DOCSLIB.ORG

The American Mathematical Society

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The American Mathematical Society AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY V OLUME 8 , NUMBER 2 ISSUE NO. 5 3 APRIL 1961 THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Edited by GORDON L. WALKER CONTENTS MEETINGS Calendar of Meetings . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . • . • • • . • • • • • • • 84 Program of the April Meeting in New York . • • • . • . • • • . • • • . • . • . • . 85 Abstracts for the Meeting- pages 139-155 Program of the April Meeting in Chicago • . • • • • • • • • . • • . • • . • . • • • • 94 Abstracts for the Meeting- pages 156-165 Program of the April Meeting in Stanford • • • • . • • • • . • • . • • • • • • . • • 98 Abstracts for the Meeting - pages 166-173 PRELIMINARY ANNOUNCEMENT OF MEETINGS • • • • • • • • . • • • • . • . • • • . 101 ACTIVITIES OF OTHER ASSOCIATIONS • • • • . • • • • • • • . • . • • . • • • . • • • • • . 102 NEWS AND COMMENT FROM THE CONFERENCE BOARD OF THE MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES • • • • • • • • • . • • • . • • • . • • . • • . • • 103 MATHEMATICS IN TRANSLATION • . • • • . • . • • . • • • • • • . • • • • . • • • • • . • 111 THE PROPOSED DOCTOR OF ARTS DEGREE - B.y E. E. Moise • • • • • • • • • • • • 112 RUSSIAN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY OF MATHEMATICAL TERMS........ • • • • 116 REPORT ON RECIPROCITY AGREEMENTS. • . • . • • • • • . • . • • • • • . • • • • • 119 NEWS ITEMS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS , , •• , , , •••••••••• , ••• 115,137,155,125 PERSONAL ITEMS • • . • • • . • • . • . • • • • • . • • • • • . • . • • • • . • . • . • . 127 ERRATA. • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • . • . • . • . • • . • . • • • . • • . • . • • • • • • 132,130 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR ••••••...••...••••••. , ••..••••••••••. 131 NEW PUBLICATIONS ..•••.•••.••••••••••.•.••••.••••..••••••• 133 SUPPLEMENTARY PROGRAM -No. 3 • . • • . • . • . • . • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • 138 ABSTRACTS OF CONTRIBUTED PAPERS . • . • . • . • . • . • . • • • . • • • . • • 139 INDEX OF ADVERTISERS •..••••••.•••.•••.•.•••.•••.•.•.•••••• 190 RESERVATION FORM •••.•••.•.•..••.••.••.•.•••••.•••••••.•. 191 MEETINGS CALENDAR OF MEETINGS Note: This Calendar lists all of the meetings which have been approved by the Council up to the date at which this issue of the NOTICES was sent to press. The summer and annual meetings are joint meetings of the Mathematical Association of America and the American Mathematical Society. The meeting dates which fall rather far in the future are subject to change. This is particularly true of the meetings to which no numbers have yet been assigned. Meet­ Deadline ing Date Place for No. Abstracts* 581 June 13-16, 1961 Seattle, Washington April 28 582 August 29 - September 1, 1961 (66th Summer Meeting) Stillwater, Oklahoma July 14 583 October 28, 1961 Cambridge, Massachusetts Sept. 14 584 November 17-18, 1961 Milwaukee, Wisconsin Oct. 3 585 November 17-18, 1961 Gainesville, Florida Oct. 3 586 November 18, 1961 Santa Barbara, California Oct. 3 January, 1962 Cincinnati, Ohio (68th Annual Meeting) August, 1962 Vancouver, British Columbia (67th Summer Meeting) January, 1963 Berkeley, California (69th Annual Meeting) August, 1963 Boulder, Colorado (68th Summer Meeting) * The abstracts of papers to be presented in person at the meetings must be received in the Head· guarters Offices of the Society in Providence, Rhode Island, on or before these deadlines. The dead­ lines also apply to news items. The next two deadline dates for by title abstracts are April 21 and July 7. The NOTICES of the American Mathematical Society is published by the Society seven times a year, in February, April, June, August, October, November, and December. Price per