continuing international preeminence as a hub of research and intellectual and cultural engagement. Your help provides students with encouragement and financial support. It provides resources for faculty to advance knowledge and understanding. It helps to main- tain and enhance the distinguished reputation that will attract first-rate scholars. It seeds the future. If you would like to learn more about how you can support the Center for Austrian Studies, please contact me at 612-625-4324 or [email protected]. Diane R. Walters Major Gifts Officer College of Liberal Arts 7 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER what is “good” science? jects that all fit into this program of intellectual history even though they weren’t history courses. The Central European aspect of it came in through the study of Sigmund Freud as part of my independent study project in my senior year. It was never completed due to the invasion of Cambodia and the protests that resulted from that. But I did read a lot of Freud, which got me interested in Central European issues and in the history of psycho- logical thought. So, when I went to Harvard, I knew that I was going to do something in that field for my dissertation, but I knew also that it was not going to be the history of psychoanalysis. Historians frequently equated psychology with psychoanalysis, and I knew from my studies with Rose Olver and other specialists in cognitive psychology at Amherst that this was a big mistake. So, I decided that I was going to explore the historiogra- phy of psychology. To my surprise, there was very little of it in the 1970s.

ASN: So, at that point you became an intellectual historian studying the history of psychology. How did you go from Harvard to the University of Vienna? Why did Vienna, a hotbed of the history of science, hire an American? MA: Well, it’s a long story. First of all, you’re quite right: choosing the topic area that I did brought me into a borderland between intellectual history and the history of science. Indeed, my first two seminars at Harvard were in History of Science under Erwin Hiebert and in History under H. Stu- Mitchell Ash: art Hughes. In the end, I got my degree in history in part because it was more marketable to be a historian than to be a historian of science. It was under Erwin Hebert that I got the inspiration to do my work on the his- tory of Gestalt psychology, and I am very grateful to him for his guidance, even though he did not supervise my dissertation. Now, Gestalt psychol- ogy began in Germany and in Austria under Christian von Ehrenfels, who was a professor at Prague and in many respects a pioneer in a particularly Austrian approach to philosophy and psychology. But I wrote about the so-called Berlin school of Gestalt Psychology, pioneered or headed by Max by Daniel Pinkerton Wertheimer—also from Prague—Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka. I lived for many years in Berlin during my graduate student days in order to Mitchell Ash, professor of history at the University of Vienna, came to the Cen- get access to the archives I needed for my research. They were all in East ter on November 2, 2005, to deliver a lecture entitled, “The Sciences in Ger- Germany. I acquired a fair amount of German and met the woman whom I many and Austria during the Nazi Era: Can There Be ‘Good’ Science in an later married. That left me in a divided position: was I going to pursue my Evil Regime?” The day after this provocative lecture, he talked with ASN about academic career in the United States or was I going to try to do it in Ger- the subject of his lecture, and how he, an American, came to be a faculty mem- many? In the end, with her support, I went back to the United States and ber at the prestigious University of Vienna. taught at Iowa for many years. She joined me there a few years later. But then in 1990-91, Wolf Lepenies, the Rektor of Wissenschaftskol- ASN: Where were you born? How did you acquire your passion for history? leg, the Center for Advanced Study in Berlin, invited me there as a fellow. MA: I was born in New York in 1948 and grew up in Louisville, Kentucky. As a young scholar, I was supposed to set up a research program in the his- I got interested in history during high school, but the passion didn’t really tory of émigré scientists and scholars after 1933. It was also the first year come in until I went to Amherst College and experienced really first-class of German unification, and I experienced close-up the enormous ruptures history instruction from professors like John Rattay and Leo Marx. Rat- that happened in the East German scientific landscape at that time. It was tay’s teacher was H. Stuart Hughes, so I knew I was going to pursue gradu- then that I hit upon the idea of not just working on the history of psychol- ate studies at Harvard, and that’s what I did. But that makes things sound ogy, but expanding my purview to the general history of science, which I very simple. The reality is that I was a student during the Vietnam era. I have been doing ever since. The book I am currently working on is in fact didn’t just go straight from Amherst to Harvard, I participated in direct a product of that year, 15 years ago. It’s a study of the changes in the scien- resistance movements, became a conscientious objector, and did alterna- tific landscape in Germany and Austria at the breakpoints in 20th-century tive service for a couple of years. That kind of biography is not unusual for Central European history: 1919, 1933, 1945, and 1989. So, that was a for- someone of my generation. I myself was fortunate enough to have a low mative year for me. lottery number, so I still participated in the protests. It was also a formative year personally. My wife decided to take a job in Berlin at the Amerikahaus. But I had to go back to Iowa. So, we sepa- ASN: As did I, even though I had a high number. When did you begin to focus rated but stayed married. I kept coming back to Berlin for this personal on Central European history? reason and also took visiting professorships in Göttingen and in Vienna. MA: Pretty much from the beginning. At Amherst College, I took up the The Vienna professorship was in 1993 in the Institute for Philosophy and study of intellectual history primarily because it seemed to me the most Sociology of Science, then headed by Helga Nowotny. I replaced her for a effective way of acquiring a very broad general education while pretending semester while she went off to be a fellow at the Kolleg in Budapest. Dur- to major in a subject. That worked out exactly as I hoped. I took courses ing that semester, I met a number of outstanding humanists and histo- in political theory and the history of philosophy and a wide variety of sub- rians, thanks to Helga’s extraordinary contacts. And one of these, Edith 8 SPRING 2006

Saurer—who is still a good friend of mine—told me that a professor in resolving scientific controversies by political means. I characterize such the History Department had just died. She advised me to apply for the strategies as “rhetorics of ideological coherence,” and the case of so-called position. I said, “You’ve got to be kidding. I know Austrians don’t appoint “German” physics and mathematics are examples of such strategies. Peo- scholars from outside the German-speaking world to such positions.” She ple like Phillipp Lenard and Johannes Stark were not members of the said, “I am on the committee. Think about it.” Well, when somebody says Nazi Party before 1933. They were rightists and nationalists, and in the that, you don’t ask any more questions. I applied. Even after that, it was a case of Stark, clearly virulent anti-Semites before 1933. They were pri- long road, and ultimately I wasn’t appointed until 1995. I then negotiated marily opponents of relativity theory and of theoretical physics. In their an additional year’s leave to complete some teaching obligations at Iowa; view, these were mathematical numbers games without any connection to therefore I began in 1997 at Vienna. But my German was already fluent, experimental reality or physical reality. Both were Nobel Prize winners— and it was both an important career move and a solution to a personal not pseudo-scientists, but outstanding experimental physicists who were problem. virulent anti-Semites. Therefore, they found it easy to take the step of ide- ologizing their approach to physics and selling it to the Nazis. This was not ASN: Let’s turn to the question of science in the Nazi regime. I appreciated your just an ideological discussion, it was also a struggle for institutional power. clear separation of anti-Semitism, ethics, and legitimate science. You employed Stark was appointed president of the leading German research funding a wonderful logic from the beginning that accomplished this. organization—renamed the German Research Council in the mid 1930s. MA: The basic questions that I tried to ask were built upon the ambigu- However, he was a poor bureaucratic infighter, and he got removed from ity of the term good. When one thinks about good science, one usually isn’t his position after only two years. Eventually, the opponents of “German” thinking in ethical terms, one is thinking about the quality of scientific physics, Werner Heisenberg, Max von Laue, and others—Nobel Prize work. And yet at the same time, many people share the concept that good winners in their own right—were able to demonstrate that theoretical science in that sense also has to be good ethically. I was trying to ask if there physics had practical relevance (for example, in Germany’s atomic energy is anything automatic about that relationship. As I put it at the beginning program), and triumphed over the “German” physicists in the 1940s. But it of the talk, “Is there any necessary relationship between the ethical qualities took the Nazis a while to figure out that this was an intramural dispute. of scientists and the quality of scientific work?” And then one has to ask, The other main strategy for obtaining funding I call “rhetorics of instru- “Is there any relationship at all between the personal qualities of scientists mentalization”: the claim that the particular science being done serves the as ethical beings and the quality of scientific research?” From there, I pro- political goals of National Socialism, whether or not it is ideologically ceeded to broader questions about the relationship between technocracy, coherent with it. That approach was much more successful under Nazism dictatorship, and science under National Socialism. than the rhetoric of ideologization. This was long obscured by the ten- The simple fact—it is a fact—is that the Nazis, through their civil ser- dency in the literature to emphasize race science and the like, because they vice law, dismissed large numbers of scientists of Jewish background. This are such powerful symbols of what was wrong with Nazi science. fact is often taken as an attack on science and is usually presented in those terms. And then immediately the examples are brought up: the so-called ASN: Can you give an example? “German” approaches to physics or mathematics, other famous examples MA: The most famous example is eugenics, as personified by the work of of ideologizing science in National Socialist terms. The attack on psycho- Eugen Fischer, director of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut for Anthropology, analysis is also used as such an example. These acts of ideological denuncia- Human Heredity, and Eugenics, which was founded in 1927, long before tion are then placed in connection with the dismissals of these Jewish sci- the Nazis came to power. Fischer did not join the Nazi Party, but he was entists, many of who were indeed very outstanding scholars in their fields, one of the signers of the Declaration of Loyalty by German professors to and it looks as if these dismissals were acts of science policy. This is simply Adolf Hitler and the German state, proclaimed in November 1933. In this not true. The Nazis dismissed Jews from the civil service, not just from the way he positioned himself as someone who is loyal to Hitler and the Ger- universities, and it was an act of anti-Semitic politics, period. That it had man state without having to join the Nazi Party. More significantly for this implications for the sciences was quite clear. It was pointed out to Adolf topic, Fischer also said that his institute was prepared to serve the political Hitler by Max Planck, and to the German public by those who protested goals of Nazism by doing practical service. In July 1933, compulsory ster- (and there were a few who protested against these policies). It was said at ilization of the so-called unfit—mentally, physically, or genetically unfit— the time that this was going to damage German science severely, but Hitler became the law of the land. Fischer did not actually write that legislation, didn’t care. That doesn’t mean that he was attacking science. It’s important but he served on the so-called hereditary health courts that were set up to make this analytical distinction so that we can understand just what was to judge candidates for sterilization and also used his institute to conduct going on in these policies. training programs for physicians and later SS officers who implemented the sterilization program. So he put his science and his institute in the ser- ASN: And yet, a central part of the Nazi ideology is a pseudoscientific idea vice of a political goal of National Socialism, and I deliberately character- about race and nationality. Weren’t Nazi officials, through indifference or the ized the sterilization law as an act of science-based social policy. It was rac- promotion of “German” science, promoting bad science? ist, but not in the sense that’s ordinarily thought of as racism. The aim of MA: Yes. There are cases in which “race science,” as it was called at the time, this law was the so-called cleansing of the German population of so-called was actively promoted by the Nazis, and advocates of this kind of science unfit elements. It was not an anti-Semitic piece of legislation at all. That were able to advance themselves. The most famous case is that of Hans F. came later in the Nürnberg laws in 1935. K. Günther, whose racial studies, already published in the 1920s, had got- ten him a professorship at the University of Jena by 1931, thanks to Wil- ASN: But racial “cleansing” is a scientific impossibility. Ethics aside for the helm Fricke, who was the interior minister of the state of Thuringia in the moment, isn’t this an example of bad science at work? first Nazi coalition government before they came to power at the national MA: That depends on whom you spoke with at the time. In 1933, when level. Günther was advanced to a professorship in Berlin in the mid 1930s. this law was passed, the Nazis were able to point out quite correctly that So, it’s quite clear that pseudo-anthropological race theory was advanced sterilization laws based on eugenical thinking had been passed in many under Nazism, but that isn’t the whole story. other countries. In the US, for example, there was no national eugenic leg- Much more common are cases in which perfectly respectable scholars islation, but over twenty-four states had sterilization laws on the books in the natural sciences, such as physics and mathematics, tried to advance by 1933. They were not compulsory sterilization laws—the Nazi govern- agendas that they had already had before 1933 by ideologizing them and continued on page 11 9 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER CAS student group: here, there, and everywhere by Linda Andrean

Linda Andrean and the CAS student group on the shore of Lake Superior.

