Information Theory, Evolution, and the Origin of Life
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A Timeline of Significant Events in the Development of North American Mammalogy
SpecialSpecial PublicationsPublications MuseumMuseum ofof TexasTexas TechTech UniversityUniversity NumberNumber xx66 21 Novemberxx XXXX 20102017 A Timeline of SignificantTitle Events in the Development of North American Mammalogy Molecular Biology Structural Biology Biochemistry Microbiology Genomics Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Computer Science Statistics Physical Chemistry Information Technology Mathematics David J. Schmidly, Robert D. Bradley, Lisa C. Bradley, and Richard D. Stevens Front cover: This figure depicts a chronological presentation of some of the significant events, technological breakthroughs, and iconic personalities in the history of North American mammalogy. Red lines and arrows depict the chronological flow (i.e., top row – read left to right, middle row – read right to left, and third row – read left to right). See text and tables for expanded interpretation of the importance of each person or event. Top row: The first three panels (from left) are associated with the time period entitled “The Emergence Phase (16th‒18th Centuries)” – Mark Catesby’s 1748 map of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands, Thomas Jefferson, and Charles Willson Peale; the next two panels represent “The Discovery Phase (19th Century)” – Spencer Fullerton Baird and C. Hart Merriam. Middle row: The first two panels (from right) represent “The Natural History Phase (1901‒1960)” – Joseph Grinnell and E. Raymond Hall; the next three panels (from right) depict “The Theoretical and Technological Phase (1961‒2000)” – illustration of Robert H. MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson’s theory of island biogeography, karyogram depicting g-banded chromosomes, and photograph of electrophoretic mobility of proteins from an allozyme analysis. Bottom row: These four panels (from left) represent the “Big Data Phase (2001‒present)” – chromatogram illustrating a DNA sequence, bioinformatics and computational biology, phylogenetic tree of mammals, and storage banks for a supercomputer. -
Karl Jordan: a Life in Systematics
AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Kristin Renee Johnson for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History of SciencePresented on July 21, 2003. Title: Karl Jordan: A Life in Systematics Abstract approved: Paul Lawrence Farber Karl Jordan (1861-1959) was an extraordinarily productive entomologist who influenced the development of systematics, entomology, and naturalists' theoretical framework as well as their practice. He has been a figure in existing accounts of the naturalist tradition between 1890 and 1940 that have defended the relative contribution of naturalists to the modem evolutionary synthesis. These accounts, while useful, have primarily examined the natural history of the period in view of how it led to developments in the 193 Os and 40s, removing pre-Synthesis naturalists like Jordan from their research programs, institutional contexts, and disciplinary homes, for the sake of synthesis narratives. This dissertation redresses this picture by examining a naturalist, who, although often cited as important in the synthesis, is more accurately viewed as a man working on the problems of an earlier period. This study examines the specific problems that concerned Jordan, as well as the dynamic institutional, international, theoretical and methodological context of entomology and natural history during his lifetime. It focuses upon how the context in which natural history has been done changed greatly during Jordan's life time, and discusses the role of these changes in both placing naturalists on the defensive among an array of new disciplines and attitudes in science, and providing them with new tools and justifications for doing natural history. One of the primary intents of this study is to demonstrate the many different motives and conditions through which naturalists came to and worked in natural history. -
The 2 Fundamental Questions: Linneaus and Kirchner
2/1/2011 The 2 fundamental questions: y Has evolution taken pp,lace, and if so, what is the Section 4 evidence? Professor Donald McFarlane y If evolution has taken place, what is the mechanism by which it works? Lecture 2 Evolutionary Ideas Evidence for evolution before Darwin Golden Age of Exploration y Magellan’s voyage –1519 y John Ray –University of y Antonius von Leeuwenhoek ‐ microbes –1683 Cambridge (England) y “Catalog of Cambridge Plants” – 1660 –lists 626 species y 1686 –John Ray listing thousands of plant species! y In 1678, Francis Willoughby publishes “Ornithology” Linneaus and Kirchner Athenasius Kircher ~ 1675 –Noah’s ark Carl Linneaus – Sistema Naturae ‐ 1735 Ark too small!! Uses a ‘phenetic” classification – implies a phylogenetic relationship! 300 x 50 x 30 cubits ~ 135 x 20 x 13 m 1 2/1/2011 y Georges Cuvier 1769‐ 1832 y “Fixity of Species” Evidence for Evolution –prior to 1830 • Enormous diversity of life –WHY ??? JBS Haldane " The Creator, if He exists, has "an inordinate fondness for beetles" ". Evidence for Evolution –prior to 1830 Evidence for Evolution –prior to 1830 y The discovery of variation. y Comparative Anatomy. Pentadactyl limbs Evidence for Evolution –prior to Evidence for Evolution –prior to 1830 1830 y Fossils – homologies with living species y Vestigal structures Pentadactyl limbs !! 2 2/1/2011 Evidence for Evolution –prior to 1830 Evidence for Evolution –prior to 1830 y Invariance of the fossil sequence y Plant and animal breeding JBS Haldane: “I will give up my belief in evolution if someone finds a fossil rabbit in the Precambrian.” Charles Darwin Jean Baptiste Lamark y 1744‐1829 y 1809 –1882 y Organisms have the ability to adapt to their y Voyage of Beagle 1831 ‐ 1836 environments over the course of their lives. -