annual vol­ ume is $7 .00. Price per copy, $2.00. Special price for copies sold at registration desks of meetings of the Society, $1.00 per copy. Subscriptions, orders for back numbers (none available before 1958), and inquiries should be addressed to the American Mathematical Society, 13 50 Main Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, or to 190 Hope Street, Providence 6, Rhode Island. Second-class postage paid at Ann Arbor, Michigan. Authorization is granted under the author­ ity of the act of August 24, 1912, as amended by the act of August 4, 1947 (Sec. 34.21, P. L. and R.). Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in section 34.40, paragraph (d). Copyright© 1961 by the American Mathematical Society Printed in the United States of America 84 Five Hundred Seventy-Eighth Meeting Hotel New Yorker New York, New York April 5 - 8, 1961 PROGRAM The five hundred seventy-eighth address the Society on "Homotopy groups" meeting of the American Mathematical at 2:00 P.M. on Saturday in the Grand Ball­ Society will be held on Wednesdaythrough room. Saturday, April 5-8, 1961 at the Hotel New There will be sessions for contri­ Yorker. All sessions will be held in public buted papers on Friday afternoon and on rooms of the hotel. Saturday morning and afternoon, including Two symposia will be held in con­ provision for a limited number oflate pa­ junction with the meeting. A symposium on pers. Abstracts of papers listed on this Mathematical Problems in the Biological program appear on pages 139 to 155 of Sciences will be held during the morning these NOTICES (or, exceptionally, in a and afternoon on Wednesday, Thursday, subsequent issue). There are cross refer­ and Friday. This is another in the series ences to the abstracts in the program. For of Symposia in Applied Mathematics spon­ example, the number ( 578- 5) following sored by the Office of Ordnance Research the title to appear ( 1) in the program indi­ and is sponsored also by the National Sci­ cates that its abstract is so designated ence Foundation. The Invitations and Steer­ among the published abstracts. ing Committee includes Dr. S. M. Ulam, The Council will meet at 5:00 P.M. Chairman, Dr. R. E. Bellman, Secretary, on Friday in Parlor C. Dinner has been Professor Anthony Bartholomay, Dr. John arranged during the intermission in the Jacquez, Professor Theodore Puck, and meeting. Professor C. E. Shannon. A Symposium on Recursive Func­ REGISTRATION tion Theory, with financial support from The registration desk will be open project FOCUS of the Institute for Defense from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. each day of Analyses, will be held on Thursday morn­ the meeting except Saturday, when it will ing and afternoon and Friday morning. The close at 3:00P.M. On Wednesday only, the symposium is under the auspices of the desk will be located on the mezzanine op­ Association for Symbolic Logic and of the posite the elevators. During the remainder Association for Computing Machinery as of the meeting it will be located in the well as of this Society. The Organizing Ballroom Foyer on the secondfloor. Committee consists of Professor S. C. Kleene, Chairman, Professor J, c_ E •. EXHIBITS Dekker, Professor John McCarthy, Pro­ fessor J. B. Rosser, and Professor J. R. There will be a number of exhibits, Shoenfield. of both books and computing machines, on By invitation of the Committee to view on the mezzanine on Thursday, Fri­ Select Hour Speakers for Eastern Sec­ day and Saturday. tional Meetings, Professor Jacob Wolfo­ witz of Cornell University will address THE HOTEL the Society on "Coding theorems of infor­ The New Yorker is the official head­ mation theory" at 2:00 P. M. on Friday in quarters hotel. Persons desiring to stay the Grand Ballroom. there should communicate directly with the By invitation of the same Commit­ hotel. On page 191 there is a table of room tee, Professor