Fall 2005 Student Trips Painting the Bridge On a sunny, chilly Sunday morning, a group of eight headed north out of Spanning the Mississippi River between the east and west banks of the Minneapolis for the second annual trip to Duluth sponsored by the Cen- University of Minnesota campus is the one-quarter-mile Washington Ave- ter for Austrian Studies. This year the drive went beyond Duluth along nue bridge. A major benefit of the bridge is the covered walkway provided the North Shore of Lake Superior to the Split Rock Lighthouse, where we for pedestrians. Each fall a campus kick-off event is “painting the bridge,” had a picnic lunch before touring the light house and walking the beauti- an activity open to student groups and departments. For the first time, ful grounds. On the way back we stopped at Gooseberry Falls to enjoy CAS participated in the event. Silke Stern, Annett Richter, and Linda a walk along the river amid the beautiful scenery on a sunny afternoon. Andrean headed out to paint a section of the bridge on a lovely September The group this year included Austrian and German morning with a template and design idea by Brenda students from the University of Minnesota and St. Litman from the Department of Art. A limited selec- Paul’s Macalester College. A University van is rented tion of paint colors is supplied by the campus orga- for the out-of-town excursions. nizers. The objective is to make pedestrians aware of As Silke Stern pointed out, Austria is 83,858 the tremendous variety of student organizations and square km and Lake Superior, the largest lake in the departments on campus in a creative manner while chain of five lakes dividing the US and Canada in the maintaining the integrity of the bridge. eastern half of the US, is 82,100 square km. Needless to say, the day trip touched only on the western tip of Spotlight: Theodor Senn the lake. Northern Minnesota around Lake Superior The trip to Minneapolis has been an extraordinary is rocky and hilly, and covered primarily with conifer- experience for Theodor Senn. After he finished his ous trees. It is a landscape created by glaciers in the third year at the University of Innsbruck as a business last ice age, which created Minnesota’s 10,000 lakes. and economics major, he wanted some new experi- In the fall of the year, the colors of the changing leaves ences in education, so he applied and was accepted at are a particular draw for tourists. Fall is especially a the University of New Orleans. As soon as he settled nice time of the year to make the trip. Annett Richter paints the bridge. in, Katrina came along and rapidly moved him out In contrast, Northfield Minnesota, founded in of town. A student from CenterAustria offered Theo 1855, is a forty-five minute drive south of the Twin Cities, and is located in and twenty other international students lodging at his parent’s home in an area of gently rolling hills and rich farmlands. The town is the site of two Alexandria, Louisiana. At the internet café in the town, Theo met a woman of Minnesota’s best known liberal arts colleges, St. Olaf and Carleton. Riki whose daughter was enrolled in the Carlson School of Management at the Kolb Nelson, an émigré from Austria and a resident of Northfield, offered University of Minnesota. She enthusiastically encouraged him to apply. to take the group that traveled there on November 13 on a sight-seeing trip The existence of CAS was also an important factor in Theo’s decision. of the town. We met at Carlton for a tour, then went on to an East Indian This fall, Theo was enrolled in two marketing and two economics classes. restaurant for a sumptuous lunch. Riki arranged for a meeting with the The format of classes here is different than in Innsbruck. Classes are highly mayor, who gave a presentation about his city government to the group in structured and work must be accomplished and graded at regular intervals the council chambers. Riki, an artist, took us to her studio in a lovely his- rather than once a semester. In addition, he arrived two weeks after the toric building and then on to the Jesse James exhibit at the Northfield his- start of the semester and he had to catch up in his classes. tory museum. The day ended with a walking tour of the Carlton College Theo specifically wants to thank everyone at the University who has campus. played a role in his resettlement in Minnesota! v 10 SPRING 2006 Mitchell Ash from page 9 PROGRAM: ment was the first to do that—but they were laws that made it possible for sterilization to occur on eugenical grounds. Some social democratic coun- tries had laws like America’s. Cleansing the race was Darwinist legislation RELIGION AND AVTHORITY that was justified with racist ideology, and the concept was internationally IN CENTRAL EVROPE shared. And whether that was good science or bad science was something that was determined after the fact. FROM THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE NLIGHTENMENT ASN: So, when defining good or bad science, you use the scientific coin of the E . day and not the accepted science of 2005. PART II. INTELLECTVAL AND THEOLOGICAL MA: It’s a fundamental methodological mistake to take currently accepted DEVELOPMENTS. standards of good science and project it onto the past. It is necessary to make ethical value judgments and scientific qualitative value judgments in September 15-17, 2006, history, but they must be based upon the criteria that were accepted at the University of Alberta, Edmonton time. That doesn’t excuse evil behavior, but it puts it into context and helps us understand why it happened. That is what historians try to do. Session I: Sanctity and the State It is also possible to combine the rhetorics of ideological coherence and Bridget Heal, Univ. of St. Andrews. “The Confessional and Political instrumentalization of science. Robert Proctor’s work on the Nazi war Significance of the Cult of the Virgin Mary in Early Modern against cancer gave us many clear examples of this. As Proctor showed, Germany” the first serious epidemiological research demonstrating a high correla- Howard Louthan, Univ. of Florida. “Uses of the Holy: Sanctity and tion between smoking and lung cancer was done under Nazism, some of it Confessional Identity in Early Modern Bohemia” under a man named Karl Astel who was a virulent Nazi. The instrumental- Philip Soergel, Arizona State Univ. “Hagiography and State ization dimension is clear: scientists wanted to improve public health. But Sacralization: Implications of Recent Work for the History of the they only wanted to improve the “German” people’s health. Therefore, the Early Modern Catholic State” ideologization dimension is also clear. Nazi policy actually forbade smok- ing in public offices and urged women to get examined for breast cancer as Session II: Negotiating Authority: Civil and Ecclesiastical Politics a preventative measure. All of this activity took place within the framework Markus Friedrich, Univ. of Munich. “‘Aulicismus’ and ‘Aula Sacra’. The of the slogan: “It’s your duty to be healthy.” It’s your duty as a German to Jesuits’ Perception of Early Modern Courts and Politics” be healthy. That’s racist. So, cancer research is a good example of how you Christopher Ocker, San Francisco Theological Seminary. “The Birth of can combine the rhetorics of ideologization and instrumentalization under an Empire of Two Churches: Church Property, Theologians, and the Nazism and do high quality science in this framework. League of Schmalkalden” As I said, there is no necessary connection between the ethical qualities Alexander Schunka, Univ. of Stuttgart. “Union, Reunion, or Toleration? of scientists and the quality of their science. There may be a relationship, Locating the Struggle towards a Protestant Ecclesiastical Union in but it’s not uniform, and it has to be examined in context, on a case-by-case Early 18th Century Central Europe between Theology and Politics” basis. The wish that there be some sort of coherence between ethical qual- ity and scientific quality is often projected backward onto the history of Session III: Tolerance, Pluralism and Confessional Accommodation the Nazi era. And when the results of research don’t conform to the wish, Elaine Fulton, Univ. of Birmingham. “‘Wolves and Weathervanes’: the urge is then very powerful to denounce all Nazi science as pseudo-sci- Confessional Moderation at the Habsburg Court of Vienna” ence because that brings everything back into coherence. This simply won’t Winfried Schulze, Univ. of Munich. “Chances for Pluralism in a Non- work. We need to take leave of wishful thinking in this matter and take a Pluralist System: Early Steps and Ideas towards Tolerance” closer look at history to see what we can learn in order to formulate more Regina Pörtner, Univ. of Swansea. “Changing Attitudes towards Clerical sophisticated and, I would suggest, also more realistic ethical principles. Authority in Central Europe”

ASN: Society also seems to believe that scientists could, if left alone by politi- Session IV: Reintegrating the Periphery: Religious Identity on the cians and corporations, police themselves and produce nothing but good science Margins for the good of mankind. Is this is a wish, too? Rachel Greenblatt, Hebrew University. “’As a Remembrance for my MA: Yes. However, the ideal of self-policing among scientists is unwork- Descendants for all Time’: Denunciations and their Representations able, not because scientists are inherently more evil than anybody else, but as Political Tools in the Jewish Community of Early Modern Prague” because we have to make a distinction between professional ethics and Vladimir Urbanek, Prague. “Between Religious Confrontation and general ethical principles. The rules of the scientific game are based on Irenicism: An Experience of the Protestant Exiles from the Lands of other criteria, and I think scientists are realistic to understand that. Many the Bohemian Crown” of them have finally come to welcome collaboration from non-scientists Serhii Plokhi, Univ. of Alberta. “Between God and Nation: The Uniate in establishing standards in professional ethics that might actually have a Church and Ruthenian Identity” chance of working both at the level of scientific practice and at the level of the acceptability of the science in the larger public domain. It’s a complex Session V: Practicing Piety: Bibles, Nuns and Confraternities and difficult enterprise. The whole process of getting grants takes longer Amy Leonard, Georgetown University. “Catholic Nuns in Reformation as a result. The whole effort that it takes to get research results accepted is Germany” much more complicated now, because public trust is no longer to be taken Thomas Winkelbauer, Univ. of Vienna. “Baroque Confraternities: for granted. This is all true, but it’s necessary. Agents of Individualism or Collectivization of Piety?” Andrew Gow, Univ. of Alberta. “Vernacular Bibles in the Later Middle ASN: Especially in light of, say, Mengele’s experiments. Ages and Reformation: Authority, Autonomy and the Many Uses of MA: It was murderous work that Mengele did. It was murderous work Scripture, 1200-2005” continued on page 20 11 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER John-Paul Himka: the Ukrainian diaspora’s “victimization addiction” by Daniel Pinkerton of General Studies” where you could take any course you wanted John-Paul Himka, professor of to. It was an experimental pro- Ukrainian history at the University gram. I thought, well that’s for me! of Alberta, delivered the 2005 Kann I can just do whatever I want. But Memorial Lecture: “A Central Euro- instead of taking the things that pean Diaspora under the Shadow of most people take in General Stud- World War II: The Galician Ukrai- ies, I went to the Classics depart- nians in North America.” After the ment and asked if I could do a lecture, he spoke with ASN. reading course in Byzantine Greek [laughs] and other courses. They ASN: You teach in Alberta, but then put me in a special honors you’re not Canadian by birth. program called Byzantine Slavonic JPH: No. I was born in Detroit, Studies. I had no idea that it would and my family lived there until I be history that would interest me. was nine. Then we started moving In fact, I thought I was going to northwest toward Lansing. Cur- be a linguist—although once I rently, my sister lives half way started reading Noam Chomsky, I between Detroit and Lansing. decided that was probably not the direction I was going to go. Some ASN: What led you to Ukrainian professors and friends noticed that history? Your ethnic heritage? I was, by nature, a historian. They JPH: Yes. My grandparents came Left to right: Franz Szabo, director of the Wirth Institute for Austrian and said, “You should go into history.” over from Europe. My father’s par- Central European Studies, and Kann Lecturer John-Paul Himka. So I started taking history courses ents came from Ukraine, and my and found I had a real aptitude for mother’s parents came from Italy. They met and married in Newark and it. Finally, the critical moment came during a conversation with my good then moved to Detroit, where my father worked in the auto industry. My friend Roman Solchanyk, who was a graduate student in Ukrainian his- mother died when I was eleven months old, and my father’s mother came tory. I can see us now, sitting in the coffee shop. He had a fellowship which to raise me. And that exposed me to the whole series of questions that allowed him to be a graduate student. And I said: “Roman, is it really true, eventually led me to Ukrainian history. She herself was an uneducated, you just read and write about Ukrainian history and they pay you?” He illiterate woman who differed in a lot of ways from the neighbor mothers said: “Yes.” Well, that was it. I became drawn into the career because I really and grandmothers, and I couldn’t figure her out. I asked her why she spoke thought that being able to read and write on this obscure stuff was like funny and where she came from. She said she was Austrian, but I realized paradise. I got my Ph.D. in 1977, after two years of research in Poland the language she spoke wasn’t German. And I couldn’t find Lemberg, the and the Soviet Union. In 1976, I was, I think, the first Western scholar of city she came from, on the map. Then I discovered it was in Russia. But she Ukrainian origin to work in the archives of Lviv. I was very lucky. wasn’t quite speaking Russian either. And that led me into discovering the Ukrainians and their history. That was an early formative experience. I was ASN: How did you end up at a Canadian university? That’s unusual. about twelve years old. But before I studied history, I went to seminary. JPH: They had an opening in Ukrainian history. And Edmonton, Alberta, although I love it very much, is very far to the north, and lots of my more ASN: When did you get interested in going to seminary, and why? qualified American friends didn’t want to move there. Zenon Kohut, who JPH: I was about thirteen or fourteen when I became interested in larger is now up there and the director of the Canadian Institute for Ukrainian questions. I kept speculating on the meaning of life. I remember very dis- Studies, was unwilling to go when he was first invited. Roman Solchanyk, tinctly that my stepmother bought me a book of Catholic meditations, who introduced to me to the possibility of being a graduate student in the and one of them talked about getting the big picture. I remember thinking coffee shop, was unwilling to go. They hemmed and hawed so long that I about the big picture, your place in the universe, your place in humanity, had my Ph.D. in hand, applied for the job, and got it. And a good thing, and that awakened in me the desire to be a priest, to be of service. Although too. It was hard to get a job in the late 1970s. I had been raised in the Roman Catholic faith—in the Latin rite—I real- ized that canonically, I still belonged to the same church my grandmother ASN: When you went to Alberta, had the Canadian Institute for Ukrainian belonged to. Therefore, I ended up going to the Greek Catholic Seminary Studies been established? where I took formal Ukrainian lessons from Lubomyr Husar, the man who JPH: Yes, it had been founded the previous year, in 1976. The person who today is the head of the Greek Catholic Church in Ukraine—the patriarch represented history in the institute was the great Ivan Lysiak Rudnytsky, or archbishop metropolitan of all Ukrainian Catholics around the world. and he wanted an assistant who would help him with his research and But that was in the 1960s; my vocation didn’t quite stand up to the stresses teach some courses in East European history in the history department. of the time. That’s what I did. In 1979, he had a falling out with the institute, and I had to go full-time into the institute. I didn’t get an actual tenure-track ASN: After you left seminary, did you go back to school right away? job until 1985, but since 1977 I’ve been associated with the University of JPH: Oh, yes. I went to the University of Michigan, a very happening Alberta. And it was difficult at the beginning. Because they would not give place at the time. It was so hip that they had a degree called a “Bachelor me “landed immigrant status,” I could not become a permanent resident of 12 SPRING 2006 Canada. For a very long time, I had year-to-year contracts. That made me a ASN: It certainly doesn’t help if you begin to blame the Jews for bringing atten- little nervous, but I could see that the university liked that we worked hard. tion to their own suffering. We were a bunch of young men and women building a new institute and JPH: Nor should they be identifying them as criminals, the perpetrators of moving it forward. We did so much work not only at the institute, but in the Soviet crimes against humanity. All of that is very counterproductive. A the community. It was an exciting atmosphere. I loved what I was doing. lot of these attitudes are actually vestiges of old ways of thinking from the 1930s and 1940s, because in fact, the diaspora was born out of the genera- ASN: Let’s address the subject of your Kann lecture: the ways in which a lot of tion that grew up in the western Ukraine (Galicia), at a time when fascist, national and ethnic groups claim “victimization.” anti-Semitic, and radical nationalist ideas were like the air they breathed JPH: What interested me in this particular paper was a response to charges politically. And while they didn’t emerge victorious in the war, they were of Ukrainians’ behavior during the Second World War with regards to the never defeated in the way that, let’s say, Germany or Japan was. They never Jews, and Ukrainians’ role in the Holocaust. I wanted to show how the had to undergo any sort of self-purification. Much of the Ukrainian dias- sensitivity over that issue formed certain behavioral patterns in the com- pora is in North America, and they have had to democratize, but no one munity, producing a desire to be considered a victim. I call it a victimization forced them to change nationalist attitudes or reexamine their past. A lot of narrative. Afterwards in discussion, I thought maybe it’s a victimization the old thinking continues to dominate diaspora thought—what the Rus- addiction. A lot of it comes actually from the interaction with and imita- sians did, what the Poles did, what the Jews did. tion of what the Jews were going through at the same time, which was also a reconstruction of the memory of what happened in the Second World ASN: Never what we did. War, not by survivors so much but by their children and others. In 1978, JPH: Yes, and it makes it very difficult for them to understand themselves the film The Holocaust was shown on TV, and that kicked off the processes as people who also participated in these kind of 20th-century calamities both for Jews and for Ukrainians of trying to recover their memory. The on the perpetrating side. Because if they position themselves exclusively as Jews’ memory was angry, not just at Ukrainians, but at a whole slew of victim—and it’s been shown again and again that this is the case with the East European peoples, and at the Germans, and at the Catholic Church. Poles and others—they find it very hard to imagine themselves as perpe- This caused certain responses that were often very imitative of the Jewish trators, too. Yet without this kind of frank understanding of the past, they experience: trying to find our experiences of the Holocaust, saying we were just lay themselves open to unhealthy responses to various charges. victims of genocide, our genocide was a bigger genocide than your genocide. It became a self-perpetuating behavior, and I thought it would be interest- ASN: What are some of the cultural differences between Galicians and Eastern ing to analyze it as a problem in the construction of collective memory. Ukrainians? JPH: The cultures are really quite different, because Galicians were in the ASN: Well, to begin with, nobody wants to be a perpetrator. It’s difficult to Polish and Austrian spheres all their history, while the Eastern Ukraini- admit to having that in your historical background. ans, from the middle of the 17th century on, were in the Russian sphere. JPH: Right, but the French went through it in the whole Vichy crisis, the The Galician Christians are Greek Catholics, but the Eastern Ukrainian Germans keep going through it, the Poles went through it over the Jed- Christians are Orthodox. Galicians have much more experience with par- wabne issue, which is of course the book by Jan T. Gross, Neighbors: The liamentary systems than the rest of the Ukrainians do. Therefore, they Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland, the Lithuanians tend to show more political initiative, more political self-discipline. They go through exactly what the Ukrainians go through. This is fairly common. were in the sphere of German culture, Polish culture, or Czech culture. Look at the complexes of the Austrians . . . And although we may think, oh yes, that means good beer and good coffee, it also means National Socialism, nationalist democracy from the Poles, ASN: Ah, yes. and some pretty radical nationalism from the Young Czechs and others JPH: Look, for instance, the Japanese were so quick to remember Hiro- that were formative for them. Central Europe is not just Freud and Egon shima and much more reluctant to remember Nanjing. It’s not something Schiele, it’s more than that. However, the rest of Ukrainians were in Tsar- unique to the Ukrainians. You have to come to terms with the past through ist Russia, which was a very, very different political and cultural polity, and some kind of frank discussion and analysis of it and move forward. most Ukrainians have been under Soviet rule since 1918. The Galicians experienced their first Soviet rule in 1939. It makes a big difference. The ASN: In what sorts of ways can Ukrainians, and by extension some of the other Galician Ukrainians never experienced the famine or the purges. They countries who have not progressed that far, work past it? experienced some horrible things, but not those things, and they developed JPH: Well, the first crucial step is to actually recognize what you’re doing. a very exclusive idea of nationality. A Galician Ukrainian may speak Polish, This is true of any kind of behavioral or psychological problem. I argue but he won’t speak it at home. Most Ukrainians in Eastern Ukraine still in this paper that the Ukrainian diaspora has spent a lot of time develop- speak Ukrainian but they might speak Russian at home or Russian on the ing a narrative of itself as a victimized group—to the point, in fact, that street, and not really think anything about it. it becomes almost a parody of victimization narratives. Some people will never give it up because they have invested so much of their life in it. But ASN: Do you see any change in North America’s Ukrainian diaspora com- unless alternative viewpoints are put forward, there will never be a space munity? Is there hope for breaking out of this stalemate? for a different way to be a Ukrainian. Of course you can be a Ukrainian JPH: Younger people are definitely changing. When I write or speak on and not be involved in Holocaust envy, and it’s not just Ukrainians that this subject, I get a response from some younger people who think, “Yes, we are involved in Holocaust envy. But it’s important to stress that no one have to do things differently than previous generations did.” Contact with gains from that attitude. There are so many other things in life and in cul- Ukraine has been pretty enlightening for some people. When they go, they ture worth pursuing. It’s a waste of energy. In addition, when Ukrainians see that it’s much more complicated than what their parents or grandpar- construct their identity as victims and ignore the part they played as per- ents told them. It’s not like what they learned in Ukrainian school or read petrators, it violates a fundamental moral principle: we should be examin- in Ukrainian newspapers. Ukraine is becoming an exciting place right now. ing our behavior toward the other, not the other’s behavior toward us. And You can go there, and it’s like the rest of Europe. A lot of the children or frankly, even at a practical level of trying to establish that Ukrainians are grandchildren of the diaspora can speak Ukrainian, they can get involved not inveterate anti-Semites, conceived in their mothers’ wombs as such, in the life there, and Ukraine becomes real to them. The more reality they well, it might help if they started to be quiet on this issue. experience, the less these unhealthy fantasies will dominate. v 13 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Publications: News and Reviews

