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Hydrogeology of the Nurra Region, Sardinia (Italy): Basement-Cover Influences on Groundwater Occurrence and Hydrogeochemistry

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Hydrogeology of the Nurra Region, Sardinia (Italy): Basement-Cover Influences on Groundwater Occurrence and Hydrogeochemistry Hydrogeology of the Nurra Region, Sardinia (Italy): basement-cover influences on groundwater occurrence and hydrogeochemistry Giorgio Ghiglieri & Giacomo Oggiano & Maria Dolores Fidelibus & Tamiru Alemayehu & Giulio Barbieri & Antonio Vernier Abstract The Nurra district in the Island of Sardinia lows are generated by synclines and normal faults. The (Italy) has a Palaeozoic basement and covers, consisting regional groundwater flow has been defined. The investi- of Mesozoic carbonates, Cenozoic pyroclastic rocks and gated groundwater shows relatively high TDS and Quaternary, mainly clastic, sediments. The faulting and chloride concentrations which, along with other hydro- folding affecting the covers predominantly control the geochemical evidence, rules out sea-water intrusion as the geomorphology. The morphology of the southern part is cause of high salinity. The high chloride and sulphate controlled by the Tertiary volcanic activity that generated concentrations can be related to deep hydrothermal a stack of pyroclastic flows. Geological structures and circuits and to Triassic evaporites, respectively. The lithology exert the main control on recharge and ground- source water chemistry has been modified by various water circulation, as well as its availability and quality. geochemical processes due to the groundwater–rock The watershed divides do not fit the groundwater divide; interaction, including ion exchange with hydrothermal the latter is conditioned by open folds and by faults. The minerals and clays, incongruent solution of dolomite, and Mesozoic folded carbonate sequences contain appreciable sulphate reduction. amounts of groundwater, particularly where structural Keywords Groundwater flow . Hydrogeochemistry . Salinization . Groundwater management . Italy Received: 31 March 2006 /Accepted: 15 September 2008 Introduction © Springer-Verlag 2008 The Nurra district is located in the northwestern part of the island of Sardinia (Italy) in the Sassari Province, with G. Ghiglieri ()) 80 km of coastline with the Mediterranean Sea (Fig. 1a). Department of Territorial Engineering, Its geology records a long history from Paleozoic to Geopedology and Applied Geology Section, Desertification Research Group (NRD), University of Sassari, Quaternary, resulting in relative structural complexity and Viale Italia, 07100, Sassari, Italy in a wide variety of rocks. e-mail: [email protected] Due to intensive human activities and recent climatic Fax: +39-79-229261 changes, the area has become vulnerable to desertification. G. Oggiano As a result, the area is included in the national research Institute of Geological Sciences and Mineralogy, network under the RIADE project (Integrated research for University of Sassari, applying new technologies and processes for combating Corso Angioy 10, 07100, Sassari, Italy desertification (RIADE project 2002–2006), set up by the M. D. Fidelibus Italian Ministry of Research (Ghiglieri et al. 2006). Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The water demand in the study area is considerable, Technical University of Bari, water being required for industry, domestic use, tourism, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy agriculture, and animal rearing. Nurra relies on both T. Alemayehu surface and groundwaters. The seasonal and perennial School of Geosciences, rivers of the area are exploited using the Cuga and Wits University, Private bag 3, P. O. Box Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa Surigheddu dams, built on the highlands. However, like : on other Mediterranean islands, surface-water resources G. Barbieri A. Vernier can periodically suffer from drastic shortage. Groundwater Department of Territorial Engineering, Applied Geology and Applied Geophysics Section, in different aquifers is exploited using deep boreholes University of Cagliari, which can attain discharges as high as 145 l/s. The water Piazza D’Armi, 09100, Cagliari, Italy demand of the city of Alghero, for example, is partially Hydrogeology Journal DOI 10.1007/s10040-008-0369-z Hydrogeology Journal DOI 10.1007/s10040-008-0369-z Fig. 1 The Nurra district of Sardinia: a location map; b geological laboratory. The chemical analyses were performed at the map; c location of water sampling points in the Calich catchment University of Sassari (Italy), immediately after sample (delineated in b). In the legend gw stands for groundwater collection. The analysis of cations was undertaken using an Analyst 200 atomic absorption spectrometer. Anions were analyzed by an ion chromatograph with four satisfied by groundwater withdrawn through five wells components: a Waters pump (model 590), a