Daniel M. Kan of the rates and a reservation blank, It is im­ Massachusetts Institute of Technology will portant to the Society with respect to future 85 hotel meetings that the reservation blank block west and oneblocknorthofthePenn­ be used so that the Society will get credit sylvania Station, from which there is a tun­ for having generated the reservatioJl•• nel direct. The hotel is on the 8th Avenue line of the Independent Subway, at the 34th MAIL AND TELEGRAMS Street or Pennsylvania Station stop. The Correspondence for those known to hotel can be reached by walking under­ be registered at the Hotel New Yorker may ground from the 34th Street station of the be sent there directly. The mailing address IR T subway. The hotel is one block east is Hotel New Yorker, 34th Street and 8th from the 34th Street exit of the Lincoln Avenue, New York 1, New York. Mail and Tunnel and is less thanhalfablockwest of telegrams for others attending the meeting the Greyhound Bus Terminal. Airline ser­ may be sent in care of the American Math­ vice into LaGuardia and Idlewild airports ematical Society at the hotel. is served by the West Side Terminal, eight blocks north and two blocks west of the New Yorker, which is somewhat nearer to TRANSPORTATION the hotel than the East Side Terminal ls. The Hotel New Yorker is on the The hotel has its own garage, which adver­ corner of 34th Street and 8th Avenue, one tises reasonable rates. PROGRAM OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS IN THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES WEDNESDAY, 9:ZO A.M. First Session: Role of information theory, nervous systems and computers Terrace Room, off Main Lobby Chairman: Professor Arthur W. Burks, University of Michigan Discussion Leader: Professor Norbert Wiener, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 9:ZO Symposium convenes 9:30 - lO:ZO Mathematical models in the behavior of the central nervous sys­ tem Professor Herbert D. Landahl, Committee on Mathematical Biology, University of Chicago 10:30 - ll:ZO Machine models of self-reproduction Dr. Edward F. Moore, Bell Telephone Laboratories ll:30 - lZ:ZO Mathematical problems in heuristic programming Professor Marvin L. Minsky, Massachusetts
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Problem Statement 1
    DATA BASE LEGISLATION IN THE DIGITAL AGE: BALANCING THE PUBLIC GOOD AND THE OWNERS' RIGHTS By Lynn M. Kennedy A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Communication, Information and Library Studies Written under the direction of Montague Kern, Ph. D. and approved by ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey May 2013 Abstract of the Dissertation DATA BASE LEGISLATION IN THE DIGITAL AGE: BALANCING THE PUBLIC GOOD AND THE OWNERS' RIGHTS By Lynn M. Kennedy Dissertation Director: Montague Kern, Ph. D. This dissertation is a study of the impact of federal legislative proposals considered between 1997 and 2004 that offer protection to databases. It investigates the effect that the proposals had on the balance between the economic interests of owners and the right of the public to unfettered access to information. This identified legislation included proposed amendments to copyright law and laws that were proposed to specifically protect databases via misappropriation or unfair trade practices. The legislative proposals originated in the U.S House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary and Commerce Committee. ii The study identifies approaches to protection proposed by different constituent groups. For this work, witnesses testifying at Congressional hearings are categorized and associations are made between these categories and positions on the bills, views of the issue, and potential solutions are presented. The testimonies are analyzed by extracting the witnesses‘ descriptions of the issue, the source of the issue and recommended policy solutions.