What makes a film “Austrian”? Robert von Dassanowsky. Austrian Cinema: A History. the relevant time period. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2005. ISBN 0-7864-2078-2. Conceived as “the first comprehensive survey of Austrian film in Eng- 322 pp., illus. Cloth, $65. lish” and intended “to place Austrian cinema back into the Anglo-American understanding of an international film canon” (2), Dassanowsky’s study The Third Man (1949), directed by Carol Reed, written by Graham traces the earliest beginnings of filmmaking in the Austro-Hungarian Greene, and starring Orson Welles, Trevor Howard, and Alida Valli, is not Empire. Louise Kolm and Sascha Kolowrat stand out as having played par- a film one would expect to find included and discussed in a study devoted to ticularly prominent parts in Austria’s budding film industry. The demise of the history of Austrian film. Robert von Dassanowsky’s Austrian Cinema: the empire dramatically affected this young industry, notably by accelerat- A History (2005) makes the case, though, that “the film, produced by Alex- ing the rate of brain drain to the US and new European nations: Kolow- ander Korda, was so heavy with Austrian talent that many still consider rat, for instance, became a Czechoslovakian citizen, an incident that again it a British/Austrian co-production” (139). While Dassanowsky is clearly makes one question the significance of national identity. one of those who consider the film’s setting, the famous musical score by Increasing interests of both German and US film industries in the Aus- Anton Karas, the Austro-Hungarian born producer Sándor/Alexander trian market further impeded the homegrown industry that, nonetheless, Korda, and the numerous Austrian actors in the supporting cast sufficient persevered and gave rise to the Wien-film era, which the author dates from cause to claim the film as part of Austrian film history, the inclusion of The 1938 to 1945. While Dassanowksy is inclined to interpret Wien-film’s Third Man in Dassanowsky’s study draws immediate attention to the key “escapism through regression into a romanticized Viennese past” (81) as question of the book: what, exactly, is Austrian film? Or, in other words, a “subtle resistance” (84) to the strict demands for pan-Germanism of the what makes a film such as The Third Man an Austrian film? Third Reich’s film industry, other critics, notably Sabine Hake, consider The definition Dassanowsky proposes in the preface toAustrian Cinema Wien-film’s “aesthetic strategy [as] little more than ‘fantasy resistance’” identifies “an Austrian film as a production created by a majority of Aus- (84). Yet it is part of Dassanowksy’s restorative agenda to see subversion in trian talent, inside or outside the country” (4). This approach to defining escapism and to advocate, in a similarly redemptive gesture, for the positive Austrian film may warrant the inclusion of The Third Man, yet the equally impact of imperialist nostalgia films, embodied most prominently by Ernst pressing issue of defining the nation whose cinematic history Dassanowsky Marischka’s Sissi series, on Austrian audiences (cf. 160f.). sets out to tell remains more complicated than counting the degree of Austrian Cinema’s most overtly political moment arrives when the author involvement of “Austrian talent” allows. Austrian Cinema suffers from the criticizes the blatant lack of support and funding for film by the Austrian absence of a critical inquiry into the very significance of writing the history government in the 1960s and 1970s. While Franz Antel’s romances and of a national cinema in the 21st century, particularly because of the impres- comedies kept flourishing, continuing “trends that had already made Aus- sive span of cinematic history Dassanowsky’s study explores, his under- trian film unremarkable” (184), a radical alternative to mainstream film- standing of Austrian film as “multicultural” (4) from its very inception, and making emerged in the wake of Viennese Actionism’s performance-based the drastic political changes this nation and its sense of self underwent in continued on page 17 14 SPRING 2006 Stereotyping Angela Gheorghiu western views of eastern european women

Valentina Glajar and Dominica Radulescu, editors. Vampirettes, Wretches depressing here is Glajar’s contribution on “ ‘Half-Asia ‘: Local women at and Amazons: Western Representations of East European Women. Boulder: the European Periphery in German-Language Travel Writings.” Travel East European Monographs, 2004. (Dist. Columbia University Press.) writers Joseph Rohrer and Karl Emil Franzos come off badly; Kaiser Franz ISBN: 0-88033-552-1. 252 pp. Cloth, $40. I (1768-1835), for his part, is writing from a distance. Stereotypes work best from a distance. In 1898, Hugo von Hofmannsthal published a story that still figures in Equally dismaying is the evidence compiled in Anca Holden’s “Portraits the reading lists of today’s Germanists. Reitergeschichte [Tale of a Horse- of Eastern European Women in Robert Musil’s The Confessions of Young man] recounts a cavalry sergeant’s slow but swift slippage from order to Törleß and Bernhard Schlink’s The Reader.” And Debra Prager finds—sur- anarchy somewhere in the 1848 Austrian campaigns in the Piedmont. His prise!—that Kirghizian Clavdia Chauchat is the most cliché character consequent and summary execution is always regarded as a rappel à l’ordre in The Magic Mountain, a novel that has tried to get away for years on for his fellow riders. Far less clear is why and how the sergeant’s fatal trajec- cheap diametrics, a polarizing of cultures so facile, so glib, as to read like a tory should begin exactly at the moment in his story where he imagines the tract. It is clear that Thomas Mann’s celebrated novel is not wearing well “pleasant outrages” of resuming the acquaintance of a woman he has over- and can become only more dated as real international time goes on. To be taken in the street. His sudden recall of her Croatian first name, “Vuic,” and fair to Mann, Potiphar’s wife is already an advance over Chauchat. But, as her smile at him in a “half flattered Slavic way”—start and seal his fate. Mortimer reminds us in her treatment of Scheherazade, Orientalism is no In March 1929, Vicki Baum published, in the Weimar Republic, her longer a one-way journey (310). Such an “imaginary geography” as Mann “Menschen im Hotel,” one of the fateful guests of which is Anna Pav- projects onto his mountain is merely schematic. lova—here appearing à clef under the name “Grusinskaja.” More recently Far more hopeful are a play and a film, both of them more recent inter- still (March 1936), MGM brought The Lives of a Bengal Lancer to Berlin nationally marketed: Caryl Churchill’s Mad Forest and Jez Butterworth’s with Monty Blue, Gary Cooper, Franchot Tone, and—for the part of the Birthday Girl. Here the collection offers hope for iconoclasm of the fixed requisite(?) Russian agent—Kathleen Burke as “Tania Volkanskaya.” images of the East European Woman and an opening for real discussion of So many symptoms, and so little diagnosis. Once upon a time, “the the traffic in East European women. implied and even ideal (re-)viewer,” meaning the “heterosexual Western This leaves as one of the least satisfying—silly, really—essays in the collec- male” (I deliberately omit the adjective “white,” and I am tempted to omit tion (one which the editors purport to like very much): Piya Pal-Lapinski’s “Western”), could encounter Vuic, Anna, Tania, and probably Ninotchka, “Designing/Desiring Romanian Diva Angela Gheorghiu.” At great pains too, as if one were slumming through Ian Fleming’s almanac of so many to document the Western reception of this opera singer as demonized, Pal- crazy East European agents, alluring and fatal and always easily Other. But Lapinski never once, from all her data, questions the marketing strategy of that was then. This is now. The symptoms may have increased; December the singer’s agent. The televising of Gheorghiu’s recent Avery Fisher holi- 2005 brought a Merchant-Ivory film called The White Countess, an Avery day appearance, complete with fawning by host Beverly Sills, managed to Fisher concert of Romanian-born Angela Gheorghiu, and a New Yorker avoid conveying Romania as Transylvania and Gheorghiu as Maria Callas. “Opera Hot” portrait and paean to Anna Netrebko in her collaborations If Ms. Gheorghiu has been stereotypically perceived in the past, perhaps with Rolando Villazón. However, we may at last have diagnostics. all it took was a new publicist to change her image. Pal-Lapinski’s outrage First, taking a hard look at Scheherazade and the (ad)venture of French over the selling of East European singers has been a tempest in a teapot. imperialism, comes Mildred Mortimer, invoking and unpacking Edward Anna Netrebko, for instance, has just done Gilda in Rigoletto with nary a Said’s Orientalism toward “Re-presenting the Orient: a New Instructional mention of her exoticism. TheNew Yorker, in its December 26, 2005 issue, Approach” in the new French Review. Then, here is Vampirettes, Wretches gives over to eleven lines of purest praise and notes her movie-star quality, and Amazons, a confluence of ten essays documenting and theoriz- but says not one word about her country of origin—nor any imaginary ing Western receptions/perceptions/representations of East European geography either. women. What a convergence! The pioneering editors, Valentina Glajar and Since its jacket cover promises that this book will audit “a polyphony Domnica Radelescu, have called on writers who, in their words, “explore of female voices,” one has the right to ask how “East European women” and articulate . . . the various kinds of representational violence that West- themselves write and image each other. How, irrespective of the West, do ern art, literature, film and culture at large have performed upon women they signify each other in their press, their films, their correspondences? from Eastern Europe” (3). The collection “traces in a critical manner some Do “East European women” writers who consider themselves Muslim, of the main patterns of representation of East European women common Catholic, or Orthodox find it possible to interact, discourse, or negotiate in Western art and culture and directly connects philosophical, artistic and differences without recourse to, say, Western stereotypes? In matters of cultural constructs to historical, socio-political realities” (7). At the same internalization of Western perceptions in East European consciousness, time, though well aware that such evidence runs the risk of idealizing these are there generational differences? It would be valuable to know this. resistant instances, the authors covenant to give us positive examples of Perhaps the closest this collection comes to auditing this internal East European resistance to Western stereotypification. They cite non- polyphony is the remarkable article—the most telling in the book—on Aristotelian and experimental artistic means “capable of breaking through “Capturing Chechnya: Representations of Chechen Women by Western the thick veil of sexist essentialism and producing fresh, provocative and Journalists.” The author, Anna Brodsky, details the reportage of an English authentic images of East European women” (15). journalist, Vanora Bennett, and the novel, Chienne de Guerre, of a French If the essays collected in Vampirettes are any guide, the more proxi- author, Anne Nivat. Whereas Bennett has inferred a terrible toll for women mate—in time and/or in space—that Western Europe has been to Eastern from the Russian re-occupation, Nivat, who chose to live with Chechen Europe, the more able the Western imagination has been to find l’agente women for some months, comes to the conclusion that the Russianization provocatrice in the East European woman. Anglo-Saxon and French recep- of Chechnya has been the lesser of two evils, the other being the casting of tion of East European women is bad enough, but German-speaking recep- the net of sheriah over the formerly Russianized state of Chechnya. Nivat tion is still worse, if only because it ought to have known better. Most continued on page 17 15 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER HOT OFF THE PRESSES