Problem Statement 1
DATA BASE LEGISLATION IN THE DIGITAL AGE: BALANCING THE PUBLIC GOOD AND THE OWNERS' RIGHTS By Lynn M. Kennedy A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Communication, Information and Library Studies Written under the direction of Montague Kern, Ph. D. and approved by ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey May 2013 Abstract of the Dissertation DATA BASE LEGISLATION IN THE DIGITAL AGE: BALANCING THE PUBLIC GOOD AND THE OWNERS' RIGHTS By Lynn M. Kennedy Dissertation Director: Montague Kern, Ph. D. This dissertation is a study of the impact of federal legislative proposals considered between 1997 and 2004 that offer protection to databases. It investigates the effect that the proposals had on the balance between the economic interests of owners and the right of the public to unfettered access to information. This identified legislation included proposed amendments to copyright law and laws that were proposed to specifically protect databases via misappropriation or unfair trade practices. The legislative proposals originated in the U.S House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary and Commerce Committee. ii The study identifies approaches to protection proposed by different constituent groups. For this work, witnesses testifying at Congressional hearings are categorized and associations are made between these categories and positions on the bills, views of the issue, and potential solutions are presented. The testimonies are analyzed by extracting the witnesses‘ descriptions of the issue, the source of the issue and recommended policy solutions. -
January, 1971 Vol
SCIENCE &S!gCHNOLOGY , ESEiS irSll JliL ! 5 January, 1971 Vol. 20, No.1 CD Computer Chooses Carnations ~---------~~---------- PER I ODIC ALS SEC 1263 399045 ...................... 01 0 4 1 80 W SAN CARLO S ST *0 1271 S AN J OSE CA 95113 Now. A monolithic memory lets you forget stop-and-go keypunching. IBM announces a keypunch that isn't stop-and The U9's monolithic memory will store up to six different go. It's another reason we're the company behind card formats so your operators can change them easily the computer. without interrupting their work flow. We have a keypunch that's designed to help your people Exclusive options: An "accumulate" feature will total become more productive. selected card fields. Another feature provides a count of It's called the IBM 129 Card Data Recorder. keystrokes and cards. It comes in models that both punch and verify cards. It has all these new advantages. Yet it has the same And it lets your operators key data into a monolithic familiar keyboard. So your operators won't have to be memory that serves as a buffer before the cards are punched. retrained to use it. What does this new technology mean to you? We believe our job is to help you get the most out of your It means that your operators can key data continuollsly. computer. Even while another card is being punched and stacked. And that is another reason we're the company behind It means that thev can make corrections before a card is the computer. -
Tempo and Mode in Evolution WALTER M
Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 91, pp. 6717-6720, July 1994 Colloquium Paper This paper was presented at a colloquium entiled "Tempo and Mode in Evoluton" organized by Walter M. Fitch and Francisco J. Ayala, held Januwy 27-29, 1994, by the National Academy of Sciences, in Irvine, CA. Tempo and mode in evolution WALTER M. FITCH AND FRANCISCO J. AYALA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92717 George Gaylord Simpson said in his classic Tempo andMode The conflict between Mendelians and biometricians was in Evolution (1) that paleontologists enjoy special advantages resolved between 1918 and 1931 by the work ofR. A. Fisher over geneticists on two evolutionary topics. One general and J. B. S. Haldane in England, Sewall Wright in the United topic, suggested by the word "tempo," has to do with States, and S. S. Chetverikov in Russia. Independently of "evolutionary rates. ., their acceleration and deceleration, each other, these authors proposed theoretical models of the conditions ofexceptionally slow or rapid evolutions, and evolutionary processes which integrate Mendelian inheri- phenomena suggestive of inertia and momentum." A group tance, natural selection, and biometrical knowledge. of related problems, implied by the word "mode," involves The work of these authors, however, had a limited impact "the study of the way, manner, or pattern of evolution, a on the biology of the time, because it was formulated in study in which tempo is a basic factor, but which embraces difficult mathematical language and because it was largely considerably more than tempo" (pp. xvii-xviii). theoretical with little empirical support. -