    [Show full text]
  • January, 1971 Vol
    SCIENCE &S!gCHNOLOGY , ESEiS irSll JliL ! 5 January, 1971 Vol. 20, No.1 CD Computer Chooses Carnations ~---------~~---------- PER I ODIC ALS SEC 1263 399045 ...................... 01 0 4 1 80 W SAN CARLO S ST *0 1271 S AN J OSE CA 95113 Now. A monolithic memory lets you forget stop-and-go keypunching. IBM announces a keypunch that isn't stop-and­ The U9's monolithic memory will store up to six different go. It's another reason we're the company behind card formats so your operators can change them easily the computer. without interrupting their work flow. We have a keypunch that's designed to help your people Exclusive options: An "accumulate" feature will total become more productive. selected card fields. Another feature provides a count of It's called the IBM 129 Card Data Recorder. keystrokes and cards. It comes in models that both punch and verify cards. It has all these new advantages. Yet it has the same And it lets your operators key data into a monolithic familiar keyboard. So your operators won't have to be memory that serves as a buffer before the cards are punched. retrained to use it. What does this new technology mean to you? We believe our job is to help you get the most out of your It means that your operators can key data continuollsly. computer. Even while another card is being punched and stacked. And that is another reason we're the company behind It means that thev can make corrections before a card is the computer.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Theory, Evolution, and the Origin of Life
    Information theory, evolution, and the origin of life HUBERT P. YOCKEY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CA\15RIDG£ \J);IVE;<SITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473• USA wv1rw.cambridge.org Information on this tide: www.cambridge.org/978opu69585 © Hubert P. Yockey 2005 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2005 Reprinred 2006 First paperback edition 2010 A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Yockey, Hubert P. Information theory, evolution, and the origin of life I Huberr P. Yockey. p. em. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) . ISS� 0·521·80293-8 (hardback: alk. paper) r. Molecular biology. 2. Information theory in biology. 3· Evolution (Biology) 4· Life-Origin. r. Title. QHso6.Y634 2004 572.8 dc22 2004054518 ISBN 978-0·)21-80293-2 Hardback ISBN 978-0-52H6958-5 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for rhe persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information theory, evolution, and the origin of life Information TheOI)\ Evolution, and the Origin of Life presents a timely introduction to the use of information theory and coding theory in molecular biology.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Attempt to Prove the Jacobian Conjecture of Ott-Heinrich Keller
    A New Attempt to Prove The Jacobian Conjecture of Ott-Heinrich Keller Ends The Markus-Yamabe Conjecture Instead MYC 1960–1995 Killed by Serendipity! R. I. P. Gary H. Meisters http://www.math.unl.edu/ gmeister/ ∼ October 1996 1 NOTATION x1 x2 Cn x = denotes a column vector in . . xn x1 x 2 diag(x) := · · · xn 1 1 Define 1 := , so that diag(x)1 = x. . . 1 2 Keller’s Jacobian Conjecture (1939) n n Does F : C C polynomial & detF 0(x) 1 F is bijective→ with polynomial inverse ?≡ ⇒ Ott-Heinrich Keller [1906–1990] REDUCTIONS: It suffices to prove 1. injectivity of F [Bia lynicki-Birula &Rosenlicht (1962); and Rudin (1995)] 2. for cubic-homogeneous maps F (x) := x H(x) with H(tx)= t3H(x) − [Yagzhev; Bass,Connell&Wright(c.1980)] 3. or merely for cubic-linear maps FA(x) := x HA(x) where − 3 2 HA(x) := [diag(Ax)] 1 = [diag(Ax)] Ax, for some n n matrix A. [Dru˙zkowski (1983)] × Dfn: Call matrix A admissible if detF 0 (x) 1. A ≡ Dfn: Call matrix A good if FA is injective. Theorem: Injectivity of F detF 0(x) 1. In particular, every good matrix⇒ is admissible≡ . Proof: I = x 0 =[G(F (x))] 0 = G 0(F (x))F 0(x). So det I =1=det G 0(F (x))det F 0(x). 2 JC is converse: Is every admissible matrix good ? 3 The Markus-Yamabe Conjecture on Global Asymptotic Stability If 1 map f : Rn Rn has a fixed point at the origin, C → f(0) = 0, and if its Jacobian matrix f 0(x) is stable x Rn, then0isa global attractor of the system ∀ ∈ dx dt = f(x).