Daniel Unowsky. The Pomp and Politics of Patriotism: Imperial Celebrations Philip Bohlman. Jüdische Volksmusik. Eine mitteleuropäische Geistesge- in Habsburg Austria, 1848-1916. West Lafayette: Purdue U., 2005. ISBN: schichte. Vienna: Böhlau, 2005. ISBN 3-205-77119-2. 385 pp., photos. 1-55753-400-4. 260 pp., illus. Paper, $29.95. Cloth, € 55,00.

Sabrina P. Ramet. The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, John Lampe. Balkans into Southeastern Europe: A Century of War and Tran- 1918–2005. Bloomington: Indiana U., 2006. ISBN: 0-253-34656-8. 784 sition. New York: Palgrave, 2006. 256 pages. Cloth, ISBN 0-333-79346-3, pp., maps. Cloth, $65. $85. Paper, ISBN 0-333-79347-1, $28.95.

Gary B. Cohen. The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 1861- Karl Brunner and Petra Schneider, ed. Umwelt Stadt. Geschichte des Natur- 1914. 2nd ed. West Lafayette: Purdue U., 2006. ISBN: 1-55753-404-7. und Lebensraumes Wien. Vienna: Böhlau, 2005. ISBN: 3-205-77400. 657 356 pp., illus. Paper, $34.95. pp., maps, photos, fig., tables. Cloth, € 39,00.

Timothy J. Cooley. Making Music in the Polish Tatras: Tourists, Ethnogra- Julian Rushton. Mozart. New York: Oxford, 2006. ISBN13: 978-0-19- phers, and Mountain Musicians. Bloomington: Indiana U., 2005. ISBN: 0- 518264-4; ISBN10: 0-19-518264-2. 320 pp., halftones, mus. examples. 253-34489-1. 317 pp., illus., maps, glossary, CD. Cloth, $45. Cloth, $30.

Arnold Suppan, Gerald Stourzh, and Wolfgang Mueller, ed. Der öster- Jonathan Petropoulos and John Roth, ed. Gray Zones: Ambiguity and Com- reichische Staatsvertrag: Zwischen internationaler Strategie und nationaler promise in the Holocaust and its Aftermath. New York: Berghahn, 2005. Identität. The Austrian State Treaty: International Strategy, Legal Relevance, ISBN 1-84545-071-X. 440 pp. Cloth, £50.00, $85. National Identity. Vienna: Austrian Acad. of Sciences, 2005. ISBN: 3- 7001-3537-8. 1,020 pp., slipcase. Cloth, € 89,90. Kurt Bauer. Bauernleben. Vom alten Leben auf dem Land. Vienna: Böhlau, 2005. ISBN 3-205-77493-0. 235 pp., photos, map. Cloth, € 19,90. Susanne Kord, ed. Macht des Weibes: Zwei historische Tragodien von Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach. MHRA Critical Texts, 4. London: Modern Jörn Ruesen, Michael Fehr, and Thomas Rieger, ed.Thinking Utopia: Humanities Research Assn., 2005. ISBN: 0-947623-69-8. 264 pp. Paper, Steps into Other Worlds. New York: Berghahn, 2005. ISBN 1-57181-440- £12.99, $24.99. X. 328 pp Cloth, £36.50, $60.

Michal Svatos and Lubos Velek, ed. Magister noster. Sborník statí venovaných Zdenko Zlatar. Njegos’s Montenegro: Epic Poetry, Blood Feud, and Warfare in memoriam prof. PhDr. Jana Havránka, CSc. Prague: Karolinum, 2005. in a Tribal Zone. Boulder: E. European Monographs, 2005. (Dist. Colum- ISBN 80-246-0753-0. 630 pp. Paper, 490 Kč. bia U.) ISBN: 0-88033-572-6. 500 pp. Cloth, $60.

S. S. Prawer. Between Two Worlds: Jewish Presences in German and Austrian Gabriele Anderl and Alexandra Caruso, ed. NS-Kunstraub in Österreich Film, 1910-1933. New York: Berghahn, 2005. ISBN 1-84545-074-4. 240 und die Folgen. Innsbruck: Studien, 2005. ISBN: 3-7065-1956-9. 314 pp., pp., illus. Cloth, £25.00, $39.95. photos. Cloth, € 33,00.

Dieter Blumenwitz. Okkupation und Revolution in Slowenien (1941-46). Hans-Heinrich Nolte. Weltgeschichte. Imperien, Religionen und Systeme 15.- Eine völkerrechtliche Untersuchung. Vienna: Böhlau, 2005. ISBN 3-205- 19. Jahrhundert. Vienna: Böhlau, 2005. ISBN 3-205-77440-X. 392 pp., 77250-4. 162 pp. Paper, € 29,90. figs., tables. Cloth, € 29,90.

Axel Borsdorff, ed. Das neue Bild Österreichs. Strukturen und Entwicklungen Andràs Gerö. Imagined History: Chapters from Nineteenth and Twentieth im Alpenraum und in den Vorländern. Vienna: Austrian Acad. of Sciences, Century Hungarian Symbolic Politics. Boulder: E. European Monographs, 2005. ISBN: 3-7001-3513-0. 160 pp., maps, photos, fig. € 35,00. 2006. (Dist. Columbia U.) ISBN: 0-88033-570-X. 350 pp. Cloth, $50.

Anselm Skuhra, ed. The Eastern Enlargement of the European Union: Efforts Christine Rigler. Ich und die Medien. Neue Literatur von Frauen. Innsbruck: and Obstacles on the Way to Membership. Innsbruck: Studien, 2005. ISBN: Studien, 2005. ISBN: 3-7065-1959-3. 172 pp. Paper, € 19,90. 3-7065-1753-1. 280 pp. Cloth, € 28,90. Marko Attila Hoare. How Bosnia Armed: The Birth and Rise of the Bosnian Harald Binder. Galizien in Wien. Parteien, Wahlen, Fraktionen und Abgeord- Army. New York: Palgrave, 2005. ISBN: 0-86356-367-8. 160 pp. Paper, nete im Übergang zur Massenpolitik. Vienna: Austrian Acad. of Sciences, $19.95. 2005. ISBN: 3-7001-3326-X. 741 pp., maps. Paper, € 79,90. Susanne Kord, ed. Letzte Chancen: Vier Einakter von Marie von Ebner- Brigitte Mazohl-Wallnig. Zeitenwende 1806. Das Heilige Römische Reich Eschenbach. MHRA Critical Texts, 3. London: Modern Humanities und die Geburt des modernen Europa. Vienna: Böhlau, 2005. ISBN 3-205- Research Assn., 2005. ISBN: 0-947623-65-5. 136 pp. Paper, £12.99, 77377-2. 299 pp., illus., photos. Paper, € 19,90. $24.99.

Nikolaus Dimmel and Josef Schmee, ed. Politische Kultur in Österreich Cliff Eisen and Simon P. Keefe, ed. The Cambridge Mozart Encyclopedia. 2000–2005. Winterthur: Edition Spuren, 2005. ISBN 3-85371-243-6. New York: Cambridge U., 2006. ISBN-13 978-0-521-85659-1/ISBN-10 344 pp. Paper: € 21,90. 0-521-85659-0. 638 pp. Cloth, $175.

16 SPRING 2006 Austrian Film from page 14 truly impressive, this very breadth does not always allow for the required art. Filmmakers such as Valie Export, Peter Kubelka, and Ferry Radax depth of analysis: His attempts to restore (especially early) Austrian film created films that interrogated the very medium of film in unprecedented to the position it deserves in the international film canon rely more on ways. From these diametrically opposed approaches to film a new genera- accusing film critics of quiet ignorance, as in the case of pioneer film maker tion of filmmakers emerged in the late 1970s, giving rise to New Austrian Louise Kolm (cf. 13), or “negligence” (49)—in the case of director Willi Film, 1980-2000, furthered by the Film Promotion Act of 1980, which Forst’s work—rather than establishing criteria for assessing their work and finally recognized the importance of the medium to Austrian cultural making convincing claims in favor of its well-deserved recognition. expression. Austrian Cinema indisputably offers a very detailed overview of Austrian After discussing this new generation of Austrian filmmakers, Das- filmmakers and the often closely intertwined personal and professional sanowksy turns to the internationalization of film productions at the turn relationships between directors, producers, and actors. The survey’s index of the 21st century, a trend that seemed to embody a return, albeit in altered illustrates the author’s concern with individuals: it only lists names—not a form, to the multiculturalism the author attributes to early Austrian film. single film title, genre, or conceptual term relevant to studying the history The final chapter, “Austrian Film in the 21st Century,” looks ahead at the of film. Unfortunately, this almost exclusive focus on individuals’ contribu- pressing concerns of today’s filmmakers, among them Michael Haneke, tions to Austrian film does not allow for a clear, comprehensive picture Barbara Albert, and Peter Tscherkassy. The author identifies “national of the larger trends, overarching developments, multifaceted concerns, and identity, national representation, and sociopolitical/gender role-related ever-changing genres of Austrian filmmaking to emerge. dissension” (282) as the key questions these filmmakers address. Christina Schmid While the quasi-encyclopedic breadth of the Dassanowsky’s research is German Studies, Minneapolis