Waters discharging a total of 96 l/s. electrical conductivity detector (model 431), an Alltech Notwithstanding the importance of local groundwater solid phase chemical suppressor (SPCS, model 335) and a as the main source of good quality water and its role of SRI PeakSimple data system (model 203). strategic reserve in such semiarid conditions, exploitation For stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes, seven up to now has been uncontrolled (Barbieri et al. 2005a, b; groundwater samples were collected from one spring and Ghiglieri et al. 2006). An additional problem in the Nurra six boreholes. For tritium analysis only three waters district is that water users have a very scant knowledge of representative of the three main hydrogeologic units were the provenance and value of the fresh water they exploit, sampled. The analysis was carried out in the CNR isotope thus leading to a high rate of unofficial exploitation. hydrology laboratory, Pisa, Italy. The extensive exploitation of the Nurra aquifers and the consequent water-quality deterioration require a revision of current water management practices. This revision has to be Geological setting based on good knowledge of both the potential of aquifers in terms of geometry and storage and quality in terms of The Nurra district encompasses a structural high, which hydrogeochemical features, which, up to now, has been developed during the Tertiary and where older rock disregarded. This report presents the synthesis of lengthy sequences are progressively exposed westward (Fig. 1b). research, of which the main aims of have been: (1) to The northeastern limit of the area is marked by the upper reconstruct the hydrogeological setting and the regional Miocene deposits of a half-graben Porto Torres basin groundwater flow; (2) to ascertain the origin of salinity; (3) (Thomas and Gennessaux 1986; Funedda et al. 2000) that to recognise the boundary conditions of different hydro- cover the older rocks. The Variscan metamorphic basement geologic units by mean of processes that control the is well exposed in the westernmost sector near the coast concentration of major constituents in the different aquifers. (Fig. 1b). As regards the basement, grey Autunian arenites Achieving these aims will establish a basis for developing an and silts, and upper Permian and Triassic continental red appropriate monitoring programme and therefore improved beds with interlayered alkaline volcanics occur. The first management of the water resources of the region (Ghiglieri marine transgressive deposits consist of dolostones, lime- et al. 2006, 2007, 2008). stones and evaporites of Middle Triassic age showing the typical Germanic facies. Since this time, shallow marine sedimentation, in a Methodology carbonate platform environment, had been almost contin- uous until Aptian-Albian time. During the Albian-Aptian A geological and structural map of the area has been time, an important tectonic phase took place in Nurra, prepared on the basis of recent data and field surveys. The referred to as the Bedoulian movement (Oggiano et al. conceptualization of the hydrogeological setting led to the 1987). This tectonic event was responsible for the identification of the recharge and discharge areas and emersion that gave rise to widespread bauxite deposits major controlling structures. The field data have been and caused the partial erosion of the Jurassic succession. integrated with aerial photo interpretation and geophysical During the Coniacian stage, all the Nurra bauxitic prospecting (gravimetric profiles) (Ghiglieri et al. 2006). palaeosurface was submerged, due to a new transgression, For the purposes of the RIADE project, technical data which led to carbonate-terrigenous sedimentation lasting and relevant information from 424 boreholes were up to the Maastrichtian. The post-Maastrichtian emersion is collected together with data from 87 springs. A global supposedly related to a new tectonic phase (Laramic phase; positioning system (GPS) was used to locate each feature Oggiano et al. 1987). Since the Paleocene, the entire (Ghiglieri et al. 2006). region experienced weathering, erosion, widespread cal- From these locations, 99 wells and 21 springs were calkaline volcanism and two important deformation events selected for chemical monitoring purposes. In order to linked both to the Pirenaic and to the North Apennine investigate the behaviour of the aquifers at two different (Carmignani et al. 1995) orogenesis. These deformations times of the year, water was sampled for chemical analysis generated minor thrusts and mild NE trending folds which from 118 water points (97 wells and 21 springs) in dominate the present geometry of the Mesozoic cover and, December 2004, and from 55 water points (51 wells and 4 as a consequence, the geometry of the main aquifers. springs) in June 2005 (Fig. 1c). The Variscan basement outcrops in the westernmost part Water samples were collected from pumped
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