    [Show full text]
  • Open Source Bioinformatics:The Intersectionbetween Formal Intellectual Property Laws and User Generated Laws in the Scientific Research Commons
    OPEN SOURCE BIOINFORMATICS:THE INTERSECTION BETWEEN FORMAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWS AND USER GENERATED LAWS IN THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COMMONS Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Law at the University of Tasmania for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by James Scheibner, BComp-LLB (Hons), Grad Cert Research Centre for Law and Genetics,University of Tasmania November 2018 99,950 Words Declaration of Originality This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University of Tasmania or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in this thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of this thesis, nor does the thesis contain any material which infringes copyright Authority of Access This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copyright and communication in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Statement of Ethical Conduct The research associated with this thesis abides the international and Australian cods on human and animal experimentation, the guidelines by the Australian Government’s Office of the Gene Technology Regulator and the rulings of the Safety, Ethics and Institutional Biosafety Committees of the University. DATE OF SUBMISSION 26 November 2018 SIGNED DATE - JAMES KEVIN SCHEIBNER i Open Source Bioinformatics: The Intersection between Formal Intellectual Property Laws and User Generated Laws in the Scientific Research Commons This thesis examines the interplay between national copyright and patent laws, and informal user generated norms in the governance of open source bioinformatics projects.
    [Show full text]
  • Cancer Letter May 16 1997
    Vol. 23 No. 19 May 16, 1997 © Copyright 1997 The Cancer Letter Inc. All rights reserved. Price $265 Per Year US $285 Per Year Elsewhere Senators Urge Grassroots Support For Health Research Fund Legislation Senators Arlen Specter (R-PA) and Tom Harkin (D-IA) last week urged cancer researchers and patient advocates to generate grassroots support for legislation that would institute a 1 percent surcharge on Professional Societies: insurance premiums and channel these new funds to medical research. ASCO Opposes FDA The bill to create the National Fund for Health Research (S. 441), On Stem Cell introduced by Specter and Harkin, seeks to raise as much as $6 billion Transplant Regs annually for NIH, of which about $1.1 billion, would go to NCI, the . Page 4 bill’s sponsors say. The two senators requested grassroots support for the trust fund at (Continued to page 2) Haylock, Krebs Lead Oncology Nurses In Brief . Page 5 Baltimore Named President, Caltech; Watson, Weinberg, Win National Medals of Science DAVID BALTIMORE has been appointed president of the NCI Programs: California Institute of Technology. Baltimore, professor at the Institute Partners Massachusetts Institute of Technology, will assume the post this fall, With Two Groups according to a statement by the Caltech Board of Trustees. Baltimore On Psychosocial Issues succeeds Thomas Everhart, who has been president for the past 10 years. Page 6 Baltimore, who received a Nobel Prize in 1975 for his work in virology, was founding director of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research at MIT from 1982 to 1990, and president of Rockefeller University, until he was forced to resign in 1991 after defending a colleague, Theresa ORI Finds Hopkins Imanishi-Kari, from allegations of scientific fraud.
    [Show full text]
  • THE MANY STEPS and EVOLUTION in the DEVELOPMENT of COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY TECHNOLOGY and IMAGING METHODS, the QUEST for ENHANCED VISIBILITY the First Fifty Years