Gerlich from page 4 racies, liberal, western-type capitalist economic systems, and a legal order But in America, the idea that an American court should be overruled by that goes with that, and all these countries did it. This was achieved with- an international court is inconceivable to most people. The nation takes its out intellectually satisfying constitutional rules. Of course, there is a con- sovereignty seriously. But the EU does not have this explicit notion of its stitution of the European Union, and the fact that the explicit constitution own sovereignty. It’s similar to the United States at the beginning, when now is in trouble does not mean that there is no constitutional order. It’s the states were quarreling among themselves. The EU isn’t a nation-state, contained in all these treaties, and it’s confusing. Perhaps this is an advan- and more importantly, it doesn’t have either a consistent foreign policy or tage, because the Europeans have developed a political culture of coop- a strong executive power, and in a military confrontation, the Americans eration that is quite effective. In this respect, the Americans could learn would be stronger. Therefore, the Americans don’t take it seriously. They something from the EU. The interesting thing is that in the United States, overlook the fact that it’s a powerful entity challenging the US—economi- the national government is mostly responsible for foreign policy, defense, cally, technologically, and so on. And, of course, the market power of the and war. For Europeans it’s incredible to see how important this aspect of EU is enormous. It’s larger than the American domestic market. The Euro- war is. I remember talking to some students here after my lecture. They pean Union sets certain standards for products to be marketed in its area, almost seemed to assume that if there is no war, something is missing. The and American companies who don’t abide are not allowed to sell. This they Europeans have had enough wars. They don’t miss war, and they don’t can’t afford. So EU decisions have enormous effects on the US, but they think it is necessary to conduct foreign policy by violent means. v seem like minor matters and not high diplomacy or politics, and therefore reporters do not take much notice. Vampirettes from page 15 finds Chechen women longing for the protections of the Russian code vis- ASN: Describe how the US might learn from the EU and vice versa. à-vis the liabilties of a newly vitalized Wahhabi fundamentalism. This sort PG: There are so many levels to this question. The American experience of forced execution of cultural practices is not new and it is right that an is really a model for the European experience. There are many problems alarm be sounded here. solved well in the United States that are not solved at all in Europe. First, Looking through a Chechen lens on the militarization of the Muslim you have to strike a balance between the new federal authority and the community as spurred by today’s jihadists, Brodsky glosses Jacques local, regional authorities. In America, this meant between states and the Waardenburg’s Islam to clarifying effect. Here is her sidebar on “the social nation; in the EU, between the union and the member states. The draft- uses of the denigration of women”: ers of the American constitution really had marvelous symbols and ideas Reducing women to a subordinate, slave class helps ensure that the household developed for this kind of question. It’s important that in America, every will not be a distracting source of emotional fulfillment for men. It thus renders element of the federation has to be recognized, the small ones to the same men much more receptive to the passionate agenda offered by the fundamental- extent as the big ones, as in the US Senate, where Rhode Island has two ists. . . . In Chechnya the subordination of women has been linked to the milita- senators and California has two. This is a bit absurd on a certain level, but rization of society. Already public speakers in Chechnya have argued the need to it guarantees that the union sticks together. Second is the issue of executive educate all boys as soldiers and warriors (232 -33). leadership. At the founding of the republic, the US tried to have a strong To this we need to add that, whereas under the Soviets, all Chechen chil- executive. They wanted to overcome the loose association of the Articles dren received a minimum of eight years of education, the years of Chechen of Confederation, and they did so rather well. In this context, of course, independence (1996-1999) saw the number of years for girls drop to three. the role of the courts is also important, but I think there, the Europeans Then they were allowed to skip school altogether. At the same time poly- learned from the United States. At least one study has suggested that the gamy was legalized in Chechnya. EU is doing it better than their masters. The power of the European Court The vistas of this collection amount to a long overdue charting of of Justice is enormous and has pushed EU integration forward. myopia. Its willingness to flush out inconvenient and heretofore less easily On the other hand, the European Union, in its inconspicuous way, has subsumed material is exemplary. What an excellent book! Time to re-read been successful. Europe had been torn by war for centuries; now this is Baum’s Grand Hotel and watch the Merchant-Ivory White Countess with over and it’s inconceivable. In addition, after the breakdown of the Soviet Glajar’s and Radelescu’s percipient eyes, and to clear the mind of transna- empire, almost all of Eastern countries became democracies and were not tional cant. torn by conflict and demagoguery. The European Union helped by offering Russ Christensen membership under certain conditions: countries had to establish democ- German Studies, Hamline University 17 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER News from the Field Robert Zischg new Chicago Consul General In April 2005, the Midwest received a new many of the same functions that an embassy representative of the Austrian government does, assisting Austrian citizens, particularly when Robert Zischg (left) was appointed Con- those who are on extended visits or residing in sul General for Chicago. the United States. The sheer size of the United Zischg, 42, received doctorates in political sci- States makes it necessary to have more than one ence/communications and law from the Univer- foreign service branch. As it is, the Chicago con- sity of Salzburg. He also spent a year studying sulate covers the states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, at the School of Advanced International Stud- Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Mis- ies (SAIS), Johns Hopkins University, Bologna souri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Center. Dakota, and Wisconsin. That’s a lot of work for He has previously worked for the foreign Zischg and his colleagues! ministry in Vienna, and in Austrian embassies As for the consul general, he is a representa- in Budapest and Rome. He has also held the tive of Austria, promoting Austrian culture and post of Counsellor for Humanitarian Affairs commerce, and helping to make connections and Human Rights for the Permanent Mission between Austria and America. of Austria to the United Nations in Geneva. Zischg’s predecessor, Elisabeth Kehrer, is now Austrian Consulate Generals are focal points Austria’s first ambassador to Malta, creating an for all inquiries about Austria and its foreign embassy and its infrastructure from scratch. policy. There are three Consulate Generals in You can contact the Chicago Consulate Gen- the US: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York. eral by phone, 312-222-1515; e-mail, chicago- In essence, the Consulate General performs [email protected]; or www.austria-chicago.org. v SAHH NEWS Rethinking Religion in Central Europe In my last column I reflected on Voltaire’s famous aphorism that also emerges as a religious figure of critical significance. Under his aegis, the Holy Roman Empire is neither holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire. the episcopal see of Prague was raised to an archbishopric, construction Using his sarcastic quip as a means to discuss new directions and was begun on the great St. Vitus cathedral, and one of the continent’s developments in the field, I touched on recent work on both empire largest collections of relics was assembled. and cosmopolitanism. We will turn now to the third element of Vol- The exhibition at the Met also highlights the diversity of Central taire’s triad and consider religion. This is a timely topic especially in Europe’s religious landscape. Charles’s craftsmen eloquently combined the light of a two-part conference that is being sponsored by the Cen- styles of the Byzantine world with those of the Latin west. Here east met ter for Austrian Studies and the Wirth Institute in spring and fall west, and north joined south as artists would mix French innovations 2006. Organized around the broad theme of religion and authority with Italian and Burgundian traditions. Milan Kundera once defined in pre-modern Central Europe, the conferences have been planned to Central Europe as a region where the continent’s greatest variety is con- highlight the specific challenges of this growing and dynamic field. As densed into its smallest space. Students of early modern religion should a complement to the upcoming events in Minnesota and Alberta, let take note! While scholars of Reformation Europe have traditionally me focus on two issues in particular. focused on Europe’s Protestant and Catholic communities, the picture The first concerns chronology. Too often scholars have tried to force is far more complex when one moves towards the continent’s middle. religious developments into chronological schemes that have been Apart from Protestants and Catholics, there were Orthodox and Greek developed for other regions of the continent. When studying reli- Rite Catholics, Unitarians and Utraquists, Armenians and Anabaptists, gious history, one size does not fit all. The Christianization of Central not to mention the diverse Jewish communities. It was also not uncom- and East Central Europe occurred later than in the west. It was more mon for religious groups of this region to adopt cultural practices from than a millennium after the baptism of Constantine that the grand their confessional neighbors. We have reports of the Reformed Church dukes of Lithuania finally relented and accepted Christian baptism in Poland following rituals that would have certainly raised the eyebrows themselves. Scholars, then, must be careful in accounting for these of their confessional brethren in Geneva and Heidelberg. In Hungary regional variations. In Bohemia, for example, Jan Hus is frequently Calvinists in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century began build- used as a starting point by Reformation historians eager to co-opt ing churches in a style that might best be described as “folk baroque”. It him in their quest to find precursors of sixteenth-century reformers. is this cultural fluidity, an ongoing process of confessional hybridization, But as a recent exhibition at New York’s Metropolitan Museum of that makes religion in the central European context such a fascinating Art reminds us, if one really wants to understand the ecclesiastical and promising field of study. culture of late medieval Bohemia, scholars should not begin with Hus Howard Louthan but Emperor Charles IV (1316-78). Though long acknowledged as Executive Secretary, SAHH a dedicated patron of learning and the arts, Charles in the Met’s show [email protected]fl.edu 18 SPRING 2006 SALZBURG 2006: All Mozart, all the time

lights will include Le Nozzi di Figaro, conducted by Nikolaus Harnoncourt, with Anna Netrebko as Susanna; Die Zauberflöte, conducted by Ric- cardo Muti, with Diana Damrau as the Queen of the Night; and Idomeneo, conducted by Sir Roger by Daniel Pinkerton Norrington, with Ramón Vargas as Idomeneo. Some recent productions that were created with All right, maybe the headline above is hyperbole. the 2006 festival in mind will return: La Clemenze But in 2006, the 250th anniversary of Mozart’s di Tito, this time featuring Barbara Bonney; Don birth, there is an awful lot of hyperbole both in Giovanni, with, once again, Thomas Hampson in Salzburg and around the world. the title role and the chorus dressed in Palmers lin- There will be substance to the Mozart celebra- gerie; and Stefan Herheim’s unconventional and tions, too. Vienna, where Mozart lived as an adult, highly controversial production of Die Entführung is planning opera and music performances, and aus dem Serail. even an “I hate Mozart” mini-festival for curmud- Plays will run the gamut from Shakepeare’s geons and those who simply get worn down by all Much Ado about Nothing to Barbara Weber’s the Mozartiana. mixed-media Happiness Is a Warm Gun; Moliére’s Prague, where Mozart met with some of his Tartuffe and Hadke’s Die Unvernünftigen sterben greatest successes, will also host an amazing num- aus will also be included in a large group of 17th- ber of orchestral concerts and theater perfor- through 20th-century classics. mances. Concerts will, unsurprisingly, feature a lot— But it’s hard to top the celebrations that Salz- a lot—of Mozart, but in some cases at least one burg has planned for 2006. Their Mozart cele- piece by another composer will be on the program. bration began with a gala concert on January 27 This is true of Vienna Philharmonic concerts con- (Mozart’s birthday) that could be considered a ducted by Daniel Barenboim and Pierre Boulez, warmup for the Salzburg Festival. Ricardo Muti although Muti and Harnoncourt will conduct all- conducted the Vienna Philharmonic, and guest Mozart programs. Sir Simon Rattle will conduct solists included singers Cecilia Bartoli and Thomas the Berlin Philharmonic in both an all-Mozart Hampson, violinist Gidon Kremer, and pianist and a completely non-Mozart program. Mitsuko Uchida. But all-Mozart programs abound. Gidon Kre- This summer’s Salzburg Festival will feature mer will play and conduct five of Mozert’s concer- performances of all 22 of his works for the stage, tos for violin and orchestra in one evening. Pianists from juvenalia to his mature masterpieces. Some Andreas Schiff, Maurizio Pollini, and Alfred Ben- are better than others; Zaide is such a small frag- del will play all-Mozart recitals. The Hagen Quar- ment that Israeli composer Chaya Czernowin was tet will play three all-Mozart programs. commissioned to “finish” it—or, rather, to compose At this point, tickets may be hard to get, but her own opera, Adama, to fit in and around it. never fear. If you can’t make it to Salzburg, we’ll Most of the opera productions will be new. High- bring Salzburg to you in our very next issue. v

Right, from top: Gutted Kleines Festspielhaus being turned into the Mozarthaus (photo: Mauracher & Phelps); singer Christine Schäfer (photo: Oliver Hermann); singer Barbara Bonney (photo: James McMillan). 19 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER HABSBURG happenings Victor Hugo Lane: “Le gatekeeper c’est mois” One of our longest-serving editors, Victor Hugo Lane IV (whom many of new members’ messages since 1996. It was never an onerous task; even us know as Hugh), has decided after years of excellent work to lay down during the period of tremendous growth from 1994 to about 2000 it his mandate. We will be recruiting a new Membership Editor, so we asked took an hour a week at most. It also has had special advantages for me him to tell us more about his work. If you are interested, please write me at as a young scholar early in my academic career. On taking over the job, [email protected]. — Jim Niessen. I rapidly became exposed to the wide variety of scholars I might not have known about otherwise who were already members as I updated About a week after I joined HABSBURG in the spring of 1996, I the directory. At the same time, on taking up editorial duties I suddenly got an e-mail from a fellow I had met in the archives in Lviv, Ukraine, became known to all sorts of people, something I soon discovered at but then lost track of. The event utterly surprised me, and I could not conferences when people, some of them already well established, were understand where he got my e-mail until he explained that he had gotten happy to put a face to the name they knew from their inboxes. it by way of HABSBURG’s weekly message introducing new members. In recent years, membership has stabilized at a bit over 900, and I do not know how often these messages or our directory have reunited long-time members have doubtless noted that new member introduc- scholars, but a new member recently informed me he had received sev- tions are not quite as regular as they used to be, making the job even eral personal messages welcoming him to the list, demonstrating that easier. But filling out those questionnaires is not simply about network- HABSBURG continues to facilitate networking among specialists that ing; it has been and still is also about security. Our list could be a boon might not take place through other forums. to spammers and publishers who might wish to do targeted advertising, One might think that such networking is a common function among which is why we limit access to the directory to HABSBURGers, and all H-Net lists, especially since HABSBURG’s directory only began to we have been vigilant about making sure people who might not use our be compiled when it joined H-Net in April 1994. Yet, to the best of list appropriately do not get on. Lest this sound paranoid: occasionally my knowledge, our directory and regular new members messages, which people have tried to join who clearly were not interested in scholarship. began in January 1996, appear to be unique. Thus, while other lists’ edi- One fellow took strong issue when I suggested that Thorin Oakenshield tors do keep track of members to facilitate finding book reviewers and was a pseudonym and refused to subscribe under his real name. Another forum participants—something HABSBURG editors have also done went so far as to claim to be a professor at Otago University in New from the start—only at HABSBURG can a member get basic pro- Zealand who had earned his PhD in medieval Polish history at Duke fessional information about all other members simply by sending the University, although his self-intro made clear he was not a specialist, command GET HABSBURG DIRECT to H-Net listserv. The intro- something confirmed by an e-mail to a HABSBURGer at Otago. duction a couple of years ago of a system of symbols and keywords for Whether these people were out to cause problems we shall never a variety of categories including themes, country, linguistic abilities, know, but they could have been. I have always been more than ready to and time periods makes the directory searchable. Ideally, the directory allow amateurs with a serious interest to join HABSBURG, although should become a true database, searchable like an online catalogue. So I usually suggest they will likely get all they want by visiting our web- far, the need for confidentiality and the ability to regularly update it have site regularly. I do have my limits; several years ago we had a request to gotten in the way. Once technology allows, I am sure HABSBURG will join from a couple claiming to be descended from Emperor Maximil- take that step. ian of Mexico, offering to bring imperial blessings on us, an offer I gra- Admittedly, keeping up with regular new member messages and ciously declined. While I do not know of subscribers to any H-Net list maintaining the directory takes a bit of work. HABSBURG has had who have subverted it, I think my job as Membership Editor has made a membership editor responsible for vetting questionnaires, sorting HABSBURG more secure while also enhancing scholarly networking. out occasional problem members, and compiling the directory and Victor Hugo Lane IV, Polytechnic University, [email protected]