The Beginnings of Vertebrate Paleontology in North America Author(S): George Gaylord Simpson Source: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol
The Beginnings of Vertebrate Paleontology in North America Author(s): George Gaylord Simpson Source: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 86, No. 1, Symposium on the Early History of Science and Learning in America (Sep. 25, 1942), pp. 130-188 Published by: American Philosophical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/985085 . Accessed: 29/09/2013 21:55 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Philosophical Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 150.135.114.183 on Sun, 29 Sep 2013 21:55:20 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE BEGINNINGS OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY IN NORTH AMERICA GEORGE GAYLORD SIMPSON Associate Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History (Read February14, 1942, in Symposiumon theEarly Historyof Science and Learning in America) CONTENTS siderablevariety of vertebratefossils had been foundin before1846, the accepteddate of that dis- 132 the far West First Glimpses.... ......................... covery. Amongthem were findsby Lewis and Clark in Longueuil,1739, to Croghan,1766 ......... ........ 135 1804-1806,a good mosasaurskeleton from South Dakota, Identifyingthe Vast Mahmot.................... -
Pregenomic and Genomic Effects of 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2015 Pregenomic and Genomic Effects of 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Yang Zhang Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Commons, Food Science Commons, and the Nutrition Commons Recommended Citation Zhang, Yang, "Pregenomic and Genomic Effects of 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3" (2015). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 4551. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4551 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PREGENOMIC AND GENOMIC EFFECTS OF 24,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 by Yang Zhang A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences Approved: ____________________ ____________________ Dr. Korry Hintze Dr. Heidi Wengreen Major Professor Committee Member ____________________ ____________________ Dr. Marie Walsh Dr. Mark R. McLellan Committee Member Dean of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2015 ii Copyright © Yang Zhang 2015 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Pregenomic and Genomic Effects of 24,25(OH)2D3 by Yang Zhang, Master of Science Utah State University, 2015 Major Professor: Dr. Korry Hintze Department: Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences Vitamin D is hydroxylated to form several active metabolites, of these, 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] is the most studied stimulatory product. It is now accepted that 1,25(OH)2D3 mediates its rapid actions on the control of phosphate homeostasis through its membrane receptor 1,25D3-MARRS (membrane associated rapid response steroid binding) protein. -
The American Museum of Natural History
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY EIGHTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT JULY, 1953, THROUGH JUNE, 1954 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY EIGHTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT JULY, 1953, THROUGH JUNE, 1954 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 1954 EIGHTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT To the Trustees of The American Museum of Natural History and to the Municipal Authorities of the City of New York THE Museum's fiscal year, which ended June 30, 1954, was a good one. As in our previous annual report, I believe we can fairly state that continuing progress is being made on our long-range plan for the Museum. The cooperative attitude of the scientific staff and of our other employees towards the program set forth by management has been largely responsible for what has been accomplished. The record of both the Endowment and Pension Funds during the past twelve months has been notably satisfactory. In a year of wide swings of optimism and pessimism in the security markets, the Finance Committee is pleased to report an increase in the market value of the Endowment Fund of $3,011,800 (87 per cent of which has been due to the over-all rise in prices and 13 per cent to new gifts). Common stocks held by the fund increased in value approximately 30 per cent in the year. The Pension Fund likewise continued to grow, reaching a valuation of $4,498,600, as compared to $4,024,100 at the end of the previous year. Yield at cost for the Endow- ment Fund as of July 1 stood at 4.97 per cent and for the Pension Fund at 3.74 per cent. -
Open Source Bioinformatics:The Intersectionbetween Formal Intellectual Property Laws and User Generated Laws in the Scientific Research Commons