    MEDICAL PHYSICS INTERNATIONAL Journal, Special Issue, History of Medical Physics 4, 2020 THE MANY STEPS AND EVOLUTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY TECHNOLOGY AND IMAGING METHODS, THE QUEST FOR ENHANCED VISIBILITY The First Fifty Years Perry Sprawls Emory University and Sprawls Educational Foundation, www.sprawls.org. USA • Abstract— Computed Tomography (CT) is considered the second most significant contribution of physics and technology to medicine following Roentgen’s discovery and introduction of x-ray imaging, radiography. CT is an x-ray imaging process but greatly extends the scope of structures, functions, and conditions within a human body that can be visualized for medical diagnosis. Compared to radiography CT provides two major advantages, It is a tomographic method that provides close viewing (within millimeters) of objects and locations within a human body without interference from overlying body sections. The second value is its high contrast sensitivity, the ability to produce visible contrast among different soft tissues, even when enclosed within a dense bony skull. The production of CT images is a sequence of two distinct phases. The first is scanning an x-ray beam around a patient body and measuring the total attenuation along different pathways through the slice of tissue that is to be imaged. This produces a data set consisting of large number (1000s) of measurements. The second phase is a mathematical process of calculating, generally referred to as “reconstructing” a digital image from the acquired data set. Allan Cormack, a physicist, first developed a mathematical process for calculating the distribution of x-ray attenuation values throughout a simulated body section.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Days of CT: Innovations (Both Good and Bad)
    Early Days of CT: Innovations (Both Good and Bad) Robert G. Gould Department of Radiology University of California San Francisco The Names: An Incomplete List • Johann Karl August Radon 1887‐1956 • William Henry Oldendorf 1925‐1992 • Allan McLeod Cormack 1919‐2004 • Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield 1919‐2004 • Robert Ledley 1924‐ Sir Godfrey Hounsfield • Elected to Royal Society 1975 • Nobel prize 1979 shared with Allan Cormack 1919‐2004 EMI Head Scanner First clinical image (Atkinson‐ Morley Hospital London EMI Head Scanner Dose information 1972 sales brochure EMI Head Scanner Geometry: Translate rotate, pencil beam Scan time: 4.5‐20 min Rotation Angle: 1° Number of views: 180 Samples per view: 160 Total samples: 28,800 Matrix: 80 x 80 FOV: 23.5 cm Pixel size: 3 x 3 mm Slice thickness: 13 mm or 8 mm X‐ray tube: Fixed anode Technique Factors: 100 (40), 120 (32), 140 (27) [ KVp (mA)] X‐Ray Controls Detectors: NaI‐PMT Cost: ~$350,000 Question: What machine was the first multislice CT? Answer: EMI head scanner! It had 2 detectors along the Z‐axis. EMI Head Scanner • ‘Print out scale’ + 500 First truly digital device in radiology 1972 sales brochure EMI Head Scanner 1972 sales brochure EMI: Rise and Fall 1971: Prototype head scanner installed at Atkinson Morley Hospital 1972: First clinical results presented by James Ambrose, MD on 70 patients 1973: Clinical production, two units installed in the US at Mayo Clinic and at MGH 1974: ACTA whole body scanner installed 1975: 3rd generation machines installed 1975: 10 companies now make CT scanners including
    [Show full text]
  • History and Epistemology of M Olecular Biology and Beyond
    M A X - P L A N C K - I N S T I T U T F Ü R W I S S E N S C H A F T S G E S C H I C H T E M ax Pl anc k Ins t i tut e for the His tory of Sc i enc e 2 0 0 6 P R E P R I N T 3 1 0 W o r k s h o p H i s t o r y and Ep i s t e m o logy of M o lecu la r B i o logy and Beyond : P r ob le m s and Pe r spec t i ves Collecting and Experimenting: The Moral Economies of Biological Research, 1960s-1980s. Bruno J. Strasser I. Introduction Experimentation is often singled out as the most distinctive feature of modern science. Our very idea of modern science, that we trace back to the Scientific Revolution, gives a central place to this particular way of producing knowledge. The current epistemic, social and cultural authority of science rests largely on the possibility of experimentation in the laboratory. The history of the sciences over the last four centuries reminds us that experimentation has only been one out of many ways in which scientific knowledge has been produced. However, by most accounts, experimentation has progressively come to dominate all the others, in most fields of science, from high energy physics to molecular biology. In the life sciences, the rise of experimentalism has been cast against the natural history tradition, leading to its progressive demise.