Mitchell Ash from page 11 NCSML ACQUIRES WINTERS LIBRARY that Siegfried Rascher did in Dachau with the hypothermia experiments. Last fall, Stanley B. and Zdenka Winters donated their entire per- And yet, to our horror, we must accept that these were scientific research sonal library of over 3,000 book and periodical titles to the National projects that they were engaged in. They were characterized by a complete Czech and Slovak Museum and Library (NCSML) in Cedar Rapids, lack of ethical behavior with regard to their human subjects. In the case of Iowa. The collection consists of materials relating to modern Czech, Mengele, murder was part of the research design. One has to put it that Czechoslovak, and Central European history, social science, and cul- cruelly and that clearly. Mengele conducted medical studies of so-called ture. While the majority of the materials are written in Czech, the col- heterochromia in twins—allegedly identical twins with different-colored lection also includes works in English, Slovak, and German. eyes. The only way to study that carefully is to do an anatomical exami- The collection complements the library’s strong collection of Czech nation of the eyes themselves. However, you can only do that by killing and Slovak literature, music, and arts-related materials. The NCSML the owner of those eyes. Somewhat differently structured is the work that will begin cataloguing this fall, and items will appear in its online Mengele did in conjunction with Otmar von Verschür. They examined database as well as WorldCat. The collection will be formally known blood samples from twins, taken in Auschwitz, to see if particular races as the Stanley B. and Zdenka Winters Collection. are more resistant to certain diseases than other races. This is race science, Stanley Winters, an eminent Habsburg scholar, is Distinguished but with a fundamental biochemical basis that was accepted science at the Professor of History, Emeritus, at the New Jersey Institute of Tech- time, and the blood samples taken from those twins didn’t kill them— nology. Zdenka’s long career in library science included staff librarian though it must have contributed to worsening their health. So, here, too, at the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and associate director of we have science being done in a peculiar and horrific context. It’s murder- the Sprague Library at Montclair State University, New Jersey. ous science, alright, but it’s still science. v 20 SPRING 2006 News from the North Wirth Institute active locally, globally

Dr. Walther G. Lichem, the popular Austrian ambassador to Canada from 1993 to 2000, has returned to this country for the 2005-2006 aca- demic year as the Wirth Institute Distinguished Visiting Professor at the University of Alberta. After an illustrious forty-year career at the United Nations and in the Austrian Foreign Ser- vice, Lichem recently retired from the Austrian Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs and was thus able to accept the invitation of the University of Alberta to return to Canada. The University of Alberta had already made Lichem an honorary professor of political sci- ence in 1999 and awarded him an honorary doc- torate in 2002. Now he has returned as an active scholar, teaching a full load in the Department of Political Science. Lichem’s wife, Dr. Maria Teresa Medeiros-Lichem, a scholar of comparative lit- erature, is joining her husband at the university as a guest lecturer in the Department of Modern Languages and Cultural Studies. Left, l. to r.: Pavel Jelen, Franz Szabo. Right, l. to r.: Maria Teresa Medieros-Lichem, Walther Lichem. Lichem is teaching courses on globalization and global governance both at the undergradu- for a full academic year. It is reserved for senior and Torsten Niechoj, University of Göttingen. ate and at the graduate level. He will focus on the scholars of particular merit and international rec- Among the prominent North Americans constantly expanding and intensifying patterns ognition who are in a position to impart unique presenting papers were Steven G. Horwitz, St. of worldwide interaction and the resulting global perspectives on Central Europe or global issues Lawrence University; Roger Koppl, Fairleigh agenda, as well as the profound changes taking from a Central European point of view. Dickinson University; Peter G. Klein, Univer- place with regard to the global security agenda. In other news, the Wirth Institute was par- sity of Missouri-Columbia; Peter Lewin, School Bringing to bear his practical experience both ticularly proud to present a major international of Management, University of Texas-Dallas; at the United Nations and his former ambassa- conference on the Austrian School of Economics Mark Skousen, Columbia School of Business; dorial duties, Dr. Lichem is uniquely placed to this past October. The conference, which took and John Prpic, Career College of Business and convey to students the history of multilateral place on the campus of the University of Alberta Technology, Vancouver. institutions at the global level. His expertise on on October 7 and 8, was attended by some of the The keynote speaker at the conference was the United Nations and the workings of its main most important economists and scholars in the Lawrence H. White, the F. A. Hayek Professor organs is unmatched anywhere in this coun- field from Europe and North America. of Economic History at the University of Mis- try, and his close association with to the more The conference presented current perspec- souri in St. Louis. White’s presentation, “The recent UN reform processes initiated by Secre- tives on the Austrian School and its legacy. The Research Program of Austrian Economics,” tary General Kofi Annan—the transformation continuing relevance of the Austrian School was stressed the ongoing relevance of the Austrian of institutional reform based on perceptions of well reflected in the various papers presented, School of Economics in the present day. the common good into political processes in the ranging from an analysis of the work of Hayek to The Wirth Institute also continued to benefit pursuit of national interest, and the Millennium the analysis of contemporary policy issues, using from the support of local communities this past Review Summit of September 2005—make his Austrian analytical tools. fall. To mark the Czech national day the insti- presence at the University of Alberta a unique The Institute’s principal patron, Dr. Alfred G. tute cosponsored a piano recital by the renowned resource for its students. Wirth, attended the event, acted as the modera- Czech pianist, Boris Krajny, which was attended On the issue of global security Lichem exam- tor of the concluding roundtable discussion, and by leading members of the Czech community, ines the policies and capacities of superpow- even inspired the idea for the conference. On the including the honorary consul of the Czech ers and state actors and the emerging violence organizational side, the Wirth Institute drew on Republic in Alberta, Jerry Jelinek. During the related capacities and actions of non-state actors. the expertise of one of the most promising young reception that followed this concert the presi- In particular he is focusing on the interrelation- economists in Canada, Professor Vivek Dehejia dent of the local chapter of the Czech and Slovak ships between security and health, the human of Carleton University, who will also be editing Society for the Arts and Sciences, Dr. Pavel Jelen, environment and the growing recognition of the proceedings volume that is planned. presented Institute Director Franz Szabo with a what he calls “pluri-identity” personalities and A significant number of speakers came from check for $36,000 in support for the Institute societies in replacement of the classical single- Europe, including Stephan Böhm, University of Czech Doctoral Fellowship program. Edmon- identity nation-state. Graz; Hansjörg Klausinger, Wirtschaftsuniver- ton’s Hungarian, Polish, and Slovak communi- The Wirth Institute Distinguished Visiting sität, Vienna; Jan Pavlík, University of Econom- ties have pledged similar support. Professorship is a rare honor at the University of ics, Prague; Martin Gregor, Charles University, Franz Szabo, director Alberta, awarded only infrequently, and seldom Prague; Pascal Salin, Université Paris-Dauphine; Wirth Institute 21 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER old meets new The ZOOM children’s museum.

people meet art

by Manuela Steinberger the antique Roman forum, a public space surrounded by buildings: hous- ing, museums, libraries, and market halls, forming the heart of the city. In June 2001, a new and very different museum and cultural space was Vienna has a long history of wanting the area around the Hofburg in opened to Vienna´s national and international public: MuseumsQuartier Vienna, which combines administration buildings, buildings for represent- Wien (MQ). MQ includes contemporary and modern art exhibitions, cul- ing the Habsburg Empire, libraries, and the court’s horse stables, to func- tural exchanges, rental space for art projects, stores, and a place for cultural tion as a modern forum. The concept can be traced back to the early 1700s, variety, experimentation, ongoing action, and change. Under the director- when Lady Mary Worthy Montague (1690-1762) wrote a letter suggest- ship of former ACF director Wolfgang Waldner, MQ has established itself ing design ideas for the Hofburg. The last mentioned building complex is as a living, contemporary center for arts that embodies an expanded, multi- the space of today´s MQ. disciplinary approach to culture. Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach (1656-1723) submitted the first In the years since MQ opened, it has gained national and international design in 1721 as “Prospect des Grossen Neuen Kaysl. Stalls vor 600 recognition through its innovative installations by well-known artists, its Pferde, welcher anjezo im Bau gegriffen ist.” Johann Lucas von Hilde- many alternative projects by young artists, and its efforts to advance inter- brandt (1668-1745) followed Fischer von Erlach the elder in the effort to national understanding. MQ has managed, both in concept and practice, plan and construct the so-called Kaiserforum in Vienna. In 1724, he pub- to create a tradition of combining social structures, creating public space, lished a general plan including the existing Hofbibliothek, today’s National respecting the need to house different art collections, and expressing their Library, by Fischer von Erlach, and the Amalientrakt. Only a small part unique appearances through a combination of modern and existing his- of this design was built. Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach (1693-1742) torical architecture. adopted his father’s ideas in a reduced version. In 1735, he finished the The place where MQ was built has witnessed an eventful history. interior of the Hofbibliothek, the Reichskanzlei, and the Winterreitschule, Almost three hundred years have passed since the oldest buildings were combining the existing buildings with his new added architecture. used for royal stables at the beginning of the 18th century. The original Between 1746 and 1890, many different designs for the Emperor’s Baroque buildings were last used for a Vienna fair. Together with the area Forum were created and partially completed. The project never quite of the Viennese Forum, which includes buildings like the Hofburg, the seemed to be finished. Camillo Sitte, a prominent critic of the urban status Neue Burg, the Kunsthistorisches Museum, and the Naturhistorisches quo of the Ringstrasse in Vienna, thought in 1889 that the construction of Museum, the MQ represents a unique example of Austrian identity. the Hofstallungen was, at last, essentially done. The MQ combines a range of art museums: the Leopold Museum, the But less than a century later, museum space was at a premium in Vienna. Ludwig Foundation Museum of Modern Art, Vienna (MUMOK), space The Ludwig Foundation Modern Art Collection was stored in two differ- for contemporary art exhibitions like Kunsthalle Vienna, and space for dif- ent locations, and, in 1977, the Viennese government started to think about ferent festivals and events, such as the Vienna Festival Week, the Vien- using the space of the Hofstallungen for the collection. In 1986, following nale film and performing arts festival, and annual summer and winter two different discussions, a competition for architects was announced to events. Also included in the complex of buildings are the Tanzquartier, a develop ideas for the usage of this area. unique international center for contemporary dance; the Architektur Zen- The first stage of the competition was for an overall concept. The fol- trum Wien, which functions as a center for gathering information about lowing stage was for the design of a museum of modern art—a multifunc- national and international architecture, including library and exhibition tional hall, as well as sections housing central administration, apartments, space; production studios for new media; artists’ studios for artists-in-resi- shops, offices, and rental space for artists’ studios. dence; outstanding art and cultural facilities for children; a variety of cafés, The firm Ortner & Ortner was announced as the winner of this compe- bars, and restaurants; and a wonderful opportunity for recreation offered tition in 1990. The first design model from 1994 was somewhat different in the yards that connect the building complexes of MQ to one another. from today’s MQ, although the combination of museum space and multi- This is in fact what makes this area special. The MQ includes modern functional locations was defined. What differs is the exact location of each architecture whose architectural language maximizes function and usage building and the library tower, which was not built. The design connects of every single building from the inside out. It embodies not only the con- contemporary architecture to Fischer von Erlach’s existing buildings and nection of different artistic and cultural interests, it also carries the idea of completes the area of the Vienna Emperor’s Forum to the southwest. 22 SPRING 2006 The jury´s decision in the MQ competition was followed by discussions that primarily hinged on the issue of historical landmark preservation. Archi- tect Manfred Wehdorn was KUNSTHALLE MUMOK appointed to the design team in 1995. Westhorn is a specialist in the revitalization of histori- LEOPOLD cal landmarks, and his restora- MUSEUM MAIN ENTRANCE tion projects in Vienna include the Redoutensaal ballrooms in NATURHISTORISCHES the Hofburg and Schönbrunn MUSEUM Palace. The cooperation gave birth to a new master plan that is a perfect synergy of old and new architecture. The MQ provides 60,000 square meters of space and KUNSTHISTORISCHES is one of the greatest cultural MUSEUM centers in the world, compara- ble to the museum districts in Aerial view of the MuseumsQuartier and some surrounding buildings. Berlin, Frankfurt am Main, and Washington, DC. The main entrance is situated on the Fischer von Erlach Wing and opens the way to the city`s material is an architectural contrast to the Leopold Museum, yet at the largest enclosed courtyard. Opposite is the former winter riding hall, same time the two cubes create symmetry. The circumflexed roof is mir- today`s Halls E and G. Behind this, the new Kunsthalle was built. rored in the construction of the ceiling inside. Elevators and a staircase are On the left, an architectural cube made of white limestone houses located in the middle of the building and divide the complex into two parts. the Leopold Museum, a private collection built around works by Egon Adjacent to the foyer is the first huge exhibition space. Two other exhibi- Schiele. In terms of color, the white limestone paving of the courtyard is tion levels are located upstairs, and another two below. Like the Leopold continued in the façade of the museum. The material stands in contrast Museum, this building is connected to older historical architecture through to the dark façade of the MUMOK and the Kunsthalle. The rational a skyway that houses administration offices. geometric shape is repeated in the rectangular windows covering the Current exhibitions include the work of a contemporary artist whose building’s shell and in the appearance of the museum’s interior. A domi- paintings toured Chinese art museums last year, a display of work pro- nant outside staircase leads the visitor to the entrance of the building, duced between 1900 and 1960 focusing on classic modern art as repre- where two-story museum spaces are grouped around an atrium covered sented by artists such as Kandinsky, Klee, and Magritte, and a “Wiener with glass. The building is connected to the Kunsthalle and Halls E and Aktionismus” exhibit, showcasing the 1960s art movement that was so G through a skyway. Permanent exhibitions with the collection´s art are crucial to the international development of avant-garde art. supplemented by temporary special exhibitions focusing on modern art In contrast to the two other museums, the Kunsthalle is made entirely of of the late 19th and early 20th century. The current exhibition, “Impres- brick. The material references factory buildings, which highlights the use of sionists from the Paris Museé d´Orsay,” is showing extraordinary paint- this complex to house temporary exhibitions of contemporary art—itself ings of this artistic movement. constructed through a varied and changeable process. MUMOK’s building has, indeed, reunited this 7,000-piece collection The MQ has been extraordinarily popular with the public. Between May in one location. It features a large, flexible exhibition space. The muse- and June 2005, approximately 9,400 people visited it daily. That adds up um’s variety satisfies many different needs for exhibiting contemporary to 2.7 million visitors a year, up 4.2% from 2004. The open air spaces were art. Anthracite gray lave stone, a fairly young stone, covers the cube and so popular with the public that the MQ built an ice palace in the space last captures the visitor’s eye with its mysterious, elegant appearance. The winter, making the courtyard a popular year-round destination. v

