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Africa Ca. 6000 Bce–Ca. 1600 Ce Listen1 to Chapter 1 on Myhistorylab

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Africa Ca. 6000 Bce–Ca. 1600 Ce Listen1 to Chapter 1 on Myhistorylab CHAPTER Africa ca. 6000 bce–ca. 1600 ce Listen1 to Chapter 1 on MyHistoryLab LEARNING OBJECTIVES The ancestral homeland of most black Americans is West What are the geographical Africa. Other parts of Africa—Angola and East Africa—were caught up in the great characteristics of Africa? 1-1 Atlantic slave trade that carried Africans to the New World from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries. But West Africa was the center of the trade in human beings. Where and how did humans originate? 1-2 Knowing the history of West Africa therefore is important for understanding the people who became the first African Americans. Why are ancient African civilizations important? 1-3 That history, however, is best understood within the larger context of the history and geography of the African continent. This chapter begins, therefore, with a survey of the larger Why is West Africa significant for African- 1-4 context. It emphasizes aspects of a broader African experience that shaped life in West Africa American history? before the arrival of Europeans in that region. It then explores West Africa’s unique heritage and the facets of its culture that have influenced the lives of African Americans from the What did Kongo and Angola have in common 1-5 Diaspora—the original forced dispersal of Africans from their homeland—to the present. with West Africa? How did the legacies of West African society and 1-6 culture influence the way African Americans lived? West Africans were making iron tools long before Europeans arrived in Africa. 1 DESIGN SERVICES OF # 149128 Cust: Pearson Au: Hine Pg. No. 1 C/M/Y/K S4CARLISLE M01_HINE9067_05_SE_CH01.inddTitle: African Americans:1 A Concise History Server: PROJECTS Short / Normal Publishing Services 30/07/13 3:23 AM 2 CHAPTER 1 AFRICA A Huge and Diverse Land 1-1 What are the geographical characteristics of Africa? From north to south, Africa is divided into a succession of climatic zones (see Map 1–1). Except for a fertile strip along the Mediterranean coast and the agriculturally rich Nile River valley, most of the northern third of the continent consists of the Sahara Desert. For thousands of years, the Sahara limited contact between the rest of Africa—known as sub-Saharan Africa—and the Mediterranean coast, Europe, and Asia. South of the 1-1 Sahara is a semidesert region known as the Sahel, and south of the Sahel is a huge savanna A flat, nearly grassland, or savanna, stretching from Ethiopia west to the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the treeless grassland habitable part of West Africa falls within the savanna. The rest lies within the northern 1-2 typical of large portions part of a rain forest that extends east from the Atlantic coast over most of the central of West Africa. part of the continent. Another region of savanna borders the rain forest to the south, rain forest A dense 1-3 followed by another desert—the Kalahari—and another coastal strip at the continent’s growth of tall trees southern extremity. characteristic of hot, wet regions. 1-4 The Birthplace of Humanity 1-5 1-2 Where and how did humans originate? 1-6 Paleoanthropologists—scientists who study the evolution and prehistory of humans—have concluded that the origins of humanity lie in the savanna regions of Africa. All people today, in other words, are very likely descendants of beings who lived in Africa millions of years ago. Fossil and genetic evidence suggests that both humans and the forest-dwelling great apes (gorillas and chimpanzees) descended from a common ancestor who lived in Africa about 5 to 10 million years ago. The earliest known hominids (the term designates the biological family to which humans belong) were the Ardipithecines, who emerged about 4.5 million years ago. These creatures walked upright but otherwise retained primitive characteristics and did not make stone tools. But by 3.4 million years ago, their descendants, known as Australopithecus, used primitive stone tools to butcher meat. By 2.4 million years ago, Homo habilis, the earliest creature designated as within the homo (human) lin- eage, had developed a larger brain than Ardipithecus or Australopithecus. Homo habilis (habilis means “tool using”) used fire and built shelters with stone foundations. Like hunting and gathering people in hunting and gathering societies today, they probably lived in small bands societies Small in which women foraged for plant food and men hunted and scavenged for meat. Re- societies dependent cent discoveries suggest Homo habilis may have spread from Africa to the Caucasus on hunting