    [Show full text]
  • Computed Tomography: an Overview
    Computed Tomography: An Overview CLRS 408: Introduction to CT Rebecca Keith, MS, RT(R)(CT) Outline: 1. Meaning 2. Process 3. How CT Scanners Work 4. Historical Perspective 5. Digital Image Processing 6. Applications of Volume Scanning CT is a Key Diagnostic and Imaging Tool Cross-sectional imaging Cancer treatment planning Trauma / Emergency Vascular imaging Cardiology ‘Fusion’ imaging 1 In the beginning, there was Radiography … Discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895 ◦ 2D photo of a 3D structure ◦ Great for internal anatomy X-ray tube Image receptor (IR) Limitations of Radiography ◦Superimposed anatomic structures ◦Hard to differentiate similar tissues (poor contrast resolution) ◦Not quantitative Tomography “Process of recording a section” ◦ Body Section Radiography and Stratigraphy 1920s ◦ Tomography - 1935 Uses motion of x-ray tube and IR to blur out structures above & below level set by technologist ◦ Contrast resolution better than radiography but not as good as CT imaging ◦ Limited use today ◦ Nephrotomograms ◦ Digital Tomosynthesis (breast, chest, bone) 2 Conventional Tomography Beginning of exposure End of exposure Anatomy at this level will appear sharp on radiograph ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Anatomy above and below will be blurred End of exposure Beginning of exposure Simulation Patient with Right Flank Pain ◦Radiography order of KUB (Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder) ◦Radiopague structure seen overlying right transverse process of L3 and psoas muscle ◦Stone in the kidney? Ureter? Artifact from GI tract? ◦Poor Contrast Resolution
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Computed Tomography
    Case Histories of Significant Medical Advances: Development of Computed Tomography Amar Bhidé Srikant Datar Katherine Stebbins Working Paper 20-004 Case Histories of Significant Medical Advances: Development of Computed Tomography Amar Bhidé Harvard Business School Srikant Datar Harvard Business School Katherine Stebbins Harvard Business School Working Paper 20-004 Copyright © 2019, 2020, 2021 by Amar Bhidé and Srikant Datar Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Case Histories of Significant Medical Advances Development of Computed Tomography Amar Bhidé, Harvard Business School Srikant Datar, Harvard Business School Katherine Stebbins, Harvard Business School Abstract: We describe how Computed Tomography (CT) scanners - that combine x-rays and computers to image soft tissues of the brain and other organs -- have become a widely used diagnostic tool. Specifically, we chronicle the: 1) the initial development of CT technology and markets (in the 1960s and 1970s); 2) Broadening of uses and users (in the 1980s); and 3) introduction and adoption of combination scanners (in the 1990s). Note: This case history, like the others in this series, is included in a list compiled by Victor Fuchs and Harold Sox (2001) of technologies produced (or significantly advanced) between 1975 and 2000 that internists in the United States said had had a major impact on patient care. The case histories focus on advances in the 20th century (i.e., before this millennium) in the United States, Europe, and Japan -- to the degree information was available to the researchers.
    [Show full text]
  • Medical Informatics Defined
    Medical Informatics Defined http://prezi.com/cgtbsvhuzzyt/copy-of-the-history-of-health-informatics/ 15 Intriguing Facts About the History of Informatics http://mastersinhealthinformatics.com/2011/15-intriguing-facts-about-the-history-of-informatics/ 1. The first computer is widely considered to be the Abacus. However, an interesting bronze construction, with a crank, might actually be a computer of sorts. It’s called the Antikythera Mechanism, and it was dated to as far back as 100 B.C. There is speculation that it might have provided mechanical (albeit analog) computation. 15 Intriguing Facts About the History of Informatics http://mastersinhealthinformatics.com/2011/15-intriguing-facts-about-the-history-of-informatics/ 2. The first modern computer is credited to John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. The first electronic-digital computer was built sometime between 1939 and 1942. It was a collaboration between professor Atanasoff and his graduate student, Berry, at Iowa State university. 15 Intriguing Facts About the History of Informatics http://mastersinhealthinformatics.com/2011/15-intriguing-facts-about-the-history-of-informatics/ 3. The first professional informatics organization was started in 1949 — even before computers gained widespread acceptance (although computers did exist). Gustav Wagner founded a professional organization in Germany, and from there it spread. 4. Countries that first embraced specialized training for informatics included Germany, France, Belgium and The Netherlands. These specialized informatics training programs became popular during the 1960s. 5. Health care informatics started out with a variety of different names. Some of these names included medical computing (which is still used today), computer medicine, medical electronic data processing, medical information science, and medical automatic data processing.
    [Show full text]