Above: Wolfgang Waldner. Left: foyer in the Kunsthalle Wien. 23 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER CenterAustria: coming back amidst chaos by Günter Bischof are in highly tenuous financial situations. The question overshadowing all these institutions is, Will our students come back? We’ve seen the worst of times, and now we’re seeing the best of times. The UNO story is an inspiring one. After a six-week post-Katrina hia- While many parts of New Orleans are still in sad shape and will be for a tus, the university resumed regular and on-line classes on satellite campuses long time to come, matters are beginning to look up on the campus of the around suburban New Orleans. The main Lakefront campus took some University of New Orleans (UNO) and at CenterAustria (CA), and enor- flooding and more damage from the “looting” of 2,500 “refugees” dumped mous generosity and kindness has been extended to our students. The peo- by the Coast Guard helicopters onto the campus without food and water. ple of New Orleans are beginning to realize that the mantra one heard so Rebuilding started in September and has progressed steadily, particularly often after the storm—“New Orleans will come back bigger and better”— once electricity came back in November. Currently, industrial hygienists will not be implemented anytime soon. The recovery of New Orleans will (in the Provost’s words, the “mold Nazis”) are mitigating buildings to make not take a year or ten years but a generation. The destruction wrought by sure the campus will be safe for students to return. We hope that as many hurricane Katrina on August 29 and the subsequent flooding of the city as 12,000 of the 17,000 students enrolled in August will return. was an enormous catastrophe. There will not be an overnight comeback. CenterAustria will reopen in January, too, and it never closed down in Among the institutions of higher learning in New Orleans, some cosmic Innsbruck with our regular “Academic Year Abroad” program, directed by injustice condemned the historically black institutions to the foul floodwa- Margaret Davidson. She welcomed 12 students to Innsbruck in October ters of Katrina, while the “white” institutions fared comparatively better. and 8 additional “Katrina victims” financed through the generosity of our Southern University, Dillard, and Xavier were inundated badly (Dillard Innsbruck friends. Conversely, we had 45 Austrian students and faculty also had fires on campus), while only parts of UNO and Tulane flooded, starting out the fall semester in August at UNO. Only four returned to and Loyola took only minor damage. Consequently, the latter institutions Austria after Katrina. The rest found new host institutions all around this will reopen in January 2006, while the former will take a year to reopen. All remarkably generous country. We also had to cancel the “Austrian Student Program” (ASP) in February, which brings about 40 Austrian students to UNO for a four-week Schnupperstudium (and, yes, Mardi Gras, too) during the Austrian semester break. One University of Innsbruck faculty mem- ber scheduled to teach in the spring also chose not come. Next to these major interruptions in ongoing student and faculty exchange programs, we sadly had to cancel our annual symposium, which this academic year would have been the “Austrian Association for American Studies” annual meeting, scheduled for November 2005 in the Crescent City. We also had to cancel our regular fall exhibit of young Tyrolese artists. What will the future hold for CenterAustria? We will rebuild, but it will take time, too. My associate Gertraud Griessner is returning from Seat- tle, where she relocated with her family, to resume her work at CA (she was lucky and her Mid City house barely escaped flooding). Only Mag- nus Moser, an Innsbruck political science graduate student who had relo- cated to “Ole Miss,” will return to UNO for the spring term and will be a junior fellow at CA. We are determined to restart our student and faculty exchanges with Innsbruck and Austria. We plan to get a dozen Austrian students back to UNO in the fall of 2006 and resume the ASP program in February in spite of the difficult housing situation (obviously, we can’t place them in FEMA trailers). The Austrian Fulbright Commission has offered to cooperate in bringing back our regular German lecturer, and the Minis- try of Education, Science, and the Arts, will bring back the annual disserta- tion fellow. We also will resume the Marshall Plan Chair program. Our publication activities have not missed a beat. Volume 14 of Con- temporary Austrian Studies on “Austrian Foreign Policy in Historical Con- text” has just been published by Transaction, and volume 15 on “Sexuality in Austria” is already in the production stage. A volume on “Prisoners of War during World War II,” based on the tenth anniversary conference of the Ludwig Boltzmann Institut für Kriegsfolgenforschung in Graz (jointly organized with CA) was recently published by Oldenbourg. A volume on “Austrian-Latin American Relations” is being completed and scheduled to appear for the summit of Latin American heads of state in May 2006 as a high point of the Austrian EU-Presidency. What has kept us going has been the incredible outpouring of warm friendship from our partners in Innsbruck and Austria. In the days after Katrina, Rektor Manfried Gantner and UNO liaisons Franz Mathis and Ellen Palli organized a Katrina “steering committee” to collect donations for Katrina victims. In early October, they organized a spectacular New UNO’s neighborhood after the storm: the Lake Forest Apartments, where most Orleans jazz concert at the Congress House. In December, a film mati- of the Austrian students lived. (Photo by Günter Bischof.) continued on next page 24 SPRING 2006 CenterAustria from previous page be weakening politically. We are humbled by both the resilience and forti- nee and a Big Band concert followed at the university. Some $40,000 in tude of the human spirit so richly displayed. donations were collected in Innsbruck to support the UNO AYA students We plan to officially reopen CA in February 2006 with a visit from and to directly help Katrina victims at UNO and in the New Orleans jazz Ambassador Nowotny and a University of Innsbruck delegation. In late community. With the help of Wolfgang Stoiber and Eugen Stark of the September 2006, Reinhold Wagnleitner, one of Austria’s foremost experts Vienna based ERP-Fund, a sizable contribution was made to guarantee on the New Orleans jazz tradition, together with CA, will stage a “Satchmo the post-Katrina continuity of the AYA program in Innsbruck. Addition- Meets Amadeus” conference for the Mozart anniversary year in Salzburg. ally, Roberta Maierhofer, the Vice Chancellor of International Affairs at Next to a world-class symposium (the papers of which will be ready in the University of Graz, has offered 8 UNO students a free semester in published form by the time of the meeting), musical performances and a the Styrian capital in 2006. If American universities showed overwhelming New Orleans photo exhibit are in the planning stages. A Gesamtkunst- generosity in welcoming Austrian students displaced by Katrina, our Aus- werk of sorts not only will signal the comeback of the Crescent City to trian friends matched it with their own amazing generosity and enormous its many friends in Austria, but celebrate the contribution of the favorite empathy for post-Katrina New Orleans and UNO. This enormous trag- native sons to the identity of two of the world’s great musical cities. edy has brought out the best in people on both sides of the Atlantic and has Günter Bischof is director of CenterAustria and chair of the Department of strengthened personal and institutional bonds at a time when they seem to History at the University of New Orleans. v

Fulbright from page 1 for an annual Austrian visiting professor at the University of Minnesota in 2006 FULBRIGHT DEADLINES FOR AMERICANS conjunction with the College of Liberal Arts and the Center for Austrian Februrary 15 U.S. Foreign Language Teaching Assistantship Studies. Since the 2002-03 academic year, Austrian scholars have had an Program at Austrian secondary schools (sponsored opportunity to teach at the departments in German, philosophy, geogra- by the Austrian Ministry of Education, Science, phy, and political science. The Fulbright visiting professor for 2006-07 at and Culture; administrated by the Fulbright the university will be an appointment in music, followed by sociology the Commission) for 2006-07 following academic year. The Austrian Fulbright Commission commemorated the centennial May 1 Fulbright Distinguished Chairs in Austria anniversary of the birth of Senator Fulbright at the Diplomatic Academy for 2007-08: Vienna (University of Vienna, in Vienna, an event that was cosponsored by the Austrian Ministry of Edu- Vienna University of Economics and Business cation, Science, and Culture, the U.S. Embassy in Vienna, and the Aus- Administration, Academy of Fine Arts); Graz trian Fulbright Alumni Association, and was attended by over 200 alumni (cultural studies); Linz (international business); and friends of the program. Gerald Stourzh, professor emeritus of history Klagenfurt (gender studies); Salzburg (law); from the University of Vienna and the Austrian doyen of American history Innsbruck (linguistics) and transatlantic studies, gave an insightful talk on “Fulbright: The Man August 1 “Traditional” Fulbright awards for U.S. Scholars and His Heritage,” which emphasized the importance of Fulbright’s ten- for 2007-08: two “open to all disciplines” ure as a Rhodes scholar at Oxford during the 1920s for the development awards; one American Studies (Salzburg); of his personal and political philosophy and discussed Fulbright in terms Fulbright-Diplomatic Academy Visiting of the “internationalist” tradition of U.S. foreign policy, while simultane- Professor of International Relations; Fulbright- ously identifying some of the shortcomings of Fulbright’s domestic politi- Freud Visiting Scholar of Psychoanalysis; cal record as a Southern Democrat, such as his belated support for the civil Fulbright-Internationales Forschungszentrum rights movement. Prof. Stourzh also paid tribute to the bilateral and bina- Kulturwissenschaften Visiting Fellow in Cultural tional spirit of the Fulbright Program by giving the first half of his talk in Studies; Fulbright-MQuartier21 artist-in- German and the second half in English. residence; Austro-Hungarian joint research award The promotion of mutual understanding between the peoples of the October 21 U.S. Student Awards for 2007-08: A total of 20 United States and other nations is a timeless and an enduring concern. awards for full time study/research or combined The program was never conceived to serve short-term or unilateral par- with teaching assistantships at Austrian secondary tisan policy objectives. Senator Fulbright recognized that the benefits of schools including a Fulbright-Internationales academic and cultural exchange are based on joint decision making and Forschungszentrum Kulturwissenschaften Junior long-term perspectives. However, the political dynamics of the post-9/11 Visiting Fellow in Cultural Studies and a Fulbright- world have renewed and underlined the importance of international edu- Diplomatic Academy award for one of the three cation. The dissonances in transatlantic relations have made transatlantic programs offered by the Diplomatic Academy exchanges more important than they have been for decades, and there is an entire series of new initiatives based on enhancing bilateral exchanges with 2006 FULBRIGHT DEADLINES FOR AUSTRIANS the Moslem world from Morrocco to the Phillipines. For information on Fulbright awards for students, teachers of foreign March 15 Austrian Scholars Program for lecturing/research at languages, and scholars, in Austria, as well as other countries, consult the U.S. institutions for 2006-07 following websites: May 15 Austrian Student Program for graduate or Ph.D. Austrian-American Educational Commission (Austrian Fulbright programs for 2007-08 Commission): www.fulbright.at; Bureau for Educational and Cultural Affairs, U.S. Department of State: http://exchanges.state.gov/education/ September 30 Fulbright-University of Minnesota Visiting fulbright; Council for International Exchange of Scholars: www.cies.org; Professor of Sociology for 2007/08 Institute of International Education: www.iie.org. November 15 Austrian Fulbright Foreign Language Teaching Dr. Lonnie Johnson is Executive Director of the Austrian Fulbright Com- Assistantships at U.S. colleges/universities, 2007-08 mission in Vienna. v 25 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Announcements