animals and collecting wild region of southeastern Europe. A more advanced human, Homo erectus, who emerged plants rather than on in Africa about 1.6 million years ago, spread even farther from Africa, reaching east- agriculture. ern Asia and Indonesia. Paleoanthropologists agree that modern humans, Homo sapiens, evolved from Homo erectus, but they disagree on how. According to a multiregional model, modern humans evolved throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe from ancestral regional populations of Homo erectus and archaic Homo sapiens. According to the out-of-Africa model, modern humans DESIGN SERVICES OF # 149128 Cust: Pearson Au: Hine Pg. No. 2 C/M/Y/K S4CARLISLE M01_HINE9067_05_SE_CH01.inddTitle: African Americans: 2 A Concise History Server: PROJECTS Short / Normal Publishing Services 30/07/13 3:23 AM CHAPTER 1 AFRICA 3 View on MyHistoryLab Map: Interactive Map: Africa Climate Regions and Early Sites Strait of Gibraltar i n s o u n t a M l a s M e d A t i t e r r a n e S a h e l a n S e a Sahara EGYPT Ahaggar Plateau R e 1-1 NUBIA/KUSH d r S e v e Tibesti i a R Kerma Mountains e l i Napata S N e ver n r Ri Ennedi Plateau Meroe e e g ig S a h e l 1-2 a N Cape Verde l R iv e Lake Azum r Jenne Chad EASTERN Jos Plateau SUDAN WESTERN Nok Culture r ABYSSINIA Taruga CENTRAL e SUDAN iv 1-3 iver R (ETHIOPIA) R L e SUDAN e u l i n i mi Be t N of e t Forest i Rain h W Lake U Rudolph ban gi River 1-4 EQUATOR ire) Riv EQUATOR a er Mt. Kenya (Z o g n o K Mt. Kilimanjaro Lake INDIAN 1-5 Victoria OCEAN Lake 1-6 Tanganyika ATLANTIC Lake OCEAN Nyasa l zi River e be n m n a a Z h C e u iq Kalahari b MADAGASCAR m po River a Desert po z im o L M Rain forest Mountain ranges and high plateau ge R Oran ive r Savanna and steppe Desert Rift Valley Cape of Good Hope 0 500 1000 mi 0 500 1000 km MAP 1–1 AFRICA: CLIMATIC REGIONS AND EARLY SITES Africa is a large continent with several climatic zones. It is also the home of several early civilizations. What impact did the variety of climatic zones have on the development of civilization in Africa? emerged in Africa some 200,000 years ago and began migrating to the rest of the world about 100,000 years ago, eventually replacing all other existing hominid populations. Both of these models are consistent with recent genetic evidence, and both indicate that all living peoples are closely related. DESIGN SERVICES OF # 149128 Cust: Pearson Au: Hine Pg. No. 3 C/M/Y/K S4CARLISLE M01_HINE9067_05_SE_CH01.inddTitle: African Americans:3 A Concise History Server: PROJECTS Short / Normal Publishing Services 30/07/13 3:23 AM 4 CHAPTER 1 AFRICA Ancient Civilizations and Old Arguments 1-3 Why are ancient African civilizations important? The earliest civilization in Africa and one of the two earliest civilizations in world history is that of ancient Egypt (see Map 1–1), which emerged in the Nile River valley in the fourth millennium bce. Mesopotamian civilization, the other of the two, emerged in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates riv- ers in southwest Asia. In both regions, civilization appeared at the end of a 1-1 long process in which hunting and gathering gave way to agriculture. The settled village life that resulted from this transformation permitted society to become increasingly hierarchical and specialized. Similar processes gave rise 1-2 to civilization in other parts of the world. The race of the ancient Egyptians and the nature and extent of their in- 1-3 fluence on later Western civilizations have long been a source of controversy. That controversy reflects more about the racial politics of recent history than it reveals about the Egyptians themselves, who did not regard themselves in 1-4 ways related to modern racial terminology. The argument over the Egyptians’ race began in the nineteenth century when African Americans and white reformers sought to refute claims by 1-5 racist pseudoscientists that people of African descent were inherently infe- rior to people of European descent. Unaware of the achievements of West African civilization, those who believed in human equality used evidence 1-6 that the Egyptians were black to counter assertions that African Americans were incapable of civilization. During the last two decades of the twentieth century, a more scholarly debate occurred between Afrocentricists and traditionalists. Afrocentricists re- garded ancient Egypt as an essentially black civilization closely linked to other indigenous African civilizations to its south. They maintained not only that the Egyptians influenced later African civilizations but also that they had a This drawing is based on a partial, fossilized decisive impact on the Mediterranean Sea region, including ancient Greece and skeleton discovered at Afar, Ethiopia, in 1994.
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