OPEN SOURCE BIOINFORMATICS:THE INTERSECTION BETWEEN FORMAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWS AND USER GENERATED LAWS IN THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COMMONS Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Law at the University of Tasmania for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by James Scheibner, BComp-LLB (Hons), Grad Cert Research Centre for Law and Genetics,University of Tasmania November 2018 99,950 Words Declaration of Originality This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University of Tasmania or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in this thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of this thesis, nor does the thesis contain any material which infringes copyright Authority of Access This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copyright and communication in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Statement of Ethical Conduct The research associated with this thesis abides the international and Australian cods on human and animal experimentation, the guidelines by the Australian Government’s Office of the Gene Technology Regulator and the rulings of the Safety, Ethics and Institutional Biosafety Committees of the University. DATE OF SUBMISSION 26 November 2018 SIGNED DATE - JAMES KEVIN SCHEIBNER i Open Source Bioinformatics: The Intersection between Formal Intellectual Property Laws and User Generated Laws in the Scientific Research Commons This thesis examines the interplay between national copyright and patent laws, and informal user generated norms in the governance of open source bioinformatics projects. -
RNA Isolation
RNA Extraction – Basic Practical Knowledge Kis Enikő OKK-OSSKI PCR training course June 13-17, 2016 RNA • Only one strand – more vulnerable than two-stranded DNA. • Ribose-phosphate backbone • Uracil in place of thymine • Different RNA pool in the nucleolus, the nucleus or in the cytoplasm. • Complicated secondary and terciary structures for free energy minimalization. Nature of information one can obtain through cell RNA content investigation: • Gene expression-regulation information • Alternative spliced transcripts investigation • Gene fusion • Epigenetic regulation • Transpozone regulation Types of RNA in the Cell • Micro-RNA - miRNA: „ identification code” denotes mRNAs which are to be decoyed for the ribonuclease protein complex (22-24b) • Small interferring RNA – siRNA: post-transcriptional silencing and methylation of DNA target sites; heterochromatin formation (22-24b) • PIWI-interacting RNA – piRNA: in the cytoplasm they are RNA decomposers, while in the nucleus they draw DNA or histone methylation; they have a role in transposon mRNA breakdown (22-24b) • Transfer RNA – tRNA: amino acid transport to the ribosomes during protein biosynthesis (76-90b) • Small nucleolar RNA – snoRNA: rRNA maturation (around 100b) • Small nuclear ribonucleic acid – snRNA: mRNA maturation (around 150b) • Long non-coding RNA - lncRNA: transcription regulation (around200b) • Messenger RNA – mRNA: template for protein biosynthesis (1900-2200b) • Ribosomal RNA – rRNA: translation/protein synthesis (t.l. 7216b) mRNA : facts that must be taken into consideration: • Procaryotes: polycistronic – more proteins from the same mRNA: at the same time more ribosomal complexes work on the same, just maturated mRNA – which on the other end might simultaneously be decayed by a protein complex • Eucharyotes: the majority is monocistronic mRNA – one protein – one mRNA • mRNA presence in cells – gene expression analysis • Transcription is time-dependent and abundance of mRNA in a cell depends on protein necessity and stimulus. -
Cancer Letter May 16 1997
Vol. 23 No. 19 May 16, 1997 © Copyright 1997 The Cancer Letter Inc. All rights reserved. Price $265 Per Year US $285 Per Year Elsewhere Senators Urge Grassroots Support For Health Research Fund Legislation Senators Arlen Specter (R-PA) and Tom Harkin (D-IA) last week urged cancer researchers and patient advocates to generate grassroots support for legislation that would institute a 1 percent surcharge on Professional Societies: insurance premiums and channel these new funds to medical research. ASCO Opposes FDA The bill to create the National Fund for Health Research (S. 441), On Stem Cell introduced by Specter and Harkin, seeks to raise as much as $6 billion Transplant Regs annually for NIH, of which about $1.1 billion, would go to NCI, the . Page 4 bill’s sponsors say. The two senators requested grassroots support for the trust fund at (Continued to page 2) Haylock, Krebs Lead Oncology Nurses In Brief . Page 5 Baltimore Named President, Caltech; Watson, Weinberg, Win National Medals of Science DAVID BALTIMORE has been appointed president of the NCI Programs: California Institute of Technology. Baltimore, professor at the Institute Partners Massachusetts Institute of Technology, will assume the post this fall, With Two Groups according to a statement by the Caltech Board of Trustees. Baltimore On Psychosocial Issues succeeds Thomas Everhart, who has been president for the past 10 years. Page 6 Baltimore, who received a Nobel Prize in 1975 for his work in virology, was founding director of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research at MIT from 1982 to 1990, and president of Rockefeller University, until he was forced to resign in 1991 after defending a colleague, Theresa ORI Finds Hopkins Imanishi-Kari, from allegations of scientific fraud.