Change in the 19th and 20th Centuries,” January 25- [email protected]. Deadline: February 28. INTERNATIONAL 27, 2007, Institut für soziale Bewegungen, Ruhr-Uni- CONFERENCES & SYMPOSIA versität Bochum. Homepage: www.rub.de/isb. Germany. Call for papers. “Exile, Nationalism and Cosmopolitanism,” June 21-23, 2007, Warburg-Haus, United States. Call for Papers. Modern Austrian Lit- Canada. Call for papers. “The 1956 Hungarian Revo- Hamburg. Research on migration, diasporas, and exile erature and Culture Association, Annual International lution 50 Years Later: Canadian and International suggests that the specific transnational situation with Symposium, April 20-23, Wake Forest Univ., Win- Perspectives,” October 12-14, University of Ottawa. which exiles are confronted frequently leads to the ston-Salem, NC. “Illness, Madness, and Criminality in October 2006 marks the fiftieth anniversary of the emergence and development of nationalist or cosmo- Austrian Literature and Culture: Borders of a Differ- 1956 revolution in Hungary and the arrival in Canada, politan attitudes toward other “nations” or ethnicities, ent Sort.” Contact: [email protected]. a few months later, of nearly 40,000 Hungarian refu- political and social groups. However, closer assessment gees. The Hungarian uprising—the world’s first tele- of diasporic groups and exile makes evident that exiles Lithuania. Conference. “Jewish Space in Central and vised revolution—became a defining moment in the frequently developed attitudes that would be identified Eastern Europe: Day-to-day History,” Vilnius, May history of the Cold War and captured the interest of as simultaneously cosmopolitan and nationalist. This 8-9. Cosponsors: Center for Studies of the Culture people throughout the world. New information has conference seeks to discuss different forms of exile to and History of East European Jews, Lithuanian Inst. become available in the last fifteen years and additional approach a more differentiated perspective on exile and of History. Contact: Center for Studies of the Cul- primary source documents have surfaced in the last its consequences for groups living in a transnational ture and History of East European Jews, e-mail: decade. Proposals for papers and presentations relating context, to define and explain nationalism and the so- [email protected]; website: www.jewishstudies.lt. to the scholarly examination of 1956 are welcome and called rise of the nation-state in the context of exile and should relate to one or more of the following broadly diasporic movements, and to define and explain cul- Finland. Scholarly Congress. 14th International Eco- defined themes: The 1956 revolution in its historical, tural, political, or social cosmopolitanism in the context nomic History Congress, August 21-25, 2006, Hel- historiographical, and political contexts; the inter- of exile and diasporas. We invite papers that: 1. Offer sinki. “Cooperatives and Nation Building in East Cen- national context of the revolution and its aftermath; specific forms of exile including exile beyond the native tral Europe (19th and 20th Centuries).” For infor- Canadian immigration and refugee policies in the country—forced exile or voluntary exile, political exile, mation, see the International Economic History 1950s, the Canadian government’s response to the ref- diasporas and the discrimination of groups abroad that Association website: www.neha.nl/ieha. ugee crisis (comparisons to other countries), as well as lead to forms of non-voluntary exile, exile within the the reception and integration process of the Hungarian native country (inneres Exil), discrimination of specific Sweden. International Conference. The European Asso- arrivals; contributions to Canadian life and society and groups in their home countries which, in context, led ciation of Urban History (EAUH), 8th International comparative studies of post-1956 refugee and immi- to a variety of forms of exile. 2. Present responses of Conference, Stockholm, August 30-September 2, grant movements to Canada. Submit a proposal of 250 exiled groups to the challenges posed by exile, such as 2006. Several panels will relate to Central and East- words or less, and a c.v. in either English or French, the acculturation, integration and assimilation, and con- ern Europe or are being (co)organized by scholars working languages of the conference. Proposals may cepts of cultural superiority or inferiority developed from this region. These include “Between Cousins and be sent electronically, in the form of a Word docu- by both the hosting and the hosted groups that could Kings: Civil Society or Something Else in European ment, or by regular mail to: Pierre Anctil, Institute of be defined as nationalist or cosmopolitan. Send an Cities East and West,” “The Socialist City: Concepts Canadian Studies, University of Ottawa, 52 Univer- abstract and a short c.v. to Dr. Susanne Lachenicht, and Realities,” “Changing Political Representation in sity St., Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]. Deadline: March 30. Changing Urban Space: Central and Eastern Euro- [email protected]. Deadline: February 20. pean Cities from the Late 19th Century to the Inter- JOURNAL CFP war Years,” and “Rivers and Cities: Imperial Politics France. Call for Papers. “The Rothschild Banks and and the Development of Cities along the Volga and the Eastern Europe,” International Colloquium, November East Central Europe/l’Europe du Centre Est (ECE), a Danube in the 18th and Early 19th Century.” The com- 16-17, Roubaix, Centre des Archives du Monde du refereed international journal of the social sciences and plete list of panels and other details can be viewed on Travail (CAMT). The Rothschild Archive, London, humanities with a focus on the region between the Baltic http://www.historia.su.se/urbanhistory/eauh/. and the CAMT invite submissions for a two-day and the Adriatic, invites the submission of high-quality colloquium that will examine the role played by the articles of approximately 8,000 to 10,000 words for its Turkey. International Conference. “Royal Courts and Rothschild banks in the history of Eastern Europe— next issue on urban history in East-Central Europe, Capitals,” October 14-16, Sabanci University, Istanbul. the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, neighboring 19th and 20th centuries. We want to stimulate a debate The conference is part of the COST project “Tribu- states, and Russia—from 1848 to World War II. on urban culture and representation in various forms tary Empires Compared: Romans, Mughals and Otto- Over the last two decades major collections of archives such as architecture, fine arts, music, literature, theatre, mans in the Pre-Industrial World From Antiquity relating to the Rothschild banks have been rediscovered, and public celebrations. How can the analysis of visual Till the Transition to Modernity.” “Tributary Empires collected, catalogued, and made available for research. representation be brought together with political and Compared” is a four-year project that aims to produce The colloquium is designed to enable research based socioeconomic contexts? Was the city a representation a better understanding of classical tributary empires on these and other sources to be presented. Papers of power? If so, was it the power of empire, nation, and the problems relating to segmented, loosely inte- are invited on a range of topics, including state loans, state, municipality, or middle class? How did various grated and partly overlapping forms of power and the relationship between Rothschild banks and other actors within society actually interpret different authority, through the establishment of a European financial institutions in—or in business with—Eastern elements of the city and how did they try to change its network for the comparative study of the Roman, Otto- Europe, the development of railway networks, or symbolic cityscape by adding (or eliminating) various man, Mughal and related empires. “Royal Courts and investment in natural resources and in manufacturing. elements such as buildings, parks, and street names? Capitals” conference brings together scholars working Send a 500-word abstract, together with a one-page We encourage interdisciplinary dialogue by historians, in different disciplines to explore and share the latest c.v. to Melanie Aspey at info@rothschildarchive. sociologists, geographers, anthropologists, art and research on imperial courts. The proceedings will be org. The languages of the colloquium will be English architectural historians, urban planners and others published in the future. Contact: Tulay Artan, Sabanci and French. Presentations should not exceed 30 working on different aspects of urban history of the University: [email protected]. minutes. Contacts: The Rothschild Archive, London: region. Send contributions to us via e-mail at ece@ceu. website, http://www.rothschildarchive.org; e-mail, hu. For additional information please visit our website: Germany. International Symposium. “Approaching [email protected]. Centre des Archives du www.pasts.ceu.hu/ece. Contact: Maciej Janowski, European History from Southeast European Per- Monde du Travail, Roubaix, France: website, http:// Editor, Markian Prokopovych, Guest Co-Editor of the spectives: Comparing Social Movements and Social www.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/camt/; e-mail, Urban History Issue, [email protected]. Deadline: April 15. 26 SPRING 2006 page digitized collection of primary sources (in Polish) WEBSITE CFP relating to Polish Solidarity. We want to make this United States. Call for Papers. The Demographic and site a central clearinghouse for sources relating to East Spotlight Social Change Program, a joint initiative of Kansas Central Europe, so if you have sources already online, Population Center and Echo Survey Institute, is a translations that are in the public domain, or sources The American Association for the program dedicated to study the interrelationships for which you own the copyright that you would Advancement of Slavic Studies has called between population processes and social change in East allow us to add to the site, please contact Holly Case, for nominations for its book prizes. The European countries. One of the important goals of the [email protected], or James Bjork, james.bjork@kcl. following competitions should interest ASN program is to provide an opportunity for researchers ac.uk. We want to make this site truly useful. We look readers: working on social and demographic change in Eastern forward to receiving your suggestions, opinions, and • Wayne S. Vucinich Book Prize for the Europe to share their ideas and to disseminate their contributions! most important contribution to Russian, research results. A collection of working papers will be Eurasian, and East European studies; published on the program website. We would like to • Marshall Shulman Book Prize for an encourage researchers to utilize this opportunity and FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES outstanding monograph dealing with the to send us unpublished papers or works in progress. The American Councils Title VIII Southeast Europe international relations, foreign policy, or Please don’t hesitate to contact us with any questions provides full support for graduate Research Program foreign-policy decision-making of any of the about the program. For more information regarding this students, faculty, and post-doctoral scholars seeking to states of the former Soviet Union or Eastern initiative, please access: http://www.k-state.edu/sasw/ conduct research for 3-9 months in Albania, Bosnia- Europe; kpc/eedemo/. E-mail Cristina Bradatan, University of Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia, Romania, • Ed A. Hewett Book Prize for an Central Florida, [email protected], or Laszlo J. and Serbia and Montenegro. Full and partial fellow- outstanding publication on the political Kulcsar, Kansas State University, [email protected]. ships are available and scholars in the humanities and economy of the former Soviet Union, East social sciences are eligible. While a wide range of topics Central Europe, and/or their successor states; receive support each year, all funded research must • Barbara Jelavich Book Prize for a NEW ON THE NET contribute to a body of knowledge enabling the US to distinguished monograph published on any better understand the region and formulate effective Cornell University would like to announce the appear- aspect of Southeast European or Habsburg policies within it. Applicants should clearly describe ance of a new website featuring primary sources in Eng- studies since 1600, or 19th- and 20th- the policy relevance of their work, be it in anthropology, lish relating to East Central European history. The site century Ottoman or Russian diplomatic literature, history, political science, or some other field. is administered through Cornell’s Institute for Euro- history; The total value of the fellowships ranges from $5,000 pean Studies and the Einaudi Center. You can access • AAASS/Orbis Books Prize for an to $25,000. Typical awards include international airfare it at http://www.einaudi.cornell.edu/europe/inte- outstanding English-language book on any from the scholar’s home to his/her host city overseas, grated_history/index.asp. Some of the features of the aspect of Polish affairs. site are: original translations of rare primary sources by academic affiliation at a leading local university, visa(s) scholars in the field of East Central European history; arranged by American Councils, housing, a monthly Deadline for submissions is Friday, May free access that will always be so; no dead links—we living stipend, generous health insurance, and more. 12. For more information about submission do not post a source to our site if we do not have per- Applicants must submit proposals and other material rules and the names and addresses of the mission to store it permanently; a brief description in English and their proposed host country language, prize committee members, please go to and key word list for each source; and texts that can and must be US citizens or permanent residents. Visit their website, www.aaass.org, and click on be searched in full-text form. By the end of the 2005- www.americancouncils.org for details. Deadline for “additional services.” 06 academic year, the site will be home to a 10,000- spring and summer 2007: October 1. Working Papers in Austrian Studies The Working Papers in Austrian Studies series serves scholars who study the history, politics, society, economy, and culture of modern Austria and Habsburg Central Europe. It encourages comparative studies involving Austria or the Habsburg lands and other European states, stimulates discussion in the field, and provides a vehicle for circulating work in progress. It is open to all papers prior to final publication but gives priority to papers by affiliates of the Center and scholars who have given lectures or attended conferences at the Center. Beginning with Working Paper 04-1, papers will be published online only. If you would like to have a paper considered for inclusion in the series, please contact Gary Cohen, director, Center for Austrian Studies.

96-1. Katherine Arens, Central Europe and the 99-1. Peter Thaler, “Germans” and “Austrians” in 02-2. Hansjörg Klausinger, The Austrian School Nationalist Paradigm World War II: Military History and National Identity of Economics and the Gold Standard Mentality in 96-2. Thomas N. Burg, Forensic Medicine in the 99-2. Adi Wimmer, The “Lesser Traumatized”: Exile Austrian Economic Policy in the 1930s Nineteenth-Century Habsburg Monarchy Narratives of Austrian Jews 03-1. Beth Bjorklund, Working-Class Literature: 96-3. Charles Ingrao, Ten Untaught Lessons about 00-1. Lonnie Johnson, On the Inside Looking Out: Petzold’s Rauhes Leben Central Europe: An Historical Perspective The ÖVP-FPÖ Government, Jörg Haider, and Europe 03-2. Fred Stambrook, The Golden Age of the Jews 97-1. Siegfried Beer, Target Central Europe: 00-2. Alan Levy, An American Jew in Vienna of Bukovina, 1880-1914 (online only) American Intelligence Efforts Regarding Nazi and 01-1. Erika Weinzierl, The Jewish Middle Class in 03-3. Arnold Suppan, Österreicher, Tschechen und Early Postwar Austria, 1941-1947 Vienna in the 19th Century Sudetendeutsche als Konfliktgemeinschaft im 20. Jahrhundert (forthcoming) 98-1. Dina Iordanova, Balkan Wedding Revisited: 02-1. Stanley and Zdenka Winters, “My Life Was Multiple Messages of Filmed Nuptials Determined by History”: An Interview with Jaroslav 04-1. Janet Wasserman, Karoline Eberstaller: Is She 98-2. Christopher Long, The Other Modern Pánek the Real Link between Franz Schubert and Anton Dwelling: Josef Frank and Haus & Garten Bruckner? (online only)

Working papers 92-1 through 95-6 are still available. See the CAS website or contact the Center for authors and titles. The price per paper is $3.00 ($4.00 for foreign addresses). To order, send your name, address, and paper numbers requested along with payment to Center for Austrian Studies, Attention: Working Papers (address on page 2). Payment by check ONLY, in US dollars, drawn on a US bank, made out to “Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota.” Most working papers are also available on our website and may be downloaded for free. The URL is http://www.cas.umn.edu. 27 CENTER FOR AUSTRIAN STUDIES Non-Profit Organization 314 SOCIAL SCIENCES BUILDING U.S. Postage Paid 267 19TH AVE S. Minneapolis, Minnesota

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